A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Chapter VIII: Part 8

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(3.) VERBS IN #-īre#.

_The Fourth Conjugation._

796. #audiō#, _hear_.

VERBS IN #-īre#.

_The Fourth Conjugation._

797. #audior#, _am heard_.

THE DEPONENT VERB.

798. Deponents, that is, verbs with passive person endings and a reflexive or an active meaning (725), have these active noun forms: participles, the future infinitive, the gerund, and the supines. The perfect participle is usually active, but sometimes passive; the gerundive always passive. The following is a synopsis of deponents:

799. Three deponents in #-ior#, #-ī#, #gradior#, _walk_, #morior#, _die_, and #patior#, _suffer_, and their compounds, have a present system like the passive of #capiō# (784). But #adgredior# and #prōgredior# and #morior# and #ēmorior# have sometimes the forms of verbs in #-īrī#; for these, and for #orior#, _arise_, #orīrī#, #ortus#, and #potior#, _become master of_, #potīrī#, #potītus#, see 791. By far the largest number of deponents are verbs in #-ārī#, like #mīror#, #mīrārī# (368).

800. Some verbs waver between active and passive person endings: as, #adsentiō#, _agree_, #adsentīre#, and #adsentior#, #adsentīrī#; #populō#, _ravage_, #populāre#, and #populor#, #populārī#: see 1481.

801. A few verbs are deponent in the present system only: as, #dēvortor#, _turn in_, perfect #dēvortī#; #revortor#, _turn back_, perfect #revortī#, but with active perfect participle #revorsus#. Four are deponent in the perfect system only: #fīdō#, _trust_, #fīdere#, #fīsus#, and the compounds, #cōnfīdō#, #diffīdō#; and #audeō#, _dare_, #audēre#, #ausus#, #gaudeō#, _feel glad_, #gaudēre#, #gāvīsus#, and #soleō#, _am used_, #solēre#, #solitus#. Most impersonals in #-ēre# have both an active and a deponent form in the perfect system: see 815, 816.

PERIPHRASTIC FORMS.

802. (1.) The future active participle with a form of #sum# is used to denote an intended or future action: as,

#rēctūrus sum#, _I am going to rule_, _intend to rule_.

803. A future perfect is hardly ever used: as, #fuerit victūrus# (Sen.). In the imperfect subjunctive, #forem#, #forēs#, #foret#, and #forent# are sometimes used (Nep., Sall., Liv., Vell.).

804. (2.) The gerundive with a form of #sum# is used to denote action which requires to be done: as,

#regendus sum#, _I am to be ruled_, _must be ruled_.

[Erratum:
804 (table) ... SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
. missing or invisible]

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

805. (1.) Some verbs have only a few forms: as,

#inquam#, _quoth I_ (760); #aiō#, _avouch_ (786). See also #apage#, _avaunt_, _get thee behind me_, #cedo#, _give_, _tell_, #fārī#, _to lift up one’s voice_, #havē̆# or #avē̆# and #salvē#, _all hail_, #ovat#, _triumphs_, and #quaesō#, _prithee_, in the dictionary.

806. (2.) Many verbs have only the present system; such are:

807. (_a._) #sum#, _am_ (745); #ferō#, _carry_ (780); #fīō#, _grow_, _become_ (788).

808. (_b._) Some verbs in #-ere#: #angō#, _throttle_, #bītō#, _go_, #clangō#, _sound_, #claudō# or #claudeō#, _hobble_, #fatīscō#, _gape_, #glīscō#, _wax_, #glūbō#, _peel_, #hīscō#, _gape_, #temnō#, _scorn_, #vādō#, _go_, #vergō#, _slope_. Also many inceptives (834): as, #dītēscō#, _get rich_, #dulcēscō#, _get sweet_, &c., &c.

809. (_c._) Some verbs in #-ēre#: #albeō#, _am white_, #aveō#, _long_, #calveō#, _am bald_, #cāneō#, _am gray_, #clueō#, _am called_, _hight_, #flāveō#, _am yellow_, #hebeō#, _am blunt_, #immineō#, _threaten_, #lacteō#, _suck_, #līveō#, _look dark_, #maereō#, _mourn_, #polleō#, _am strong_, #renīdeō#, _am radiant_, #squāleō#, _am scaly_, #ūmeō#, _am wet_.

810. (_d._) Some verbs in #-īre#: #balbūtiō#, _sputter_, #feriō#, _strike_, #ganniō#, _yelp_, #ineptiō#, _am a fool_, #superbiō#, _am stuck up_, #tussiō#, _cough_. Also most desideratives (375).

811. Many verbs are not attended by a perfect participle, and lack in consequence the perfect passive system, or, if deponent, the perfect active system.

812. (3.) Some verbs have only the perfect system: so particularly #coepī#, _have begun_, _began_ (120); and with a present meaning, #ōdī#, _have come to hate_, _hate_; and #meminī#, _have called to mind_, _remember_. The following is a synopsis of these three verbs:

+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | Active. Passive. | Active. Active. |
| _Perf._ | coepī coeptus sum | ōdī | meminī |
| _Plup._ | coeperam coeptus eram | ōderam | memineram |
| _F. P._ | coeperō coeptus erō | ōderō | meminerō |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| _Perf._ | coeperim coeptus sim | ōderim | meminerim |
| _Plup._ | coepissem coeptus essem | ōdissem | meminissem |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| _Perf._ | ---- ---- | ---- | mementō, |
| | | | mementōte |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. |
| _Perf._ | coepisse coeptus esse | ōdisse | meminisse |
| | |
| | PARTICIPLES. |
| _Perf._ | coeptus | ---- | ---- |
| _Fut._ | coeptūrus | ōsūrus | ---- |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------+

813. A few forms of the present system of #coepī# occur in old writers: as, #coepiō# (Plaut.), #coepiam# (Caec., Cato), #coepiat# (Plaut.), #coeperet# (Ter.), and #coepere# (Plaut.); perfect once #coēpit# (Lucr.). #ōsus sum# or #fuī# (Plaut., C. Gracch., Gell.), #exōsus sum# (Verg., Sen., Curt., Gell.), and #perōsus sum# (Suet., Col., Quint.), are sometimes used as deponents. #meminī# is the only verb which has a perfect imperative active. #ōdī# and #meminī# have no passive.

