A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Chapter XXVII: Part 27

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#Lyric Strophes of Catullus.#

2738. Catullus in 34 uses a strophe consisting of three Glyconics (2660) followed by a Pherecratean (2659):--

[-́ ⏑]
- > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃
[⏑́ -]

[-́ ⏑]
-́ > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃
[⏑́ -]

[-́ ⏑]
-́ > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑
[⏑́ -]

In 61 he employs a strophe consisting of _four_ Glyconics followed by a Pherecratean.

2739. Index of Horatian Odes and their Metres.

The Roman numerals in the table refer to the numbers assigned to the various strophes in 2719-2737.

+-------------+------+--------+
| BOOK. | ODE. | METRE. |
+-------------+------+--------+
| 1 | 1 | XI. |
| | 2 | XVII. |
| | 3 | XIII. |
| | 4 | X. |
| | 5 | XV. |
| | 6 | XIV. |
| | 7 | VI. |
| | 8 | XVI. |
| | 9 | XVIII. |
| | 10 | XVII. |
| | 11 | XII. |
| | 12 | XVII. |
| | 13 | XIII. |
| | 14 | XV. |
| | 15 | XIV. |
| | 16 | XVIII. |
| | 17 | XVIII. |
| | 18 | XII. |
| | 19 | XIII. |
| | 20 | XVII. |
| | 21 | XV. |
| | 22 | XVII. |
| | 23 | XV. |
| | 24 | XIV. |
| | 25 | XVII. |
| | 26 | XVIII. |
| | 27 | XVIII. |
| | 28 | VI. |
| | 29 | XVIII. |
| | 30 | XVII. |
| | 31 | XVIII. |
| | 32 | XVII. |
| | 33 | XIV. |
| | 34 | XVIII. |
| | 35 | XVIII. |
| | 36 | XIII. |
| | 37 | XVIII. |
| | 38 | XVII. |
| | | |
| 2 | 1 | XVIII. |
| | 2 | XVII. |
| | 3 | XVIII. |
| | 4 | XVII. |
| | 5 | XVIII. |
| | 6 | XVII. |
| | 7 | XVIII. |
| | 8 | XVII. |
| | 9 | XVIII. |
| | 10 | XVII. |
| | 11 | XVIII. |
| | 12 | XIV. |
| | 13 | XVIII. |
| | 14 | XVIII. |
| | 15 | XVIII. |
| | 16 | XVII. |
| | 17 | XVIII. |
| | 18 | III. |
| | 19 | XVIII. |
| | 20 | XVIII. |
| | | |
| 3 | 1-6 | XVIII. |
| | 7 | XV. |
| | 8 | XVII. |
| | 9 | XIII. |
| | 10 | XIV. |
| | 11 | XVII. |
| | 12 | XIX. |
| | 13 | XV. |
| | 14 | XVII. |
| | 15 | XIII. |
| | 16 | XIV. |
| | 17 | XVIII. |
| | 18 | XVII. |
| | 19 | XIII. |
| | 20 | XVII. |
| | 21 | XVIII. |
| | 22 | XVII. |
| | 23 | XVIII. |
| | 24 | XIII. |
| | 25 | XIII. |
| | 26 | XVIII. |
| | 27 | XVII. |
| | 28 | XIII. |
| | 29 | XVIII. |
| | 30 | XI. |
| | | |
| 4 | 1 | XIII. |
| | 2 | XVII. |
| | 3 | XIII. |
| | 4 | XVIII. |
| | 5 | XIV. |
| | 6 | XVII. |
| | 7 | VII. |
| | 8 | XI. |
| | 9 | XVIII. |
| | 10 | XII. |
| | 11 | XVII. |
| | 12 | XIV. |
| | 13 | XV. |
| | 14 | XVIII. |
| | 15 | XVIII. |
| | | |
| _Carmen_ |} | XVII. |
| _Saeculare_ |} | |
| | | |
| Epodes | 1-10 | II. |
| | 11 | IX. |
| | 12 | VI. |
| | 13 | VIII. |
| | 14 | IV. |
| | 15 | IV. |
| | 16 | V. |
| | 17 | I. |
+-------------+------+--------+

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN CITING THE AUTHORS.

2740. In Part First, in which authors are occasionally cited, but without direct reference to their works, the usual abbreviations are employed: as Plaut., Ter., Cic., Verg., Hor., &c., &c.

2741. In Part Second, the principles adopted are as follows:

2742. (1.) A reference consisting of figures alone (as, 2, 2, 3), denotes book, chapter, and section of Caesar _de Bello Gallico_.

2743. (2.) A reference to a work (in italics), without a preceding abbreviation for the author’s name (as, _TD._ 1, 2; _Mil._ 3), denotes the book and section, or the section only, of a work by Cicero. The abbreviations used to denote his works are given in the list below (2745).

2744. (3.) A reference made to Vergil (V.), followed by figures alone, is a reference to the _Aeneid_: as, V. 1, 20. Similarly, H. stands alone for the _Odes_ of Horace; O. alone for the _Metamorphoses_ of Ovid; and Ta. alone for the _Annals_ of Tacitus.

2745. (4.) Roman letters are used in the abbreviations of the names of authors, _italics_ in the abbreviations of the names of their works, as in the following List:--

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

[Errata in List of Abbreviations:
_dē Bellō Gallicō._
_dē Fīnibus._
_dē Optimō Genere Ōrātōrum._
_dē Ōrātōriā Partītiōne._
_dē Prōvinciīs Cōnsulāribus._
“dē” printed as “de” in all]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

THE REFERENCES ARE TO SECTIONS.

#Abbreviations#,
#C.# for #Gāius#, 20;
#Cn.# for #Gnaeus#, 20;
#Ↄ.# for #Gāia#, 20;
#K.# for #Kalendae#, 20.

#Ability#,
verbal expressions of, in indic. with infin., 1495, 1496;
in impf. indic., 1497;
in conditional periods, 2074, 2101;
words of, with gerundive construction, 2254.

#Ablative case#,
defined, 419;
sing., how formed, 425, 426;
plur., how formed, 428;
lacking, see #Defective#;
of words in #-tu-# (#-su-#), 235, 430.

#-ā-# stems, in #-ād#, 426, 443;
in #-eis#, 440, 443;
in #-āīs# and #-ēīs#, 441;
in #-īs# for #iīs#, 440;
in #-ābus#, 442;
inscriptional forms, 443;
Greek nouns, 444, 445.

#-o-# stems, in #-ōd#, 426, 465;
in #-āīs#, #-ēīs#, #-ōīs#, 458;
in #-ōbus#, 464;
inscriptional forms, 465;
Greek nouns, 466.

Consonant stems, for #-ē-#, no certain evidence is cited, 502;
substs., in #-ī# and #-ei#, 502, 507;
adjs., in #-ī#, 503, 622, 626;
in #-īd#, 426, 507;
inscriptional forms, 507;
Greek nouns, 508-512.

#-i-# stems, substs., in #-ī#, #-e#, 552-558, 561, 517-527, 531;
adjs., in #-ī#, #-e#, 558-561, 525-537, 634-636;
adjs., in #-ī# alone, 559, 629;
pres. part., in #-ī#, #-e#, 560, 633;
inscriptional forms, 564;
Greek nouns, 565.

#-u-# stems, in #-uō# (#-ūd#), 593;
in #-ubus#, 592;
inscriptional forms, 593.

Pronouns, peculiar and inscriptional forms, of #ego#, #tū#, #suī#,
648, 650, 651;
of #meus#, #tuus#, #suus#, 653-655;
of #hīc#, 663-665;
of #ille#, #iste#, 667, 668;
of #illic#, #istic#, 670;
of #is#, 673, 674;
of #īdem#, 677, 678;
of #ipse#, 680;
of #quī#, #quis#, 688-690;
of #aliquis#, &c., 692.

Uses of, 1296-1400;
general, 1296-1301;
meaning of, 1297, 1299, 1300;
as adv., 703-707, 1376;
combined with acc., 1199, 1303.

