Chapter XVIII: Part 18

#quotiēns quaeque cohors prōcurrerat, magnus numerus hostium cadēbat#, 5, 34, 2, _as the cohorts successively charged, a great number of the enemy fell every time_. #quoius quotiēns sepulcrum vidēs, sacruficās#, Pl. _E._ 175, _every time you see her tomb, you offer sacrifice_. #nec quotiēnscumque mē vīderit, ingemīscet#, _Sest._ 146, _neither shall he fall a-groaning whenever he sees me_ (1736). #quotiēnsque# is late and rare.

1886. #quotiēns# has sometimes as a correlative #totiēns#, or a combination with #tot# which is equivalent to #totiēns#: as, #quotiēns dīcimus, totiēns dē nōbīs iūdicātur#, _DO._ 1, 125, _every time we make a speech, the world sits in judgement on us_. #sī tot cōnsulibus meruisset, quotiēns ipse cōnsul fuit#, _Balb._ 47, _if he had been in the army as many years as he was consul_.

1887. The subjunctive imperfect and pluperfect are common in the later writers to indicate repeated action (1730): as, #quotiēns super tālī negōtiō cōnsultāret, ēditā domūs parte ac lībertī ūnīus cōnscientiā ūtēbātur#, _Ta._ 6, 27, _whenever he had recourse to astrologers, it was in the upper part of his house and with the cognizance of only a single freedman_.

#quam.#

1888. #quam#, _as_ or _than_, introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison. For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as by attraction (1728), or of action conceivable (1731); see also 1896, 1897.

But usually periods of comparison are abridged (1057) by the omission of the verb or of other parts in the protasis (1325).

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

1889. (1.) #quam#, _as_, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality, generally with #tam# as correlative in the apodosis: as,

#tam facile vincēs quam pirum volpēs comēst#, Pl. _Most._ 559, _you’ll beat as easily as Reynard eats a pear_. #tam excoctam reddam atque ātram quam carbōst#, T. _Ad._ 849, _I’ll have her stewed all out and black as is a coal_. From Cicero on, the apodosis is in general negative or interrogative: as, #quōrum neutrum tam facile quam tū arbitrāris concēditur#, _Div._ 1, 10, _neither of these points is as readily granted as you suppose_. #quid est ōrātōrī tam necessārium quam vōx?# _DO._ 1, 251, _what is so indispensable to the speaker as voice?_ Otherwise #nōn minus . . . quam#, _no less than_, _just as much_, or #nōn magis . . . quam#, _just as little_ or _just as much_, is often preferred to #tam . . . quam#: as, #accēpī nōn minus interdum ōrātōrium esse tacēre quam dīcere#, Plin. _Ep._ 7, 6, 7, _I have observed that silence is sometimes quite as eloquent as speech_. #nōn magis mihī̆ deerit inimīcus quam Verrī dēfuit#, _V._ 3, 162, _I shall lack an enemy as little as Verres did_. #domus erat nōn dominō magis ōrnāmentō quam cīvitātī#, _V._ 4, 5, _the house was as much a pride to the state as to its owner_.

1890. Instead of #tam#, another correlative is sometimes used in the apodosis. Thus, #aequē . . . quam# occurs in Plautus and in Livy and later writers, generally after a negative expression; #perinde . . . quam# in Tacitus and Suetonius; #iūxtā ... quam# once in Livy. Sometimes the apodosis contains no correlative.

1891. #tam . . . quam# become by abridgement coordinating words: as,

#tam vēra quam falsa cernimus#, _Ac._ 2, 111, _we make out things both true and false_.

1892. The highest possible degree is expressed by #tam . . . quam quī# and a superlative without a verb; or by #quam# and a superlative with or without a form of #possum# (1466); sometimes by #quantus# or #ut#: as,

(_a._) #tam sum misericors quam vōs; tam mītis quam quī lēnissimus#, _Sull._ 87, _I am as tender-hearted as you; as mild as the gentlest man living_. #tam sum amīcus rē̆ī pūblicae quam quī maximē#, _Fam._ 5, 2, 6, _I am as devoted a patriot as anybody can be_. (_b._) #quam maximīs potest itineribus in Galliam contendit#, 1, 7, 1, _he pushes into Gaul by as rapid marches as he can_. #cōnstituērunt iūmentōrum quam maximum numerum coëmere#, 1, 3, 1, _they determined to buy up the greatest possible number of beasts of burden_. (_c._) #tanta est inter eōs, quanta maxima potest esse, mōrum distantia#, _L._ 74, _there is the greatest possible difference of character between them_. Or without any superlative: #fuge domum quantum potest#, Pl. _Men._ 850, _run home as quick as e’er you can_. #ut potuī accūrātissimē tē tūtātus sum#, _Fam._ 5, 17, 2, _I defended you as carefully as I could_.

1893. #quam . . . tam#, with two comparatives or superlatives, is equivalent to the more common #quō . . . eō# with two comparatives (1973): as,

(_a._) #magis quam id reputō, tam magis ūror#, Pl. _B._ 1091, _the more I think it over, the sorer do I feel_. This use is found in Plautus, Lucretius, and Vergil. (_b._) #quam quisque pessumē fēcit, tam maxumē tūtus est#, S. _I._ 31, 14, _the worse a man has acted, the safer he always is_. This use is found in Plautus, Terence, Cato, Varro, and Sallust.

1894. (2.) #quam#, _than_, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of inequality, with a comparative in the apodosis: as,

#meliōrem quam ego sum suppōnō tibī̆#, Pl. _Cu._ 256, _I give you in my place a better man than I am_. #plūra dīxī quam voluī#, _V._ 5, 79, _I have said more than I intended_. #Antōniō quam est, volō peius esse#, _Att._ 15, 3, 2, _I hope Antony may be worse off than he is_. #doctrīna paulō dūrior quam nātūra patitur#, _Mur._ 60, _principles somewhat sterner than nature doth support_. #potius sērō quam numquam#, L. 4, 2, 11, _better late than never_. #corpus patiēns algōris suprā quam cuiquam crēdibile est#, S. _C._ 5, 3, _a constitution capable of enduring cold beyond what anybody could believe_. #suprā quam# is found in Cicero, Sallust, and often in late writers; #īnfrā# and #ultrā quam# in Cicero, Livy, and late writers (#īnfrā quam# also in Varro); #extrā quam# in Ennius, Cato, and in legal and official language in Cicero and Livy.