814. #coeptūrus# is rather rare and late (Liv. 2, Plin., Suet.), once as future infinitive (Quint.); and #ōsūrus# is very rare (Cic., Gell.). #exōsus# and #perōsus#, as active participles, _hating bitterly_, are not uncommon in writers of the empire; the simple #ōsus# is not used as a participle.

815. (4.) Impersonal verbs have usually only the third person singular, and the infinitive present and perfect: as,

(_a._) #pluit#, _it rains_, #tonat#, _it thunders_, and other verbs denoting the operations of nature. (_b._) Also a few verbs in #-ēre# denoting feeling: as, #miseret# (or #miserētur#, #miserēscit#), _it distresses_, #miseritum est#; #paenitet#, _it repents_, #paenituit#; #piget#, _it grieves_, #piguit# or #pigitum est#; #pudet#, _it shames_, #puduit# or #puditum est#; #taedet#, _it is a bore_, #taesum est#.

816. Some other verbs, less correctly called impersonal, with an infinitive or a sentence as subject, are likewise defective: as,

#lubet# or #libet#, _it suits_, #lubitum# or #libitum est#, #lubuit# or #libuit#; #licet#, _it is allowed_, #licuit# or #licitum est#; #oportet#, _it is proper_, #oportuit#; #rē fert# or #rēfert#, _it concerns_, #rē ferre# or #rēferre#, #rē tulit# or #rētulit#. For the impersonal use of the third person singular passive, as #pugnātur#, _there is fighting_, #pugnandum est#, _there must be fighting_, see 724.

817. Of the impersonals in #-ēre#, some have other forms besides the third person singular and the infinitives: as,

#paenitēns#, _repenting_, #paenitendus#, _to be regretted_, late; #pigendus#, _irksome_; #pudēns#, _modest_, #pudendus#, _shameful_, #puditūrum#, _going to shame_; #lubēns# or #libēns#, _with willing mind_, _gladly_, very common indeed; imperative LICETO, _be it allowed_ (inscrr. 133-111 B.C.), #licēns#, _unrestrained_, #licitus#, _allowable_; gerunds #pudendum#, #pudendō#, #pigendum#.

[Erratum (in table):
812 (table) ... ōdī
ōdi]

REDUNDANT VERBS.

818. (1.) Some verbs have more than one form of the present stem: thus,

819. (_a._) Verbs in #-ere# have rarely forms of verbs in #-ēre# in the present system: as, #abnueō#, _nod no_, #abnuēbunt# (Enn.), for #abnuō#, #abnuent#; #congruēre#, _to agree_ (Ter.), for #congruere#. For verbs in #-iō#, #-ere# (or #-ior#, #-ī#), with forms of verbs in #-īre# (or #-īrī#), see 791. Once #pīnsībant# (Enn.).

820. (_b._) Some verbs in #-āre# have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ere#: as, #lavis#, _washest_, #lavit#, &c., for #lavās#, #lavat#, &c.; #sonit#, _sounds_, #sonunt#, for #sonat#, #sonant#. Others have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ēre#: as, _dēnseō_, _thicken_, _dēnsērī_, for _dēnsō_, #dēnsārī#.

821. (_c._) Some verbs in #-ēre# have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ere#: as, #fervit#, _boils_, #fervont#, for #fervet#, #fervent#. See also #fulgeō#, #oleō#, #scateō#, #strīdeō#, #tergeō#, #tueor# in the dictionary. #cieō#, _set a going_, sometimes has a present stem in #-īre#, particularly in compounds: as, #cīmus#, #ciunt#, for #ciēmus#, #cient#.

822. (_d._) Some verbs in #-īre# have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ere#: as, #ēvenunt#, _turn out_, for #ēveniunt#; #ēvenat#, #ēvenant#, for #ēveniat#, #ēveniant#, and #advenat#, #pervenat#, for #adveniat#, #perveniat# (Plaut.).

823. (2.) Some verbs have more than one form of the perfect stem: as,

#eō#, _go_, old #īī# (765), common #iī#, rarely #īvī# (767); #pluit#, _it rains_, #pluit#, sometimes #plūvit#. See also #pangō#, #parcō#, #clepō#, #vollō# or #vellō#, #intellegō#, #pōnō#, #nectō#, and #adnectō#, #saliō# and #īnsiliō#, #applicō#, #explicō# and #implicō#, #dīmicō# and #necō# in the dictionary. Some compound verbs have a form of the perfect which is different from that of the simple verb: as, #canō#, _make music_, #cecinī#, #concinuī#, #occinuī#; #pungō#, _punch_, #pupugī#, #compunxī#, #expunxī#; #legō#, _pick up_, #lēgī#, #dīlēxī#, #intellēxī#, #neglēxī#; #emō#, _take_, _buy_, #ēmī# (#adēmī#, #exēmī#), #cōmpsī#, #dēmpsī#, #prōmpsī#, #sūmpsī#.

FORMATION OF STEMS.

VARIABLE VOWEL.

824. The final vowel of a tense stem is said to be _variable_ when it is #-o-# in some of the forms, and #-u-#, #-e-#, or #-i-# in others.

825. The sign for the variable vowel is #{-o|e-}#: thus, #reg{o|e-}#, which may be read ‘#rego-# or #rege-#,’ represents #rego-# or #regu-#, #rege-# or #regi-#, as seen in #rego-r# or #regu-nt#, #rege-re# or #regi-t#.

826. The variable vowel occurs in the present of verbs in #-ere#, except in the subjunctive, in the future in #-bō# or #-bor#, and in the future perfect, as may be seen in the paradigms. It is usually short; but in the active, #o# is long: as, #regō#, #laudābō#, #laudāverō#; and poets rarely lengthen #i# in the second and third person singular of the present. For the future perfect, see 882.

827. In old Latin, the stem vowel of the third person plural of the present was #o#: as, COSENTIONT; #o# was long retained after #v#, #u#, or #qu# (107, _c_): as, #vīvont#, #ruont#, #sequontur#; or, if #o# was not retained, #qu# became #c#: as, #secuntur#.

I. THE PRESENT SYSTEM.

PRESENT INDICATIVE STEM.

I. PRIMITIVES.

(A.) ROOT VERBS.

