A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Chapter V: Part 5

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In the nominative and accusative, neuters have no case ending in the singular, and #-a# in the plural. In the other cases they have the same case endings as gender stems.

472. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-g-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive #-gis#, are:

#-ex#, #-egis#
#grex#, M., (F.), _herd_; #aquilex#, M., _spring-hunter_,
_hydraulic engineer_.
#-ēx#, #-ēgis#
#rēx#, M., _king_; #interrēx#, _regent_; #lēx#, F., _law_;
and N. and Ac. #exlēx#, #exlēgem#, _beyond the law_, adjective.
#-ex#, #-igis#
#rēmex#, M., _oarsman_.
#-ī̆x#, #-ī̆gis#
#strī̆x#, F., _screech-owl_.
#-ūnx#, #-ūgis#
#coniūnx# (122, _e_) or #coniux#, M., F., _spouse_.
#-ūx#, #-ūgis#
#frūx#, F., _fruit_.

473. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-c-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive #-cis#, are:

#-ax#, #-acis#
#fax#, F., _torch_, no G. Pl. in good writers (430).
#-āx#, #-ācis#
#pāx#, F., _peace_, Pl. only N. and Ac. #pācēs#; #līmāx#, F.,
_snail_.
#-ex#, #-ecis#
#faenisex#, M., _haycutter_; #nex#, F., _murder_; #precī#, D., F.,
_prayer_, no N., usually plural.
#-ēx#, #-ēcis#
#vervēx#, M., _wether_; #allēx#, F., _fish-pickle_, also #allēc#,
Ne.
#-ex#, #-icis#
Masculines mostly: #apex#, _point_; #cārex#, F., _rush_; #caudex#
or #cōdex#, _block_, _book_; #cīmex#, _bug_; #cortex#, M., F.,
_bark_; #culex#, _gnat_; #forfex#, M., F., _shears_; #frutex#,
_shrub_; #īlex#, F., _holm-oak_; #illex#, M., F., _seducer_;
#imbrex#, _tile_; #latex#, _fluid_; #mūrex#, _purple-shell_;
#obice#, Ab., M., F., _bar_, no N.; #paelex#, F., _concubine_,
#pollex#, _thumb_; #pūlex#, _flea_; #pūmex#, _pumice-slone_;
#rāmex#, _blood-vessel_; #rumex#, _sorrel_; #silex#, M., F.,
_flint_; #sōrex#, _shrew-mouse_; #vortex# or #vertex#, _whirl_;
#vītex#, F., _a shrub_. Also some compounds: as, #iūdex#, _juror_;
#artifex#, _artisan_; #auspex#, _bird-viewer_.
#-ix#, #-icis#
Feminines mostly: #appendix#, _addition_; #calix#, M., _cup_;
#filix#, _fern_; #fulix#, _gull_; #fornix#, M., _arch_; #larix#,
_larch_; #pix#, _pitch_, no G. Pl. (430); #salix#, _willow_;
#vārix#, _swollen vein_; #vicis#, G., _change_, no N., D., or
G. Pl. (430).
#-īx#, #-īcis#
Feminines: #cervīx#, _neck_; #cicātrīx#, _scar_; #cornīx#, _crow_;
#cŏ̄turnīx# (62), _quail_; #lōdīx#, _blanket_; #rādīx#, _root_;
#struīx#, _heap_. Also #coxendīx#, _hip_, later #coxendix#,
#coxendicis#.
#-ōx#, #-ōcis#
#vōx#, F., _voice_.
#-ux#, #-ucis#
#crux#, F., _cross_; #dux#, M., F., _leader_; #nux#, F.,
_nut-tree_, _nut_; #trādux#, M., _vinelayer_.

474. (2.) Stems in a dental mute, #-d-# or #-t-#, are declined as follows:

475. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-d-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-dis#, are:

#-as#, #-adis#
#vas#, M., F., _personal surety_, no G. Pl. (430).
#-aes#, #-aedis#
#praes#, M., _bondsman_.
#-es#, #-idis#
#obses#, M., F., _hostage_; #praeses#, M., F., _overseer_. #*dēses#,
_slothful_, adjective.
#-ēs#, #-edis#
#pēs#, M., _foot_.
#-ēs#, #-ēdis#
#hērēs#, M., F., _heir_; #exhērēs#, _disinherited_, adjective;
#mercēs#, F., _reward_.
#-is#, #-idis#
Feminines: #capis#, _cup_; #cassis#, _helmet_; #cuspis#,
_spear-point_; #prōmulsis#, _appetizer_; #lapis#, M., _stone_.
#-ōs#, #-ōdis#
#custōs#, M., F., _guard_.
#-aus#, #-audis#
#laus#, F., _praise_.
#-us#, #-udis#
#pecus#, F., _beast_, _head of cattle_.
#-ūs#, #-ūdis#
Feminines: #incūs#, _anvil_; #palūs#, _swamp_, nominative once in
Horace #palus#, as from an #-o-# stem; #subscūs#, _dovetail_.

476. #sēdēs#, F., _seat_, has an #-s-# stem, namely #-ēs# (236), in the nominative, and #sēd-# in the other cases (401); G. Pl. #sēdum#, once #sēdium# (Vell. Pat.). The only example of a neuter stem in #-d-#, with nominative #-r#, genitive #-dis#, is #cor# (171, 2), _heart_, #cordis#, no G. Pl. (430).

477. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-t-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-tis#, are:

#-as#, #-atis#
#anas#, F., _duck_; G. Pl. also #anitum# (Cic.), and Ac. Pl.
#anitēs# (Plaut.).
#-ās#, #-ātis#
#aetās#, F., _age_; also numerous other feminines in #-tās# (262).
#-es#, #-etis#
#interpres#, M., F., _go-between_; #seges#, F., _crop_; #teges#,
F., _mat._
#-es#, #-itis#
Masculines mostly: #ames#, _net-pole_; #antistes#, M., F.,
_overseer_; #caespes#, _sod_; #comes#, M., F., _companion_;
#eques#, _horseman_; #fōmes#, _tinder_; #gurges#, _whirlpool_;
#hospes#, M., F., _guest-friend_; #līmes#, _path_; #merges#, F.,
_sheaf_; #mīles#, M., F., _soldier_; #palmes#, _vine-sprout_;
#pedes#, _man afoot_, _infantry_; #poples#, _hough_; #stīpes#,
_trunk_; #termes#, _bough_; #trāmes#, _by-path_; #dīves#, _rich_;
#sōspes#, _safe_; #superstes#, _surviving_; #caelite#, Ab.,
_occupant of heaven_, no N., adjectives.
#-ēs#, #-etis#
#abiēs#, F., _fir_; #ariēs#, M., _ram_; #pariēs#, M., _wall_.
#-ēs#, #-ētis#
Feminines: #quiēs# and #requiēs#, _rest_, no D., Ac. often
#requiem#, Ab. usually #requiē# (603); #inquiēs#, _unrest_, N. only.
#-os#, #-otis#
#compos#, _master of_, adjective.
#-ōs#, #-ōtis#
#nepōs#, M., _grandson_, _profligate_; #sacerdōs#, M., _priest_;
#cōs#, F., _whetstone_, no G. Pl. (130); #dōs#, F., _dowry_,
no G. Pl. in good writers (430); #dōtum# once (Val. Max.), and
#dōtium# in the jurists.
#-ūs#, #-ūtis#
Feminines: #iuventūs#, _youth_; #salūs#, _existence_; #senectūs#,
_old age_; #servitūs#, _slavery_, all singular only; and #virtūs#,
_virtue_, with a plural.

478. #vātēs#, _bard_, has an #-s-# stem, namely #-ēs# (236), in the nominative, and #vāt-# in the other cases (401); G. Pl. #vātum#, but thrice #vātium# (Cic.). The only example of a neuter stem in #-t-#, with nominative #-t#, genitive #-tis#, is #caput#, _head_, #capitis#, and its compounds #occiput#, _back of the head_ and #sinciput#, _jole_. #lac#, Ne., _milk_, #lactis#, has in old and late Latin nominative and accusative #lacte#, #lact# once in Varro (171, 2); acc. #lactem# occurs in Petronius once and later.

479. (3.) Stems in a labial mute, #-b-# or #-p-#, are declined as follows:

mūniceps, _burgess_, stem mūnicip-, M., F.

Singular: N. #mūniceps#, G. #mūnicipis#, D. #mūnicipī#, Ac. #mūnicipem#, Ab. #mūnicipe#. Plural: N. #mūnicipēs#, G. #mūnicipum#, D. #mūnicipibus#, Ac. #mūnicipēs#, Ab. #mūnicipibus#.