1895. #quam# is also used with some virtual comparatives: thus, #nihil aliud#, #nōn aliud quam#, _no other than_, often as adverb, _only_; #secus quam# with a negative, _not otherwise than_; #bis tantō quam#, _twice as much as_; and #prae quam# in old Latin, _in comparison with how_; and similar phrases: as,

(_a._) #per bīduum nihil aliud quam stetērunt parātī ad pugnandum#, L. 34, 46, 7, _for two days they merely stood in battle array_. This use occurs first in Sallust, then in Nepos, Livy, and later writers. (_b._) #mihī̆ erit cūrae nē quid fīat secus quam volumus#, _Att._ 6, 2, 2, _I will see to it that nothing be done save as we wish_. This use occurs in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, Cicero, Livy, and later writers. With both #aliud# and #secus# the clause is rarely positive, with #aliud# not before Livy. For #atque# (#ac#) instead of #quam# when the first clause is negative, see 1654. (_c._) #bis tantō valeō quam valuī prius#, Pl. _Merc._ 297, _I am twice as capable as I was before_. (_d._) #nīl hōc quidem est trīgintā minae, prae quam aliōs sūmptūs facit#, Pl. _Most._ 981, _oh, this is nothing, thirty minae, when you think what other sums he spends_. #prae quam# is found only in Plautus rarely. Similar phrases are: #contrā quam#, in Cicero, Livy, and later writers; #praeter quam#, in Plautus, Naevius, and frequently in other writers when followed by #quod# (1848); #super quam quod# (1848) and #īnsuper quam# in Livy; #prō quam# in Lucretius; #advorsum quam#, once in Plautus. #prae quam# is sometimes followed by a relative clause: as, #prae quam quod molestumst#, Pl. _Am._ 634, _compared with what is painful_. For #ante# (or #prius#) and #post quam#, see 1911, 1923.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1896. The subjunctive is used with #quam# or #quam ut# after comparatives denoting disproportion (1461): as,

#quicquid erat oneris Segestānīs impōnēbat, aliquantō amplius quam ferre possent#, _V._ 4, 76, _he would impose every possible burden on the Segestans, far too much for them to bear_. #quis nōn intellegit Canachī sīgna rigidiōra esse, quam ut imitentur vēritātem?# _Br._ 70, _who does not feel that the statues of Canachus are too stiff to be true to nature?_ #clārior rēs erat quam ut dissimulārī posset#, L. 26, 51, 11, _the thing was too notorious to be hushed up_. Instead of #ut#, #quī# is also used by Livy and later writers: as, #maior sum quam cui possit Fortūna nocēre#, O. 6, 195, _too strong am I for Fortune to break down_, says infatuated Niobe. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of action conceivable (1554, 1818).

1897. The subjunctive is used in clauses introduced by #potius quam#, _rather than_, to denote action merely assumed. #citius#, #ante#, or #prius#, _sooner_, is sometimes used in the sense of #potius#: as,

#potius quam tē inimīcum habeam, faciam ut iusseris#, T. _Eu._ 174, _rather than make you my enemy, I will do as you tell me_. #dēpugnā potius quam serviās#, _Att._ 7, 7, 7, _fight it out rather than be a slave_. #potius vituperātiōnem incōnstantiae suscipiam, quam in tē sim crūdēlis#, _V._ 5, 105, _I will submit to the charge of inconsistency rather than be cruel towards you_. #animam omittunt prius quam locō dēmigrent#, Pl. _Am._ 240, _they lose their lives sooner than yield their ground_. Livy has also #potius quam ut#. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of desire (1540, 1817).

WITH THE INFINITIVE.

1898. When the main clause is an infinitive, #quam# is often followed by an infinitive: as,

#mālim morīrī me͡os quam mendīcārier#, Pl. _Vid._ 96, _better my bairns be dead than begging bread_. #vōcēs audiēbantur prius sē cortice ex arboribus vīctūrōs, quam Pompēium ē manibus dīmissūrōs#, Caes. _C._ 3, 49, 1, _shouts were heard that they would live on the bark of trees sooner than let Pompey slip through their fingers_.

#quamquam.#

1899. (1.) #quamquam# is used in old Latin as an indefinite adverb, _ever so much_, _however much_: as,

#quamquam negōtiumst, sī quid veis, Dēmiphō, nōn sum occupātus umquam amīcō operam dare#, Pl. _Mer._ 287, _however busy I may be_ (1814), _if anything you wish, dear Demipho, I’m not too busy ever to a friend mine aid to lend_. #id quoque possum ferre, quamquam iniūriumst#, T. _Ad._ 205, _that also I can bear, however so unfair_. From an adverb, #quamquam# became a conjunction, _although_.

1900. (2.) #quamquam#, _although_, introduces the indicative in the concession of a definite fact. In the later writers it is also sometimes used with the subjunctive, sometimes with a participle or an adjective.

(_a._) #quamquam premuntur aere aliēnō, dominātiōnem tamen exspectant#, _C._ 2, 19, _though they are staggering under debt, they yet look forward to being lords and masters_. #quamquam nōn vēnit ad fīnem tam audāx inceptum, tamen haud omnīnō vānum fuit#, L. 10, 32, 5, _though the bold attempt did not attain its purpose, yet it was not altogether fruitless_. This is the classical use; but see 1901. (_b._) #nam et tribūnīs plēbis senātūs habendī iūs erat, quamquam senātōrēs nōn essent#, Varro in Gell. 14, 8, 2, _for even the tribunes of the people, though they were not senators, had the right to hold a meeting of the senate_. #haud cunctātus est Germānicus, quamquam fingī ea intellegeret#, Ta. 2, 26, _Germanicus did not delay, though he was aware this was all made up_. This use is found first in Varro, often in the Augustan poets, sometimes in Livy, always in Juvenal. It does not become common before Tacitus and the younger Pliny. (_c._) #sequente, quamquam nōn probante, Amynandrō#, L. 31, 41, 7, _Amynander accompanying though not approving_ (1374). #nē Aquītānia quidem, quamquam in verba Othōnis obstricta, diū mānsit#, Ta. _H._ 1, 76, _Aquitania, though bound by the oath of allegiance to Otho, did not hold out long either_. This use is found once each in Cicero and Sallust, half a dozen times in Livy, oftener in Tacitus.

1901. The subjunctive is also used often with #quamquam# for special reasons, as by attraction (1728), in indirect discourse (1725), and of action conceivable (1731).

1902. For #quamquam# appending a fresh main sentence, see 2153; for its use with the infinitive, 2317.

[Erratum:
1899. (1.)
(1)]

#quam vīs# or #quamvīs#.

1903. #quam vīs# or #quamvīs# is used as an indefinite adverb (712), _as much as you please_, and is often joined with an adjective or other adverb to take the place of a superlative: as,

#quam vīs rīdiculus est, ubī̆ uxor nōn adest#, Pl. _Men._ 318, _he’s as droll as you please when his wife isn’t by_. #quamveis īnsipiēns poterat persentīscere#, Pl. _Merc._ 687, _the veriest dullard could detect_. #quamvīs paucī adīre audent#, 4, 2, 5, _the merest handful dares attack_. #quamvīs callidē#, _V._ 2, 134, _ever so craftily_. #quamvīs# is also sometimes used to strengthen a superlative (1466), though not in classical prose.

1904. (1.) The indefinite adverb #quam vīs#, _as much as you please_, is often used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission; such subjunctives are sometimes coordinated with #licet#: as,

#quod turpe est, id quam vīs occultētur, tamen honestum fierī nūllō modō potest#, _Off._ 3, 78, _if a thing is base, let it be hidden as much as you will, yet it cannot be made respectable_ (1553). #locus hīc apud nōs, quam vīs subitō veniās, semper līber est#, Pl. _B._ 82, _our house is always open, come as sudden as you may_ (1553). #praeter eōs quam vīs ēnumerēs multōs licet, nōnnūllōs reperiēs perniciōsōs tribūnōs#, _Leg._ 3, 24, _besides these you may tell off as many as you please, you will still find some dangerous tribunes_ (1710). The combination with #licet# occurs first in Lucretius, then in Cicero.