828. A root without addition is used as the present stem, in the present tense or parts of the present tense, in root verbs (744-781): as,

#es-t#, _is_; #da-t#, _gives_; #inqui-t#, _quoth he_; #i-t#, _goes_; #nequi-t#, _can’t_; #ēs-t#, _eats_; #vol-t#, _will_; #fer-t#, _carries_. With reduplicated root (189): #bibi-t#, _drinks_; #seri-t#, _sows_; #sisti-t#, _sets_.

(B.) VERBS IN #-ere#.

829. (1.) The present stem of many verbs in #-ere# is formed by adding a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, which appears in the first person singular active as #-ō#, to a root ending in a consonant or in two consonants: as,

PRESENT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
reg{o|e-} regō, _guide_ +reg-+
vert{o|e-} vertō, _turn_ +vert-+

Other examples are: #tegō#, _cover_, #petō#, _make for_; #mergō#, _dip_, #serpō#, _creep_; #pendō#, _weigh_; #dīcō#, _say_, #fīdō#, _trust_, #scrībō#, _write_, with long #ī# for #ei# (98); #dūcō#, _lead_, with long #ū# for #eu#, #ou# (100); #lūdō#, _play_, with long #ū# for #oi#, #oe# (99); #laedō#, _hit_, #claudō#, _shut_; #rādō#, _scrape_, #cēdō#, _move along_, #fīgō#, _fix_, #rōdō#, _gnaw_, #glūbō#, _peel_. #*furō#, _rave_; #agō#, _drive_, #alō#, _nurture_. #gignō#, _beget_, (#gen-#, #gn-#), has reduplication, and #sīdō#, _settle_, _light_ (#sed-#, #sd-#), is also the result of an ancient reduplication (189).

830. In some present stems an original consonant has been modified: as, #gerō#, _carry_ (#ges-#), #ūrō#, _burn_ (154); #trahō#, _draw_ (#tragh-#), #vehō#, _cart_ (152); or has disappeared: as, #fluō#, _flow_ (#flūgu-#).

831. Some roots in a mute have a nasal before the mute in the present stem: as, #frangō#, _break_ (#frag-#). Other examples are: #iungō#, _join_, #linquō#, _leave_, #pangō#, _fix_, #pingō#, _paint_; #findō#, _cleave_, #fundō#, _pour_; #-cumbō#, _lie_, #lambō#, _lick_, #rumpō#, _break_ (164, 3). The nasal sometimes runs over into the perfect or perfect participle, or both.

832. (2.) The present stem of many verbs in #-ere# is formed by adding a suffix ending in a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, which appears in the first person singular active as #-ō#, to a root: thus, #-nō#, #-scō#, #-tō#, #-iō#: as,

PRESENT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
lin{o|e-} linō, _besmear_ +li-+
crēsc{o|e-} crēscō, _grow_ +crē-+
pect{o|e-} pectō, _comb_ +pec-+
capi{o|e-} capiō, _take_ +cap-+

833. (_a._) #-nō# is added to roots in a vowel, or in a continuous sound, #-m-#, #-r-#, or #-l-#.

So regularly #linō#, _besmear_, #sinō#, _let_; #temnō#, _scorn_, #cernō#, _sift_, #spernō#, _spurn_, only. The third persons plural #danunt# (Naev., Plaut.) for #dant#, #prōdīnunt#, #redīnunt# (Enn.) for #prōdeunt#, #redeunt# hardly belong here; their formation is obscure. In a few verbs, #-n# is assimilated (166, 6): as, #tollō#, _lift_. Sometimes the doubled #l# runs into the perfect (855): as, #vellī#, #fefellī#. #minuō#, _lessen_, and #sternuō#, _sneeze_, have a longer suffix #-nu{o|e-}#.

834. (_b._) #-scō#, usually meaning ‘_begin to_,’ forms presents called _Inceptives_ or _Inchoatives_.

#-scō# is attached: first, to roots: as, #nāscor#, _am born_, #nōscō#, _learn_, #pāscō#, _feed_, #scīscō#, _resolve_; consonant roots have #ī#, less commonly #ē#, before the suffix: as, #tremīscō# or #tremēscō#, _fall a-trembling_, #nancīscor#, _get_ (831); but #discō#, _learn_ (170, 1), and #poscō#, _demand_ (170, 10), are shortened; see 168. Secondly, to a form of the present stem of denominative verbs, especially of those in #-ēre#: as, #clārēscō#, _brighten_; the stem is often assumed only, as in #inveterāscō#, _grow old_, #mātūrēscō#, _get ripe_. Many inceptives are used only in composition: as, #extimēscō#, _get scared_, #obdormīscō#, _drop asleep_.

835. (_c._) #-tō# occurs in the following presents from guttural roots: #flectō#, _turn_, #nectō#, _string_, #pectō#, _comb_, #plector#, _am struck_, #amplector#, _hug_, #complector#, _clasp_. From a lingual root #vid-#, comes #vīsō#, _go to see_, _call on_ (153). From vowel roots: #bētō# or #bītō#, _go_, and #metō#, _mow_.

836. (_d._) #-iō# is usually added to consonant roots with a short vowel; the following have presents formed by this suffix:

#capiō#, _take_, #cupiō#, _want_, #faciō#, _make_, #fodiō#, _dig_, #fugiō#, _run away_, #iaciō#, _throw_, #pariō#, _bring forth_, #quatiō#, _shake_, #rapiō#, _seize_, #sapiō#, _have sense_, and their compounds; the compounds of #*laciō#, _lure_, and #speciō# or #spiciō#, _spy_, and the deponents #gradior#, _step_, #morior#, _die_, and #patior#, _suffer_, and their compounds. For occasional forms like those of verbs in #-īre# (or #-īrī#), see 791. For #aiō#, see 786; for #fīō#, 788.

837. A few present stems are formed by adding a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, for an older #-i{o|e-}#, to a vowel root: as,

#ruō#, _tumble down_, #rui-s#, #rui-t#, #rui-mus#, #rui-tis#, #ruu-nt# (114). Vowel roots in #-ā-#, #-ē-#, or #-ī-# have a present stem like that of denominatives: as, #stō#, _stand_, #stā-s#, #sta-t#, #stā-mus#, #stā-tis#, #sta-nt#; #fleō#, _weep_, #flē-s#, #fle-t#, #flē-mus#, #flē-tis#, #fle-nt#; #neō#, _spin_, has once #neu-nt# for #ne-nt# (Tib.); #sciō#, _know_, #scī-s#, #sci-t#, #scī-mus#, #scī-tis#, #sciu-nt#.