480. Examples of stems in #-b-# or #-p-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-bis# or #-pis#, are:

#-ebs#, #-ibis#
#caelebs#, _unmarried_, adjective, the only stem in #-b-#.
#----#, #-apis#
#dapis#, G., F., _feast_, N. and D. S., and G. Pl. not used (430).
#-eps#, #-ipis#
#adeps# or #adips#, M., F., _fat_, no G. Pl; #forceps#, M., F.,
_pincers_; #mūniceps#, _burgher_. #particeps#, _sharing_, and
#prīnceps#, _first_, adjectives.
#-eps#, #-upis#
#auceps#, _fowler_; #manceps#, _contractor_, #mancupis# or
#mancipis#.
#----#, #-ipis#
#stipis#, G., F., _small change_, no N.
#-ops#, #-opis#
#Ops#, F., old #Opis# (Plaut.), _goddess of power_; #opis#, G., F.,
_help_, no N., D. once only, Pl. #opēs#, _means_ (418).

[Errata:
472 ... #-ūx#, #-ūgis#
#-ux#
473b ... #cōdex#, _block_, _book_;
_book_:
477b ... #trāmes#, _by-path_;
_by-path_.]

II. STEMS IN A CONTINUOUS CONSONANT.

481. (1.) Stems in #-l-# and #-n-# are declined as follows:

482. Examples of stems in #-l-#, with nominative #-l#, genitive #-lis#, are:

#-āl#, #-alis#
#sāl#, M., _salt_, sometimes Ne. in the singular; no G. Pl. (430).
#-el#, #-ellis#
#fel# (171, 1), Ne., _gall_; #mel#, Ne., _honey_; plural only
#fella#, #mella#.
#-il#, #-ilis#
#mūgil#, M., _mullet_; #pūgil#, M., _boxer_; #vigil#, M.,
_watchman_.
#-ōl#, #-ōlis#
#sōl#, M., _sun_, no G. Pl. (430).
#-ul#, #-ulis#
#cōnsul#, _consul_; #praesul#, _head dancer_; #exsul#, _exile_.

483. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-en#, genitive #-inis#, are:

#flāmen#, M., _priest_; #pecten#, M., _comb_; #tībīcen#, M., _piper_; #tubicen#, M., _trumpeter_; #sanguen#, Ne., _blood_. Many neuters in #-men# (224): as, #certāmen#, _contest_.

484. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-ō#, genitive #-ōnis#, are:

Many masculine concretes: as, #pugiō#, _dagger_; words of the agent (211): as, #praedō#, _robber_; and family names: as, #Cicerō#. Feminine abstracts in #-iō# (227), and many in #-tiō# or #-siō# (228): as, #opīniō#, _notion_; #cōgitātiō#, _thought_.

485. (_c._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-ō#, genitive #-inis#, are:

Masculines: #Apollō#; #cardō#, _hinge_; #ōrdō#, _rank_; #turbō#, _whirlwind_. #homo#, M., F., _human being_; #nēmō#, _nobody_; for G. and Ab., #nūllī̆us# and #nūllō# are generally used; #margō#, M., F., _brink_. Feminines: #grandō#, _hail_; #harundō#, _reed_; #hirundō#, _swallow_; #hirūdō#, _leech_; #testūdō#, _tortoise_; #virgō#, _maiden_. Many in #-dō#, #-dinis# (225), #-gō#, #-ginis# (226), and #-tūdō#, #-tūdinis# (264): as, #cupīdō#, also M., _desire_; #imāgō#, _likeness_; #sōlitūdō#, _loneliness_.

486. #sanguī̆s#, M., _blood_, stem #sanguin-#, takes #-s# in the nominative (171, 4). #canis#, M., F., _dog_, stem #can-#, and #īuvenis#, M., F., _young person_, stem #iuven-#, have the nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems. For #senex#, _old man_, see 500.

487. (2.) Stems in #-r-# and #-s-# are declined as follows:

488. Many stems in #-r-# ended originally in #-s-#, which became #-r-# between two vowels, and in some words in the nominative also (154): as, #flōs#, M., _flower_, G. #*flōsis#, #flōris#; #honōs#, M., _honour_, G. #honōris#, N. #honor#.

489. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-r-#, with nominative #-r#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-ar#, #-aris#
#baccar#, Ne., _a plant_; #iūbar#, Ne., rarely M., _bright sky_,
no Pl.
#-ār#, #-aris#
#lār#, M., _household god_; G. Pl. #larum#; two or three times
#larium#.
#-ār#, #-arris#
#fār# (171, 1), Ne., _spelt_; Pl. only N. and Ac. #farra#.
#-er#, #-eris#
Masculines: #acipēnser#, _sturgeon_; #agger#, _mound_; #ānser#,
rarely F., _goose_; #asser#, _pole_; #carcer#, _jail_; #later#,
_brick_; #mulier#, F., _woman_; #passer#, _sparrow_; #vōmer#,
_ploughshare_. Neuters: #cadāver#, _corpse_; #tūber#, _swelling_;
#ūber#, _breast_; #verberis#, G., _lash_, no N., generally Pl.;
#acer#, _maple_, and some other plant names: see 573. #pauper#,
_poor_, adjective.
#-ter#, #-tris#
#accipiter#, M., _hawk_; #frāter#, M., _brother_; #māter#, F.,
_mother_; #pater#, M., _father_.
#-ēr#, #-ēris#
#vēr#, Ne.; no Pl.
#-or#, #-oris#
#aequor#, Ne., _sea_; #marmor#, Ne., _marble_; #arbor#, F., _tree_.
#-or#, #-ōris#
#olor#, M., _swan_; #soror#, F., _sister_; #uxor#, F., _wife_.
Many masculines in #-or# for #-ōs# (237): as, #odor#, _smell_; and
in #-tor#, #-tōris# (205): as, #amātor#, _lover_. Also gender
comparatives of adjectives: as, #trīstior# (346), M., F., _sadder_.
#-ur#, #-oris#
Neuters: #ebur#, _ivory_; Pl. only #ebora#; #rōbur#, _heart of oak_;
Pl. #rōbora# common, #rōborum# and #rōboribus# twice each. Also
#femur#,_thigh_, #femoris# or #feminis#, and #iecur#, _liver_,
#iecoris#, #iecineris#, or #iocineris#.
#-ur#, #-uris#
#augur#, M., F., _augur_; #furfur#, M., _bran_; #turtur#, M., F.,
_turtle-dove_; #voltur# or #vultur#, M., _vulture_. Neuters:
#fulgur#, _lightning_; #guttur#, rarely M., _throat_; #murmur#,
_murmur_; #sulpur#, _sulphur_. #cicur#, _tame_, adjective.
#-ūr#, #-ūris#
#fūr#, M., _thief_.

490. #volucris#, F., _bird_, stem #volucr-#, has its nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems.

491. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-s-#, or #-r-# for #-s-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-aes#, #-aeris#
#aes#, Ne., _copper_, _bronze_; in the Pl. only #aera# and #aerum#
are usual.
#-ēs#, #-eris#
#Cerēs#. #pūbēs#, _mangrown_; #impūbēs#, _immature_, adjectives;
for the last more commonly #impūbis#, like #brevis# (630).
#-is#, #-eris#
#cinis#, M., _ashes_; #cucumis#, M., _cucumber_, also with #-i-#
stem; #pulvis#, M., _dust_; #vōmis#, M., _ploughshare_.
#-ōs#, #-oris#
#arbōs#, F., _tree_.
#-ōs#, #-ōris#
Masculines: #flōs#, _flower_; #mōs#, _custom_; #rōs#, _dew_, no
G. Pl. (430); #lepōs#, _grace_; #honōs# or #honor#, _honour_, and
some old Latin words for later #-or#: as, #odōs# or #odor#, _smell_
(489). #ōs#, Ne., _mouth_, _face_, no G. Pl. (430).
#-us#, #-eris#
Neuters: #acus#, _husk_; #foedus#, _treaty_; #fūnus#, _funeral_;
#genus#, _race_; #glŏ̄mus# (134), _clew_; #holus#, _green stuff_;
#latus#, _side_; #mūnus#, _gift_; #onus#, _burden_; #opus#, _work_;
#pondus#, _weight_; #raudus# or #rūdus#, _piece of copper_;
#scelus#, _crime_; #sīdus#, _constellation_; #ulcus#, _sore_;
#vellus#, _fleece_; #vīscus#, _bowel_, usually plural; #volnus#
or #vulnus#, _wound_. Also #Venus#, F., and #vetus#, _old_,
adjective.
#-us#, #-oris#
Neuters: #corpus#, _body_; #decus#, _grace_; #dēdecus#, _disgrace_;
#facinus#, _deed_; #faenus#, _interest_; #frīgus#, _cold_; #lītus#,
_shore_; #nemus#, _grove_; #pectus#, _breast_; #pecus#, _flock_;
#penus#, _store_; #pignus#, _pledge_; #stercus#, _dung_; #tempus#,
_time_; #tergus#, _back_. Also #lepus#, M., _hare_.
#-us#, #-ōris#
Neuter comparatives of adjectives: as, #trīstius# (346), _sadder_.
#-ūs#, #-ūris#
Neuters: #crūs#, _leg_; #iūs#, _right_, Pl. #iūra#, G. Pl. twice
only (Plaut.; Cato), no D. or Ab. Pl.; #iūs#, _broth_, #pūs#,
_pus_, #rūs#, _country_, #tūs#, _frankincense_, Pl. only N. and Ac.
#iūra#, &c. #tellūs#, F., _earth_.