Instead of #vīs#, other forms are sometimes used: as, #volumus#, #volent#, #velit#, &c.: thus, #quam volent facētī sint#, _Cael._ 67, _they may be as witty as they please_ (1735). #quam volet Epicūrus iocētur et dīcat sē nōn posse intellegere, numquam mē movēbit#, _DN._ 2, 46, _Epicurus may joke and say he can’t understand it as much as he likes, he will never shake me_. From an adverb, #quam vīs# became a conjunction, _however much_, _even if_.

1905. (2.) The subjunctive with the conjunction #quamvīs#, _however much_, _even if_, _though_, denotes action merely assumed; when the action is to be denoted as real, #ut# or #sīcut# or the like, with the indicative, usually follows in the best prose (1943): as,

(_a._) #quamvīs sint hominēs quī Cn. Carbōnem ōderint, tamen hī dēbent quid metuendum sit cōgitāre#, _V._ 1, 39, _though there may be men who hate Carbo, still these men ought to consider what they have to fear_. #nōn enim possīs, quamvīs excellās#, _L._ 73, _you may not have the power, however eminent you may be_. This use begins with Cicero and Varro, and gets common in late writers. Not in Livy. (_b._) #illa quamvīs rīdicula essent, sīcut erant, mihī̆ tamen rīsum nōn mōvērunt#, _Fam._ 7, 32, 3, _droll as this really was, it nevertheless did not make me laugh_. #quamvīs enim multīs locīs dīcat Epicūrus, sīcutī dīcit, satis fortiter dē dolōre, tamen nōn id spectandum est quid dīcat#, _Off._ 3, 117, _even though Epicurus really does speak in many places pretty heroically about pain, still we must not have an eye to what he says_. In the Augustan poets rarely, and often in Tacitus, the younger Pliny, and late writers, the subjunctive, without a parenthetical phrase introduced by #ut# or the like, is used of an action denoted as real: as, #expalluit notābiliter, quamvīs palleat semper#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 5, 13, _he grew pale perceptibly, though he is always a pale man_. #maestus erat, quamvīs laetitiam simulāret#, Ta. 15, 54, _sad he was, though he pretended to be gay_.

1906. #quamvīs#, _even if_, _though_, is also sometimes used with the indicative (1900): as,

#erat dignitāte rēgiā, quamvīs carēbat nōmine#, N. 1, 2, 3, _he had the authority of a king, though not the title_. #quamvīs tacet Hermogenēs, cantor est#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 129, _though he open not his mouth, Hermogenes remains a singer still_. This use occurs twice in Lucretius, once in Cicero, Nepos, and Livy each, in Varro, in the Augustan poets, and sometimes in late writers. Not in Tacitus, Pliny the younger, Juvenal, Martial, or Suetonius.

1907. It may be mentioned here that the indefinite adverb #quamlibet#, _however you please_, is used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission (1904) once or twice by Lucretius, Ovid, and Quintilian. Velleius has it with the participle, a construction sometimes found with #quamvīs# in late writers.

#tamquam.#

1908. #tamquam#, _just as_, introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison.

The #tam# properly belongs to the apodosis and is attracted to the protasis. #tamquam# has sometimes as correlative #sīc# or #ita#.

#tē hortor ut tamquam poētae bonī solent, sīc tū in extrēmā parte mūneris tuī dīligentissimus sīs#, _QFr._ 1, 1, 46, _I urge you to be very particular at the end of your task, just as good poets always are_. #tamquam philosophōrum habent disciplinae ex ipsīs vocābula, parasītī ita ut Gnathōnicī vocentur#, T. _Eu._ 263, _that so parasites may be called Gnathonites even as schools of philosophy are named from the masters_. Usually, however, #ut# (1944) or #quemadmodum# is used in this sense; and #tamquam# occurs oftenest in abridged sentences (1057), particularly to show that an illustration is untrue or figurative: as, #Odyssīa Latīna est sīc tamquam opus aliquod Daedalī#, _Br._ 71, _the Odyssey in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus_. #oculī tamquam speculātōrēs altissimum locum obtinent#, _DN._ 2, 140, _the eyes occupy the highest part, as a sort of watchmen_.

1909. In late writers, especially in Tacitus, #tamquam# is often used to introduce a reason or motive, or a thought indirectly expressed: as,

#invīsus tamquam plūs quam cīvīlia agitāret#, Ta. 1, 12, _hated on the ground that his designs were too lofty for a private citizen_ (1725). #lēgātōs increpuit, tamquam nōn omnēs reōs perēgissent#, Plin. _Ep._ 3, 9, 36, _he reproved the embassy ‘for not having completed the prosecution of all the defendants’_ (1852, 1725). #suspectus tamquam ipse suās incenderit aedīs#, J. 3, 222, _suspected of having set his own house afire_.

1910. For #tamquam# instead of #tamquam sī#, see 2118; with a participle, 2121.

#antequam#, #priusquam#.

1911. #antequam# and #priusquam# accompany both the indicative and the subjunctive.

#ante# and #prius# properly belong to the apodosis, and regularly stand with it if it is negative; but otherwise they are usually attracted to the protasis.

#antequam# is very seldom found in old Latin, and it is in general much rarer than #priusquam#, except in Tacitus.

IN GENERAL STATEMENTS.

1912. In general present statements, #antequam# and #priusquam# regularly introduce the perfect indicative or the present subjunctive: as,

#membrīs ūtimur priusquam didicimus cuius ea causā ūtilitātis habeāmus#, _Fin._ 3, 66, _we always use our limbs before we learn for what purposes of utility we have them_ (1613). #priusquam lūcet, adsunt#, Pl. _MG._ 709, _before ’tis light they’re always here_; here #lūcet# is equivalent to #inlūxit#. #ante vidēmus fulgōrem quam sonum audiāmus#, Sen. _QN._ 2, 12, 6, _we always see the flash before we hear the sound_. #priusquam sēmen mātūrum siet, secātō#, Cato, _RR._ 53, _always cut before the seed is ripe_ (1575). With the perfect subjunctive in the indefinite second person (1030): as, #hoc malum opprimit antequam prōspicere potuerīs#, _V._ 1, 39, _this calamity always overwhelms you before you can anticipate it_ (1731, 1558). For #prius quam#, _sooner than_, see 1897.

1913. The future indicative is used a few times in general statements by old and late writers, and the perfect subjunctive after a negative clause rarely by Tacitus: as, #bovēs priusquam in viam agēs, pice cornua īnfima unguitō#, Cato, _RR._ 72, _always smear the hoofs of your oxen with pitch before you drive them on the road_ (1625, 1577). #deū̆m honor prīncipī nōn ante habētur quam agere inter hominēs dēsierit#, Ta. 15, 74, _divine honours are not paid to an emperor before he has ceased to live among men_. Cicero has the perfect subjunctive in a definition: thus, #prōvidentia, per quam futūrum aliquid vidētur antequam factum sit#, _Inv._ 2, 160, _foresight is the faculty through which a future event is seen before it has taken place_. He also has the present indicative once: _Div._ 1, 120.