838. Most present stems formed by adding the suffix #-iō# to a root ending in #-l-#, #-r-#, or #-n-#, and all formed by adding #-iō# to a long syllable, have the form of denominatives in #-īre# in the present system: as, #saliō#, _leap_, #salīre#, #aperiō#, _open_, #aperīre#, #veniō#, _come_, #venīre#; #farciō#, _cram_, #farcīre#.

[Errata:
830 ... (#tragh-#) ... (#flūgu-#).
In these two roots, the pairs “gh” and “gu” are printed together,
while the other letters of the root are spaced as usual.
834 ... less commonly #ē#, before the suffix
#ē#. before
835 ... #pectō#, _comb_
#pectō# _comb_]

II. DENOMINATIVES.

839. The present stem of denominatives is formed by attaching a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, for an older #-i{o|e-}#, to a theme consisting of a noun stem: as,

UNCONTRACTED PRESENT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
cēna{o|e-} cēnō, _dine_ cēnā-
flōre{o|e-} flōreō, _blossom_ flōre-
vesti{o|e-} vestiō, _dress_ vesti-
acu{o|e-} acuō, _point_ acu-

The noun stem ending is often slightly modified in forming the theme: thus, #laud-# becomes #laudā-# in #laudō# for #*laudā-ō#, and #flōr-# becomes #flōre-# in #flōre-ō#.

840. In many of the forms, the final vowel of the theme is contracted with the variable vowel: as,

#plantō#, #plantās# (118, 3) for #*plantāi̭ō#, #*plantāi̭es# (153, 2); #monēs# for #*monēi̭es# (118, 1), #audīs# for #*audīi̭es# (118, 3). The long #ā#, #ē#, or #ī#, is regularly shortened in some of the forms: as, #scit#, #arat#, #habet#, for Plautine #scīt#, #arāt#, #habēt#. In a few forms no contraction occurs: as, #moneō#, #audiō#, #audiu-nt#, #audie-ntis#, &c., #audie-ndus#, &c. (114). Denominatives from stems in #-u-#, as #acuō#, are not contracted, and so have the forms of verbs in #-ere# (367).

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

841. The suffix of the present subjunctive of #sum#, _am_, is #-ī-#, which becomes #-i-# before #-m#, #-t#, and #-nt#: #si-m#, #sī-s#, #si-t#, #sī-mus#, #sī-tis#, #si-nt# (35, 2, 3). So also in the singular and in the third person plural, #dui-m#, &c. (756), and #edi-m#, &c. (769), and in all the persons, #veli-m#, &c. (#nōli-m#, &c., #māli-m#, &c.). An old suffix is #-iē-# (#-ie-#), in #sie-m#, #siē-s#, #sie-t#, and #sie-nt#.

842. (1.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in #-ere#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, ends in #-ā-#, which becomes #-a-# in some of the persons; this suffix replaces the variable vowel of the indicative: as,

#rega-m#, #regā-s#, #rega-t#, #regā-mus#, #regā-tis#, #rega-nt#; #capia-m#, #capiā-s#, &c.; #monea-m#, #moneā-s#, &c.; #audia-m#, #audiā-s#, &c. #ea-m#, #quea-m#, #fera-m#, and the old #fua-m# (750), also have the formative subjunctive vowel.

843. (2.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in #-āre# ends in #-ē-#, which becomes #-e-# in some of the persons: as,

#laude-m#, #laudē-s#, #laude-t#, #laudē-mus#, #laudē-tis#, #laude-nt#. #dō#, _give_, also has #de-m#, #dē-s#, &c.

[Erratum:
842 ... #monea-m#, #moneā-s#, &c.;
. missing]

IMPERATIVE.

844. Root verbs have a root as imperative stem (745-780): as, #es#, &c., #fer#, &c. But the imperative of #nōlō# has a stem in #-ī-#, like verbs in #-īre#: thus, #nōlī#, #nōlī-tō#, #nōlī-te#, #nōlī-tōte#.

845. The imperative stem of verbs in #-ere#, and of verbs in #-āre#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, is the same as that of the indicative: as,

#rege#, #regi-tō#, #regu-ntō#, #rege-re#; #cape#, #capi-tō#, #capiu-ntō#; #fī#; #laudā#, &c.; #monē#, &c.; #audī#, &c.

846. The second person singular imperative active of #dīcō#, #dūcō#, and #faciō#, is usually #dīc#, #dūc#, and #fac#, respectively, though the full forms, #dīce#, &c., are also used, and are commoner in old Latin. Compounds of #dūcō# may have the short form: as, #ēdūc#. #ingerō# has once #inger# (Catull.). #sciō# has regularly the singular #scī-tō#, plural #scī-tōte#, rarely #scī-te#.

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE.

847. The imperfect indicative stem ends in #-bā-#, which becomes #-ba-# in some of the persons: as,

#daba-m#, #dabā-s#, #daba-t#, #dabā-mus#, #dabā-tis#, #daba-nt#; #ība-m#; #quība-m#. In verbs in #-ere# and #-ēre#, the suffix is preceded by a form ending in #-ē-#: as, #regēba-m#; #monēba-m#; so also #volēba-m# (#nōlēba-m#, #mālēba-m#), and #ferēba-m#; in verbs in #-iō#, #-ere#, and in #-iō#, #-īre#, by a form ending in #-iē-#: as, #capiēba-m#; #audiēba-m#; in verbs in #-āre#, by one ending in #-ā-#: as, #laudāba-m#. In verse, verbs in #-īre# sometimes have #-ī-# before the suffix (Plaut., Ter., Catull., Lucr., Verg., &c.): as, #audība-t#. #āiō#, _say_, has sometimes #a͡iba-m#, &c. (787).

848. The suffix of the imperfect indicative of #sum#, _am_, is #-ā-#, which becomes #-a-# before #-m#, #-t#, and #-nt# (35, 2, 3) the #s# becomes #r# between the vowels (154): #era-m#, #erā-s#, #era-t#, #erā-mus#, #erā-tis#, #era-nt#.