Ablative proper, 1297, 1302-1330;
attached to subst., 1301, 1313, 1314;
of separation, want, departure, 1302-1306, 1293, 1294;
denoting place from which, with town and island names, 1307-1310;
denoting origin and place from which, with country names,
1309, 1310;
in dates, 1307;
#domō#, #rūre#, #humō#, 1311;
of source, stuff, or material, 1312-1315;
of the doer of an action, 1318, 1319, 1476, 1477, 2243;
of cause, influence, or motive, 1316-1319;
with #faciō# and #sum#, denoting that with which or to which
something is done, 1315;
#causā#, #grātiā#, &c., 1257, 1317;
denoting person, equivalent to abstract, 1319;
of comparison, 1320-1330;
with #alter#, #alius#, 1323;
with compar. advs., 1327;
in expressions of age, 1329;
#opīniōne#, #exspectātiōne#, #spē#, 1330;
#amplius#, #longius#, #plūs#, #minus#, 1328, 1329;
with judicial verbs, 1280-1282.

Locative ablative, 1299, 1331-1355;
attached to subst., 1301, 1331;
in dates, 1307, 1331;
#domī#, #rūrī#, #humī#, #orbī#, 1337;
#bellī#, #mīlitiae#, 1338;
joined with loc. adv., 1340;
of place where, with town and island names, 1331-1335, 1342, 1343;
of place where, with #forum#, #urbs#, #oppidum#, &c., 1332, 1333;
of place where, with other appellatives, 1344, 1347;
of place where, with country names, 1336, 1347;
with #teneō#, #recipiō#, &c., 1348;
with #fīdō#, #cōnfīdō#, #glōrior#, #laetor#, #nītor#, #stō#,
#frētus#, 1349;
of time at which, 1341, 1350, 1351;
of time within which, 1352-1354;
of time during which, 1355.

Instrumental ablative 1300, 1356-1399;
of accompaniment, 1356, 1357;
with #iūnctus#, #coniūnctus#, 1357;
of manner, 1358-1361;
absolute, 1362-1374, see also 1533, 1900, 2110, 2121;
of quality, 1375;
of the route taken, 1376;
of instrument or means, 1377-1384, 1476, 1477;
with #fruor#, #fungor#, #potior#, #ūtor#, #vēscor#, #ūsus est#,
#opus est#, 1379-1384;
of specification, 1385;
with verbs of fulness, 1386;
with adjs. of fulness, 1387;
of measure, exchange, price, 1388-1392;
with #dignus#, #indignus#, &c., 1392;
of amount of difference, 1393-1399, 1153, 1154, 1459;
of time before or after which, 1394, 1154;
with #absum# and #distō#, 1153;
of #intervāllum# and #spatium# in designations of distance, 1399;
of persons, instead of abl. with #ab#, 1477.

Combined with other abls. in same sentence, 1400;
with #in# and #sub# after verbs of rest, 1423;
with #in# after verbs of motion, 1424;
of gerundive construction and gerund, 2265-2268;
supine in #-ū# as, 235, 2269, 2277.

#Abounding#,
verbs of, with gen., 1293;
with abl., 1386;
adjs. of, with gen., 1263, 1264;
with abl., 1387.

#Abridgement#,
of sentences, 1057, 2111.

#Abstaining#,
verbs of, with gen., 1294;
with abl., 1302-1306, 1294;
with #quīn#, 1986.

#Abstract#,
substs., defined, 7;
plur. of, 416, 1109;
subst. suffixes denoting quality, 246-264;
adj. suffixes denoting quality, 281-297;
suffixes denoting action, 212-237, 249, 285;
abstract in rel. sentence instead of in main sentence, 1800.

#Acatalectic verse#,
defined, 2537.

#Accent#,
general rules of, 84-91;
in gen. and voc. of #-o-# decl., 87;
on final syllable, 88;
marks of, 29, 3; 30; 85;
of proclitics and enclitics, 92-94;
of preps., 92;
of rel. and indef. prons., 92;
of compounds of #faciō#, 394;
in verse, 2548.

#Accentual#,
verse, 2548;
verse, in #carmina#, 2549;
theory of the Saturnian, 2553.

#Accompaniment#,
abl. of, 1356, 1357.

#Accomplishing#,
verbs of, with subjv., 1579, 1712;
with purpose clause, 1951;
with result clause, 1955, 1965;
with acc. and infin., 2196.

#Accusative case#,
defined, 419;
sing., of neut. nouns, how formed, 423;
plur., of neut. nouns, how formed, 423;
sing. and plur., of gender nouns, how formed, 424;
lacking, see #Defective#;
ending in #d#, 149.

#-ā-# stems, in #-ām#, 436;
inscriptional forms, 443;
Greek nouns, 444, 445.

#-o-# stems, in #-om# and #-um#, 452;
in #-ā-#, 130, 2; 461;
inscriptional forms, 465;
Greek nouns, 466.

Consonant stems, in #-īs#, 505, 507, 622;
inscriptional forms, 507;
Greek nouns, 508-512.

#-i-# stems, in #-im#, #-em#, 547-551, 517-525;
inscriptional forms, 564;
Greek nouns, 565.

#-u-# stems, inscriptional forms, 593.

Adverbs from, 699-702, 549, 1156.

Pronouns, peculiar and inscriptional forms, of #ego#, #tū#, #suī#,
648, 650, 651;
of #meus#, #tuus#, #suus#, 653-655;
of #hīc#, 663-665;
of #ille#, #iste#, 667;
of #illic#, #istic#, 670;
of #is#, 673;
of #īdem#, 677;
of #ipse#, 680.

Uses of, 1124-1174;
general, 1124-1131.

Of the object, 1132-1150;
with compounds of #ad#, #circum#, #ex#, #in#, #ob#, #per#, #prae#,
#praeter#, #trāns#, 1137;
double, with verbs compounded with preps., 1138, 1198;
with verbs of feeling, commonly intrans., 1139;
emphasizing or defining, 1140-1146, 1173, 1475;
of kindred derivation with verb, 1140, 1173;
of kindred meaning with verb, 1141;
neut., of adj., with verb, 1142;
with verbs of smelling and tasting, 1143;
neut., of pron., with verbal expression, 1144, 1840, 1851;
of appellative, used adverbially, 1145;
attached to subst., 1129, 1146;
of part concerned, 1147;
of thing put on or off, 1148;
of exclamation, 1149, 1150, 2112;
with verb not expressed, 1150.

Of space and time, 1151-1156, 1475;
with #abhinc#, 1154;
with ordinals, 1155;
expressing ‘time at which,’ 1156;
of aim of motion, 1157-1166;
of end of motion with #in# and #sub#, 1423;
with verbs of rest, 1424;
with names of towns, islands, peninsulas, 1157-1160;
with names of countries, 1161;
with appellatives, 1159, 1161;
#domum#, #rūs#, #forās#, 1162-1164;
#exsequiās#, #īnfitiās#, #malam crucem#, #malam rem#, 1165.

Two accusatives combined, 1167-1174;
of obj. and pred., 1167, 1168;
with verbs of teaching, hiding, demanding, questioning, 1169-1171;
with verbs of wishing, reminding, inducing, accusing, 1172;
defining acc. and acc. of person, 1173;
acc. of extent or duration or aim of motion and acc. of object,
1174.

With verbs otherwise taking dat., 1184, 1185;
with compounds of verbs of intrans. use, 1191;
combined with dat. or abl., 1199, 1303;
with #propior#, #proximus#, #prope#, &c., 1201;
with #nōmen dō#, &c., 1214;
pred., instead of dat., 1221, 1224;
with prep., instead of objective gen., 1261;
with verbs of remembering and forgetting, 1288;
with verbs of reminding, 1291;
with #per#, to express instrument, 1378;
with #abūtor#, #fungor#, #fruor#, #perfruor#, #potior#, 1380;
with #opus est#, 1383;
with #ūsus est#, 1384;
with #post# and #ante# in expressions of time, 1394-1397;
of extent, with verbs of surpassing, 1398;
with comparatives, 1398;
with preps., see #Prepositions#.

With infin., 1134, 2172-2203, 2312, 2313, 2321, 2330-2334;
infin. as subst. acc., 2204-2206;
acc. subj. of infin. omitted, 2183;
pred. noun referring to unexpressed subj. of infin. in, 2213;
use of reflexive pron. in construction of acc. with infin.,
2338-2340;
obj. of gerundive, 2247;
acc. of gerundive and gerund, use of, 2250-2253, 2243;
obj. of gerund, 2242, 2255, 2259, 2265;
supine in #-um# as, 235, 1166, 2269;
following supine in #-um#, 2272.

#Accusing#,
verbs of, with two accusatives, 1172;
with gen., 1280-1282;
with abl., 1280-1282;
with #quod#, 1852;
with #cūr#, 1852;
with acc. and infin., 2185.