1914. In general past statements #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect; but this use is very rare: as, #dormīre priusquam somni cupīdō esset#, S. _C._ 13, 3, _a-sleeping always before they felt sleepy_. #ita saepe magna indolēs virtūtis, priusquam rē̆ī pūblicae prōdesse potuisset, extīncta est#, _Ph._ 5, 47, _thus character of unusual promise was oftentimes cut off, before it could do the government any good_.

IN PARTICULAR STATEMENTS.

1915. In particular present or future statements, #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce a present, either indicative or subjunctive; in future statements the future perfect is also used, and regularly when the main verb is future perfect: as,

#antequam ad sententiam redeō, dē mē pauca dīcam#, _C._ 4, 20, _before I come back to the motion, I will say a little about myself_ (1593). #est etiam prius quam abīs quod volo loquī#, Pl. _As._ 232, _there’s something else I want to say before you go_. #antequam veniat in Pontum, litterās ad Cn. Pompēium mittet#, _Agr._ 2, 53, _before he reaches Pontus, he will send a letter to Pompey_. #prius quam ad portam veniās, est pistrīlla#, T. _Ad._ 583, _there’s a little bakery just before you get to the gate_. #nihil contrā disputābō priusquam dīxerit#, _Fl._ 51, _I will not argue to the contrary before he has spoken_ (1626). #neque prius, quam dēbellāverō, absistam#, L. 49, 39, 9, _and I will not leave off before I have brought the war to an end_. #sī quid mihī̆ acciderit priusquam hōc tantum malī vīderō#, _Mil._ 99, _if anything shall befall me before I see this great calamity_. #neque prōmittō quicquam neque respondeō prius quam gnātum vīderō#, T. _Ph._ 1044, _I’m not promising anything nor making any answer before I see my son_ (1593). Tacitus uses neither the present indicative nor the future perfect.

1916. In old Latin the future and the perfect subjunctive also occur: as,

#prius quam quoiquam convīvae dabis, gustātō tūte prius#, Pl. _Ps._ 885, _before you help a single guest, taste first yourself_; but Terence does not use the future, and it is found only once or twice later. #nūllō pactō potest prius haec in aedīs recipī, quam illam āmīserim#, Pl. _MG._ 1095. _on no terms can I take my new love to the house, before I’ve let the old love drop_; but usually the perfect subjunctive is due to indirect discourse.

1917. In particular past statements #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce the perfect indicative, especially when the apodosis is negative. The imperfect subjunctive rarely occurs, chiefly in late writers.

(_a._) #omnia ista ante facta sunt quam iste Ītaliam attigit#, _V._ 2, 161, _all these incidents occurred before the defendant set foot in Italy_. #neque prius fugere dēstitērunt quam ad Rhēnum pervēnērunt#, 1, 53, 1, _and they did not stay their flight before they fairly arrived at the Rhine_. #prius quam hinc abiīt quīndecim mīles minās dederat#, Pl. _Ps._ 53, _the captain had paid down fifteen minae before he left here_. (_b._) #nec prius sunt vīsī quam castrīs adpropinquārent#, 6, 37, 2, _they were not seen before they drew near to the camp_. This use of the imperfect subjunctive, not to be confounded with that mentioned in 1919, is not found in old Latin or in Cicero. It is found in Nepos and Livy.

1918. The present indicative also occurs in particular past statements in old Latin: as, #is priusquam moritur mihi dedit#, Pl. _Cu._ 637, _before he died he gave it me_. The indicative imperfect occurs four times in Livy and once in late Latin, the pluperfect once in old Latin and once in Cicero.

1919. When the action of the protasis was forestalled, or when action conceivable or purpose is expressed, #antequam# and #priusquam# regularly introduce the imperfect subjunctive in particular past statements: as,

#plērīque interfectī sunt, priusquam occultum hostem vidērent#, L. 35, 29, 3, _most of them were slain before they could see the hidden enemy_. #antequam verbum facerem, dē sellā surrēxit#, _V._ 4, 147, _before I could utter a word he arose from his seat_. #pervēnit priusquam Pompēius sentīre posset#, Caes. _C._ 3, 67, 4, _he arrived before Pompey should be able to learn of his coming_ (1725). The present and perfect subjunctive occur rarely, generally when the main clause contains a present of vivid narration (1590). The imperfect is not found in old Latin.

1920. The perfect indicative or imperfect subjunctive with #antequam# is often used attributively with nouns denoting time: as,

#fābulam docuit, annō ipsō ante quam nātus est Ennius#, _Br._ 72, _he exhibited a play just a year before Ennius was born_. #ducentīs annīs ante quam Rōmam caperent, in Ītaliam Gallī trānscendērunt#, L. 5, 33, 5, _two hundred years before they took Rome, the Gauls crossed over to Italy_. The pluperfect also occurs, when the main verb is pluperfect: as, #Stāiēnus bienniō antequam causam recēpisset, sescentīs mīllibus nummūm sē iūdicium conruptūrum dīxerat#, _Clu._ 68, _Stajenus had said two years before he undertook the case, that he would bribe the court for six hundred thousand sesterces_.

1921. The pluperfect subjunctive is rarely introduced by #antequam# or #priusquam# except in indirect discourse: as,

#antequam dē meō adventū audīre potuissent, in Macedoniam perrēxī#, _Pl._ 98, _before they should be able to hear of my arrival, I proceeded to Macedonia_ (1725). #āvertit equōs in castra priusquam pābula gustāssent Trōiae Xanthumque bibissent#, V. 1, 472, _he drave the horses off to camp, or ever they should taste of Troja’s grass and Xanthus drink_ (1725).

1922. It may be mentioned here that #postrīdiē quam# and #prīdiē quam# occur a few times in Plautus and Cicero with the indicative; #postrīdiē quam# with the indicative in Suetonius; and #prīdiē quam# with the subjunctive in Livy, Valerius Maximus, and Suetonius.

#posteā quam# or #postquam#.

#ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, #simul atque#.

1923. With #posteā quam#, #postquam# (#posquam#), _after_, the following words may conveniently be treated: #ubī̆#, #ut#, _when_; #ubī̆ prīmum#, #ut prīmum#, #cum prīmum#, _when first_, and in Plautus #quom extemplō#; #simul atque# (or #ac#, less frequently #et# or #ut#, or #simul# alone), _at the same time with_, _as soon as_.

#postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, #simul atque#, accompany the indicative.

For examples of the use of tenses, see 1924-1934.

1924. In clauses introduced by #posteā quam# or #postquam#, the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, found a dozen times in the manuscripts of Cicero’s works and elsewhere, is generally corrected in modern editions or usually the conjunctive particle is emended to #posteā quom# (#cum#). But the subjunctive may of course be used with this and the other particles mentioned in 1923 for special reasons, as with the indefinite second person (1731), by attraction (1728), and in indirect discourse (1725). For the subjunctive of repeated past action with #ubī̆# and #ut#, see 1932. The infinitive of intimation occurs in Tacitus (1539): as, #postquam exuī aequālitās, prōvēnēre dominātiōnēs#, Ta. 3, 26, _after equality between man and man was dropped, there came a crop of tyrants_.

