Chapter XVI: Part 16

(_a._) #fīliam quis habet, pecūniā opus est#, _Par._ 44, _a man has a daughter, he needs money_. #trīstis es, indignor#, O. _Tr._ 4, 3, 33, _if you are sad, I feel provoked_. (_b._) #sī iste ībit, ītō; stābit, astātō simul#, Pl. _Ps._ 863, _if he shall move, move thou; but shall he stand, stand by his side_. #in caelum, iusseris, ībit#, J. 3, 78, _say but the word, he’ll mount the sky_. (_c._) #subdūc cibum ūnum diem āthlētae, Iovem Olympium inplōrābit#, _TD._ 2, 40, _cut off an athlete from his food just a day, he will pray to Jupiter aloft in Olympus_ (1574). (_d._) #Zēnōnem rogēs, respondeat totidem verbīs#, _Fin._ 4, 69, _you may ask Zeno, he would answer in just as many words_ (1556). (_e._) #tū quoque magnam partem opere in tantō, sineret dolor, Īcare, habērēs#, V. 6, 31, _thou too a goodly space in work so vast, had grief allowed, O Icarus, hadst filled_ (1559). #at darēs hanc vim M. Crassō, in forō saltāret#, _Off._ 3, 75, _but had you given this chance to Crassus, he would have capered in the market place_ (1559). #nam absque tē esset, hodiē numquam ad sōlem occāsum vīverem#, Pl. _Men._ 1022, _for were it not for you, I ne’er should live this blessed day till set of sun_ (1560, 2110). (_f._) #ūnā fuissēmus, cōnsilium certē nōn dēfuisset#, _Att._ 9, 6, 6, _had we been together, we certainly should not have lacked a programme_ (1561).

1702. (7.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a concession: as,

#id fortasse nōn perfēcimus, cōnātī quidem sumus#, _O._ 210; _though we have perhaps not attained unto this, yet we have attempted it_. #ergō illī intellegunt quid Epicūrus dīcat, ego nōn intellegō?# _Fin._ 2, 13, _do those gentlemen then understand what Epicurus means, and I not?_

1703. (8.) The coordinated member may denote efficient cause or reason: as,

#peregrīnus ego sum, Sauream nōn nōvī#, Pl. _As._ 464, _I am a stranger, and I don’t know Saurea_. #mulier es, audācter iūrās#, Pl. _Am._ 836, _because you are a woman, you are bold to swear_. #tacent, satis laudant#, T. _Eu._ 476, _their silence is sufficient praise_.

1704. (9.) The coordinated member may represent the protasis of a comparative sentence with #ut# (1937): as,

#ita mē dī ament, honestust#, T. _Eu._ 474, _so help me heaven, he is a proper man_. #sollicitat, ita vīvam, mē tua, mī Tirō, valētūdō#, _Fam._ 16, 20, _your health, dear Tiro, keeps me fidgety, as I hope to live_.

1705. II. The subordinate idea is often indicated by the subjunctive of desire coordinated with another verb, usually with one which has a different subject.

Thus, the combination #amēs: oportet#, _you should love; it is right_ (1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one whole, #amēs oportet#, _Fin._ 2, 35, _it is right you should love_. The verb with which the subjunctive is coordinated specifies more exactly the general idea of desire contained in the subjunctive itself. The tense of the coordinate subjunctive is regulated by that of the other verb.

1706. The negative employed with coordinated subjunctives is the adverb #nē#, _not_.

Thus, the combination #vidē: nē mē lūdās#, _see to it; don’t you fool me_ (1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one whole, #vidē nē mē lūdās#, Pl. _Cur._ 325, _see to it you don’t fool me_. Similarly, #metuō: nē peccet#, _I am afraid; let her not slip up_ (1548), becomes #metuō nē peccet#, Pl. _Per._ 624, _I am afraid she may slip up_. From its frequent use in sentences of subordinate meaning, #nē# came at an early period to be regarded as a subordinating conjunction also, _lest_, _that . . . not_, as well as an adverb, and took the place of the less usual #ut nē#. Hence members with #nē# are more conveniently treated under the head of subordination (1947).

1707. (1.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of wishing. Such are #volō#, #nōlō#, rarely #mālō#, #optō#, #placet#, &c.: as,

#animum advortās volō#, Pl. _Cap._ 388, _I wish you would pay heed_ (1548). #quid vīs faciam?# T. _Hau._ 846, _what wilt thou I should do?_ (1563). #vin conmūtēmus? tuam ego dūcam et tū meam?# Pl. _Tri._ 59, _would you like to swap? I take your wife, and you take mine?_ (1563). #mālō tē sapiēns hostis metuat, quam stultī cīvēs laudent#, L. 22, 39, 20, _I would rather a wise enemy should fear you, than stupid fellow-citizens admire you_ (1548). Coordination is the rule with #velim#, #vellem#, &c., used in the sense of #utinam# (1540): as, #dē Menedēmō vellem vērum fuisset, dē rēgīnā velim vērum sit#, _Att._ 15, 4, 4, _about Menedemus I could wish it had been true, about the queen I hope it may be true_. #tellūs optem prius īma dehīscat#, V. 4, 24, _I would the earth to deepest depths might sooner yawn_. #L. Domitius dīxit placēre sībī̆ sententiās dē singulīs ferrent#, Caes. _C._ 3, 83, 3, _Domitius said his view was they should vote on the men separately_.