#Acquitting#,
verbs of, with two accusatives, 1172;
with gen., 1280-1282;
with abl., 1280-1282.

#Action#,
suffixes denoting, 212-237, 249, 285;
words denoting, range of meaning of, 213.

Conceivable, subjv. of, in simple sentence, 1554-1562;
in subordinate sentence, 1731;
in rel. characteristic or result sentences, 1818;
in #quam# sentences, 1888;
in #quamquam# sentences, 1901;
in sentences of result with #ut#, 1947;
in sentences of purpose with #ut#, 1962;
in sentences with #quandō#, 2010;
tense of, in subordinate sentence, 1753.

Congruent and coincident, 1733;
coincident, introduced by #quod#, #quia#, 1850;
introduced by #quī#, 1826;
introduced by #cum#, 1874.

Repeated, subjv. of, 1730;
non-occurrent, tense of, in subordinate sentence, 1753;
defined, 2024;
treated, 2091-2108, see #Conditional#;
pres., &c., see #Present#, &c.;
continued, see #Continued#.

#Active voice#,
defined, 723, 1469;
#pereō#, #vēneō#, #fīō#, meaning of, 1471;
of #coepī# and #dēsinō#, 1483;
perf. partic. with force of, 907, 1485;
deponents having, 1488, 1489;
deponents having pres. system in, 1488;
changed to pass., 1472-1480.

#Adjectives#,
defined, 8;
iambic shortening of the endings of, 129, 130;
used substantively, with #-e#, #-ī# in abl. sing., 558, 561, 631;
pres. partic. used as, with #-ī# in abl. sing., 560, 633;
formation of, 180-203;
roots and stems, 183-198;
without formative suffix, 195, 198, 199;
with formative suffix, 195-198, 200-203.

Suffixes of, 280-360;
primitive, with act. meaning, 281-290, 293, 294, 296;
primitive, with pass. meaning, 291-297, 282, 283, 305;
denominative, 298-360, 287;
of material or resemblance, 299-301;
of appurtenance, 302-330;
of supply, 331-338;
diminutive, 339, 340;
of the compar., 342-348;
of the superl., 342-345, 349-352;
comparison of, see #Comparison#.

Compound, formation and meaning of, 379-390, see #Composition#;
inflection of, 398-643, see #Gender#, #Number#, #Case#,
#Declension#;
of ‘one,’ ‘two,’ ‘three’ endings, 611.

Agreement of, 1082-1098;
used substantively, 1099-1104, 1106, 1093, 1203, 1250;
with acc. appended, 1130;
neut. acc. of, denoting manner, 1142;
pred., with verbs of making, choosing, naming, &c., 1167;
with dat., 1183, 1200-1204;
with acc., 1201;
with acc. and prep., 1201;
with gen., 1202-1204, 1238, 1245, 1263-1270;
with abl., 1202, 1306;
with loc., 1339;
instead of gen., 1233, 1262;
compar., with abl. or with #quam#, 1320-1330;
prepositional expressions equivalent to, 1428;
two adjs. compared, 1457;
explanatory, put in rel. sentence, 1810;
rel. sentence coordinated with, 1820;
#quamquam# with, 1900;
#quamvīs# with, 1903;
infin. with, 2166;
gerundive used as, 2248, 2249;
with acc. of gerundive construction or gerund, 2252;
with dat. of gerundive construction, 2254;
with gen. of gerundive construction or gerund, 2258;
with supine in #-ū#, 2274;
partic. as, 2283, 2284;
adj. relatives, see #Relative#;
pred., see #Predicate#;
attributive, see #Attributive#;
numeral, see #Numeral adjectives#.

#Adjunct#,
adverbial, defined, 1053.

#Admiring#,
verbs of, with gen., 1286.

#Adonic#,
the, 2655-2657.

#Advantage#,
dat. of, 1178, 1205-1210.

#Adverbial#,
adjunct, defined, 1053;
acc., 1140-1146;
ablatives, #iūre#, #ratiōne#, &c., 1358.

#Adverbs#,
defined, 10, 696;
diminutives of, 341;
comparison of, 361-364;
compounded with nouns or noun stems, 382, 383, 385;
compounded with verbs, 396;
in #-im#, 549, 700, 710;
origin of, 696-710, 712;
from acc., 699-702, 549, 1156;
from abl., 703-707;
from loc., 708, 709, 1340;
from prons., 706, 710;
from adjs., 701, 702, 704, 705;
from partic., 704, 1372;
denoting route by which, 707, 1376;
of manner, 700, 704, 710;
of place at which, 708, 709;
of place to which, 710;
of place from which, 710;
sentences as, 712;
correlative, 711, 1831;
adjs. used with force of, 1142-1146.

With gen., 1242, 1248, 1253, 1254;
acc. of appellative used as, 1145;
compar., followed by abl. or #quam#, 1327-1330;
development into preps., 696, 1402-1404;
preps. with force of, 1407, 1408, 1432;
words used as preps. and advs., 1412-1416, 1421;
prepositional expressions equivalent to, 1428;
function of, 1438;
with meaning of adj., 1439;
with partic. used as substs., 1440;
with substs., 1441;
used in place of substs., 1442;
use of neg. advs., 1443-1453;
neg. advs., two in one sentence, 1452, 1453;
two advs., compared, 1457;
used as connectives, 1687-1692, 2133-2159;
postpositive, 1688;
subordinate sentences as, 1715;
#quō#, #unde#, &c., in place of rel. pron. with prep., 1793;
indef. rel., introducing indic., 1814;
numeral, 2404, 2405;
numeral, forms in #-iēns#, #-iēs#, 2414.

#Adversative#,
words, use of, 1676-1686, 2131, 2150-2153.

#Advising#,
verbs of, case with, 1181-1185;
with purpose clause, 1950.

#Affirmative#,
expressed by two negatives, 1452;
answer, expected with #-ne#, #-n#, 1504;
answer, expected with #nōnne#, 1506;
answer, expected with #num#, 1507;
answer, how expressed, 1511, 1512;
meaning of #haud sciō an#, &c., 1782;
coordination, 2159;
sentence, #aliquis# in, 2390;
sentence, #quīvīs#, #quīlibet#, #utervīs#, #uterlibet# in, 2401.

#Agent#,
suffixes denoting, 204-211;
of action, see #Doer#.

#Agreement#,
of subst., 1077-1081;
of mobile substs., 1078;
explaining two or more substs., 1079;
collective or distributive, explaining plur., 1080;
in apposition with thought or clause, 1081.

Of adjective, 1082-1098;
with persons or things implied in subst., 1083;
attributive, with one of several substs., 1084;
attributive, sing. with plur. subst., 1085;
with combined adj. and subst., 1086;
pred., with substs. denoting persons, 1088;
with substs. denoting things, 1089;
with substs. denoting persons and things, 1090;
with nearest subst., 1091;
#absente nōbīs#, 1092;
neut. adj. used as subst. in pred., 1093.

Of verb, 1062-1076, 1080, 1807;
in plur. with several sing. subjs., 1064, 1065;
in sing. with several sing. subjs., 1066, 1067;
with mixed subjs., sing. and plur., 1068;
with sing. subj. and abl. with #cum#, 1069;
when subjs. are connected by #nec . . . nec#, #aut#,
#aut . . . aut#, 1070;
with collectives, 1071;
agreeing with appositive or pred. subst., 1072;
when subjs. are of different pers., 1076;
agreeing with subst. introduced by #quam#, &c., 1073;
#age#, &c., 1075;
agreeing in pers. with antec. of rel. or implied antec., 1807.

Of pronouns, demonstrative, determinative, rel., 1093-1098,
1801-1811;
agreement determined by sense, 1095, 1804;
with several substs., 1096, 1803;
agreeing with pred. subst., 1097, 1806;
in agreement, equivalent to gen., 1098.

#Aim#,
of motion, denoted by acc., 1157-1166;
of motion, acc. of, combined with a second acc., 1174;
verbs of, with purpose clause, 1949.

#Alcaic#,
strophe, 2545;
the nine-syllabled, 2642;
the lesser (decasyllabic), 2663;
the greater (hendecasyllabic), 2667, 2668;
in Horace, 2736.

#Alcmanian#,
verse, 2577;
strophe, 2724.

#Alphabet#,
treated, 16-29;
source of, 18;
changes in, 17, 19, 21, 25;
letters of, gender, 412;
see #Pronunciation#.