492. #vās#, Ne., _vessel_, _utensil_, retains the #s# between two vowels: G. #vāsis#, D. #vāsī#, Ab. #vāse#, plural N. and Ac. #vāsa#; the G. #vāsōrum#, and D. and Ab. #vāsis#, are formed from an #-o-# stem, #vāso-# (401). #mēnsis#, M., _month_, #mēnsis#, has its nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems; G. Pl. #mēnsum#, sometimes #mēnsuum# or #mēnsium#. #os# (171, 1) Ne., _bone_, #ossis#, has no G. Pl. in good writers (430): #ossium# late.

493. The two neuters #vīrus#, _gall_, _poison_, and #volgus# or #vulgus#, _the crowd_, have #-o-# stems, except in the nominative and accusative (401), and no plural: thus, N. and Ac. #volgus#, G. #volgī#, D. and Ab. #volgō#. A masculine accusative #volgum# is sometimes found. The Greek neuter #pelagus#, _the deep_, has also G. #pelagī#, D. and Ab. #pelagō#, Pl. N. and Ac. #pelagē# (508).

[Erratum:
489a ... Also #femur#, _thigh_
#femur# _thigh_]

III. STEMS IN #-u-# OR #-v-#.

494. Four substantives with stems in #-ū-# or #-v-#, #grūs#, F., _crane_, #gruis#; #sūs#, M., F., _sow_, _swine_, #suis#; #bōs#, M., F., _ox_, _cow_, #bovis#; and #nix#, F., _snow_, #nivis#, follow the consonant declension; also the genitive #Iovis#, and the other oblique cases of #Iuppiter# (500). But #sūs# has in the plural dative and ablative #suibus#, #sūbus#, or #subus#; #bōs# has in the plural genitive #boum# or #bovum#, rarely #bovom# (107, _c_), and in the dative and ablative #bōbus#, or oftener #būbus#; #nix# has no genitive plural in good writers (430): #nivium# late, once #nivum#.

SINGULAR CASES.

495. (1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in a mute is formed by adding #-s# to the stem (422): as,

#rēg-#, _king_, N. #rēx# (164, 1); #duc-#, _leader_, N. #dux# (135, 1); #custōd-#, _guard_, N. #custōs# (171, 5); #aetāt-#, _age_, N. #aetās# (171, 5); #caelib-#, _unmarried_, N. #caelebs# (54); #mūnicip-#, _burgher_, N. #mūniceps#. #hiem-#, _winter_, the only stem in #-m-#, N. #hiemps# (167) or #hiems#, also takes #-s#.

496. (2.) Stems in a continuous consonant, #-l-#, #-n-#, #-r-#, or #-s-#, and neuters have no nominative suffix (422, 423): as,

#cōnsul-#, _consul_, N. _cōnsul_; #flāmin-#, _special priest_, N. #flāmen#; #agger-#, _mound_, N. #agger#; #iūr-# for #iūs-#, _right_, N. #iūs#.

For #cor#, _heart_, see 476; #lacte#, #lac#, _milk_, 478; #sanguī̆s#, _blood_, 486; #-s# in neuter adjectives, 612.

497. (_a._) Stems in #-ōn-# drop #-n-# in the nominative; stems in #-in-# for #-on-# drop #-n-#, and end in #-ō#: as,

#leōn-#, _lion_, N. #leō#; #imāgin-# for #imāgon-#, _likeness_, N. #imāgō#.

498. (_b._) Stems of one syllable in #-r-# for #-s-# usually retain #-s# in the nominative: as, #flōr-# for #flōs-#, M., _flower_, N. #flōs#; #iūr-# for #iūs-#, Ne., _right_, N. #iūs#. Some of more than one syllable also retain #-s#: see 491; but in others #-s# is changed to #-r#, and in masculines a preceding #ō# is shortened: as, #odōs#, _smell_, #odor#. #lepōs#, _grace_, retains #-ōs#.

499. (_c._) Four stems in #-er-# for #-is-# have the nominative singular in #-is#: #cinis#, _ashes_, #cineris#; #cucumis#, _cucumber_, #cucumeris# or #cucumis#; #pulvī̆s#, _dust_, #pulveris#; and #vōmis#, oftener #vōmer#, _ploughshare_, #vōmeris#.

500. The following have the nominative singular formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401):

#iter#, _journey_, #itineris#, stems #iter-#, #itiner-#; #Iuppiter# (389) #Iovis#; #supellēx#, _furniture_, #supellēctilis# (545); #senex#, _old man_, _man of forty or more_, #senis#, stems #senec-#, #sen-#. For #sēdēs#, _seat_, see 476; #vātēs#, _bard_, 478. #canis#, _dog_, N. also #canēs# (Plaut. Enn., Lucil.), #iuvenis#, _young_ or _middle-aged person_ (486), #volucris#, _bird_ (490), and #mēnsis#, _month_ (492), have their nominatives formed like those of #-i-# stems.

501. An old dative in #-ē# is sometimes retained in set phrases (507): as, #aerē#, _money_; #iūrē#, _right_. See 98.

502. Substantives have rarely an ablative in #-ī# or #-ei# like #-i-# stems: as, #capitī# (Catull.), _head_, for #capite#; #dōtei# (Plaut.), _dowry_, for #dōte#. Substantives used as adjectives have sometimes #-ī#: as #artificī manū#, _with artist hand_; but often #-e#: as, #ālite lāpsū#, _with winged glide_. For #-ē# in old Latin there is no certain evidence.

503. Adjectives in the comparative degree have sometimes an ablative in #-ī#: as, #meliōrī#, better, for #meliōre#. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with consonant stems (624) have always #-e#, except #vetus#, _old_, which has sometimes #veterī#.

504. Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in #-ī#: as, #Karthāginī#, _at Carthage_; #rūrī#, _a-field_, _in the country_.

[Erratum:
502 ... as, #ālite lāpsū#, _with winged glide_
as.]

PLURAL CASES.

505. The nominative and accusative plural masculine and feminine have rarely #-īs#, like stems in #-i-#: as #sacerdōtīs#, _priests_; #meliōrīs#, _better_. For #-ā# in neuters in old Latin, see 130, 2.

506. The genitive plural of stems in #-tāt-# (262) is sometimes #-ium#, like that of #-ī-# stems: as, #cīvitātium#, _communities_; #voluptātium#, _pleasures_ (Cic.); but chiefly in or after the Augustan age. #mēnsis#, _month_, has #mēnsum#, but often #mēnsuum#, sometimes #mēnsium#. #āles#, _bird_, has sometimes #ālituum# in hexameter verse. For the dative and ablative #-būs#, see 2505.

507. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. MVNICIPES; #-ō# for #-ōs# (66): MAIO, i.e. #maiōs# or #maior#. G. #-es#, as early as 218 B.C.: SALVTES; #-us#, from 186 to 100 B.C.: NOMINVS; #-u# (66): CAESARV. D. #-ei#: VIRTVTEI, soon after 290 B.C.; HEREDEI, 45 B.C.; #-ē#, disappeared sooner than #-ei# except in set phrases (501), but is equally old: IVNONE; IOVRE. Ac. #-e# (61): APICE. Ab. #-īd# (426): CONVENTIONID, i.e. #cōntiōne#; #-ei#: VIRTVTEI; #-ī#: HEREDI. Plural: N. #-īs#: IOVDICIS. G. #-om#: POVMILIONOM; #-ium#: MVNICIPIVM. D. #-ebus#: TEMPESTATEBVS. Ac. #-īs#: MVNICIPIS.