[Erratum:
848 ... #-m#, #-t#, and #-nt# (35, 2, 3) the #s# becomes #r#
printed as shown: missing punctuation or conjunction?]

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

849. The imperfect subjunctive stem ends in #-rē-#, which becomes #-re-# in some of the persons: as,

#dare-m#, #darē-s#, #dare-t#, #darē-mus#, #darē-tis#, #dare-nt#; #īre-m#, #fore-m#, #ferre-m#. In verbs in #-ere#, the #-rē-# is preceded by a form ending in #-e-#: as, #regere-m#, #capere-m#; in verbs in #-āre#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, by one ending in #-ā-#, #-ē-#, or #-ī-#, respectively: as, #laudāre-m#, #monēre-m#, #audīre-m#.

850. The suffix of the imperfect subjunctive of #sum#, _am_, is #-sē-#, which becomes #-se-# in some of the persons; #esse-m#, #essē-s#, #esse-t#, #essē-mus#, #essē-tis#, #esse-nt#; so also #ēssē-s#, &c. (769). #volō#, _wish_, #nōlō#, _won’t_, and #mālō#, _prefer_, have #velle-m#, #nōlle-m#, and #mālle-m# respectively (166, 8).

[Erratum:
850 ... respectively (166, 8).
(166, 8.)]

FUTURE.

851. The future stem of #sum#, _am_, is #er{o|e-}#: #erō#, #eri-s#, #eri-t#, #eri-mus#, #eri-tis#, #eru-nt#. #dō# has #dabō#, #eō# has #ībō#, and #queō# has #quībō#.

852. (1.) The future stem of verbs in #-ere# and #-īre# ends in #-a-# in the first person singular, otherwise in #-ē-#, which becomes #-e-# in some of the persons: as,

#rega-m#, #regē-s#, #rege-t#, #regē-mus#, #regē-tis#, #rege-nt#; #capia-m#, #capiē-s#, &c.; #audia-m#, #audiē-s#, &c. The first person singular is not a future form, but the subjunctive present, used with a future meaning (842); forms in #-em# occur in manuscripts of Plautus: as, #faciem#, #sinem#. Verbs in #-īre# sometimes have #-b{o|e-}#, chiefly in the dramatists: as, #scībō#, #opperībo-r# (Plaut., Ter.), #lēnību-nt# (Prop.); rarely verbs in #-ere# (819): as, #exsūgēbō# (Plaut.). For #reddibō#, instead of the usual #reddam#, see 757.

853. (2.) The future stem of verbs in #-āre# and #-ēre# ends in _-b{o|e-}_, which is preceded by a form ending in long #-ā-# or #-ē-# respectively: as,

#laudābō#, #laudābi-s#, #laudābi-t#, #laudābi-mus#, #laudābi-tis#, #laudābu-nt#. #monēbō#, #monēbi-s#, &c.

II. THE PERFECT SYSTEM.

PERFECT INDICATIVE STEM.

854. There are two kinds of perfect stems: (A.) Some verbs have as perfect stem a root, generally with some modification, but without a suffix (858-866). (B.) Some perfects are formed with a suffix, #-s-#, or #-v-# or #-u-# (867-875).

855. Some perfects of primitives are formed not from a root, but from the present stem without the formative vowel, treated as a root: as, #prehendī#, _seized_, from #prehend-# (866); #poposcī#, _asked_, #fefellī#, _deceived_ (858); #iūnxī#, _joined_ (867).

856. The first person of the perfect ends in #-ī#, sometimes written #ei# (29, 2). #-t#, #-stī#, sometimes written #-stei# (29, 2), #-stis#, and #-mus# are preceded by short #i#; #-re# is always, and #-runt# is usually, preceded by long #ē#: as,

#rēxī#, #rēxi-stī#, #rēxi-t#, #rēxi-mus#, #rēxi-stis#, #rēxē-runt# (#rēxe-runt#), or #rēxē-re#.

857. Sometimes #-t# is preceded by long #ī#: as, #iīt#, #petiīt#, REDIEIT (29, 2). #-runt# is sometimes preceded by short #e# (Plaut., Ter., Lucr., Hor., Ov., Verg., Phaedr.). This is the original form; #-ē-# is by analogy to #-ēre#.

(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.

858. (1.) Some verbs in #-ere# form their perfect stem by prefixing to the root its initial consonant with the following vowel, which, if #a#, is usually represented by #e#; this is called the _Reduplicated Perfect_, and the first syllable is called the _Reduplication_: as,

PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
pu-pug- pungō, _punch_ +pug-+
pe-pig- pangō, _fix_ +pag-+

Other examples are: #cadō#, _fall_, #cecidī# (#cad-#, 104, _c_); #pariō#, _bring forth_, #peperī# (#par-#, 104, _c_); #pellō#, _push_, #pepulī# (#pol-#, 105, _h_); #poscō#, _demand_, #poposcī# (855); #fallō#, _deceive_, #fefellī# (855, 104, _c_); see also 923-932. #caedō#, _cut_, has #cecīdī# (108, _a_); and a few old forms are quoted from verbs having an #o# or an #u# in the root with #e# in the reduplication: as, #memordī#, #pepugī#.

859. Four verbs with vowel roots also have a reduplicated perfect stem: #dō#, _give_, _put_, #dare#, #dedī#; #bibō#, _drink_, #bibere#, #bibī#; #stō#, _stand_, #stāre#, #stetī#, and #sistō#, _set_, #sistere#, #-stitī#, rarely #stitī#. Also four verbs in #-ēre#: #mordeō#, _bite_, #momordī#, #pendeō#, _hang_, #pependī#, #spondeō#, _promise_, #spopondī#, #tondeō#, _clip_, #-totondī#. In the root syllable of #spopondī#, _promised_, #stetī#, _stood_, #stitī#, _set_, and the old #scicidī#, _clove_, an #s# is dropped (173, 2).