1925. In narration the perfect indicative is regularly used in clauses introduced by #postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, #simul atque# (1739): as,

#postquam tuās litterās lēgī, Postumia tua mē convēnit#, _Fam._ 4, 2, 1, _after I read your letter, your Postumia called on me_. #postquam aurum abstulimus, in nāvem cōnscendimus#, Pl. _B._ 277, _after we got away the money, we took ship_. #ubī̆ ad ipsum vēnī dēvorticulum, cōnstitī#, T. _Eu._ 635, _when I came exactly to the side street, I pulled up_. #ubī̆ sē diūtius dūcī intellēxit, graviter eōs accūsat#, 1, 16, 5, _when he came to see that he was put off a good while, he takes them roundly to task_. #quī ut perōrāvit, surrēxit Clōdius#, _QFr._ 2, 3, 2, _when he had finished speaking, up jumped Clodius_. #ut abiī abs tē, fit forte obviam mihi Phormiō#, T. _Ph._ 617, _when I left you, Phormio happened to fall in my way_. #crīmen eius modī est, ut, cum prīmum ad mē dēlātum est, ūsūrum mē illō nōn putārem#, _V._ 5, 158, _the charge is of such a sort that, when first it was reported to me, I thought I should not use it_. #cum prīmum Crētae lītus attigit, nūntiōs mīsit#, L. 37, 60, 4, _as soon as he touched the shore of Crete, he sent messengers_. #ut prīmum loquī posse coepī, inquam#, _RP._ 6, 15, _as soon as I began to be able to speak, I said_. #quem simul atque oppidānī cōnspexērunt, mūrum complēre coepērunt#, 7, 12, 5, _as soon as the garrison espied him, they began to man the wall_. #at hostēs, ubī̆ prīmum nostrōs equitēs cōnspexērunt, impetū factō celeriter nostrōs perturbāvērunt#, 4, 12, 1, _but as soon as the enemy caught sight of our cavalry, they attacked and threw our men into disorder_. The conjunction #simul atque# is very rarely found in old Latin.

1926. The present indicative of vivid narration (1590) sometimes occurs: as,

#postquam iam puerī septuennēs sunt, pater onerāvit nāvim magnam#, Pl. _Men. prol._ 24, _after the boys were seven year olds, their father freighted a big ship_. #quid ait, ubi mē nōminās#, T. _Hau._ 303, _what sayeth she when you name me?_ #ubī̆ neutrī trānseundī initium faciunt, Caesar suōs in castra redūxit#, 2, 9, 2, _neither party taking the initiative in crossing, Caesar marched his men back to camp_. Verbs of perceiving, especially #videō#, occur oftenest in this use, which is common in Plautus and Terence: as, #postquam videt nūptiās adparārī, missast ancilla īlicō#, T. _Andr._ 513, _after she sees a marriage on foot, her maid is sent forthwith_. #abeō ab illīs, postquam videō mē lūdificārier#, Pl. _Cap._ 487, _seeing myself made game of, I leave them_. #quem posteā quam videt nōn adesse, ardēre atque furere coepit#, _V._ 2, 92, _seeing that the man does not appear, he began to rage and fume_. #ubī̆ hoc videt, init cōnsilium importūnī tyrannī#, _V._ 5, 103, _seeing this, he adopted the policy of a savage tyrant_. Plautus uses also #quom extemplō#. Such protases often take on a causal sense (see also 1930).

1927. The present or perfect with #postquam# or #ut# is sometimes used in expressions equivalent to an emphasized accusative or ablative of time, the main verb being #est# or #sunt#: as, #septingentī sunt annī postquam inclita condita Rōma est#, E. in Varro, _RR._ 3, 1, 2, _’tis seven hundred years since glorious Rome was founded_. #domō ut abiērunt hic tertius annus#, Pl. _St._ 29, _this is the third year since they left home_. #annus est octāvus ut imperium obtinēs#, Ta. 14, 53, _it is the eighth year since you acquired empire_. For a similar use of #cum#, see 1871.

1928. The pluperfect with #postquam#, denoting resulting state (1615), occurs less frequently: as,

#tum cum P. Āfricānus, posteā quam bis cōnsul fuerat, L. Cottam in iūdicium vocābat#, _Caecil._ 69, _at the time when Africanus, after he had twice been consul, was bringing Cotta to judgement_. #postquam omnium oculōs occupāverat certāmen, tum āversam adoriuntur Rōmānam aciem#, L. 22, 48, 4, _when every eye was fairly riveted on the engagement, that instant they fell upon the Romans in the rear_. Not in Plautus, once in Terence, and rare in classical writers.

1929. The pluperfect, less frequently the perfect, with #postquam# is used attributively with nouns denoting time.

In this use #post# is often separated from #quam#, and two constructions are possible: (_a._) Ablative: #annō post quam vōta erat aedēs Monētae dēdicātur#, L. 7, 28, 6, _the temple of Moneta is dedicated a year after it was vowed_. Without #post#: #quadringentēsimō annō quam urbs Rōmanā condita erat, patriciī cōnsulēs magistrātum iniēre#, L. 7, 18, 1, _four hundred years after Rome town was founded, patrician consuls entered into office_. (_b._) Accusative, with an ordinal, and #post# as a preposition, or, sometimes, #intrā#: #post diem tertium gesta rēs est quam dīxerat#, _Mil._ 44, _the deed was done the next day but one after he said it_. See 2419.

1930. The imperfect with #postquam# expresses action continuing into the time of the main action. Such a protasis, especially when negative, usually denotes the cause of the main action: as,

#Appius, postquam nēmō adībat, domum sē recēpit#, L. 3, 46, 9, _Appius, finding that nobody presented himself, went back home_. #posteā quam ē scaenā explōdēbātur, cōnfūgit in huius domum#, _RC._ 30, _after being repeatedly hissed off the stage, he took refuge in my client’s house_.

In old Latin this use is found only once, in Plautus; it is most common in Livy, but occurs frequently in Tacitus. So occasionally the present, generally when the main action is present (see also 1926): as, #postquam nec ab Rōmānīs vōbīs ūlla est spēs, nec vōs moenia dēfendunt, pācem adferō ad vōs#, L. 21, 13, 4, _now that it has become plain that you have no hope from the Romans, and that your walls are no protection to you, I bring peace unto you_. #postquam līberast, ubī̆ habitet dīcere admodum incertē sciō#, Pl. _E._ 505, _now that she’s free, I’m quite too ill informed to say where she lives_. #quae omnia intellegit nihil prōdesse, posteā quam testibus convincitur#, _V._ 5, 103, _he knows that all this is fruitless, now that he is being refuted by witnesses_. The perfect with #postquam# or #ut# occurs occasionally in this use with the present in the main clause: as, #animus in tūtō locōst, postquam iste hinc abiīt#, Pl. _Ps._ 1052, _my mind is easy, now that fellow’s gone_. #nam ut in nāvī vecta’s, crēdō timida ‘s#, Pl. _B._ 106, _for after your voyage, of course you’re nervous_.