GREEK NOUNS.

508. Greek appellatives of the consonant declension occasionally retain Greek case endings: as, #lampas#, _torch_, G. #lampados#, Ac. #lampada#. Plural: N. #lampades#, Ac. #lampadas#. #āēr#, _air_, has usually the accusative #āera#, and #aethēr#, _upper air_, always has #aethera#. In the plural nominative and accusative, #cētus#, _swimming monster_, #melos#, _strain of music_, and #pelagus# (493), _the deep_, have #-ē#: as, #cētē#. Genitive #-ōn#, rare: as, #epigrammatōn#, _epigrams_. Dative and ablative #-matīs# from words in #-ma#, #-matis#: as, #poēmatīs#, _poems_ (401).

509. Greek proper names of the consonant declension are usually declined like Latin ones in old Latin and prose. From Vergil and Propertius on, Greek case endings grow more and more frequent, especially in poetry; they are best learned for every name from the dictionary; the commonest forms are:

Genitive #-os#: as, #Pān#, #Pānos#; #-ūs#, with nominative #-ō#: as, #Mantō#, #Mantūs#. Dative #-i#, rare: as, #Mīnōidi#. Accusative #-a#, common with names of persons in poetry, not in prose, more common with those of places, and even in prose: as, #Acheronta#; always #Pāna#; #-ō#, with feminines in #-ō#, #-ūs#: as, #Dīdō#. Vocative: #Pallās#, #Pallā#; in old Latin the nominative is commonly used instead of the vocative. Plural: Nominative #-es#: as, #Arcades#. Dative #-sin#, rare: as, #Lēmniasin#. Accusative #-as#, very common: as, #Lelegas#; in prose, #Macedonas#; also in words not Greek: as, #Allobrogas# (Caes.).

510. Names in #-eus#, like #Orpheus#, are usually declined like #-o-# stems (449). They have less frequently Greek forms: as, G. #Orpheos#, D. #Orphei# or #Orphī#, Ac. #Orphea#. Accusative rarely #-ēa#: as, #Ī̆lonēa#.

511. Some names in #-ēs# have the genitive in #-is# or #-ī# and the accusative in #-em# or #-ēn# (401): as, #Sōcratēs#, G. #Sōcratis# or #Sōcratī#, Ac. usually #Sōcratem#, also #Sōcratēn#. #Achillēs# and #Ulixēs# have in the genitive #-eī#, #-e͡i#, or #-ī#. Names in #-clēs# have rarely the accusative #-clea#: as, #Periclea#.

512. Some names in #-is# have forms either from a stem in #-id-#, or from one in #-i-#: as, #Paris#, G. #Paridis#, D. #Paridī#, Ac. #Paridem#, #Parim# or #Parin#, V. #Pari#.

STEMS IN -i- AND MIXED STEMS.

_The Third Declension._

Genitive singular #-is#, genitive plural #-i-um#.

513. Stems in #-i-# include both substantives and adjectives, gender words and neuters.

For the gender of substantives, see 570.

514. The nominative of gender stems in #-i-# ends usually in #-s# (or #-x#), sometimes in #-l# or #-r#; that of neuter substantives has no suffix, and ends usually in #-e#, sometimes in #-l# or #-r#.

515. Most stems in #-i-# have as many syllables in the nominative as in the genitive.

Such words are called _Parisyllabic_ words, or _Parisyllables_: as, nominative #cīvis#, _citizen_, two syllables; genitive #cīvis#, _of a citizen_, also two syllables.

516. Stems in #-i-# are declined in the main like consonant stems, but have #-im# in the accusative of some substantives, and #-ī# in the ablative of adjectives, of some gender substantives, and of neuters; in the plural they have #-ium# in the genitive, #-īs# often in the accusative of gender words, and #-ia# in the nominative and accusative neuter.

I. PARISYLLABLES.

517. (1.) Parisyllabic gender stems in #-i-# with the nominative in #-is# are declined as follows:

518. (_a._) Like the singular of #tussis# are declined parisyllabic names of rivers and places, like #Tiberis#, #Hispalis#. Also #cucumis#, M., _cucumber_ (but see 491), and the defectives #sitis#, F., _thirst_, Ac. #sitim#, Ab. #sitī#, no plural; and #vīs#, F., _power_, Ac. #vim#, Ab. #vī#. Plural (401): N. #vīrēs#, G. #vīrium#, D. and Ab. #vīribus#, Ac. #vīrīs# or #vīrēs#. (The D. #vī# is only found twice; a N. and Ac. Pl. #vīs# is very rare.)

519. (_b._) The following feminines are declined like #turris#, with #-im# or #-em# in the accusative, and #-ī# or #-e# in the ablative:

clāvis, _key_
febris, _fever_
nāvis, _vessel_
puppis, _stern_
sēmentis, _planting_
strigilis, _skin-scraper_

So also in the oblique cases, #Liger#, _the Liger_. #Arar#, _the Arar_, has in the accusative #-im#, in the ablative #-e# or #-ī#.

520. #secūris#, _axe_, #messis#, _crop_, and #restis#, _rope_, also have #-im# or #-em# in the accusative, but only #secūrī#, #messe#, and #reste# in the ablative. #canālis#, _conduit_, has only #-em# in the accusative, and only #-ī# in the ablative.

521. (_c._) The following are declined like #amnis#, with #-em# in the accusative, and #-ī# or #-e# in the ablative:

avis, _bird_
bīlis, _bile_
cīvis, _citizen_
classis, _fleet_
fūstis, _club_
ignis, _fire_

522. (_d._) Most parisyllabic stems in #-i-#, with the nominative in #-is#, are declined like #hostis#: as,

#ēnsis#, M., _glaive_; #piscis#, M., _fish_; #aedis#, F., _temple_, Pl. _house_ (418); #vītis#, F., _vine_; and a great many others. Also gender forms of adjectives in #-i-# ‘of two endings’ (630), except the ablative singular, which ends in #-ī#.

523. (2.) Parisyllables in #-i-# with the nominative in #-ēs# have their other cases like those of #hostis#: such are:

#caedēs#, _bloodshed_; #cautēs#, _rock_; #clādēs#, _disaster_; #indolēs#, _native disposition_, no Pl.; #lābēs#, _fall_; #mōlēs#, _pile_; #nūbēs#, _cloud_; #prōlēs#, _offspring_, no Pl.; #pūbēs#, _young population_, no Pl.; #rūpēs#, _crag_; #saepēs#, _hedge_; #strāgēs#, _slaughter_; #subolēs#, _offspring_; #tābēs#, _wasting_, no Pl., feminines; and some others. Masculine: #verrēs#, _boar_; #volpēs# or #vulpēs#, _fox_.

524. #famēs#, _hunger_, has G. twice #famī# (Cato, Lucil.), Ab. always #famē# (603), no Pl.; #plēbēs#, _commons_, N. also #plēbs# or #plēps#, has G. #plēbe͡i# (603), #plēbī# or #plēbis#, no Pl.

525. (3.) A few stems in #-bri-#, #-cri-#, or #-tri-#, are declined as follows:

imber, _shower_, stem imbri-, M.

Singular: N. #imber#, G. #imbris#, D. #imbrī#, Ac. #imbrem#, Ab. #imbrī#, oftener #imbre#. Plural: N. #imbrēs#, G. #imbrium#, D. #imbribus#, Ac. #imbrīs# or #imbrēs#, Ab. #imbribus#. So also #lunter# or #linter#, F. (M.), _tub_, _boat_, #ūter#, M., _leather bag_, and #venter#, M., _belly_, but with only #-e# in the Ab.; and the masculine of adjectives in #-bri-#, #-cri-#, #-tri-#, N. #-er# (628); these last have in the Ab. always #-ī#.

526. (4.) Parisyllabic neuters in #-i-# with the nominative in #-e# are declined as follows:

527. #mare# has rarely the ablative #mare# in verse: in the plural only the nominative and accusative are usual; but a genitive #marum# is once quoted (Naev.), and the ablative #maribus# is once used by Caesar.

528. Examples of parisyllabic neuters in #-i-#, with the nominative in #-e#, genitive #-is#, are:

#ancīle#, _sacred shield_; #aplustre#, _ancient_; #conclāve#, _suite of rooms_; #īnsīgne#, _ensign_; #praesaepe#, _stall_; #rēte#, _net_, Ab. #rēte#. Also the neuter of adjectives in #-i-# ‘of two endings’ (630), and some words in #-īle#, #-āle#, #-āre#, originally adjectives (313, 314): as, #būbīle#, _ox-stall_; #fōcāle#, _neckcloth_; #cocleāre#, _spoon_.