860. In compounds the reduplication is commonly dropped: as,

#cecidī#, _fell_, compound #concidī#, _tumbled down_. Compounds of #cucurrī#, _ran_, sometimes retain the reduplication: as, #prōcucurrī#. Compounds of #bibī#, _drank_, #didicī#, _learned_, #poposcī#, _asked_, #stitī#, _set_, #stetī#, _stood_, and #dedī#, _gave_, _put_, retain it, the last two weakening #e# to #i#: as, #restitī#, _staid back_. #abscondidī#, _hid away_, usually becomes #abscondī#; in apparent compounds, #e# is usually retained: as, #circum stetī#, _stood round_, #vēnum dedī#, _put for sale_. The reduplication is also lost in the simple verbs #tulī#, _carried_, old #tetulī#, and in #scindō#, _split_, #scidī#, which last is rare as a simple verb.

861. Some compounds with #re-# drop only the vowel of the reduplication (111, _a_): as, #reccidī#, _fell back_; #rettulī#, _brought back_ (see also 781); #repperī#, _found_; #rettudī#, _beat back_. Some perfects occur only in composition: as, PERCELLŌ, _knock down_, #perculī#; #cōntundō#, _smash to pieces_, #contudī#; #diffindō#, _split apart_, #diffidī#; but #fidī# also occurs a couple of times as a simple verb.

862. (2.) Some verbs in #-ere# have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (135, 1): as,

PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
ēd- edō, _eat_ +ed-+
lēg- legō, _pick up_, _read_ +leg-+

Other examples are: #fodiō#, _dig_, #fōdī#; #fundō#, _pour_, #fūdī#; #linquō#, _leave_, #līquī#; see 936-946. Three verbs in #-ēre# also have this form, #sedeō#, _sit_, #sēdī#, #strīdeō#, _grate_, #strīdī#, #videō#, _see_, #vīdī#; and one in #-īre#, #veniō#, _come_, #vēnī#.

863. The following verbs in #-ere# with #a# in the present stem, have long #ē# in the perfect stem (145):

#agō#, _do_, #ēgī#, #frangō#, _break_, #frēgī#, #pangō#, _fix_, rarely #pēgī#, but always #compēgī#, #impēgī#, #oppēgī#; #capiō#, _take_, #cēpī#, #faciō#, _make_, #fēcī#, #iaciō#, _throw_, #iēcī#. So also the old #co-ēpī#, _began_, common #coepī#.

864. Two verbs in #-āre# and some in #-ēre# have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in #-v-# and has a long vowel: #iuvō#, _help_, #iuvāre#, #iūvī#, #lavō#, _wash_, #lavāre# or #lavere#, #lāvī#; #caveō#, _look out_, #cavēre#, #cāvī#; see 996.

865. Verbs in #-uō#, #-uere#, both primitives and denominatives, have usually a perfect stem in short #u# of the theme (124): as, #luō#, _pay_, #luī#; #acuō#, _sharpen_, #acuī#: see 947, 948. Forms with long #ū# are old and rare (126): as, #fūī#, #adnūī#, #cōnstitūī#, #īnstitūī#. #fluō#, _flow_, and #struō#, _pile_, have #flūxī# and #strūxi# (830).

866. (3.) Some verbs in #-ere# from roots ending in two consonants have a perfect stem consisting of the root: as,

PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
mand- mandō, _chew_ +mand-+
pand- pandō, _open_ +pand-+

Other examples are: #vortō# or #vertō#, _turn_, #vortī# or #vertī#; #scandō#, _climb_, #-scendī#; #prehendō#, _seize_, #prehendī# (855); #vollō# or #vellō#, _pluck_, #vollī# or #vellī#; see 949-951. Similarly #ferveō#, _boil_, #fervere# or #fervēre#, has #fervī# or #ferbuī# (823), and #prandeō#, _lunch_, #prandēre#, has #prandī#.

(B.) PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#, OR IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.

PERFECT STEM IN #-s-#.

867. Many verbs in #-ere# form their perfect stem by adding the suffix #-s-# to a root, which generally ends in a mute: as,

PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
carp-s- carpō, _pluck_ +carp-+
scalp-s- scalpō, _dig_ +scalp-+
ges-s- gerō, _bear_ +ges-+
dīx- dīcō, _say_ +dīc-+

Other examples are: #dūcō#, _lead_, #dūxī# (100); #fingō#, _mould_, #fīnxī# (855); #lūdō#, _play_, #lūsī# (166, 2); #scrībō#, _write_, #scrīpsī# (164, 1); #struō#, _pile_, #strūxī# (164, 1); #vīvō#, _live_, #vīxī# (98). Some verbs with a short vowel in the present, have a long vowel in the perfect: as, #regō#, _guide_, #rēxī# (135); #intellegō#, _understand_, #intellēxī# (823); #tegō#, _cover_, #tēxī#; #iungō#, _join_, #iūnxī# (855). And some verbs with a long vowel in the present, have a short vowel in the perfect: as, #ūrō#, _burn_, #ussī# (830). See 952-961.

868. Some verbs in #-ēre# also have a perfect in #-s-#: as #algeō#, _am cold_, #alsī# (170, 3); #haereō#, _stick_, #haesī# (166, 2): see 999, 1000. Also some in #-īre#: as, #sarciō#, _patch_, #sarsī# (170, 3): see 1014, 1015.

[Errata:
867 ... scalp-s-
final - missing
#scrībō#, _write_
#scrībō# _write_]

PERFECT STEM IN #-v-# OR #-u-#.

869. (1.) Some verbs in #-ere#, with vowel roots, and almost all verbs in #-āre# or #-īre#, form their perfect stem by adding the suffix #-v-# to a theme ending in a long vowel: as,

PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
crē-v- crēscō, _grow_ +crē-+
laudā-v- laudō, _praise_ laudā-
audī-v- audiō, _hear_ audī-

For other verbs in #-ere# with a perfect stem in #-v-#, and particularly #terō#, #cernō#, #spernō#, and #sternō#, see 962-970.

870. A few verbs in #-ere# have a perfect stem in #-v-# attached to a presumed theme in long #ī#: as, #cupiō#, _want_, #cupīvī#; #petō#, _aim at_, #petīvī#; #quaerō#, _inquire_, #quaesīvī#; #arcēssō#, _fetch_, #arcēssīvī#; see 966-970.