1931. #postquam# and #ut# have sometimes the meaning of _ever since_ or _as long as_: as,

#postquam nātus sum, satur numquam fuī#, Pl. _St._ 156, _since I was born I’ve never had enough to eat_. #tibī̆ umquam quicquam, postquam tuos sum, verbōrum dedī?# Pl. _Most._ 925, _have I once ever cheated you as long as I have been your slave?_ #neque meum pedem intulī in aedīs, ut cum exercitū hinc profectus sum#, Pl. _Am._ 733, _I have n’t set foot in the house ever since I marched out with the army_. #ut illōs dē rē pūblicā librōs ēdidistī, nihil ā tē posteā accēpimus#, _Br._ 19, _we have had nothing from you since you published the work On the State_.

#ubī̆#, #ut#, #simul atque#.

1932. #ubī̆#, #ut#, or #simul atque# (#ac#) often introduces a clause denoting indefinite or repeated action: as,

#adeō obcaecat animōs fortūna, ubī̆ vim suam refringī nōn vult#, L. 5, 37, 1, _so completely does fortune blind the mind when she will not have her power thwarted_. #ubī̆ salūtātiō dēflūxit, litterīs mē involvō#, _Fam._ 9, 20, 3, _when my callers go, I always plunge into my book_ (1613). #omnēs profectō mulierēs tē amant, ut quaeque aspexit#, Pl. _MG._ 1264, _all the ladies love you, every time one spies you_. #simul atque sē īnflēxit hīc rēx in dominātum iniūstiōrem, fit continuō tyrannus#, _RP._ 2, 48, _for the moment our king turns to a severer kind of mastery, he becomes a tyrant on the spot_. #Messānam ut quisque nostrūm vēnerat, haec vīsere solēbat#, _V._ 4, 5, _any Roman, who visited Messana, invariably went to see these statues_ (1618). #hostēs, ubī̆ aliquōs singulārēs cōnspexerant, adoriēbantur#, 4, 26, 2, _every time the enemy saw some detached parties, they would charge_. The imperfect in this use is not common in classical writers, and occurs but once, with #ubī̆#, in old Latin; the pluperfect is rare before the silver age. Clauses with #ut# generally contain some form of #quisque# (2396). Plautus uses #quom extemplō# with the present and perfect. The subjunctive is found with #ubī̆# and #ut quisque# in cases of repeated past action (1730).

1933. #ubī̆#, #ut#, or #simul atque# rarely introduces an imperfect or pluperfect of definite time: as,

#quid ubi reddēbās aurum, dīxistī patrī#, Pl. _B._ 685, _what did you tell your father when you were returning the money?_ #ubī̆ lūx adventābat, tubicinēs sīgna canere#, S. _I._ 99, 1, _when daylight was drawing on, the trumpeters sounded the call_. #ubī̆ nēmō obvius ībat, plēnō gradū ad hostium castra tendunt#, L. 9, 45, 14, _finding nobody came to meet them, they advanced double quick upon the enemy’s camp_ (1930). The use of these tenses referring to definite time is very rare in old Latin, and found only with #ut# in Cicero.

1934. #ubī̆# or #simul atque#, referring to definite time, introduces the future or future perfect, when the apodosis is also future: as,

#simul et quid erit certī, scrībam ad tē#, _Att._ 2, 20, 2, _as soon as there is anything positive, I will write to you_. #ego ad tē statim habēbō quod scrībam, simul ut vīderō Cūriōnem#, _Att._ 10, 4, 12, _I shall have something to write you, as soon as ever I see Curio_. #nam ubī̆ mē aspiciet, ad carnuficem rapiet continuō senex#, Pl. _B._ 688, _when the old man sees me, he’ll hurry me off to Jack Ketch without any ado_. #ubi prīmum poterit, sē illinc subdūcet#, T. _Eu._ 628, _she’ll steal away as soon as she can_. Plautus has also #quom extemplō# in this use, and Pliny the Younger #ut primum#.

#utī# or #ut#.

1935. The relative adverb #utī# or #ut# (711) is found in the oldest Latin in the form #utei#, but #ut# was the prevalent form even in the time of Plautus. As a conjunctive particle, it accompanies both the indicative and the subjunctive. For #ut# in wishes, see 1540; in questions, 1568.

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

(A.) #ut#, _where_.

1936. #utī# or #ut# in the rare signification of _where_, accompanies the indicative: as, #atque in eōpse adstās lapide, ut praecō praedicat#, Pl. _B._ 815, _and there you stand right on the auction block, just where the crier always cries_. #sīve in extrēmōs penetrābit Indōs, lītus ut longē resonante Eōā tunditur undā#, Cat. 11, 2, _or shall he pierce to farthest Ind, where by the long-resounding eastern wave the strand is lashed_. In classical Latin, #ut# in this sense is used only by the poets, as here and there in Lucilius, Catullus, Cicero’s _Aratēa_, and Vergil. #ubī̆# is the word regularly used. For #ut#, _when_, see 1923.

(B.) #ut#, _as_.

1937. The indicative is used in the protasis of a comparative period introduced by #utī# or #ut#, _as_.

#ut# often has as a correlative #ita#, #item#, #itidem#, #sīc#, #perinde#, or #similiter#, and sometimes in old Latin and poetry #aequē#, #adaequē#, #pariter#, #nōn aliter#, #nōn secus#, #īdem#. #sīc# is sometimes drawn to the protasis, making #sīcutī#, #sīcut#; #utī# is sometimes strengthened by #vel#, making #velutī#, #velut#, _even as_, _just as_. #quemadmodum# often, and #quōmodo# sometimes, stands for #ut#. For the use of #ut# in old Latin in sentences in which classical Latin would employ the indirect question, see 1791. For coordinated comparative sentences without #ut#, see 1704.

#perge ut īnstituistī#, _RP._ 2, 22, _go on as you have begun_. #ut volēs mēd esse, ita erō#, Pl. _Ps._ 240, _as you will have me be, so will I be_ (1625). #ut sēmentem fēceris, ita metēs#, _DO._ 2, 261, _as you sow, y’are like to reap_ (1626). #ut nōn omnem frūgem in omnī agrō reperīre possīs, sīc nōn omne facinus in omnī vītā nāscitur#, _RA._ 75, _every crime does not start into being in every life, any more than you can find every fruit in every field_ (1731). Also in asseverations: #ita mē dī amābunt, ut ego hunc auscultō lubēns#, Pl. _Aul._ 496, _so help me heaven, as I am glad to hear this man_ (1622).

1938. #ut . . . ita# or #sīc#, _as . . . so_, often stand where concessive and adversative conjunctions might be used; _while . . . nevertheless_, _although ... yet_, _certainly . . . but_: as,

#ut nihil bonī est in morte, sīc certē nihil malī#, _L._ 14, _while there is nothing good after death, yet certainly there is nothing bad_. #quō factō sīcut glōriam auxit, ita grātiam minuit#, Suet. _Oth._ 1, _by this action he increased his reputation, but lessened his popularity_. #nec ut iniūstus in pāce rēx, ita dux bellī prāvus fuit#, L. 1, 53, 1, _but while he was an unjust king in peace, he was not a bad leader in war_. This adversative correlation is found sometimes in Cicero, but is far more common in late writers.