1708. (2.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of request, entreaty, encouragement, exhortation, charge, direction, command. Such are #precor#, #rogō#, #ōrō#, #petō#, #hortor#, #postulō#, #moneō#, #cēnseō#; #mandō#, #imperō#, #praecipiō#, #dēcernō#; and chiefly in old Latin, #iubeō#: as,

(_a._) #reddās incolumem precor#, H. 1, 3, 7, _deliver him up safe I pray_. #rogat fīnem ōrandī faciat#, 1, 20, 5, _he requests him to make an end of entreaty_. #ā tē id quod suēstī petō, mē absentem dēfendās#, _Fam._ 15, 8, _I ask you to do as you always do, stand up for me when I am away_. #nōn hortor sōlum sed etiam rogō atque ōrō, tē colligās virumque praebeās#, _Fam._ 5, 18, 1, _I not only exhort you, but more than that I beg and entreat you, pull yourself together and quit you like a man_. #postulō etiam atque etiam cōnsīderēs quō prōgrediāre#, L. 3, 45, 10, _I charge you think again and again what you are coming to_. #tē moneō videās, quid agās. magnō opere cēnseō, dēsistās#, _V._ 5, 174, _I advise you to consider what you are doing. I earnestly recommend you to stop_. #hunc admonet iter cautē faciat#, 5, 49, 3, _he warns him he must pursue his march with care_. (_b._) #huic mandat Rēmōs adeat#, 3, 11, 2, _he directs him to go to the Remans_. #praecipit ūnum omnēs peterent Indutiomarum#, 5, 58, 5, _he says they must all concentrate their attack on Indutiomarus_. #huic imperat quās possit adeat cīvitātēs#, 4, 21, 8, _he orders him to visit such communities as he can_. #senātus dēcrēvit darent operam cōnsulēs nē quid rēs pūblica dētrīmentī caperet#, S. _C._ 29, 2, _the senate decreed the consuls must see to it that the commonwealth received no harm_. #iube maneat#, T. _Hau._ 737, _tell her she must stay_. #mīlitēs certiōrēs facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium#, 3, 5, 3, _he tells the soldiers they must stop fighting a little while_. #abī, nūntiā patribus urbem Rōmānam mūniant#, L. 22, 49, 10, _go tell the fathers they must fortify Rome town_. #dīxī equidem in carcerem īrēs#, Pl. _St._ 624, _I’m sure I told you you must go to jail_. #scrībit Labiēnō cum legiōne veniat#, 5, 46, 3, _he writes to Labienus he must come with a legion_. #lēgātiōnem mittunt sī velit suōs recipere, obsidēs sibī̆ remittat#, 3, 8, 5, _they send an embassy, if he wishes to get his own men back, he must send back the hostages to them_.

1709. (3.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with expressions of propriety or necessity. Such are #oportet#, #optumum est#, #opus est#, #decet#, #necesse est#.

#mē ipsum amēs oportet, nōn mea#, _Fin._ 2, 85, _it is myself you should love, not my possessions_. #quoniam habēs istum equom, aut ēmerīs oportet, aut hērēditāte possideās, aut surripuerīs necesse est#, _Inv._ 1, 84, _since you are in possession of that horse, you must either have bought him or inherited him, or else you must necessarily have stolen him_. #sed taceam optumumst#, Pl. _E._ 60, _but I’d best hold my tongue_. #nihil opust rescīscat#, Pl. _Mer._ 1004, _she needn’t find it out at all_. #condemnētur necesse est#, _RA._ 111, _be condemned he needs must_.

1710. (4.) The subjunctive is sometimes coordinated with verbs of permission or concession. Such are #permittō# in Sallust and Livy, #concēdō#, also #sinō#, mostly in the imperative, chiefly in old Latin and poetry, and the impersonal #licet# (used thus often in Cicero, rarely before or after): as,

#supplēmentum scrīberent cōnsulēs, permissum#, L. 27, 22, 11, _leave was given that the consuls might fill up the army_. #sine sciam#, L. 2, 40, 5, _let me know_. #sine modo adveniat senex#, Pl. _Most._ 11, _let but the old man come_. #fremant omnēs licet, dīcam quod sentiō#, _DO._ 1, 195, _though everybody may growl, I will say what I think_. See 1904.

1711. (5.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with the imperative #cavē̆#, #cavētō#, #cavēte#, _beware_, used in the sense of #nē# (1585): as,

#cavē faciās#, _Att._ 13, 33, 4, _don’t do it_. #cave dīrumpātis#, Pl. _Poen. prol._ 117, _don’t break it off_ (1075).

1712. (6.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of giving, persuading, accomplishing, taking care. In this case the subjunctive has the meaning of purpose or result. Such are the imperative #cedo#, and #dō#, #persuādeō#, #impetrō#, #cūrō#, also #faciō#, particularly #fac# and #facitō#: as,

#cedo bibam#, Pl. _Most._ 373, _give me to drink_. #date bibat tībīcinī#, Pl. _St._ 757, _give the piper to drink_. #huic Sp. Albīnus persuādet rēgnum Numidiae ā senātū petat#, S. _I._ 35, 2, _Albinus induces him to ask of the senate the throne of Numidia_. #tandem inpetrāvī abīret#, Pl. _Tri._ 591, _at last I’ve coaxed him to clear out_. #fac sciam#, _Fam._ 7, 16, 3, _let me know_. #faxō sciās#, Pl. _Men._ 644, _I’ll let you know_, much oftener #sciēs# or #scībis# (1700). #fac bellus revertāre#, _Fam._ 16, 18, 1, _mind you come back a beauty_ (1579).