871. A few verbs in #-ēre# also have a perfect stem in #-v-#: as, #fleō#, _weep_, #flēre#, #flēvī#; see 1001-1003. And three verbs in #-ēscere# have a perfect stem in #-v-# attached to a presumed theme in long #ē#: #-olēscō#, _grow_, #-olēvī#; #quiēscō#, _get quiet_, #quiēvī#; #suēscō#, _get used_, #suēvī#.

872. One verb in #-āscere# has a perfect stem in #-v-# attached to a presumed theme in long #ā#: #advesperāscit#, _it gets dusk_, #advesperāvit#.

873. (2.) Many verbs in #-ere# form their perfect stem by adding the suffix #-u-# to a consonant root: as,

PERFECT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME.
al-u- alō, _nurture_ +al-+
gen-u- gignō, _beget_ +gen-+

Other examples are: #colō#, _cultivate_, #coluī#; #cōnsulō#, _consult_, #cōnsuluī#; #-cumbō#, _lie_, #-cubuī#; #fremō#, _roar_, #fremuī#; #ēliciō#, _draw out_, #ēlicuī#; #molō#, _grind_, #moluī#; #rapiō#, _snatch_, #rapuī#; #serō#, _string_, #-seruī#; #stertō#, _snore_, #-stertuī#; #strepō#, _make a racket_, #strepuī#; #texō#, _weave_, #texuī#; #volō#, _will_, #voluī#; #compescō#, _check_, #compescuī# (855); see 971-976.

874. Some verbs in #-āre# also have a perfect stem in #-u-#: as, #crepō#, _rattle_, #crepāre#, #crepuī# (993); and many in #-ēre#: as, #moneō#, _warn_, #monēre#, #monuī#: see 1004-1006; also four in #-īre#: as, #saliō#, _leap_, #salīre#, #saluī# (1019).

875. The perfect #potuī# to the present #possum# (751) is from a lost present #*poteō#, #*potēre# (922). #pōnere# (for #*po-sinere#, 112; 170, 2) forms an old perfect #posīvī# (964), later #posuī#, as if #pos-# were the stem.

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

876. The perfect subjunctive stem ends in #-erī-#, for which #-eri-# is sometimes used (35, 2, 3): as,

#rēxeri-m#, #rēxerī-s#, #rēxeri-t#, #rēxerī-mus#, #rēxerī-tis#, #rēxeri-nt#.

877. In the perfect subjunctive, long #ī# is found before the person endings #-s#, #-mus#, and #-tis#, some 25 times, as follows: #-īs#, 18 times (Plaut. 3, Pac., Enn., Ter., Hor., Tib., Sen., inscr., once each, Ov. 8), #-īmus#, 4 times (Plaut. 3, Ter. 1), #-ītis#, 3 times (Plaut. 2, Enn. 1).

878. In the perfect subjunctive, short #i# is found, as in the future perfect, some 9 times, thus: #-is#, 8 times (Plaut. in anapests 3, Verg. 2, Hor. 3), #-imus# once (Verg.). But before #-tis#, short #i# is not found.

PERFECT IMPERATIVE.

879. One verb only, #meminī#, _remember_, has a perfect imperative; in this imperative, the person endings are not preceded by a vowel, thus: #memen-tō#, #memen-tōte#.

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE.

880. The pluperfect indicative stem ends in #-erā-#, which becomes #-era-# in some of the persons: as,

#rēxera-m#, #rēxerā-s#, #rēxera-t#, #rēxerā-mus#, #rēxerā-tis#, #rēxera-nt#.

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

881. The pluperfect subjunctive stem ends in #-issē-#, which becomes #-isse-# in some of the persons: as,

#rēxisse-m#, #rēxissē-s#, #rēxisse-t#, #rēxissē-mus#, #rēxissē-tis#, #rēxisse-nt#.

FUTURE PERFECT.

882. The future perfect stem ends in #-erō-# and #-eri-#: as,

#rēxerō#, #rēxeri-s#, #rēxeri-t#, #rēxeri-mus#, #rēxeri-tis#, #rēxeri-nt#.

883. In the future perfect, short #i# is found before the person endings #-s#, #-mus#, and #-tis#, some 40 times, as follows: #-is#, 29 times (Plaut. 2, Cic. 1, Catull. 1, Verg. 7, Hor. 12, Ov. 4, Germ. 1, Juv. 1); #-imus#, 3 times (Plaut., Ter., Lucr.); #-itis#, 8 times (Enn. 1, Plaut. 5, Ov. 2).

884. In the future perfect, long #ī# is found, as in the perfect subjunctive, some 33 times, thus: #-īs#, 28 times (Plaut. 3, Hor. 5, Ov. 15, Prop., Stat., Mart., Priap., inscr., once each), #-īmus#, once (Catull.), #-ītis#, 4 times (Ov. 3, Priap. 1).

SHORT OR OLD FORMS.

885. (1.) Some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old Latin.

886. (_a._) Shorter forms in the perfect indicative, the pluperfect subjunctive, and the infinitive, most of them from perfects in #-s-# (867), occur chiefly in verse: thus,

Perfect indicative, second person singular, common: as, #dīxtī# (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); plural, rare: as, #accestis# (Verg.). Pluperfect subjunctive singular, not very common: as, #exstīnxem# (Verg.), #intellēxēs# (Plaut.), #vīxet# (Verg.); plural, once only, #ērēpsēmus# (Hor.). Infinitive, #dīxe# (Plaut.), #cōnsūmpse# (Lucr.).

887. (_b._) A perfect subjunctive stem in #-sī-# or in #-ssī-#, and a future perfect indicative stem in #-s{o|e-}# or in #-ss{o|e-}#, occur chiefly in old laws and prayers, and in dramatic verse: as,

Perfect subjunctive: #faxim#, #faxīs#, FAXSEIS (inscr. 145 B.C.), #faxit#, #faxīmus#, #faxītis#, #faxint#; #ausim#, #ausīs#, #ausit#; #locāssim#, #amāssīs#, #servāssit#, #amāssint#, #prohibēssīs#, #prohibēssit#, #cohibēssit#, #licēssit#.

Future perfect indicative: #faxō#, #faxis#, #faxit#, #faxitis#, #capsō#, #recepsō#, #iussō#, #occīsit#, #capsimus#; #levāssō#, #invītāssitis#, #mulcāssitis#, #exoculāssitis#, #prohibēssis#, #prohibēssint#. Denominatives in #-āre# have also, in old Latin, a future perfect infinitive: as, #impetrāssere#.