[Erratum:
522. (_d._)
(_d_)]

II. IMPARISYLLABLES.

529. Sometimes a plural stem in #-i-# is combined, in the singular, with a stem in a mute, in #-l#, or #-r#, or rarely in #-s#. These mixed stems thus become imparisyllables. Gender stems of this class are like consonant stems in the singular, except the ablative of adjectives, which has usually #-ī#.

530. Imparisyllabic stems in #-i-# are declined as follows:

531. Examples of stems in #-ci-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive #-cis#, are:

#-āx#, #-ācis#
#fornāx#, F., _furnace_. Many adjectives (284): as, #audāx#,
_daring_.
#-aex#, #-aecis#
#faex#, F., _dregs_, no G. Pl. (430).
#-ex#, #-icis#
#supplex#, _suppliant_, Ab. #-ī#, sometimes #-e#, G. Pl.
#supplicum#. Adjectives: #duplex#, _twofold_; #multiplex#,
_manifold_; #quadruplex#, _fourfold_; #septemplex#, _sevenfold_;
#simplex#, _simple_; #triplex#, _threefold_. The foregoing have
Ab. #-ī#: as, #duplicī#; #duplice# once (Hor.), #septemplice#
twice (Ov.; Stat.); G. Pl. #-ium#, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#.
#-īx#, #-īcis#
#fēlīx#, _happy_; #pernīx#, _nimble_, adjectives. Also many
feminines of the agent in #-trīx# (205): as, #victrīx#,
_victorious_; these sometimes have a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.: as,
#victrīcia#; in the G. Pl. they have #-ium#, or, as substantives,
#-um#: as, #nūtrīcum#, _nurses_.
#-lx#, #-lcis#
#calx#, F. (M.), _heel_; #calx#, M., F., _limestone_, no G. Pl.
(430); #falx#, F., _sickle_.
#-nx#, #-ncis#
#lanx#, F., _platter_, no G. Pl. (430); #deūnx#, M., _eleven
twelfths_; #quīncunx#, M., _five twelfths_.
#-ox#, #-ocis#
#praecox#, _over-ripe_, older stem #praecoqui-#: as,
G. #praecoquis#; rarely with #-o-# stem (401): as, #praecoquam#.
#-ōx#, #-ōcis#
#celōx#, F., _clipper_. #atrōx#, _savage_; #ferōx#, _wild_;
#vēlōx#, _swift_, adjectives.
#-rx#, #-rcis#
#arx#, F., _citadel_, G. Pl. rare and late; #merx#, F., _ware_,
N. in old Latin sometimes #mercēs# or #mers#.
#-ux#, #-ucis#
Adjectives: #trux#, _savage_, Ab. #-ī# or #-e#, G. Pl. #-ium#;
#redux#, _returning_, Ab. #-ī# or #-e# (558); no G. Pl. and no
Ne. N. or Ac. (430).
#-aux#, #----#
#fauce#, F., Ab., _throat_, N. #faux# once only and late,
generally Pl.
#-ūx#, #-ūcis#
#lūx#, F. (581), _light_, Ab. sometimes #-ī#, no G. Pl. (430).

532. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-di-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-dis#, are:

#-ēs#, #-edis#
Compounds of #pēs#, _foot_: #compede#, F., Ab., _fetter_, no N.,
G. Pl. #compedium#; adjectives: as, #ālipēs#, _wing-footed_,
#bipēs#, _two-legged_, #quadrupēs#, _four-footed_, &c., Ab. #-ī#,
Pl. G. #-um# only (563), Ne. N. and Ac. #-ia#, rare and late.
#-ns#, #-ndis#
Feminines: #frōns#, _foliage_; #glāns#, _acorn_; #iūglāns#,
_walnut_.
#-rs#, #-rdis#
#concors#, _like-minded_, adjective, and other compounds of #cor#,
Ab. #-ī# (559) Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#, G. Pl. not usual:
#discordium#, _at variance_, and #vēcordium#, _frantic_, once each.
#-aus#, #-audis#
#fraus#, F., _deceit_, G. Pl. #fraudium#, later #fraudum#.

533. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-ti-#, with nominative #-s# (#-x#), genitive #-tis#, are:

#-ās#, #-ātis#
#Arpīnās#, _of Arpinum_, and adjectives from other town names;
#optimātēs#, _good men and true_, G. Pl. #-ium#, less often #-um#;
#penātēs#, _gods of the household store_.
#-es#, #-etis#
Adjectives: #hebes#, _dull_; #teres#, _cylindrical_, Ab. #-ī#
(559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl. #hebetia#, #teretia#, late and rare;
#perpes#, _lasting through_, Ab. #perpetī#, late only; #praepes#,
_swift-winged_, Ab. #-ī# or #-e#, G. Pl. #-um#, no Ne. Pl.
N. or Ac.
#-ēs#, #-ētis#
#locuplēs#, _rich_, adjective, Ab. usually #-e# of a person, #-ī#
often of a thing, G. Pl. #locuplētium#, sometimes #locuplētum#,
Ne. Pl. #locuplētia# once.
#-īs#, #-ītis#
#līs#, _contention_; #dīs#, _rich_, adjective, Ab. always #-ī#
(559), Pl. G. #-ium#, once #-um# (Sen.), Ne. N. and Ac. #-ia#.
#Quirīs#, #Samnīs#.
#-ls#, #-ltis#
#puls#, _pottage_, no G. Pl. (430).
#-ns#, #-ntis#
Masculines: #dēns#, _tooth_: #fōns#, _fountain_; #pōns#, _bridge_;
#mōns#, _mountain_, N. once #montis# (Enn.); factors of twelve:
#sextāns#, _one sixth_; #quadrāns#, #triēns#, #dōdrāns#, #dēxtāns#.
Feminines: #frōns#, _forehead_; #gēns#, _clan_; #mēns#, _mind_.
Present participles: as, #regēns#, _guiding_. Many adjectives: as,
#ingēns#, _gigantic_, Ab. #-ī# (559); #Vēiēns#, _of Vei_; compounds
of #mēns#: as, #āmēns#, _out of one’s head_; of #dēns#: as,
#tridēns#, Ab. #-ī#, as substantive usually #-e#.
#-eps#, #-ipitis#
Adjective compounds of #caput#, _head_: #anceps# (543),
_two-headed_, once older #ancipēs# (Plaut.); #biceps#, _two-headed_;
#triceps#, _three-headed_; #praeceps#, _head-first_, old
#praecipēs# (Plaut.; Enn.), Ab. #-ī# (559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl.
N. and Ac. #-ia#.
#-rs#, #-rtis#
Feminines: #ars#, _art_; #cohors#, _cohort_; #fors#, _chance_;
#mors#, _death_; #pars#, _part_; #sors#, _lot_, N. twice #sortis#
(Plaut.; Ter.). Adjectives: #cōnsors#, _sharing_, #exsors#, _not
sharing_, no G. Pl.; #expers#, _without part_; #iners#,
_unskilled_, #sollers#, _all-skilled_, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#.
#-x#, #-ctis#
#nox#, F., _night_; Ab. also #noctū# (401); an old adverb form is
#nox#, _nights_.

534. (_a._) Stems in #-bi-#, with nominative #-bs# (149), genitive #-bis#, are:

#trabs#, F., _beam_, older N. #trabēs# (Enn.); #plēbs#, F., _commons_, N. sometimes #plēps#, for the older #plēbēs# (603), no Pl.; #urbs#, F., _city_.

535. (_b._) Stems in #-pi-#, with nominative #-ps#, genitive #-pis#, are:

#inops#, _poor_, adjective, Ab. #-ī# (559), G. Pl. #-um#, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430); #stirps#, F. (M.), _trunk_.

536. Examples of stems in #-li-#, with nominative #-l#, genitive #-lis#, are:

#-al#, #-ālis#
Neuters, originally adjective (546): #animal#, _animal_;
#bacchānal#, _shrine_ or _feast of Bacchus_; #cervīcal#, _bolster_;
#puteal#, _well-curb_; #toral#, _valance_; #tribūnal#, _tribunal_;
#vectīgal#, _indirect tax_. Only N. or Ac.: #cubital#,
_elbow-cushion_; #minūtal#, _minced-fish_; #capital#, #capitālia#,
_death_, _capital crime_.
#-il#, #-ilis#
#vigil#, _wide-awake_, adjective, Ab. #-ī#, as substantive #-e#
(561), G. Pl. #vigilum# (563), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430).

537. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-ri-#, with nominative #-r#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-ar#, #-āris#
Neuters, originally adjective (546): #calcar#, _spur_; #columbar#,
_dove-cote_; #exemplar#, _pattern_; #lacūnar#, _panel-ceiling_;
#pulvīnar#, _couch_; #subligar#, _tights_; #torcular#, _wine-press_.
#-ār#, #-aris#
Adjectives: #pār#, _equal_; #dispār#, #impār#, _unequal_, for Ab.,
see 561; G. Pl. #-ium#, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#; #compār#,
_co-mate_, as substantive has G. Pl. #-um#.
#-er#, #-eris#
Adjectives: #dēgener#, _degenerate_, Ab. #-ī# (559), no Ne. Pl.
N. or Ac. (430); #ūber#, _fruitful_, Ab. #-ī#, late #-e#, Ne. Pl.
#ūbera# once only (Acc.).
#-or#, #-oris#
Adjectives: #memor#, _remembering_; #immemor#, _forgetful_, Ab.
#-ī# (559), G. Pl. #memorum# (636) once only (Verg.), no Ne. Pl.
N. or Ac. (430).
#-or#, #-ōris#
Adjective compounds of #color#: as, #concolor#, _of like shade_,
#discolor#, _of different shade_, both with Ab. #-ī# only;
#versicolor#, _pied_, Ab. #-ī#, rarely #-e#, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.
#-ia#; the G. Pl. of these words is not usual, but #versicōlorum#
once.

538. (_b._) Stems in #-ri-#, with nominative #-s# of the stem, genitive #-ris#, are #glīs#, F., _dormouse_, #glīris#; #mās#, M., _male_, #maris#; #mūs#, F., _mouse_, #mūris#.

539. The only imparisyllabic stem in #-si-# is #ās# (171, 1), M., _unit, an as_, G. #assis#, with its compounds #bēs#, _two thirds_, G. #bessis#, and #sēmis#, _half an as_, _half_, G. #sēmissis#.

[Erratum:
537 ... #dēgener#, _degenerate_, Ab. #-ī# (559)
Ab.,]

SINGULAR CASES.

540. (1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in #-i-# is usually formed by adding #-s# to the stem (422). But many gender substantives have the nominative in #-ēs# (236, 401): as,

#amni-#, _river_, N. #amnis#; #aedi-#, _temple_, N. #aedis#; #brevi-#, _short_, N. #brevis#. With N. #-ēs#: #nūbi-#, _cloud_, N. #nūbēs#; for other examples, see 523.

541. Some substantives form the nominative in both these ways: as, #vallēs# and #vallis#, _valley_, equally common; #aedis#, _temple_, later #aedēs#; for #caedēs#, _slaughter_, #clādēs#, _disaster_, and #mōlēs#, _pile_, #caedis#, &c., occur exceptionally.

542. A few stems in #-bri-#, #-cri-#, or #-tri-#, drop #-i-# in the nominative. The endings #brs#, #crs#, #trs#, then change to #-ber#, #-cer#, #-ter# (111, _b_): as, #imbrī-#, _shower_, N. #imber# (525).

543. Of gender imparisyllables, some have lost #-i-# of the stem before #-s# in the nominative; others have originally a consonant stem in the nominative (529-535).

Thus, #monti-#, _mountain_, and #sorti-#, _lot_, have N. #mōns# and #sors# for an older #montis# and #sortis#; but #dēns#, _tooth_, and #regēns#, _ruling_, have as original stems #dent-# and #regent-#. Adjectives in #-cipiti-# have N. #-ceps# (533).

544. A few adjective stems in #-li-# or #-ri-# drop #-i-# in the nominative without taking #-s# (536, 537): as, #vigili-#, _wide-awake_, N. #vigil#; #pari-#, _equal_, N. #pār#; so also #Arar# and #Liger#. Three substantives in #-ri-# for #-si-# likewise drop #-i-#, and end in the original #-s# (538): #glīri-# for #glīsi-#, _dormouse_, N. #glīs#; #mās#, _male_; #mūs#, _mouse_.

545. For #carō#, F., _flesh_, #carnis# (Ab. #-ī#, usually #-e#, no G. Pl.) see 135, 2. #supellēx#, F., _furniture_, #supellēctilis# (Ab. #-ī# or #-e#, no Pl.), has the nominative formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401).

546. (2) Neuter stems in #-i-# have no nominative suffix, and end in #-e# for #-i-# of the stem (107, _b_): as,

#mari-#, _sea_, N. #mare#; #brevi-#, _short_, N. #breve#. In some words, originally neuter adjectives in #-āle# and #-āre#, the #-e# is dropped and the #ā# shortened: as, #animāle#, _living thing_, #animal# (536); #exemplāre# (Lucr.), _pattern_, #exemplar# (537). Some neuter adjectives end in #-l# or #-r# (536, 537); and some ‘of one ending’ end in #-s# (612).

547. The accusative singular of gender substantives usually has #-em#, like consonant stems (424); but a few substantives with the nominative in #-is# have #-im# only, and some have either #-im# or #-em#.

548. (_a._) Accusatives in #-im#

Are sitim, tussim, vim, _thirst_, _cough_, _strength_
And būrim, cucumim. _ploughtail_, _cucumber_

549. The accusative in #-im# is found in many adverbs (700): as, #partim#, _in part_; in some adverbial expressions: as, #adamussim#, #examussim#, _to a #T#_, #adfatim#, _to satiety_, #ad ravim#, _to hoarseness_; in some names of rivers and cities: as, #Tiberim#, #Hispalim#; and in some Greek words (565).

550. (_b._) Six have the accusative commonly in #-im#, sometimes in #-em#:

febrim, -em, _fever_
pelvim, -em, _basin_
puppim, -em, _stern_
restim, -em, _rope_
secūrim, -em, _axe_
turrim, -em, _tower_

551. Six have the accusative commonly in #-em#, sometimes in #-im#:

bipennem, -im, _two-edged axe_
clāvem, -im, _key_
messem, -im, _crop_
nāvem, -im, _ship_
sēmentem, -im, _planting_
strigilem, -im, _skin-scraper_

552. In the ablative, gender substantives have usually #-e#, and neuters and adjectives have #-ī#: as,

#hoste#, _enemy_; #marī#, _sea_; #ācrī#, _sharp_, #brevī#, _short_, #audācī#, _daring_.

553. (1.) Of gender substantives with the nominative in #-is#, a few have only #-ī# in the ablative, and many have either #-ī# or #-e#.

554. (_a._) These ablatives have only #-ī#:

secūrī, sitī, tussī, vī, _axe_, _thirst_, _cough_, _strength_
canālī, cucumī, _conduit_, _cucumber_

Some names of rivers and cities have only #-ī#: as, #Tiberī#, #Hispalī#. The locative also ends in #-ī#: as, #Neāpolī#, _at Neapolis_.

555. (_b._) These ablatives of gender substantives with the nominative in #-is# have #-ī# or #-e#:

amne, -ī, _river_
ave, -ī, _bird_
bīle, -ī, _bile_
cīvī, -e, _citizen_
classe, -ī, _fleet_
clāvī, -e, _key_
febrī, -e, _fever_
fūstī, -e, _club_
ignī, -e, _fire_
nāvī, -e, _ship_
orbī, -e, _circle_
puppī, -e, _stern_
sēmentī, -e, _planting_
strigilī, -e, _skin-scraper_
turrī, -e, _tower_

556. A few other words in #-is# have occasionally an ablative in #-ī#: as, #anguis#, _snake_, #collis#, _hill_, #fīnis#, _end_, #postis#, _post_, #unguis#, _nail_, &c. #sors#, _lot_, #imber#, _shower_, and #lūx#, _light_, have also #-e# or #-ī#; #supellēx#, _furniture_, has #supellēctilī# or #-e#; #Arar# has #-e# or #-ī#; #Liger#, #-ī# or #-e#.

557. Neuter names of towns with the nominative in #-e# have #-e# in the ablative: as, #Praeneste#. #rēte#, _net_, has only #rēte#; #mare#, _sea_, has rarely #mare# (527).

558. (2.) Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in #-i-# (630) often have #-e# in the ablative when they are used as substantives, and sometimes in verse, when a short vowel is needed: as,

#adfīnī#, #-e#, _connection by marriage_; #aedīle#, #-ī#, _aedile_; #familiārī#, #-e#, _friend_. But some, even as substantives, have #-ī#: as, #aequālī#, _of the same age_, #cōnsulārī#, _ex-consul_, #gentīlī#, _tribesman_. Adjectives of place in #-ēnsis# (330) usually have #-ī#, but sometimes #-e#: as, #Tarquiniēnse#. Proper names have usually #-e#: as, #Iuvenāle#.

559. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with stems in #-i-# (632), have commonly #-ī# in the ablative. The following ablatives have only #-ī#:

#āmentī#, _frenzied_, #ancipitī#, _two-headed_, #praecipitī#, _head-first_, #concolōrī#, _of like hue_, #concordī#, _harmonious_, #discordī#, _at variance_, #sōcordī#, _imperceptive_, #dēgenerī#, _degenerate_, #dītī#, _rich_, #teretī#, _rounded_, #ingentī#, _huge_, #inopī#, _without means_, #memorī#, _remembering_, #immemorī#, _forgetful_.

560. Present participles, when used as adjectives, have #-ī# in the ablative, otherwise #-e#: as,

#ā sapientī virō#, _by a wise man_; #adulēscente#, _youth_, substantive; #Rōmulō rēgnante#, _in the reign of Romulus_, ablative absolute (1362).

561. Other adjectives ‘of one ending’ occasionally have #-e# in the ablative when used as substantives or as epithets of persons, or in verse when a short syllable is needed: as,

#cōnsortī#, _sharing_, #parī#, _equal_, #vigilī#, _wide-awake_, #fēlīcī#, _happy_, as adjectives; but #cōnsorte#, &c., as substantives; in prose, #imparī#, #disparī#, _unequal_; in verse, #impare#, #dispare#. Proper names have #-e#: as, #Fēlīce#.

PLURAL CASES.

562. In the plural, gender nominatives have #-ēs#, rarely #-īs# or #-eīs#, and gender accusatives have #-īs# or #-ēs# indifferently, sometimes #-eis#; after about 50 A.D., #-ēs# was the prevalent ending for both cases. Neuters add #-a# to the stem, making #-ia#; for #-iā́# in old Latin, cf. 2505.

563. In the genitive plural, present participles, some substantive stems in #-nt(i)-#, and some adjectives ‘of two endings’ (631) have occasionally #-um#: as,

#amantum#, _lovers_; #rudentum#, _rigging_; #agrestum#, _country folk_; #caelestum#, _heaven’s tenantry_. #apis#, _bee_, has commonly #-um#; #caedēs#, _slaughter_, and #fraus#, _deceit_, have rarely #-um#. For #-um# in some adjectives ‘of one ending,’ see 636; for #-bū́s# in the dative and ablative in old Latin, see 2505.

564. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. without #-is#: VECTIGAL, i.e. #vectīgālis#, adjective; #-e# for #-is# (66, 41): MILITARE, i.e. #mīlitāris#, adjective; #-ēs# (540): AIDILES, i.e. #aedīlis#; CIVES, i.e. #cīvis#. G. #-us#, from 186 to 100 B.C.: PARTVS, i.e. #partis#. D. #-ei#: VRBEI. Ac. #-i# (61): PARTI, i.e. #partem#; #-e#: AIDE, i.e. #aedem#. Ab. #-ei#: FONTEI; #-e#: SERVILE, i.e. #servīlī#. Plural: N. #-ēs#: FINES; #-eis#: FINEIS; #-īs#: FINIS.

GREEK NOUNS.

565. Greek stems in #-i-# are usually declined like Latin ones, with the accusative in #-im#, and ablative in #-ī#. But the accusative sometimes has #-n#: as, #poēsin#, _poetry_, #Charybdin#; similarly #Capyn#; and a vocative occurs: as, #Charybdi#. The plural genitive #Metamorphōseōn#, and as ablative #Metamorphōsesin#, occur as titles of books.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS IN #-i-#.

566. Parisyllables with nominatives in #-is#, #-ēs#, or #-e#, and a few in #-er#; and imparisyllables with nominatives in #-al#, and in #-ar# for #-āre#, have stems in #-i-#.

But #canis#, #iuvenis# (486), #volucris# (490), #mēnsis# (492), #sēdēs# (476), and #vātēs# (478), have consonant stems.

567. Under #-i-# stems may also conveniently be grouped the following classes, which have usually a consonant form in the singular, and an #-i-# form in the plural:

568. (_a._) Imparisyllabic adjectives with the genitive in #-is#, except comparatives and the dozen with consonant stems (624), and imparisyllables with a nominative in #-s# or #-x# preceded by any consonant except #p#. But #cōniūnx# (472) and #caelebs# (480) have consonant stems.

569. (_b._) The following monosyllables: #ās#, _unit_, _an as_, #faex#, _dregs_, #fraus#, _deceit_, #glīs#, _dormouse_, #līs#, _strife_, #lūx#, _light_, #mās#, _male_, #mūs#, _mouse_, #nox#, _night_, #stirps#, _trunk_, #vīs#, _strength_. Also #fauce#, _throat_, and #compede#, _fetter_, both Ab., no N., and #fornāx#, _furnace_.

GENDER OF CONSONANT STEMS AND #-i-# STEMS.

570. The gender of many of these substantives is determined by their meaning (404-412); that of participles used as substantives follows the gender of the substantive understood; Greek substantives follow the Greek gender. The gender of other words may be conveniently arranged for the memory according to the nominative endings as follows.

MASCULINE.

571. Imparisyllables in #-es# or #-ēs# and substantives in #-er#, #-ō#, #-or#, and #-ōs# are masculine: as,

#caespes#, _sod_; #pēs#, _foot_; #agger#, _mound_; #sermō#, _speech_; #pallor#, _paleness_; #flōs#, _flower_.

572. These imparisyllables in #-es# or #-ēs# are feminine: #merges#, _sheaf_, #seges#, _crop_, #teges#, _mat_; #requiēs# and #quiēs#, _rest_; #compedēs#, plural, _fetters_; #mercēs#, _reward_. #aes#, _copper_, _bronze_, is neuter.

573. These substantives in #-er# are neuter: #cadāver#, _corpse_, #iter#, _way_, #tūber#, _swelling_, _truffle_, #ūber#, _udder_, #verberis#, _lash_, genitive, no nominative; also names of plants in #-er#: as, #acer#, _maple_, #cicer#, _chickpea_, #papāver#, _poppy_, #piper#, _pepper_, #siler#, _osier_, #siser#, _skirret_, #sūber#, _corktree_. #linter#, _tub_, _boat_, is feminine, once masculine. #vēr#, _spring_, is neuter.

574. Substantives in #-ō#, with genitive #-inis# (485), are feminine; as, #imāgō#, #imāginis#, _likeness_; also #carō#, #carnis#, _flesh_, and words of action in #-iō# and #-tiō# (227, 228). But #cardō#, _hinge_, #ōrdō#, _rank_, and #turbō#, _whirlwind_, are masculine. #margō#, _brink_, and #cupīdō#, _desire_, are sometimes masculine.

575. These substantives in #-or# are neuter: #ador#, _spelt_, #aequor#, _sea_, #marmor#, _marble_, #cor#, _heart_. #arbor#, _tree_, is feminine.

576. These substantives in #-ōs# are feminine: #cōs#, _whetstone_, #arbōs#, _tree_, #dōs#, _dowry_. #ōs#, #ōris#, _mouth_, _face_, is neuter, also #os#, #ossis#, _bone_.

[Erratum:
575 ... #cor#, _heart_.
. missing]

FEMININE.

577. Parisyllables in #-ēs#, and substantives in #-ās#, #-aus#, #-is#, #-s# preceded by a consonant, and #-x#, are feminine: as,

#nūbēs#, _cloud_; #aetās#, _age_; #laus#, _praise_; #nāvis#, _ship_; #urbs#, _city_; #pāx#, _peace_.

578. #ās#, #assis#, _penny_, is masculine. #vās#, _vessel_, _utensil_, and the defectives #fās#, _right_, and #nefās#, _wrong_, are neuter.

579. Substantives in #-nis# are masculine; also twenty-nine others in #-is#, as follows:

axis, callis, caulis, anguis,
_axle_, _path_, _cabbage_, _snake_
fascis, fūstis, lapis, sanguī̆s,
_bundle_, _club_, _stone_, _blood_
piscis, postis, pulvī̆s, ēnsis,
_fish_, _post_, _dust_, _glaive_
torquis, torris, unguis, mēnsis,
_twisted collar_, _firebrand_, _nail_, _month_
vectis, vermis, vōmis, collis,
_lever_, _worm_, _ploughshare_, _hill_
glīs, canālis, also follis,
_dormouse_, _conduit_, _ball_
cassēs, sentēs, veprēs, orbis,
_nets_, _brambles_, _thorns_, plurals, _circle_
cucumis, and sometimes corbis.
_cucumber_, _basket_

#būrim#, _ploughtail_, accusative only, is also masculine. A few of the above are sometimes feminine: as, #amnis#, #anguis#, #callis#, #canālis#, #cinis#, #fīnis#, #fūnis#, #torquis#, #veprēs#, &c.