1713. A subjunctive is now and then loosely coordinated with verbs in general, to indicate the purpose of the action: as,

#ēvocāte hūc Sōsiam, Blepharōnem arcēssat#, Pl. _Am._ 949, _call Sosia here, let him fetch Blepharo_. #clārē advorsum fābulābor, hic auscultet quae loquar#, Pl. _Am._ 300, _I’ll speak distinctly face to face, that he may hear what I shall say_. #operam hanc subrupuī tibī̆, ex mē scīrēs#, Pl. _Am._ 523, _I did this secretly for you, that you might learn from me_. #manibus date līlia plēnīs, purpureōs spargam flōrēs#, V. 6, 883, _lilies in handfuls give, I fain would scatter purple flowers_, that is, _that I may scatter_.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE, OR SUBORDINATION.

1714. In a complex sentence, that is one consisting of a main and a subordinate sentence, the subordinate member is introduced by some subordinating word: such are,

I. Interrogative words, in indirect questions; II. Relative pronouns; III. Relative conjunctive particles, or conjunctive particles not of relative origin.

1715. Subordinate sentences may have the value of a substantive, usually as subject or as object; of an attributive; or of an adverb or adverbial adjunct: as,

(_a._) #eādem nocte accidit ut esset lūna plēna#, 4, 29, 1, _it came to pass the same night that there was a full moon_. #videō quid agās#, _Fam._ 16, 17, _I see what you are driving at_. (_b._) #fundus quī est in agrō, quī Sabīnus vocātur, eum meum esse aiō#, _Mur._ 26, _the estate which is in the territory which is called Sabine, that I maintain is mine_, lawyers’ wordiness for #fundus Sabīnus#. (_c._) #cum advesperāsceret, ad pontem Mulvium pervēnērunt#, _C._ 3, 5, _when it was getting dark, they reached the Mulvius bridge_, i.e. #vesperī#, or #prīmō vespere#.

1716. Subordinate sentences which express time or place, are called _Temporal_ or _Local_ sentences; comparison or manner, _Comparative_ or _Modal_ sentences; condition, cause, or concession, _Conditional_, _Causal_, or _Concessive_ sentences; purpose, _Final_ sentences; result, _Consecutive_ sentences.

1717. In a main sentence, the indicative present, future, and future perfect, and the imperative, are called _Primary Tenses_; the indicative imperfect, historical perfect, and pluperfect, and the infinitive of intimation, are called _Secondary Tenses_. The perfect definite and the present of vivid narration are sometimes regarded as primary tenses, oftener as secondary tenses.

1718. Verbs which have an implication of futurity, such as those meaning _can_, _ought_, _must_, &c., with an infinitive, also subjunctives of wish (1540) or of exhortation (1547), may be called _Virtual Futures_.

1719. Sometimes the subjunctive serves as a main sentence: see 1762; sometimes a noun of the verb: see 1766.

MOOD OF THE SUBORDINATE SENTENCE.

1720. The indicative and the subjunctive are both used in subordinate sentences, as will be shown in the treatment of the several words of subordination. Some general uses may be mentioned collectively here.

THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

1721. The indicative is ordinarily used in sentences introduced by a relative pronoun, or by a causal conjunctive word other than #cum#.

#pontem, quī erat ad Genāvam, iubet rescindī#, 1, 7, 2, _he orders the bridge which was near Geneva torn up_. #concēdō, quia necesse est#, _RA._ 145, _I give up, because I have to_. In sentences of this class, however, the subjunctive is often required, particularly in indirect discourse (1722), or in cases of attraction (1728).

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE AND OF ATTRACTION.

1722. The subjunctive is used in relative, causal, temporal, and conditional sentences in indirect discourse, and in cases of attraction.

1723. A direct quotation or question gives the words of the original speaker without alteration. When the original words of a quotation or question are changed to conform to the construction of the sentence in which they are quoted, it is called _Indirect Discourse_.

1724. In the complete form of indirect discourse, the subjunctive is subordinate to an infinitive or an accusative with the infinitive, dependent on a verb of saying or thinking (2175): as,

#negat Epicūrus iūcundē posse vīvī, nisi cum virtūte vīvātur#, _TD._ 3, 49, _Epicurus avers there is no living happily, without living virtuously_; directly, #iūcundē vīvī nōn potest, nisi cum virtūte vīvitur#. #Sōcratēs dīcere solēbat, omnēs in eō quod scīrent, satis esse ēloquentēs#, _DO._ 1, 63, _Socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter they knew_; directly, #omnēs in eō quod sciunt satis sunt ēloquentēs#.

1725. The idea of saying or thinking is often not formally expressed in the main sentence, and the indirect discourse is intimated by the subordinate subjunctive only: as,

#noctū ambulābat in pūblicō Themistoclēs, quod somnum capere nōn posset#, _TD._ 4, 44, _Themistocles used to walk the streets nights, ‘because he could not sleep,’_ given as Themistocles’s reason; the writer’s would be #poterat#. #Paetus omnēs librōs, quōs frāter suus relīquisset, mihī̆ dōnāvit#, _Att._ 2, 1, 12, _Paetus made me a present of all the books ‘that his brother had left.’_ #dum reliquae nāvēs eō convenīrent, in ancorīs expectāvit#, 4, 23, 4, _he waited at anchor till the rest of the vessels should gather there_ (2005). #pervēnit priusquam Pompēius sentīre posset#, Caes. _C._ 3, 67, 4, _he got there before Pompey should be able to learn of his coming_ (1919). #Xerxēs praemium prōposuit, quī invēnisset novam voluptātem#, _TD._ 5, 20, _Xerxes offered a reward to anybody who should devise a new form of entertainment_ (2110).