888. Passive inflections, as future perfect #faxitur#, #turbāssitur#, deponent MERCASSITVR (inscr. 111 B.C.), are very rare; and, indeed, with the exception of #faxō# and #ausim#, even the active forms had become antiquated by 150 B.C. Denominatives in #-īre# never have the above formations. But #ambiō#, _canvass_, is thought to have a future perfect #ambīssit# twice (Plaut. prol.).

889. (2.) Shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix #-v-# (869) are very common in all periods.

890. (_a._) In tenses formed from perfect stems in #-āv-#, #-ēv-#, and #-ōv-#, #v# is often dropped before #-is-#, #-ēr-#, or #-er-#, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted (153, 1): as,

#laudāvistī#, #laudāstī#; #laudāvistis#, #laudāstis#; #laudāvērunt#, #laudārunt# (but the form in #-re#, as #laudāvēre#, is never contracted); #laudāverim#, #laudārim#, &c.; #laudāveram#, #laudāram#, &c.; #laudāvissem#, #laudāssem#, &c.; #laudāverō#, #laudārō#, &c.; #laudāvisse#, #laudāsse#.

#-plēvistī#, #-plēstī#; #-plēvistis#, #-plēstis#; #-plēvērunt#, #-plērunt#; #plēverim#, #-plērim#, &c.; #-plēveram#, #-plēram#, &c.; #-plēvissem#, #-plēssem#, &c.; #-plēverō#, #-plērō#, &c.; #-plēvisse#, #-plēsse#.

#nōvistī#, #nōstī#; #nōvistis#, #nōstis#; #nōvērunt#, #nōrunt#; #nōverim#, #nōrim#, &c.; #nōveram#, #nōram#, &c.; #nōvissem#, #nōssem#, &c.; #nōverō# always retains the #v#, but #cōgnōrō#, &c.; #nōvisse#, #nōsse#.

891. The verbs in which #v# belongs to the root (864), are not thus shortened, except #moveō#, mostly in compounds. From #iuvō#, #iuerint# (Catull.), #adiuerō# (Enn.), once each, and twice #adiuerit# (Plaut., Ter.) are unnecessary emendations.

892. Contractions in the perfect before #-t# and #-mus# are rare: as, #inrītāt#, #disturbāt#; #suēmus# or #su͡emus# (Lucr.), #nōmus# (Enn.), #cōnsu͡emus# (Prop.).

893. (_b._) In tenses formed from perfect stems in #-īv-#, #v# is often dropped before #-is-#, #-ēr-#, or #-er-#; but contraction is common only in the forms which have #-is-#: as,

#audīvistī#, #audīstī#; #audīvistis#, #audīstis#; #audīvērunt#, #audiērunt#; #audīverim#, #audierim#, &c.; #audīveram#, #audieram#, &c.; #audīvissem#, #audīssem#, &c.; #audīverō#, #audierō#, &c.; #audīvisse#, #audīsse#. Sometimes #audiī#, #audiit#, #audīt#. Intermediate between the long and the short forms are #audīerās# and #audīerit#, once each (Ter.). In the perfect subjunctive, #sinō# has #sīverīs# (Plaut., Cato), #sīrīs# (Plaut., Cato, Liv.), #sīreis# (Pac.), or #seirīs# (Plaut.), #sīrit# (Plaut., Liv.), #sīrītis# (Plaut.), #sīverint# (Plaut., Curt.), #sierint# (Cic., Curt.), or #sīrint# (Plaut.). #dēsinō# is thought to have #dēsīmus# in the perfect indicative a couple of times (Sen., Plin. _Ep._).

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE.

894. The active infinitive has the ending #-re# in the present, and #-isse# in the perfect: as,

#dare#; #regere#, #capere#; #laudāre#, #monēre#, #audīre#. #rēxisse#; #laudāvisse# or #laudāsse#, #monuisse#, #audīvisse# or #audīsse#.

895. For #-rē# in old Latin, see 134, 2. The infinitive of #fīō#, _become_, ends in #-rī#, #fī̆erī#, with a passive ending (789); twice #fīere# (Enn. Laev.). An older form for #-re# is #-se#, found in #esse#, _to be_, #ēsse#, _to eat_, and their compounds. For #velle#, _to wish_ (#mālle#, #nōlle#), see 166, 8. In the perfect, #eō#, _go_, sometimes has #-iisse# in compounds (766), and in poetry, #petō#, _go to_, has rarely #petiisse#.

896. The present infinitive passive of verbs in #-ere# has the ending #-ī#; that of other verbs has #-rī#: as,

#regī#, #capī#; #laudārī#, #monērī#, #audīrī#. #ferō#, _carry_, has #ferrī#. The length of the #ī# is sometimes indicated by the spelling #ei# (29, 2): as, DAREI.

897. A longer form in #-ier# for #-ī#, and #-rier# for #-rī#, is common in old laws and dramatic verse, and occurs sometimes in other poetry: as, FIGIER, _to be posted_, GNOSCIER, _to be read_ (inscr. 186 B.C.); #dīcier#, _to be said_, #cūrārier#, _to be looked after_ (Plaut.); #dominārier#, _to be lord paramount_ (Verg.).

898. The place of the perfect passive, future active, and future passive infinitive is supplied by a circumlocution, as seen in the paradigms. For the future perfect #-āssere#, see 887.

GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.

899. The gerundive stem is formed by adding #-ndo-#, nominative #-ndus#, #-nda#, #-ndum#, to the present stem: as,

#dandus#, stem #dando-#; #regendus#, #capiendus#; #laudandus#, #monendus#, #audiendus#. Verbs in #-ere# and #-īre# often have #-undus#, when not preceded by #u# or #v#, especially in formal style: as, #capiundus#; #eō#, _go_, always has #eundum#, and #orior#, _rise_, #oriundus#. For the adjective use, see 288. The gerund is like the oblique cases of the neuter singular. For #-bundus#, see 289; #-cundus#, 290.

SUPINE.

900. The supine stem is formed by the suffix #-tu-#, which is often changed to #-su-# (912).

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A Latin Grammar for Schools and CollegesChapter VIII: Part 8

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