#Amphibrach#, 2522.

#Anaclasis#, 2711.

#Anacrusis#, 2529, 2530.

#Analogical lengthening#, 123.

#Anapaest#,
defined, 2521;
cyclic, 2523.

#Anapaestic#,
rhythms, 2682-2690;
tetrameter acatalectic, 2684, 2685;
tetrameter catalectic, 2686;
dimeter acatalectic, 2687;
dimeter catalectic, 2688, 2689.

#Anaphora#, 1692.

#Anaptyctical vowel#, 172; 111, _b_.

#Annalistic present#, 1591.

#Answers#,
forms of expected, 1504-1510, 1563;
yes and no, how expressed, 1511-1514;
of alternative questions, how expressed, 1525.

#Antecedent#,
defined, 1796;
position of, 1796-1798;
omitted, 1798, 1799;
indef., 1799;
implied in possess., 1807;
rules for agreement of rel. with, 1082-1098, 1801-1811;
see also #Relative#.

#Antepenult#,
defined, 175;
when accented, 86, 2.

#Antibacchius#, 2522.

#Antispast#, 2522.

#Antitheses#,
asyndeton in, 1640.

#Anxiety#,
expressions of, with #ut#, #nē# clauses, 1957, 1958.

#Apex#, 29, 3.

#Aphaeresis#, 110, 112, 168.

#Apocope#, 110, 113, 168.

#Apodosis#,
defined, 1061;
fut. perf. in, coincident in time with fut. perf. in prot., 1627;
with #tam#, #nōn minus#, #nōn magis#, #aequē#, #perinde#, #iūxtā#,
1889, 1890;
correlative lacking in, 1890;
see #Conditional#, #Relative#, #Conjunctive#.

#Appeal#,
questions of, in pres. indic., 1531;
in fut., 1531, 1623;
in subjv., 1563;
in subordinate sentence, 1731;
tense of, in subordinate sentence, 1753;
in indirect question, 1786;
in ind. disc., 2313, 2314.

Accusative in, 1150.

#Appellatives#,
defined, 5;
in acc. with expressions of motion, 1161;
loc. of, 1337-1341;
used without prep. to denote place where, 1344-1347;
used with prep. to denote place where, 1347.

#Appointing#,
see #Making#.

#Appositive#,
defined, 1045;
verb agreeing with, 1072;
agreement of, 1077-1081;
to a thought or clause, 1081;
with loc., 1333, 1340, 1341;
gen. as, with possess. pron., 1235;
gen. used for, 1256;
dat. used for, 1213;
to a rel., 1809;
sentence with #quod# as, 1845;
infin. as subst. acc. in apposition, 2204;
infin. as subst. nom. in apposition, 2207;
appositive partic., 2293-2296.

#Appurtenance#,
adj. suffixes denoting, 302-330.

#Archilochian#,
verse, 2578-2580;
the lesser, 2579;
the greater, 2677;
strophe, in Horace, 2725-2728.

#Aristophanic#, 2658.

#Arsis#, 2520.

#Ascending rhythms#, 2528.

#Asclepiadean#,
the lesser, 2669;
the greater, 2670;
in Horace, 2729-2733.

#Asking#,
verbs of, with two accusatives, 1169-1171;
with acc. and prepositional phrase, 1170;
with indirect question, 1774;
with gerundive construction, 2250.

#Asseverations#,
pres. subjv. in, 1542;
fut. in, 1622;
#ita . . . ut# in, 1542, 1622, 1937;
expressed by #nam#, 2155.

#Assimilation#,
of vowels, 144;
of consonants, 163-166;
subjv. of, 1728;
subjv. of, sequence of tenses in, 1770-1772.

#Assumption#,
expressed by subjv. of desire, 1553;
expressed by fut., 1620.

#Asynartetic verses#, 2535.

#Asyndetic#,
coordination, defined, 1637;
in simple sentences, 1638-1642;
between sentences or periods, 2123-2127.

#Asyndeton#,
enumerative, 2126;
of summary, 2127;
see #Asyndetic#.

#Atonic syllable#, 102.

#Attraction#,
of verb, subst., adj., pron., partic., see #Agreement#,
subjv. of, 1728;
sequence of tenses in, 1770-1772;
in #cum# sentences, 1859;
in #quoniam# sentences, 1882-1884;
in #quam# sentences, 1888;
in #quamquam# sentences, 1901;
in sentences with #postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, &c., 1924;
with #dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#, 1994.

#Attribute#,
defined, 1039;
kinds of, 1040-1043;
attached to proper name, 1044;
with loc., 1332, 1333;
with #domum#, #domōs#, 1164.

#Attributive#,
subst., agreement of, 1077-1081;
adj., agreement of, 1082-1098, see #Agreement#;
subordinate sentence as, 1715;
use of #antequam#, 1920;
gerundive, 2248, 2249;
partic., 2282-2286.

#Avoiding#,
verbs of, with #nē# and subjv., 1960.

#Bacchiac rhythms#, 2698-2706.

#Bacchius#, 2521.

#Begin#,
verbs meaning, with infin., 2169.

#Believing#,
verbs of, with dat., 1181, 1182.

#Benefiting#,
verbs of, case with, 1205-1210.

#Birth#,
place of, in abl., 1309;
verbs of, with abl., 1312.

#Blaming#,
verbs of, used with #quod#, 1852.

#Books#,
pres. used in, 1592;
see #Titles#.

#Brachycatalectic verse#, 2538.

#Bucolic diaeresis#, 2559.

#Buying#,
verbs of, with gen., 1274;
with abl., 1388-1392.

#Caesura#, 2542-2544;
hiatus in, 2477;
masculine and feminine, 2557;
after the third trochee, 2558.

#Calling#,
verbs of, with two accusatives, 1167;
with indef. subj., 1033.

#Can#,
verbs meaning, with infin., 2169.

#Capability#,
suffixes denoting, 284, 292-294.

#Capable#,
adjs. meaning, with gerundive construction or gerund, 2252.

#Cardinal numerals#,
decl. of, 637-642, 431;
list of, 2404, 2405;
some forms of, 2415-2418;
in dates, 2419;
in combination with #singulī#, 2420.

#Case#,
endings, function of, 398;
endings, lacking in prons., 645;
the cases, defined, 419, 420;
oblique cases, defined, 419;
nouns, defective in, see #Defective#;
rules for formation of the cases of nouns, general, 422-428;
in #-ā-# stems, 436-443;
in #-o-# stems, 452-465;
in cons. stems, 495-507;
in #-i-# stems, 540-564;
in #-u-# stems, 590-595;
in #-ē-# stems, 602-607;
principal and secondary cases, 1111, 1112;
see #Agreement#, #Nominative#, &c., #Prepositions#.

#Catalectic verse#,
defined, 2537;
_in syllabam_, &c., 2539.

#Catalexis#, 2537.

#Catullus#,
lyric strophes of, 2738.

#Causal#,
sentences, defined, 1716;
mood in, 1721;
subjv. of ind. disc. and attraction in, 1722, 2319;
tense of, after secondary, 1756;
words, use of, 2133, 2154-2158;
see #Cause#.

#Causative#,
verbs, 368;
use of verb, 2304.

#Cause#,
gen. of, 1232-1238;
abl. of, 1316-1319;
expressed by abl. abs., 1317, 1367;
coordinated member denoting, 1703;
rel. sentences of, 1824-1830;
expressed by sentence with #quod#, #quia#, 1838-1858;
expressed by sentence with #cum#, 1859, 1874-1880;
expressed by sentence with #quoniam#, 1882, 1884;
expressed by sentence with #postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, &c.,
1926, 1930;
expressed by sentence with #dum#, 1998;
expressed by sentence with #quandō#, #quandōque#, 2010, 2013, 2014;
expressed by abl. of gerundive construction or gerund, 2266;
expressed by partic., 2295, 1317;
otherwise expressed, 1317.

#Cease#,
verbs meaning, with infin., 2169.

#Change#,
in characters of alphabet, 17, 19, 21, 25;
in sound of vowels, 95-145;
in sound of diphthongs, 95-101;
in sound of consonants, 146-174;
see #Substitution#, #Development#, #Disappearance#, #Assimilation#,
#Dissimilation#, #Interchange#, #Lengthening#, #Shortening#,
#Weakening#, #Hiatus#, #Contraction#, #Elision#, #Affinities#.

#Characteristic#,
rel. sentences of, 1818-1823.