1726. A speaker or writer may quote his own thoughts in the indirect form, like another person’s: as, #haec tibi dictābam post fānum putre Vacūnae, exceptō quod nōn simul essēs, cētera laetus#, H. _E._ 1, 10, 49, _I write thee this behind Vacuna’s mouldering pile, in all else well, except that thou’rt not here the while_ (1601).

1727. Instead of an intimation of indirect discourse by a mere subjunctive, a verb of thinking or saying is sometimes introduced by #quī#, or especially #quod#, sometimes by #cum#, and put illogically itself in the subjunctive: as, #litterās, quās mē sibī̆ mīsisse dīceret, recitāvit#, _Ph._ 2, 7, _he read off a letter, which he said I sent him_, i.e. #quās mīsissem#. #impetrāre nōn potuī, quod religiōne sē impedīrī dīcerent#, Sulpicius in _Fam._ 4, 12, 3, _I could not get leave, because they said they were hampered by religious scruple_, i.e. #quod impedīrentur#. #cum dīceret#, _DN._ 3, 83, _saying as he did_. This construction is common in Cicero, somewhat so in Caesar, rare in Sallust.

1728. The subjunctive is used in sentences expressing an essential part of the thought, which are subordinate to another subjunctive, or to an infinitive. This is called the _Subjunctive of Attraction_, or _of Assimilation_: as,

#vereor nē, dum minuere velim labōrem, augeam#, _Leg._ 1, 12, _I am afraid I may make the work harder, while I am aiming to make it less_. #sī sōlōs eōs dīcerēs miserōs, quibus moriendum esset, nēminem eōrum, quī vīverent exciperēs#, _TD._ 1, 9, _if you should pronounce only such people unhappy as had to die, you would not except one of those who were living_. #mōs est Syrācūsīs, ut sī quā dē rē ad senātum referātur, dīcat sententiam quī velit#, _V._ 4, 142, _it is the custom at Syracuse, that if any question is discussed in the senate, anybody who pleases may express his opinion_. #sapiēns nōn dubitat, sī ita melius sit, migrāre dē vītā#, _Fin._ 1, 62, _the sage does not hesitate, if this be the better course, to withdraw from life_. #mōs est Athēnīs laudārī in cōntiōne eōs, quī sint in proeliīs interfectī#, _O._ 151, _it is the custom in Athens to eulogize in public assembly such as have fallen in action_.

1729. The indicative is kept in subordinate statements added or vouched for by the person reporting, and also in circumlocutions equivalent to a substantive: as,

#nūntiātum est Ariovistum ad occupandum Vesontiōnem, quod est oppidum maximum Sēquanōrum, contendere#, 1, 38, 1, _it was reported that Ariovistus was pressing on to seize Vesontio, which is the most considerable town of the Sequans_. #prūdentissima cīvitās Athēniēnsium, dum ea rērum potīta est, fuisse trāditur#, _RA._ 70, _Athens is said to have been passing wise, as long as she held the hegemony_. #vīs, quae restant, mē loquī?# T. _Andr._ 195, _wilt have me tell the rest?_ i.e. #relicua#. #fierī potest, ut id quod sentit polītē ēloquī nōn possit#, _TD._ 1, 6, _it may be that he cannot express his thought in polished style_, i.e. #sententiam suam#.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF REPEATED ACTION.

1730. The subjunctive is sometimes used in relative, temporal, or conditional sentences, to express action repeated or occurring at no particular time: as,

(_a._) #neque aliter sī faciat, ūllam inter suōs habet auctōritātem#, 6, 11, 4, _and if he does not do this, he never has any ascendancy at all over his people_. With the present and perfect, however, this subjunctive is confined principally to the indefinite second person singular (1030): as, #bonus sēgnior fit, ubī̆ neglegās#, S. _I._ 31, 28, _the good man always gets slacker, when you are neglectful_. #sīquoi mūtuom quid dederīs, fit prō propriō perditum#, Pl. _Tri._ 1050, _if you’ve lent anything to any man, ’tis not your own, but lost_. (_b._) The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive begin with Catullus and Caesar, and get to be common with Livy and Tacitus: as, #sī quis prehenderētur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēripiēbātur#, Caes. _C._ 3, 110, 4, _every time a man was taken up, he was rescued by the joint action of the rank and file_. #quemcumque līctor prēndisset, tribūnus mittī iubēbat#, L. 3, 11, 2, _every man the lictor arrested, a tribune would order released_.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE AS IN THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

1731. The subjunctive of wish, of action conceivable, or of interrogation, is sometimes used in a subordinate sentence exactly as in main sentences: as,