1939. #ut quisque#, commonly with a superlative expression, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality, with #ita# or #sīc# and commonly another superlative expression in the apodosis: as,

#ut quaeque rēs est turpissima, sīc maximē vindicanda est#, _Caec._ 7, _the more disgraceful a thing is, the more emphatically does it call for punishment_. #ut quisque optimē Graecē scīret, ita esse nēquissimum#, _DO._ 2, 265, _that the better Greek scholar a man was, the greater rascal he always was_ (1722). This construction is often abridged: as, #sapientissimus quisque aequissimō animō moritur#, _CM._ 83, _the sage always dies with perfect resignation_. #optimus quisque praeceptor frequentiā gaudet#, Quint. 1, 2, 9, _the best teachers always revel in large classes_. See 2397.

1940. #ut# often introduces a parenthetical idea, particularly a general truth or a habit which accounts for the special fact expressed in the main sentence: as,

#nēmō, ut opīnor, in culpā est#, _Clu._ 143, _nobody, as I fancy, is to blame_. #excitābat flūctūs in simpulō, ut dīcitur, Grātidius#, _Leg._ 3, 36, _Gratidius was raising a tempest in a teapot, as the saying is_. #paulisper, dum sē uxor, ut fit, comparat, commorātus est#, _Mil._ 28, _he had to wait a bit, as is always the case, while his wife was putting on her things_. #hōrum auctōritāte adductī, ut sunt Gallōrum subita cōnsilia, Trebium retinent#, 3, 8, 3, _influenced by these people they detain Trebius, as might have been expected, sudden resolutions being always characteristic of the Gauls_. #sēditiōne nūntiātā, ut erat laenā amictus, ita vēnit in cōntiōnem#, _Br._ 56, _an outbreak was reported, and he came to the meeting all accoutred as he was, with his sacrificial robe on_. Often elliptically: as, #acūtī hominis, ut Siculī#, _TD._ 1, 15, _a bright man, of course, being a Sicilian_. #Aequōrum exercitus, ut quī permultōs annōs imbellēs ēgissent, trepidāre#, L. 9, 45, 10, _the army of the Aequians alarmed and irresolute, and naturally, since they had passed a great many years without fighting_ (1824, 1827).

1941. #ut#, _as for example_, is used in illustrations, particularly in abridged sentences (1057): as,

#genus est quod plūrēs partēs amplectitur, ut ‘animal.’ pars est, quae subest generī, ut ‘equos,’# _Inv._ 1, 32, _a class is what embraces a number of parts, as ‘living thing’; a part is what is included in a class, as ‘horse.’_ #sunt bēstiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virtūtis, ut in leōnibus, ut in canibus#, _Fin._ 5, 38, _there are brutes in which there is a something like the moral quality of man, as for instance the lion and the dog_.

1942. The parenthetical clause with #ut# or #prout# sometimes makes an allowance for the meaning of a word, usually an adjective, in the main sentence: as,

#cīvitās ampla atque flōrēns, ut est captus Germānōrum#, 4, 3, 3, _a grand and prosperous community, that is according to German conceptions_. #ut captus est servōrum, nōn malus#, T. _Ad._ 480, _not a bad fellow, as slaves go_. #Sthenius ab adulēscentiā haec comparārat, supellēctilem ex aere ēlegantiōrem, tabulās pīctās, etiam argentī bene factī prout Thermītānī hominis facultātēs ferēbant, satis#, _V._ 2, 83, _Sthenius had been a collector from early years of such things as artistic bronzes, pictures; also of curiously wrought silver a goodly amount, that is as the means of a Thermae man went_. Often in abridged sentences: as, #scrīptor fuit, ut temporibus illīs, lūculentus#, _Br._ 102, _he was a brilliant historian for the times_. #multae etiam, ut in homine Rōmānō, litterae#, _CM._ 12, _furthermore, extensive reading, that is for a Roman_. #ut illīs temporibus, praedīves#, L. 4, 13, 1, _a millionaire, for those times_.

1943. #ut#, _as indeed_, _as in fact_, with the indicative, is used to represent that an action supposed, conceded, or commanded, really occurs: as,

#sit Ennius sānē, ut est certē, perfectior#, _Br._ 76, _grant, for aught I care, that Ennius is a more finished poet, as indeed he is_. #utī erat rēs, Metellum esse ratī#, S. _I._ 69, 1, _supposing that it was Metellus, as in fact it was_. This use begins in the classical period. It is found particularly with #quamvīs#, 1905; with #sī#, see 2017.

1944. #ut#, _as_, _like_, sometimes shows that a noun used predicatively is not literally applicable, but expresses an imputed quality or character: as,

#Cicerō ea quae nunc ūsū veniunt cecinit ut vātēs#, N. 25, 16, 4, _Cicero foretold what is now actually occurring, like a bard inspired_. #canem et faelem ut deōs colunt#, _Leg._ 1, 32, _they bow the knee to dog and cat as gods_. #quod mē sīcut alterum parentem dīligit#, _Fam._ 5, 8, 4, _because he loves me like a second father_. #rēgiae virginēs, ut tōnstrīculae, tondēbant barbam patris#, _TD._ 5, 58, _the princesses used to shave their father, just like common barber-girls_. In an untrue or a merely figurative comparison #tamquam# (1908) or #quasi# is used.

1945. In old Latin, #prae# is combined with #ut#: #praeut#, _compared with how_: as, #parum etiam, praeut futūrumst, praedicās#, Pl. _Am._ 374, _you say too little still compared with how ’twill be_. #praeut# is sometimes followed by a relative clause: as, #lūdum iocumque dīcet fuisse illum alterum, praeut huius rabiēs quae dabit#, T. _Eu._ 300, _he’ll say the other was but sport and play, compared with what this youth will in his frenzy do_.

1946. In Plautus #sīcut#, with the indicative, has once or twice the meaning of _since_: as, #quīn tū illam iubē abs tē abīre quō lubet: sīcut soror eius hūc gemina vēnit Ephesum#, _MG._ 974, _why, bid her go away from you wherever she may choose, since her twin sister here to Ephesus is come_.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

#utī# or #ut#.

NEGATIVE #ut nē#, #nē#, or #ut nōn#.

1947. The subjunctive with #ut# is: (A.) That of action desired (1540), in clauses of purpose; in these the negative is #nē#, or sometimes #ut nē#, and _and that not_, #nēve# or #neu#, rarely #neque# or #nec#. #ut nē#, though used at all periods (not by Caesar, Sallust, or Livy), is chiefly found in older Latin; afterwards #nē# alone took its place (1706). #ut nōn# is used when the negative belongs to a single word. (B.) That of action conceivable (1554), in clauses of result; in these the negative is #ut nōn#, #ut nēmō#, #ut nūllus#, &c.; or with emphasis on the negative, #nēmō ut#, #nūllus ut#, #nihil ut#; also #vix ut#, #paene ut#, #prope ut#.

1948. Final and consecutive clauses with #ut# are of two classes: I. Complementary clauses, that is, such as are an essential complement of certain specific verbs or expressions; such clauses have the value of a substantive, and may represent a subject, an object, or any oblique case. II. Pure final or consecutive clauses, in which the purpose or result of any action may be expressed, and which are not essential to complete the sense of a verb.

(A.) PURPOSE.