#Charge#,
gen. of, 1280-1282.

#Choliambus#, 2597-2600.

#Choosing#,
verbs of, with two accusatives, 1167;
with pred. abl., 1363.

#Choriambic rhythms#, 2707.

#Choriambus#, 2521.

#Circumflex accent#, 174-177.

#Circumstances#,
expressed by abl. abs., 1362, 1365;
by abl. of gerundive construction or gerund, 2266.

#Cities#,
see #Towns#.

#Claudus#,
trochaic tetrameter, 2639-2641.

#Clause#,
defined, 1055;
subst. in apposition to, 1081;
see #Sentence#, #Subordinate#.

#Clausula#, 2536.

#Climax#,
asyndeton in, 1639;
introduced by #vērō#, 1684.

#Cognate#,
see #Kindred#.

#Coincident action#,
defined, 1733;
introduced by #quī#, 1826;
introduced by #quod#, #quia#, 1850;
introduced by #cum#, 1864, 1874;
introduced by #dum#, 1998.

#Collectives#,
defined, 6;
suffixes forming, 228, 249;
with sing. and plur. verb, 1071, 1080;
with plur. subst., 1080;
words denoting person used as, 1099;
used in abl. with #ab#, 1477.

#Colon#, 2532.

#Combination#,
of sentences, 1055;
of substs. by a prep., 1426-1428;
of different copulatives, 1662-1666.

#Command#,
acc. in, 1150;
intimated by question, 1531;
expressed by subjv., 1547-1552;
expressed by imper., 1571-1586;
accompanied by voc. or voc. nom., 1571;
expressed by fut., 1624;
introduced by #proinde#, #proin#, 2157;
verbs of, case with, 1181-1185;
subjv. coordinated with verbs of, 1708;
verbs of, with purpose clause, 1950;
verbs of, with acc. and infin., 2200-2202.

#Common#,
names, defined, 5;
quantity, definition and sign of, 30;
gender, nouns of, 410.

#Comparative#,
of adjectives, diminutive formed from stem of, 340;
formed from stems and roots, 342;
stem of, 346, 470;
suffixes of, 346-348;
doubled suffix of, 348;
lacking, 358, 360;
formed by #magis#, 360;
declension and case forms of, 621-623, 503, 505, 507;
used as adverbs, 701;
of adverbs, ending of, 361, 363, 364;
lacking, 364.

Use of, 1455-1464;
general function of, 1455;
used in comparison of adjs. and advs., 1457, 1458;
combined with a positive, 1458;
modified by abl. of difference, 1393, 1459;
modified by acc., 1398;
expressing disproportion, 1460, 1461;
in neg. sentence, for superl., 1462;
emphasized by #magis#, 1463;
modified by #aequē#, 1463;
with abl., for positive, 1464;
strengthening a superl., 1468;
agreeing with a rel., 1810;
followed by #quam#, #quam ut#, #quam quī#, 1896;
#quō# of purpose with, 1974;
followed by #quasi#, 2122;
followed by abl. of gerundive construction, 2268;
double, with #quam . . . tam#, 1893;
with #quantō . . . tantō#, 1973.

Sentence, defined, 1716;
with #ut#, coordinated member equivalent to, 1704;
#quisquam# and #ūllus# in, 2402;
period of equality, #tam . . . quam#, &c. in, 1889, 1895;
of inequality, 1894;
with #quō# and #eō#, 1973.

#Comparison#,
of adjs., 342-360;
in #-ior#, #issimus#, 343;
of adjs. in #-ilis#, 345, 359;
of adjs. in #-er#, 344;
with superl. in #-rimus#, 344, 350;
with superl. in #-limus#, 345, 350;
with superl. in #-timus#, 351;
with superl. in #-mus# or #-imus#, 352;
with compar. in #-erī# or #-er#, 347, 348;
with compar. and superl. from different forms of same stem or from
different stems, 353-355;
without positive, 356, 357;
without compar., 358;
without superl., 359;
with #magis# and #maximē#, 360;
not admitted, 360.

Of adverbs, 361-364;
with superl. in #-ēd#, 362;
with superl. in #-ō# or #-um#, 362;
without positive, 363;
without compar., 364;
without superl., 364.

Of participles, 2284.

Use of degrees of, 1454-1468, see #Positive#, #Comparative#,
#Superlative#.

Ablative of, 1320-1330;
#atque#, #et# in, 1653, 1654;
periods of, with #quam#, 1888-1898;
with #tamquam#, 1908-1910;
conditional periods of, 2117-2122.

#Compensation#, 121.

#Complement#,
the essential, defined, 1177;
the essential, uses of, 1180-1204;
the optional, defined, 1178;
the optional, uses of, 1205-1218;
see #Dative#.

#Complementary#,
dat., see #Dative#;
final clauses, 1948-1960;
consecutive clauses, 1948, 1965-1969;
infin., 2168-2171, 2223-2225, 1953.

#Completed#,
action, tenses of, 1603, 1605, 1614, 1626, 2218.

#Complex#,
sentence, defined, 1058;
varieties of, 1058-1061;
treated, 1714-2122, see #Sentence#.

#Composition#,
treated, 376-396;
of nouns, 379-390;
real compounds, 379-385;
apparent compounds, 386-390;
of verbs, 391-396;
real compounds, 391, 392, 790;
apparent compounds, 393-396, 790;
verb with verb, 394;
subst. with verb, 395;
adv. with verb, 396;
of partic., 2284.

#Compound#,
words, defined, 181;
containing mute or #f# followed by #l# or #r#, 178;
direct, defined, 377;
indirect, defined, 377;
real, defined, 378;
apparent, defined, 378;
determinative, defined, 382-384;
objective, defined, 384;
possess., defined, 385;
compound formative suffixes, defined, 200;
compound verbs, with stem differing from simple, 821-823;
perf. of, 823;
reduplication in, 860, 861;
forms of, 922-1020;
cases with, 1137, 1138, 1187, 1191, 1194-1199, 1209;
formation of, 1402-1409;
compound sentence, defined, 1056;
abridged, 1057;
treated, 1636-1713;
see #Sentence#, #Composition#.

#Compounds#,
of #dīc#, #dūc#, accent of, 88;
of roots #fac-#, #ag-#, #cap-#, 370;
of #faciō#, accent of, 394;
of #faciō#, form of, 394;
in #-cola# and #-gena#, gen. plur. of, 439;
in #-fer# and #-ger#, decl. of, 454, 616;
of #dō#, 756, 757;
of #eō#, 763-767;
of #edō#, 771;
in #-fīō# and #-ficior#, 790;
of #dūcō#, imper. of, 846;
of #ne#, 1444, 1445;
changes within, 174.

#Conative#,
use of verb, 2301-2303.

#Conceivable#,
action, subjv. of, in main sentence, 1554-1562;
in subordinate sentence, 1731;
tense of, in subordinate sentence, 1753;
in rel. characteristic or result sentences, 1818;
in #quam# sentences, 1888, 1896;
in #quamquam# sentences, 1901;
in sentences of result with #ut#, 1947;
in sentences of purpose with #ut#, 1962;
with #dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#, 1994;
in sentences with #quandō#, 2010.

#Concession#,
expressed by abl. abs., 1367;
expressed by subjv. of desire, 1553;
expressed by imper., 1571;
expressed by fut., 1620;
coordinated member equivalent to clause of, 1702, 1710;
rel. sentences of, 1824-1830;
expressed by sentence with #quod#, 1843;
expressed by sentence with #quamquam#, 1900;
expressed by sentence with #quamvīs#, 1904;
expressed by sentence with #quamlibet#, 1907;
expressed by sentence with #ut#, #nē#, 1963;
expressed by sentence with #etsī#, #tametsī#, &c., 2116;
expressed by partic., 2295;
#ille (quidem)#, #hīc#, #is#, #iste# in, 2361.

#Concessive#,
sentences, defined, 1716;
tense of, after secondary, 1756;
#cum#, 1876-1880;
#ut . . . ita#, #sīc#, 1938;
protases, 2116;
conjunctions and advs., use of, 2133, 2150-2153.

#Conclusion#,
introduced by #ergō#, #itaque#, #igitur#, 2158;
see #Conditional#.

#Concrete#,
substs., defined, 5.

#Condemning#,
verbs of, with gen., 1280-1282;
with abl., 1280-1282;
with #quod#, 1852.