#haec diē nātālī meō scrīpsī, quō utinam susceptus nōn essem#, _Att._ 11, 9, 3, _this I have written on my birthday, on which day I wish I had never been lifted from the ground_ (1544). #ut videās#, Lucr. 3, 348, _so that you can see_ (1556). #neque id faciō, ut forsitan quibusdam videar, simulātiōne#, _Fam._ 1, 8, 2, _nor do I do it, as perhaps I may seem to some to do, from hypocrisy_ (1556). #etiamst paucīs vōs quod monitōs voluerim#, Pl. _Cap._ 53, _there’s one point more, on which I’d have you briefly warned_ (1558). #erant eiusmodī sitūs oppidōrum, ut neque pedibus aditum habērent neque nāvibus, quod minuente aestū nāvēs in vadīs adflīctārentur#, 3, 12, 1, _the towns were so situated that there was no access to them by land, nor by boat either, because at ebb tide vessels would pound on the shoals_ (1559). #vix erat hoc imperātum, cum illum spoliātum vidērēs#, _V._ 4, 86, _hardly was the order from his lips, when you might have seen the man stript_ (1559). #quō mē vertam nesciō#, _Clu._ 4, _I don’t know which way to turn_ (1563).

[Erratum:
1731 ... #neque id faciō, ut forsitan quibusdam videar, simulātiōne#,
final , missing]

TENSE OF THE SUBORDINATE SENTENCE.

THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE.

1732. I. The tense of a subordinate indicative often indicates a close relation of time with the tense of the leading verb, particularly in cases of repeated contemporaneous or antecedent action. The subordinate sentence in such combinations is said to have _Relative_ time.

1733. (1.) The subordinate indicative tense may express action concurrent with the main action. Two concurrent sentences are usually put in the same tense.

Concurrent action is said to be (_a._) _congruent_, when two actions merely cover the same time: as, #dum legō, adsentior#, _TD._ 1, 24, _as long as I am reading, I assent_. #dum necesse erat, ūnus omnia poterat#, _RA._ 139, _so long as it had to be, one man controlled the world_. #dum Latīnae loquentur litterae, quercus huic locō nōn deerit#, _Leg._ 1, 2, _as long as Latin literature has the gift of speech, this spot will not lack its oak_. #vīxit, dum vīxit, bene#, T. _Hec._ 461, _he lived well all the time he lived_. #quoad potuit, fortissimē restitit#, 4, 12, 5, _as long as he could, he made a manful stand_. Or (_b._) _coincident_, when one action is virtually the same as the other: as, #cum tacent, clāmant#, _C._ 1, 21, _while they are dumb, they cry out_, i.e. their silence is as telling as a shout. #fēcistī mihī̆ pergrātum, quod Serāpiōnis librum mīsistī#, _Att._ 2, 4, 1, _you have obliged me very much by sending Serapio’s book_.

1734. (2.) The subordinate indicative tense may express action contemporaneous, antecedent, or subsequent, in relation to the main action.

1735. (_a._) Action contemporaneous with a main present is expressed by a present, with a main future or virtual future, by a future, with a main secondary tense by an imperfect: as,

#quod est, eō decet ūtī#, _CM._ 27, _what you have, that you should avail yourself of_. #hōrologium mittam, sī erit sūdum#, _Fam._ 16, 18, 3, _I will send the clock, if it is pleasant_ (1625). #paulātim dabis, sī sapiēs#, T. _Hau._ 870, _you’ll give in driblets, if you are wise_. #cum relaxāre animōs volent, caveant intemperantiam#, _Off._ 1, 122, _when they want to unbend, let them beware of excess_ (1625; 1718). #omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendās nāvēs erant ūsuī#, 4, 29, 4, _they were out of everything that was serviceable for repairing their vessels_.

1736. (_b._) Action antecedent to a main present is expressed by a perfect, to a main future or virtual future by a future perfect, to a main secondary tense by a pluperfect: as,

#quōcumque aspexistī tuae tibī̆ occurrunt iniūriae#, _Par._ 18, _wherever you turn your gaze, you are confronted by your own abominable acts_. #cum posuī librum, adsēnsiō omnis ēlābitur#, _TD._ 1, 24, _when I drop the book, all assent melts away_ (1860). #quicquid fēceris, adprobābō#, _Fam._ 3, 3, 2, _no matter what you do, I shall think it well_ (1626). #ut quisque istīus animum offenderat, in lautumiās statim coniciēbātur#, _V._ 5, 143, _any man that wounded his sensibilities was always flung into the quarries without any ado_.

1737. (_c._) Action subsequent to a main present is expressed by the future participle with a present form of #sum#, to a main future or virtual future by the future participle with a future form of #sum#, and to a main secondary tense by the future participle with an imperfect form of #sum#: as,

#decem diēs sunt ante lūdōs, quōs Cn. Pompēius factūrus est#, _V. a. pr_. 31, _there are ten days before the shows which Pompey is to manage_. #attentōs faciēmus, sī dēmōnstrābimus ea, quae dictūrī erimus, magna esse#, _Inv._ 1, 23, _we shall make people attentive if we show that what we are going to say is important_. #rēx, quia nōn interfutūrus nāvālī certāminī erat, Magnēsiam concessit#, L. 36, 43, 9, _as the king was not to have a hand in the action at sea, he moved off to Magnesia_.

1738. II. A subordinate indicative tense is said to be _Independent_ when it simply expresses time of its own, without any close relation to the time of the main action.