I. COMPLEMENTARY FINAL CLAUSES.

1949. (1.) The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of will or aim.

1950. (_a._) Verbs of will include those of desire, request, advice, resolution, stipulation, command, or permission.

Will may be suggested by a general verb or expression: as, #dīcō#, #respondeō#, #nūntiō#, &c.; or denoted by specific ones, of which some of the commonest are: desire: #volō# (#mālō#), #concupīscō#, #optō#. request: #petō#, #postulō#, #flāgitō#, #ōrō#, #rogō#, #precor#, #obsecrō#, #implōrō#, #instō#, _urge_, #invītō#. advice: #suādeō#, #persuādeō#, _persuade_, #moneō#, _bid_, #admoneō#, #hortor#, #cēnseō#, _propose_, _vote_. resolution, stipulation: #dēcernō#, #statuō#, _decree_, #cōnstituō#, #placet#, #sanciō#, #pacīscor#, #pepigī#. command: #imperō#, #praecipiō#, #praescrībō#, #mandō#, #negōtium dō#, #ēdīcō#, #ferō#, #caveō#, #interdīcō#. permission: #concēdō#, _allow_, #permittō#, #committō#, #potestātem faciō#, #veniam dō#, #sinō#, #nōn patior#.

1951. (_b._) Verbs of aim include those of striving, accomplishing, or inducing; such are:

striving: #agō# or #id agō#, #animum indūcō#, #temptō#, #operam dō#, #labōrō#, #nītor#, #ēnītor#, #mōlior#, #videō#, #prōspiciō#, #cūrō#, #nihil antīquius habeō quam#, #contendō#, #studeō#, #pūgnō#. accomplishing: #faciō# (#efficiō#, #perficiō#), #praestō#; #mereō#; #impetrō#, #adsequor#, #cōnsequor#, #adipīscor#. inducing: #moveō#, #excitō#, #incitō#, #impellō#, #perpellō#, #cōgō#.

(_a._) #optāvit ut in currum patris tollerētur#, _Off._ 3, 94, _he asked to be lifted into his father’s chariot_. #optō nē sē illa gēns moveat#, _Fam._ 12, 19, 2, _I hope and pray that that nation may not stir_. #Ubiī ōrābant, ut sibī̆ auxilium ferret#, 4, 16, 5, _the Ubians begged that he would help them_. #Pausaniās ōrāre coepit nē ēnūntiāret#, N. 4, 4, 6, _Pausanias began to beg that he would not tell_. #hortātus est utī in officiō manēret#, 5, 4, 2, _he urged him to remain steadfast in duty_. #hortātur eōs nē animō dēficiant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 19, 1, _he urges them not to get disheartened_ (1752). #suīs, ut idem faciant, imperat#, 5, 37, 1, _he orders his men to do the same_. #suīs imperāvit nē quod omnīnō tēlum rēicerent#, 1, 46, 2, _he ordered his men not to throw any weapon at all back_. #huic permīsit, utī in hīs locīs legiōnem conlocāret#, 3, 1, 3, _he allowed this man to quarter his legion in these parts_. #neque suam neque populī Rōmānī cōnsuētūdinem patī, utī sociōs dēsereret#, 1, 45, 1, _that his practice and that of the Roman nation would not allow him to desert his allies_.

(_b._) #neque id agere ut exercitum teneat ipse, sed nē illī habeant quō contrā sē ūtī possint#, Caes. _C._ 1, 85, 11, _and that his object was not to hold the army himself, but to prevent the other side from having an army which they could use against him_. #XII nāvibus āmissīs, reliquīs ut nāvigārī commodē posset effēcit#, 4, 31, 3, _a dozen vessels were lost, but he managed to sail comfortably with the rest_. #eius bellī fāma effēcit nē sē pugnae committerent Sappīnātēs#, L. 5, 32, 4, _the story of this war prevented the Sappinatians from hazarding an engagement_. #sī ā Chrȳsogonō nōn impetrāmus ut pecūniā nostrā contentus sit, vītam nē petat#, _RA._ 150, _if we do not succeed in making Chrysogonus satisfied with our money without his aiming at our life_. #Aulum spē pactiōnis perpulit, utī in abditās regiōnēs sēsē īnsequerētur#, S. _I._ 38, 2, _Aulus he induced by the hope of a pecuniary settlement to follow him to distant regions_. #Antōnium pactiōne prōvinciae perpulerat, nē contrā rem pūblicam sentīret#, S. _C._ 26, 4, _by agreeing to let Antony have a province, he had induced him not to be disaffected toward the government_.

1952. Many of these verbs often have a coordinated subjunctive (1705-1713), or, according to the meaning, admit other constructions, which must in general be learned by reading, or from the dictionary. The following points may be noticed:

1953. (_a._) The verbs of resolving, #statuō#, #cōnstituō#, and #dēcernō#, and of striving, #nītor#, and #temptō#, have usually the complementary infinitive (2169), unless a new subject is introduced. For #volō# (#mālō#), and #cupiō#, see also 2189; for #iubeō#, #vetō#, #sinō#, and #patior#, 2198. #postulō#, _expect_, often has the same construction as #volō#, especially in old Latin (2194). For #imperō#, see 2202.

1954. (_b._) Some of the above verbs, with the meaning _think_ or _say_, have the accusative with the infinitive (2175, 2195): as, #volō#, #contendō#, _maintain_, #concēdō#, _admit_, #statuō#, _assume_, #dēcernō#, _judge_, #moneō#, _remind_, #persuādeō#, _convince_.

1955. (_c._) Verbs of accomplishing sometimes express result rather than purpose, and when the result is negative, are completed by a clause with #ut nōn# (1965). For the infinitive with such verbs, see 2196.

1956. #est# with a predicate noun is sometimes equivalent to a verb of will or aim, and has the same construction.

So with words like #iūs#, #lēx#, #mūnus#, &c.: as, #iūs esse bellī ut quī vīcissent hīs quōs vīcissent imperārent#, 1, 36, 1, _that rules of war entitled conquerors to lord it over conquered_. #quis nescit prīmam esse historiae lēgem, nē quid falsī dīcere audeat?# _DO._ 2, 62, _who does not know that the first rule of history is that it shall not venture to say anything false?_ #iūstitiae prīmum mūnus est ut nē cui quis noceat#, _Off._ 1, 20, _the first duty of justice is that a man harm nobody_. #nam id arbitror adprīmē in vītā esse ūtile, ‘ut nē quid nimis,’# T. _Andr._ 60, _for this I hold to be a rule in life that’s passing useful, ‘naught in overplus.’_

1957. (2.) The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used in clauses which complete expressions of fear, anxiety, or danger.

#ut#, _that not_, _may not_, and #nē#, _lest_, _may_, were originally signs of a wish (1540): thus, #vereor, ut fīat#, _I am afraid; may it come to pass_, acquires the meaning of _I am afraid it may not come to pass_ (1706); and #vereor, nē fīat#, _I am afraid; may it not come to pass_, of _I am afraid it may come to pass_. #metuō ut# is common in old Latin, and is used by Horace, but not by Caesar or Sallust, once by Cicero in the orations. #timeō ut# is rare, and first used by Cicero. #vereor ut# is not uncommon.