#Conditional#,
sentences, defined, 1716;
subjv. of ind. disc. and attraction in, 1722;
subjv. of repeated action in, 1730;
wish in form of, with #sī#, #ō sī#, 1546;
unchanged after primary tense, 1753;
with #sī#, #sī fōrte#, for indirect question, 1777;
rel. sentences equivalent to, 1812;
#cum# sentences equivalent to, 1859;
expressed by #ut#, #nē . . . sīc#, proviso, 1964.

Periods, 2016-2021;
development of, 2016;
words introducing prot., 2019-2021;
classes of, 2022-2024.

Indeterminate protases, 2025-2090;
indic. use, 2025-2071.

Present indicative in prot., 2026-2033;
with apod. in pres. indic., 2026;
with apod. in perf. indic., 2027;
with apod. in impf. indic., 2028;
with apod. in plup. indic., 2029;
with apod. in fut., 2030;
with apod. in fut. perf., 2031;
with apod. in imper., 2032;
with apod. in pres. subjv., 2033.

Perfect indicative in prot., 2034-2041;
with apod. in pres. indic., 2034;
with apod. in perf. indic., 2035;
with apod. in plup. indic., 2036;
with apod. in fut., 2037;
with apod. in imper., 2038;
with apod. in pres. subjv., 2039;
with apod. in impf. subjv., 2040;
with apod. in plup. subjv., 2041.

Imperfect indicative in prot., 2042-2047;
with apod. in pres. indic., 2042;
with apod. in perf. indic., 2043;
with apod. in impf. indic., 2044;
with apod. in fut., 2045;
with apod. in pres. subjv., 2046;
with apod. in impf. subjv., 2047.

Pluperfect indicative in prot., 2048-2051;
with apod. in pres. indic., 2048;
with apod. in perf. indic., 2049;
with apod. in impf. indic., 2050;
with apod. in impf. subjv., 2051.

Future in prot., 2052-2058;
with apod. in pres. indic., 2052;
with apod. in perf. indic., 2053;
with apod. in fut., 2054;
with apod. in fut. perf., 2055;
with apod. in imper., 2056;
with apod. in pres. subjv., 2057;
with apod. in perf. subjv., 2058.

Future perfect in prot., 2059-2064;
with apod. in pres. indic., 2059;
with apod. in perf. indic., 2060;
with apod. in fut., 2061;
with apod. in fut. perf., 2062;
with apod. in imper., 2063;
with apod. in pres. subjv., 2064.

General, 2034, 2035, 2044, 2050, 2054, 2069-2071;
special uses, 2065-2067;
#nōn, sī ...# 2067;
with #mīror#, #mīrum est#, 2068;
use of subjv. for indic., 2069-2071.

Indeterminate protases, subjv. use, 2072-2090;
indic. for subjv. in expressions of ability, duty, &c., 2074;
non-occurrent action viewed as occurrent, 2075.

Prot. in pres. subjv., 2076-2083;
prot. in perf. subjv., 2084-2088;
apod. in pres. subjv., 2076, 2084;
apod. in perf. subjv., 2077, 2085;
apod. in pres. indic., 2078;
apod. in fut., 2079, 2086;
apod. in fut. perf., 2080;
apod. in periphrastic, 2081, 2087;
apod. in impf. subjv., 2082, 2088;
apod. in plup. subjv., 2083;
conversion to past time, 2089;
periods of exemplification, 2054, 2090.

Protases of action non-occurrent, 2024, 2091-2108;
force of tenses, 2091-2093;
prot. in impf. subjv., 2094-2097;
prot. in plup. subjv., 2096, 2098-2107;
periphrastic prot., 2108;
apod. in impf. subjv., 2094, 2097, 2108;
apod. in plup. subjv., 2095, 2098, 2108;
apod. in pres. subjv., 2098;
periphrastic apod., 2096, 2100;
apod. in impf. indic., 2101, 2102, 2104, 2106;
apod. in perf. indic., 2101, 2103-2105;
apod. in plup. indic., 2104, 2107.

Variation of prot., 2109-2111;
variation of apod., 2112-2115;
forms which apod. may take, 2018;
coordinated member equivalent to prot., 1574, 1701;
imper. as prot., 1574;
prot. expressed by abl. abs., 2295;
prot. expressed by partic., 2295;
conditional comparisons, 2117-2122;
protases in ind. disc., 2326-2329;
apodoses in ind. disc., 2330-2334;
sentence, #quisquam# and #ūllus# in, 2402.

#Conjugation#,
defined, 397;
of #sum#, 744-750;
of #possum#, 744, 751-753;
of #dō#, 744, 754-757;
of #bibō#, #serō#, #sistō#, 744, 758;
of #inquam#, 759-761;
of #eō#, 759, 762-767;
of #queō#, #nequeō#, 759, 768;
of #edō#, 769-771;
of #volō#, 772-774;
of #nōlō#, 772, 775-777;
of #mālō#, 772, 778, 779;
of #ferō#, 772, 780, 781;
of verbs in #-ere# (third conjug.), 782-784;
of #aiō#, 785-787;
of #fīō#, 785, 788-790;
of verbs in #-iō#, #-ere#, 784-791;
of verbs in #-āre# (first conjug.), 792, 793;
of verbs in #-ēre# (sec. conjug.), 794, 795;
of verbs in #-īre# (fourth conjug.), 796, 797;
of deponent verbs, 798-801;
of periphrastic forms, 802-804;
see #Stems#, #Person#, #Formation#.

#Conjunctional#,
see #Conjunctive#.

#Conjunctions#,
defined, 13;
origin of, 696;
copulative, use of, 1644-1661, 1687-1692, 1881, 2133-2149;
combination of different, 1662-1666;
disjunctive, use of, 1667-1675, 2133-2149;
adversative, use of, 1676-1686, 2133, 2150-2153;
postpositive, 1676;
#quamquam# as, 1899, 1900;
#quamvīs# as, 1904, 1905;
#quī#, 1976;
concessive, use of, 2133, 2150-2153;
causal and illative, use of, 2133, 2154-2158;
affirmative coordination, 2159;
see #Connectives#.

#Conjunctive#,
particle sentences, 1838-2122;
introduced by #quod#, #quia#, 1838-1858;
by #nōn quod#, #nōn quō#, &c., 1855;
by #cum#, 1859-1881;
by #quoniam#, 1882-1884;
by #quotiēns#, #quotiēnscumque#, 1885-1887;
by #quam#, 1888-1898;
by #quantus#, #ut#, 1892;
by #quamquam#, 1899-1902;
by #quamvīs#, 1903-1906;
by #quamlibet#, 1907;
by #tamquam#, 1908-1910;
by #quemadmodum#, 1908;
by #antequam#, #priusquam#, 1911-1921;
by #prīdiē quam#, #postrīdiē quam#, 1922;
by #postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, 1923-1934;
by #utī#, #ut#, #nē#, 1935-1970;
by #ubī̆#, 1971;
by #quō#, #quī#, 1972-1976;
by #quantō#, 1973;
by #quōminus#, 1977, 1978;
by #quō sētius#, 1979;
by #quīn#, 1980-1990;
by #dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#, 1991-2009;
by #modo#, 2003;
by #quandō#, #quandōque#, 2010-2014;
by #sī#, #nisi#, &c., 2015-2115;
by #etsī#, #tametsī#, #tamenetsī#, #etiamsī#, #sī#, 2116;
by #quasi#, #quam sī#, #tamquam sī#, &c., 2117-2122;
particle sentences, in ind. disc., 2315, 2317, 2319.

#Connection#,
of the parts of sentence, 1636-1692;
of sentences or periods, 2123-2159;
relationship, &c., words of, with gen., 1203.

#Connectives#,
compound sentence without, 1636-1642;
separate sentences or periods without, 2124-2127;
relatives as, 2131;
demonstrative and determinative words as, 2129, 2130;
concessive words as, 2150-2153;
disjunctive words as, 1667-1675, 2134-2149;
copulative words as, 1644-1661, 2134-2149;
adversative words as, 1676-1686, 2150-2153;
other words than conjunctions as, 1687-1692;
causal words as, 2154-2158;
illative words as, 2154-2158;
affirmative coordination, 2159.

#Consecutive#,
sentences, defined, 1716;
tense of, after secondary, 1757-1759;
complementary, 1948, 1965-1969;
pure, 1948, 1970.