Such independent tenses may denote general present action: as, #ībam forte viā sacrā, sīcut meus est mōs#, H. _S._ 1, 9, 1, _in Sacred Street, as is my wont, I happened to be promenading_ (relatively, #erat mōs#, 1735). #nōn mē appellābis, sī sapis#, Pl. _Most._ 515, _you won’t address me, if you have sense_ (relatively, #sī sapiēs#, 1735). Or past action, either continuous, completed, or indefinite: as, #ut mōs fuit Bī̆thȳniae rēgibus, lectīcā ferēbātur#, _V._ 5, 27, _he regularly rode in a litter, as was the practice of the despots of Bithynia_; here #fuit# denotes action simply as past, without further definition of time (1603), whereas #erat#, relative to the time of #ferēbātur#, would imply _which was then the practice_ (1595).

1739. With #dum#, _in the time while_, an independent present is used: see 1995. With #postquam#, &c., _after_, an independent perfect is used of a single action; see 1925.

THE TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1740. Subordinate subjunctive sentences were originally independent coordinate sentences, in the tense required to express the thought. By degrees the subordinate sentence blended closely with the main sentence, and the combination of the two was regarded as one whole.

1741. I. The time of the subordinate subjunctive is usually _Relative_, that is either contemporaneous, antecedent, or subsequent, in relation to that of the main action.

1742. Action contemporaneous with the main action is expressed by a present or imperfect subjunctive. Action antecedent is expressed by a perfect or a pluperfect subjunctive. Action subsequent is expressed by the future participle with a form of #sim# or of #essem#.

1743. Subordinate sentences with verbs of will or aim, with verbs of fear, also final sentences and many consecutive sentences are expressed in Latin as contemporaneous with the main action, not as subsequent to it.

1744. II. The main and subordinate sentences may express wholly different spheres of time by tenses not commonly used together, when the thought requires it. In such cases the tense of the subordinate member is called _Independent_, like the analogous tenses of the indicative (1738).

1745. The use of subordinate subjunctive tenses relatively to the main tense, or what is commonly called the _Sequence of Tenses_, is as follows:

TENSE SUBORDINATE TO AN INDICATIVE.

1746. (1.) The present, or perfect subjunctive, or the future participle with a form of #sim#, is used in sentences subordinate to a primary tense (1717): as,

(_a._) #tē hortor, ut Rōmam pergās#, _QFr._ 1, 3, 4, _I urge you to repair to Rome_. #cūrā, ut quam prīmum veniās#, _Fam._ 4, 10, 1, _mind that you come as soon as you can_. #ego quid accēperim sciō#, _RA._ 58, _I know what I have received_. #quam sum sollicitus quidnam futūrum sit#, _Att._ 8, 6, 3, _how anxious I am to know what in the world is to come_. (_b._) #in eum locum rēs dēducta est ut salvī esse nequeāmus#, _Fam._ 16, 12, 1, _to such a pass has it come that we cannot be saved_. #an oblītus es quid initiō dīxerim?# _DN._ 2, 2, _have you possibly forgotten what I said at the start?_ #quoniam in eam ratiōnem vītae nōs fortūna dēdūxit, ut sempiternus sermō dē nōbīs futūrus sit, caveāmus#, _QFr._ 1, 1, 38, _since fortune has set us in such a walk of life that we are to be eternally talked about, let us be on our guard_. (_c._) #efficiam, ut intellegātis#, _Clu._ 7, _I will see that you understand_. #dīcent quid statuerint#, _V._ 2, 175, _they will tell what they decided on_. #quae fuerit causa, mox vīderō#, _Fin._ 1, 35, _what the reason was I won’t consider till by and by_ (1630). #tē disertum putābō, sī ostenderis quō modō sīs eōs inter sīcāriōs dēfēnsūrus#, _Ph._ 2, 8, _I shall think you a most effective speaker, if you show how you are going to defend them on the charge of murder_.

1747. (2.) The imperfect, or pluperfect subjunctive, or the future participle with a form of #essem#, is used in sentences subordinate to a secondary tense (1717): as,

(_a._) #hīs rēbus fīēbat, ut minus lātē vagārentur#, 1, 2, 4, _so it came to pass that they did not roam round much_. #docēbat, ut tōtīus Galliae prīncipātum Aeduī tenuissent#, 1, 43, 6, _he showed how the Aeduans had had the mastery over all Gaul_. #Flaccus quid aliī posteā factūrī essent scīre nōn poterat#, Fl. 33, _Flaccus could not tell what other people would do in the future_. (_b._) #is cīvitātī persuāsit, ut dē fīnibus suīs cum omnibus cōpiīs exīrent#, 1, 2, 1, _this man prevailed on his community to emigrate from their place of abode, bag and baggage_. #quās rēs in Hispāniā gessisset, disseruit#, L. 28, 38, 2, _he discoursed on his military career in Spain_. #an Lacedaemoniī quaesīvērunt num sē esset morī prohibitūrus?# TD. 5, 42, _did the Spartans ask whether he was going to prevent them from dying?_ (_c._) #Ariovistus tantōs sibī̆ spīritūs sūmpserat, ut ferendus nōn vidērētur#, 1, 33, 5, _Ariovistus had put on such high and mighty airs that he seemed intolerable_. #hīc pāgus, cum domō exīsset patrum nostrōrum memoriā, L. Cassium cōnsulem interfēcerat#, 1, 12, 5, _this canton, sallying out from home in our fathers’ recollection, had put Cassius, the consul, to death_. #illud quod mihī̆ extrēmum prōposueram, cum essem de bellī genere dictūrus#, _IP._ 17, _the point I had reserved till the end, when I was going to discourse on the character of the war_.