580. Four in #-s# preceded by a consonant are masculine: #dēns#, _tooth_, #fōns#, _fountain_, #pōns#, _bridge_, #mōns#, _mountain_; also factors of twelve: #sextāns#, _one sixth_, #quadrāns#, #triēns#, #dōdrāns#, #dēxtāns#; #rudēns#, _rope_, once. #adeps#, _fat_, and #forceps#, _pincers_, are masculine or feminine. #stirps#, _stock_, is sometimes masculine.

581. #calix#, _cup_, #fornix#, _arch_, and #trādux#, _vinelayer_, are masculine; also substantives in #-ūnx# and #-ex#; except #nex#, _murder_, and #precī#, _prayer_, dative, no nominative, which are feminine; also rarely #grex#, _herd_. #cortex#, _bark_, #forfex#, _scissors_, #silex#, _flint_, and #obice#, _barrier_, ablative, no nominative, are either masculine or feminine. #calx#, _heel_, and #calx#, _lime_, are sometimes masculine, also #lūx#, _light_, in the ablative in old Latin.

[Erratum:
577 ... substantives in #-ās#, #-aus#
#-ās# #-aus#]

NEUTER.

582. Substantives in #-c#, #-e#, #-l#, #-n#, #-t#, in #-ar#, #-ur#, #-us#, and #-ūs#, are neuter: as,

#lac#, _milk_; #mare#, _sea_; #animal#, _animal_; #carmen#, _song_; #caput#, _head_; #calcar#, _spur_; #fulgur#, _lightning_; #corpus#, _body_; #iūs#, _right_.

583. #sōl#, _sun_, #pecten#, _comb_, #liēn#, _spleen_, #rēnēs#, _kidneys_, plural, and #furfur#, _bran_, are masculine. So usually #sāl#, _salt_, but sometimes neuter in the singular. #fār#, _spelt_, is neuter.

584. #pecus#, _beast_, is feminine; also #tellūs#, _earth_, and the substantives in #-ūs# which have #-ūdis# (475) or #-ūtis# (477) in the genitive: as, #palūs#, _marsh_; #iuventūs#, _youth_.

STEMS IN #-u-#.

_The Fourth Declension._

Genitive singular #-ūs#, genitive plural #-u-um#.

585. Stems in #-u-# are substantive only, and mostly masculine.

586. There are only three neuters in common use, #cornū#, _horn_, #genū#, _knee_, and #verū#, _a spit_. But some cases of other neuters are used: as, ablative #pecū#, _flock_; plural nominative and accusative #artua#, _limbs_ (Plaut.); OSSVA, _bones_ (inscr.).

587. The nominative of stems in #-u-# ends, including the stem vowel, in #-u-s# in gender words, and in lengthened #-ū# of the stem in neuters.

588. Most substantives in #-u-# are masculines in #-tu-# or #-su-#, often defective in case (235). The following words are feminine: #acus#, _pin_, _needle_, #domus#, _house_, #manus#, _hand_, #porticus#, _colonnade_; #tribus#, _tribe_; and the plurals #īdūs#, _ides_, and #quīnquātrūs#, _feast of Minerva_; rarely #penus#, _store_, and #specus#, _cave_.

589. Stems in #-u-# are declined as follows:

+--------+-------------------------+-------------+---------------+
|Examples| flūctus, _wave_, | cornū, | Stem and |
| | | _horn_, | case |
| Stems | flūctu-, M. | cornu-, Ne. | endings |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------+-------+-------+
|Singular| | | M. | Ne. |
| _Nom._ | flūctus, _a_ (or | cornū | -us | -ū |
| | _the_) _wave_ | | | |
| _Gen._ | flūctūs, _a wave’s_, | cornūs | -ūs | -ūs |
| | _of a wave_ | | | |
| _Dat._ | flūctuī, -ū, _to_ | cornū | -uī, | -ū |
| | or _for a wave_ | | -ū | |
| _Acc._ | flūctum, _a wave_ | cornū | -um | -ū |
| _Abl._ | flūctū, _from_, _with_, | cornū | -ū | -ū |
| | or _by a wave_ | | | |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------+-------+-------+
| Plural | | | | |
| _Nom._ | flūctūs, (_the_) | cornua | -ūs | -ua |
| | _waves_ | | | |
| _Gen._ | flūctuum, _waves’_, | cornuum | -uum | -uum |
| | _of waves_ | | | |
| _Dat._ | flūctibus, _to_ or | cornibus | -ibus | -ibus |
| | _for waves_ | | | |
| _Acc._ | flūctūs, _waves_ | cornua | -ūs | -ua |
| _Abl._ | flūctibus, _from_, | cornibus | -ibus | -ibus |
| | _with_, or _by waves_ | | | |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------+-------+-------+

SINGULAR CASES.

590. In the genitive, the uncontracted form #-uis# sometimes occurs: as, #anuis#, _old woman_ (Ter.). A genitive in #-tī# is rather common: as, #adventī#, _arrival_; #ōrnātī#, _embellishment_ (Ter.); #senātī#, _senate_. In the dative, #-ū# is regularly found for #-uī# in neuters and often in gender words.

PLURAL CASES.

591. In the genitive plural, a shorter form in #-um# is occasionally found: as, #passum#, _steps_ (Plaut., Mart.); #currum#, _chariots_ (Verg.); EXERCITVM. The quantity of the #u# and the origin of this ending are uncertain.

592. In the dative and ablative plural, the following retain #-u-bus#: #acus#, _pin_, _needle_, #arcus#, _bow_, #partus#, _birth_, #tribus#, _tribe_. The following have #-u-bus# or #-i-bus# (28): #artūs#, plural, _joints_, #lacus#, _lake_, #portus#, _haven_, #specus#, _cave_, #genū#, _knee_, #verū#, _a spit_. All other words have #-i-bus# only.

593. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

G. #-uos#: SENATVOS; #-ū# (66) SENATV; #-uus#, in the imperial age (29, 1): EXERCITVVS. D. #-uei# (29, 2): SENATVEI. Ac. #-u# (61): MANV. Ab. #-uu# (29, 1): ARBITRATVV; #-uō#, once, by some thought to be for #-ūd# (426); MAGISTRATVO. Plural: N. #-uus# (29, 1): MAGISTRATVVS.

594. #domus#, _house_, F., has stems of two forms, #domu-# and #domo-# (401); it is declined as follows: N. #domus#, G. #domūs#, rarely #domī#, D. #domuī# or #domō#, Ac. #domum#, Ab. #domō# or #domū#, Locative #domī#, rarely #domuī#. Plural: N. #domūs#, G. #domuum#, later #domōrum#, D. and Ab. #domibus#, Ac. #domōs#, less commonly #domūs#.

595. Some other substantives have an #-u-# stem in some of their cases, and an #-o-# stem in others: see #angiportus#, #arcus#, #caestus#, #colus#, #cornū#, #cornus#, #cupressus#, #fīcus#, #fretus#, #gelus#, #laurus#, #murtus#, #penus#, #pīnus#, #quercus#, #rīctus#, #tonitrus#, in the dictionary.

STEMS IN #-ē-#.

_The Fifth Declension._

Genitive singular #-ē̆ī#, genitive plural #-ē-rum#.

596. Stems in #-ē-# are substantive only, and feminine.

597. #diēs#, _day_, is always masculine in the plural, and commonly in the singular; but the feminine is common when #diēs# denotes length of time or a set day. #merīdiēs#, _midday_, is masculine and singular only.

598. The nominative of stems in #-ē-# ends, including the stem vowel, in #-ē-s#.

599. Stems in #-ē-# are of two classes:

600. (1.) Stems of the first class have one or two syllables; there are four of them: #rēs#, _thing_, #spēs#, _hope_, #diēs#, _day_, and #fidēs#, _faith_.

Of this class, #rēs# and #diēs# have a plural throughout; #spēs# has only the nominative and accusative plural, and #fidēs# has no plural.

601. Stems in #-ē-# of the first class are declined as follows:

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A Latin Grammar for Schools and CollegesChapter V: Part 5

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