#Consonants#,
cons. and vowel #i# and #u#, 22-28;
#x# a double cons., how sounded, 70;
#x# makes long syllable, 177;
doubled cons., how written and how pronounced, 80;
doubled, never ends a word, 177;
doubled, makes long syllable, 177;
pronunciation of, 53-72;
classification of the consonants, 73-79;
consonant changes, 146-174, see #Substitution#, #Development#,
#Disappearance#, #Assimilation#, #Dissimilation#, #Interchange#;
mute or #f# followed by #l# or #r#, how affecting preceding short
vowel, 178;
cons. roots, defined, 188;
cons. stems of substs., decl. of, 467-512, see #Declension#;
cons. stems of substs., general rules of gender of, 570-584;
cons. stems of adjs., decl. of, 621-626, 467-512.
See also #Glides#.

#Contempt#,
expressed by diminutives, 269;
expressed by #nesciō quid#, &c., 1789;
expressed by #hīc#, 2350;
expressed by #iste#, 2357;
expressed by #homo#, 2365;
expressed by #quīdam#, 2393.

#Continued action#,
tenses of, 1587, 1594, 1619, 2218;
with #cum#, 1864, 1865;
see #Incomplete action#.

#Continuants# or #Continuous#, sounds, defined, 74;
classified, 74;
subst. stems in, decl. of, 481-493.

#Contraction#,
of vowels, 115, 118;
of verb forms, 885-893;
in versification, 2518.

#Contrary to fact#,
see #Non-occurrent#.

#Contrasts#,
asyndeton in, 1640;
introduced by #et#, 2140;
#hīc# and #ille# in, 2352;
#ipse# in, 2374, 2375.

#Convicting#,
verbs of, with gen., 1280-1282;
with abl., 1280-1282.

#Coordination#,
of sentences, 1055-1060, 1636;
asyndetic, 1637-1642;
constructions, history of, 1693-1695, 1705, 1706, 1740, 1957;
treated, 1636-1692;
without connective, 1636-1642;
with copulative conjunctions, 1643-1666;
with disjunctive conjunctions, 1667-1675;
with adversative conjunctions, 1676-1686;
with other words as connectives, 1687-1692;
intermediate coordinate sentence, treated, 1693-1713;
coordination instead of acc. and infin., 1696;
question or exclamation in, 1697;
instead of rel. sentence, 1698;
instead of temporal expression, 1699;
instead of result clause, 1700;
instead of condition, 1701, 2110;
instead of concessive clause, 1702;
instead of causal clause, 1703;
instead of compar. clause with #ut#, 1704;
subjv. of desire in, 1705;
#nē# in, 1706;
with verbs of wishing, 1707;
with verbs of request, exhortation, command, &c., 1708;
with #oportet#, #optumum est#, &c., 1709;
with #permittō#, #concēdō#, #sinō#, #licet#, 1710;
with #cavē̆#, &c., 1711;
with #cedo#, #dō#, #persuādeō#, #cūrō#, #fac#, &c., 1712;
with verbs in general, 1713;
of questions, 1787;
of imper., 1787, 1710-1712;
of rel. sentence with subst., adj., or partic., 1820;
of rel. sentences, 1832, 1833;
affirmative, 2159;
expressed by #quamquam#, #etsī#, #tametsī#, 2153;
expressed by #quippe#, 1690.

#Copulative#,
words, use of, 1644-1661, 1687-1692, 1881, 2133-2149;
combination of different, 1662-1666.

#Correlative#,
prons., table of, 695, 1831;
advs., table of, 711, 1831;
sentences, 1831;
#idcircō#, #ideō#, &c., 1855, 1858;
#quoniam . . . continuō#, &c., 1883;
#quotiēns . . . totiēns#, &c., 1886;
#quam . . . tam#, &c., 1889, 1890;
#tamquam . . . sīc#, #ita#, 1908;
#ut . . . ita#, #item#, &c., 1937;
adversative, #ut . . . ita#, #sīc#, 1938;
conditional, #ut#, #nē . . . sīc#, 1964;
#tantus . . . ut#, &c., 1970;
#quō . . . eō#, #hōc#, 1973;
#quantō . . . tantō#, 1973;
#dum . . . subitō#, #repente#, #iam#, &c., 1995;
#dum#, &c., #... tamdiū#, &c., 1999;
#dum#, &c., #... usque#, &c., 2004;
#quandō . . . tum#, 2011;
#sīc . . . sī#, 2015;
#sī . . . igitur#, &c., 2018, 2067;
#etsī#, &c. #... tamen#, 2116;
lacking in apod., 1890, 1937.

#Correption#, 2517.

#Costing#,
verbs of, with gen., 1274;
with abl., 1388-1392.

#Countries#,
names of, in plur., 1107;
in acc. with expressions of motion, 1161;
used adjectively, 1233;
abl. of, attached to a subst., 1309;
denoting place from which, 1309, 1310;
place in or at which, 1336, 1347.

#Cretic#,
defined, 2521;
rhythms, 2691-2697.

#Curses#,
#duim#, &c. in, 756.

#Customary#,
action, expressed by pres., 1588;
expressed by impf., 1596.

#Cyclic feet#, 2523.

#Dactyl#,
defined, 2521;
cyclic, 2523.

#Dactylic#,
rhythms, 2555-2580;
hexameter, 2556-2569;
pentameter, 2570-2576;
tetrameter acatalectic, 2577;
tetrameter catalectic, 2578;
trimeter catalectic, 2579.

#Dactylo-trochaic rhythms#, 2675-2681.

#Danger#,
expressions of, with #ut#, #nē# clauses, 1957, 1958.

#Dates#,
expressed by abl., 1307;
expressed by loc., 1307, 1331;
cardinals and ordinals in, 2419;
marked by names of consuls, 2419.

#Dative case#,
defined, 419;
plur., how formed, 428;
lacking, see #Defective#, substantives, lacking cases.

#-ā-# stems, in #-ī#, 618-620, 656, 693;
in #-eis#, 440, 443;
in #-īs# for #-iīs#, 440;
in #-āīs# and #-ēīs#, 441;
in #-ābus#, 442;
inscriptional forms, 443;
Greek nouns, 444.

#-o-# stems, in #-ī#, 618-620, 656, 693;
in #-āīs#, #-ēīs#, #-ōīs#, 458;
in #-ōbus#, 464;
inscriptional forms, 465;
Greek nouns, 466.

Consonant stems, in #-ē#, 501, 507;
inscriptional forms, 507;
Greek nouns, 508-512.

#-i-# stems, inscriptional forms, 564;
Greek nouns, 565.

#-u-# stems, in #-ubus#, 592;
inscriptional forms, 593.

#-ē-# stems, in #-ē#, 602, 606;
in #-ī#, 606;
sing., of #rēs#, #fidēs#, 160, 602.

Pronouns, peculiar and inscriptional forms, of #ego#, #tū#, #suī#,
651;
of #meus#, #tuus#, #suus#, 653, 654;
of #hīc#, 663-665;
of #ille#, #iste#, 667, 668;
of #illic#, #istic#, 670;
of #is#, 672-674, 160;
of #īdem#, 677, 678;
of #quī#, #quis#, 688, 690.

Uses of, 1175-1225;
general, 1175-1179.

The complementary, 1180-1218;
as essential complement, 1180-1204;
as optional complement, 1205-1218;
made subj. in pass., 1480, 1181;
with verbs of intrans. use denoting state, disposition, feeling,
quality, 1181, 1184, 1185;
with #sum# and a pred. noun, 1183;
with verbs of union, contention, difference, 1186, 1357;
with verbs combined with #adversum#, #obviam#, #praestō#, #bene#,
#male#, #satis#, 1187;
with verbs of intrans. use compounded with a prep., 1188-1191;
with verbs of trans. use, 1192;
with verbs of trans. use compounded with a prep., 1194-1199;
with adjs., 1200-1204;
with verbs of trans. or intrans. use to denote person or thing
interested, benefited, harmed, 1205, 1315;
with #similis#, 1204;
with interjections, 1206;
with sentences, 1207;
with verbs denoting _warding off_, _robbing_, _ridding_, 1209;
with verbs of motion, 1210;
emotional, 1211;
of possessor, 1212-1216, 1478, 2181, 2243;
with compounds of #sum#, 1212;
with #mihī̆ est nōmen#, &c., 1213, 1214;
of the doer of an action, 1215, 1216, 1478, 2181, 2243;
of relation, 1217, 1218.