1748. With any kind of a secondary main sentence, a subordinate general truth usually stands in the past, contrary to the English idiom: as,

#hīc cōgnōscī licuit, quantum esset hominibus praesidī in animī firmitūdine#, Caes. _C._ 3, 28, 4, _here there was a chance to learn what a bulwark man has in courage_. In the direct form #est# (1588).

1749. A subsequent relation is sometimes loosely suggested by a simple subjunctive; necessarily so with verbs which lack the future participle, or which are in the passive: as, #sum sollicitus quidnam dē prōvinciīs dēcernātur#, _Fam._ 2, 11, 1, _I am anxious to see what in the world may be decided on about the provinces_.

1750. In a single example, a future perfect of resulting state is represented in subordination as follows: #nec dubitō quīn cōnfecta iam rēs futūra sit#, _Fam._ 6, 12, 3, _and I have no doubt the job will soon be completely finished up_, directly, #sine dubiō cōnfecta iam rēs erit#.

1751. (1.) An imperfect subjunctive expressing a particular past result, cause, reason, &c., is sometimes connected with a main general present tense (1744): as,

#cuius praeceptī tanta vīs est, ut ea Delphicō deō tribuerētur#, _Leg._ 1, 58, _the power of this rule is so mighty that it was ascribed to the Delphic god_. #cuius rē̆ī tanta est vīs, ut Ithacam illam sapientissimus vir immortālitātī antepōneret#, _DO._ 1, 196, _so irresistible is the power of this sentiment that the shrewdest of men loved his little Ithaca better than life eternal_; of Ulixes. #laudantur ōrātōrēs veterēs quod crīmina dīluere dīlūcidē solērent#, _V._ 2, 191, _the orators of old are admired ‘because they were always clear in explaining accusations away.’_ The secondary sequence is also sometimes exceptionally used with ordinary presents.

1752. (2.) The present of vivid narration is commonly regarded as a secondary tense, especially when the subordinate sentence precedes, and regularly with narrative #cum#. Sometimes however as a primary tense: as,

(_a._) #servīs suīs Rubrius, ut iānuam clauderent, imperat#, _V._ 1, 66, _Rubrius orders his slaves to shut the front door_. #Aeduī, cum sē dēfendere nōn possent, lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt#, 1, 11, 2, _the Aeduans, finding they could not defend themselves, send some envoys to Caesar_. (_b._) #hortātur, ut arma capiant#, 7, 4, 4, _he urges them to fly to arms_. Sometimes the two sequences stand side by side, or a subjunctive of primary sequence has itself a second subordinate subjunctive of secondary sequence. Either sequence is used with the present of quotation also (1592).

1753. (3.) Subordinate sentences of past action conceivable, of action non-occurrent, or dubitative questions of the past, retain their past unchanged with a main primary tense: as,

(_a._) #vērī simile nōn est, ut ille monumentīs maiōrum pecūniam antepōneret#, _V._ 4, 11, _it is not conceivable that the man would have thought more of money than of his heirlooms_, i.e. #nōn antepōneret# (1559). (_b._) #omnia sīc erunt inlūstria, ut ad ea probanda tōtam Siciliam testem adhibēre possem#, _V._ 5, 139, _everything will be so self-evident, that I could use all Sicily as a witness to prove it_ (1560). #taceō, nē haec quidem conligō, quae fortasse valērent apud iūdicem#, _Lig._ 30, _I’ll hold my tongue, I won’t even gather together the following arguments, which might perhaps be telling with a juryman_ (1560). (_c._) #quaerō ā tē cūr C. Cornēlium nōn dēfenderem#, _Vat._ 5, _I put the question to you, why I was not to defend Cornelius_ (1563).

1754. A final subjunctive subordinate to a perfect definite sometimes has the primary sequence, but more commonly the secondary: as,

(_a._) #etiamne ad subsellia cum ferrō vēnistis, ut hīc iugulētis Sex. Rōscium?# _RA._ 32, _have you actually come to the court-room knife in hand, to cut Roscius’s throat on the spot?_ (_b._) #nē īgnōrārētis esse aliquās pācis vōbīs condiciōnēs, ad vōs vēnī#, L. 21, 13, 2, _I have come to you to let you know that you have some chances of peace_. #addūxī hominem in quō satis facere exterīs nātiōnibus possētis#, _V. a. pr._ 2, _I have brought up a man in whose person you can give satisfaction to foreign nations_.

1755. An independent present or perfect subjunctive may be put with a main secondary tense (1744):

1756. (1.) In relative, causal, or concessive sentences: as,

#cum in cēterīs colōniīs duūm virī appellentur, hī sē praetōrēs appellārī volēbant#, _Agr._ 2, 93, _though they are styled in all other colonies The Two, these men wanted to be styled praetors_. #quī adulēscēns nihil umquam nisi sevērissimē et gravissimē fēcerit, is eā aetāte saltāvit?# _D._ 27, _did the man who in his growing years invariably behaved with austere propriety, dance and caper round in his old age?_ #hōc tōtō proeliō cum ab hōrā septimā ad vesperum pugnātum sit, āversum hostem vidēre nēmō potuit#, 1, 26, 2, _during the whole of this engagement, though the fighting went on from an hour past noon till evening, nobody could catch a glimpse of an enemy’s back_.