The predicative, 1219-1224;
of tendency or result, 1219-1222;
with verbs of considering or accounting, 1222;
of purpose or intention, 1223-1225.

Double, 1213, 1214, 1219-1225;
combined with acc., 1199, 1201, 1214, 1221, 1224;
combined with nom., 1213, 1214, 1221, 1224;
attached to subst., 1183, 1208, 1225;
used with #cōnscius#, 1265;
with #rēfert#, 1278;
with impersonal verbs in pass., 1181;
pred. noun in, 2214;
of gerundive construction and gerund, 2254-2257;
supine in #-ū# as, 2269;
following supine in #-um#, 2272;
with #īdem#, 2373.

#Decasyllabic Alcaic#, 2663.

#Declarations#,
neg. adv. in, 1443;
indic. used in, 1493;
verbal expressions denoting ability, duty, propriety, necessity,
&c. in, 1495-1497;
confounded with questions and exclamations, 1502;
subjv. used in, 1540-1562;
expressed by indic. in rel. sentence, 1813;
expressed by #quod#, 1838.

#Declarative#,
sentence, defined, 1025;
in ind. disc., mood of, 2312.

#Declension#,
defined, 397.

Substantives, 432-607;
#-ā-# stems, 432-445;
#-ā-# stems, Greek nouns, 444, 445;
#-o-# stems, 446-466;
#-o-# stems, Greek nouns, 466;
cons. stems, 467-512;
guttural mute stems (#-g-#, #-c-#), 471-473;
lingual mute stems (#-d-#, #-t-#), 474-478;
labial mute stems (#-b-#, #-p-#), 479, 480;
stems in #-l-#, #-n-#, 481-486;
stems in #-r-#, #-s-#, 487-493;
stems in #-u-# or #-v-#, 494;
cons. stems, Greek nouns, 508-512;
case endings of cons. stems, 495-507, see #Nominative#, &c.;
#-i-# stems, 513-569;
parisyllables with nom. in #-is#, 517-522;
parisyllables with nom. in #-ēs#, 523, 524;
parisyllables with stems in #-bri-#, #-cri-#, #-tri-#, 525;
parisyllabic neuters with nom. in #-e#, 526-528;
imparisyllables with stem in #-ci-#, 531;
imparisyllables with stem in #-di-#, 532;
imparisyllables with stem in #-ti-#, 533;
imparisyllables with stem in #-bi-#, 534;
imparisyllables with stem in #-pi-#, 535;
imparisyllables with stem in #-li-#, 536;
imparisyllables with stem in #-ri-#, 537, 538;
imparisyllables with stem in #-si-#, 539;
#-i-# stems, Greek nouns, 565;
case endings of #-i-# stems, 540-564, see #Nominative#, &c.;
#-u-# stems, 585-595;
#-ē-# stems, 596-607.

Adjectives, 605-643, 432-569;
stems in #-o-# and #-ā-# (‘three endings’), 613-620, 432-466;
cons. stems of ‘two endings’ (the compar.), 621-623, 503, 505, 507;
cons. stems of ‘one ending,’ 624-626, 467-512, 561;
#-i-# stems, 627-636, 529-569;
adjs. used as substs., 558, 561;
numeral adjs., 637-643.

Present participles, 632, 633, 560, 562-564.

Pronouns, 644-694;
personal, 644-651;
reflexive, 644-651;
possess., 652-655;
demonstrative, 656-670;
determinative, 656-659, 671-675;
of identity, 656-659, 676-678;
intensive, 656-659, 679, 680;
rel., interrogative, indef., 656-659, 681-694.

See #Gender#, #Number#, #Case#.

#Decreeing#,
see #Resolve#.

#Defective#,
substs., in number, 416, 417, see also 477, 489, 493, 518, 523,
524, 534, 545;
words of 4th decl., no sing., 588;
words of 5th decl., no plur., 597, 600;
in case, 430;
cases lacking in 3rd decl., 473-545;
cases lacking in 4th decl., 588;
cases lacking in 5th decl., 597, 600, 604-607;
adjs., in number, 623; in case, 430, 431, 356;
cases lacking in cons. stems, 472, 623-626;
cases lacking in #-i-# stems, 531-537, 627, 634-636;
in comparison, 356-360;
advs., in comparison, 363, 364;
prons., in case, 692;
verbs, 805-817, 900, 905, 907, 922-1019.

#Defining#,
acc., 1140-1146, 1173, 1475.

#Definite#,
perf., use of, 1602, 1605-1613;
sequence of, 1717, 1754;
see #Perfect#.

Time, in #cum# sentences, 1861-1867;
in sentences with #ubī̆#, #ut#, #simul atque#, 1933, 1934.

#Definition#,
gen. of, 1255-1259;
perf. subjv. in, with #antequam#, 1913.

#Degree#,
denoted by advs., 1438;
of comparison, see #Comparison#;
of difference, see #Difference#.

#Delaying#,
verbs of, with #quīn#, 1986;
see #Hindering#.

#Deliberating#,
verbs of, with indirect question, 1774.

#Deliberation#,
questions of, in pres. ind., 1531;
in fut., 1531, 1623;
in subjv., 1563;
in subordinate sentence, 1731;
tense of, in secondary sentence, 1753;
in indirect question, 1786, 1774.

#Demanding#,
verbs of, with two accusatives, 1169-1171;
with acc. and prepositional phrase, 1170;
with acc. and infin., 2194.

#Demonstrative#,
prons., decl. of, 656-670;
agreement of, 1095-1098, see #Agreement#;
with a compar., 1326;
omitted in rel. sentence, 1798;
as connectives, 2128-2130;
correlative prons., 1831;
use of #hīc#, 2347-2355;
use of #iste#, 2356, 2357;
use of #ille#, 2358-2364;
see #hīc#, &c.;
advs., 711.

#Denominative#,
defined, 198;
substs., 246-279, 226, 227, 232;
adjs., 298-360, 287;
verbs, formation of, 365-375, 839, 840;
inflection of, 792-797;
list of, 987-1022;
see #Verbs#, #Formation#.

#Dentals#, 77;
stems, 474-478.

#Dependent#,
see #Subordinate#.

#Deponents#,
defined, 725, 1486;
imper. of, 297, 731;
prin. parts of, 735;
how designated, 736, 737;
inflection of, 798-801;
in #-i#, list of, 977-986;
act. forms of, 798;
with act. and pass. endings, 800, 1488, 1489;
semi-deponents, 801, 1488;
perf. partic. of, with act. and pass. meaning, 907, 1364, 1492;
with reflexive, pass., or reciprocal force, 1487;
with pass. meaning, 1490;
pass. of, how expressed, 1491;
perf. with pres. force, 2280.

#Deprive#,
verbs meaning, with abl., 1302-1306.

#Descending rhythms#, 2528.

#Descriptions#,
impf. in, 1599;
asyndeton in, 1639;
in indic. in rel. sentence, 1813;
expressed by abl. abs., 1367;
expressed by partic., 2295.

#Desiderative#,
verbs, definition and formation of, 375;
defective, 810.

#Desire#,
subjv. of, 1540-1553;
in coordination, 1705-1713;
in rel. sentences of purpose, 1817;
in sentences with #potius quam#, &c., 1897;
in sentences of purpose with #ut#, 1947;
in sentences with #dum#, 2005.

Verbs of, with gen., 1286;
with purpose clause, 1950;
with acc. and infin., 2189-2192, 2228.

See #Wish#, #Wishing#, #Desirous#.

#Desirous#,
adjs. meaning, gen. with, 1263, 1264.

#Determinative#,
compounds, defined and classified, 382-384.

Pronouns., decl. of, 656-659, 671-675;
agreement of, 1094-1098, see #Agreement#;
omitted in rel. sentence, 1798;
as connectives, 2128-2130;
correlative prons., 1831;
use and force of, 2365-2370, 2361;
see #is#.

Adverbs, 711.

#Development#,
of vowel before cons., 172;
of vowel between consonants, 172;
of cons., 167;
#p# between #m# and #s#, #m# and #t#, 167.

#Diaeresis#,
defined, 2542, 2543;
bucolic, 2559.

#Dialysis#, 2501.

#Diastolé#, 2505.

#Dicolic verses#, 2535.

#Difference#,
verbs of, case with, 1186;
amount of, abl. of, 1393-1399, 1153, 1154, 1459, see #Extent#;
#quō . . . eō#, 1973.

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A Latin Grammar for Schools and CollegesChapter XXVII: Part 27

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