1757. (2.) Often in consecutive sentences: as,

(_a._) #in prōvinciā Siciliā, quam iste per triennium ita vexāvit, ut ea restituī in antīquum statum nūllō modō possit#, _V. a. pr._ 12, _in the province of Sicily, which the defendant so effectually tormented three years running that it cannot be restored at all to its original estate_. #priōrēs ita rēgnārunt, ut omnēs conditōrēs partium certē urbis numerentur#, L. 2, 1, 2, _such was the administration of the monarchs preceding, that they are all accounted founders of parts at least of Rome_. (_b._) The perfect subjunctive sometimes represents the time of the perfect definite: as, #tantum in aerārium pecūniae invēxit, ut ūnīus imperātōris praeda fīnem attulerit tribūtōrum#, _Off._ 2, 76, _he conveyed such quantities of money into the treasury, that the plunder turned in by a single commander has put an end to tribute for good and all_. #eō usque sē praebēbat patientem atque impigrum, ut eum nēmō umquam in equō sedentem vīderit#, _V._ 5, 27, _he showed himself so indefatigably active that no human being has ever seen him astride a horse_. Sometimes the time of the historical perfect: as, #temporis tanta fuit exiguitās, ut ad galeās induendās tempus dēfuerit#, 2, 21, 5, _so scant was the time that they had not time to put their helmets on_. #hīc ita quiēvit, ut eō tempore omnī Neāpolī fuerit#, _Sull._ 17, _this man held so quiet that he staid all that time at Neapolis_. In Cicero a negative subordinate perfect is not uncommon; an affirmative one is very rare. This construction is more common in Nepos, Livy, and Tacitus, and is the prevalent one in Suetonius.

1758. The imperfect only is used in complementary sentences with past verbs of happening, such as #accidit#, #contigit#, &c. (1966).

1759. When two consecutive subjunctives are coordinated, they usually have the same tense. Sometimes however the first is perfect and the second imperfect, or the reverse.

1760. (3.) An indirect question in the present or perfect sometimes retains its original tense with a main secondary tense (1744): as,

#hīc quantum in bellō fortūna possit, cōgnōscī potuit#, 6, 35, 2, _here there was a chance to see how potent dame Fortùne is in war_. Here #possit# represents #potest# of a general truth (1588); but usually general truths have the regular sequence (1748). #cūr abstinuerit spectāculō ipse, variē trahēbant#, Ta. 1, 76, _why the emperor did not go to the show, they accounted for in this way and that_, representing #cūr abstinuit? quō cōnsiliō redierim initiō audīstis, post estis expertī#, _Ph._ 10, 8, _what my idea was in coming back, you learned first by hearsay, afterwards by personal observation_, representing #quō cōnsiliō rediī?#

1761. The subordinate subjunctive has sometimes the sequence of the nearest verb, instead of that of its proper verb: as, #cūrāvit, quod semper in rē pūblicā tenendum est, nē plūrimum valeant plūrimī#, _RP._ 2, 39, _he arranged it so, a point which is always to be held fast in government, that the greatest number may not have the greatest power_.

[Erratum:
1750 ... directly, #sine dubiō cōnfecta iam rēs erit#.
directly.]

TENSE SUBORDINATE TO A SUBJUNCTIVE.

1762. When the leading verb is a subjunctive, the present is regarded as primary, and the imperfect and pluperfect as secondary: as,

(_a._) #exspectō eius modī litterās ex quibus nōn quid fīat, sed quid futūrum sit sciam#, _Att._ 5, 12, 2, _I am expecting a letter of a kind to let me know not what is going on, but what will be going on_. #quid prōfēcerim faciās mē velim certiōrem#, _Fam._ 7, 10, 3, _how far I have succeeded I wish you would let me know_. (_b._) #quālis esset nātūra montis quī cōgnōscerent mīsit#, 1, 21, 1, _he sent some scouts to find out what the character of the mountain was_. #quid mē prohibēret Epicūrēum esse, sī probārem quae dīceret#, _Fin._ 1, 27, _what would prevent me from being an Epicurean, if I accepted what he said?_ #quae sī bis bīna quot essent didicisset Epicūrus, certē nōn dīceret#, _DN._ 2, 49, _Epicurus would certainly not say this, if he had ever been taught how much twice two is_ (1748).

1763. An imperfect subjunctive of action non-occurrent at the present time has occasionally the present sequence: as, #mīrārēris, sī interessēs, quā patientiā valētūdinem toleret#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 22, 7, _you would be amazed to find, if you were with him, with what dogged endurance he bears up under his illness_. But the secondary sequence is far more common.

1764. (1.) The perfect subjunctive in independent main sentences of prohibition (1551) or of action conceivable (1558) is regarded as a primary tense: as,

#nē dubitārīs quīn id mihī̆ futūrum sit antīquius#, _Att._ 7, 3, 2, _don’t entertain any doubt that this course will be preferable in my eyes_. #quid nōn sit citius quam quid sit dīxerim#, _DN._ 1, 60, _I could sooner tell what is not, than what is_.

1765. (2.) In subordinate sentences, the perfect subjunctive has the main sequence when it represents the indicative perfect definite, and the secondary when it represents the indicative historical perfect or the imperfect: as,

(_a._) #nēmō ferē vestrūm est, quīn, quem ad modum captae sint Syrācūsae saepe audierit#, _V._ 4, 115, _there is hardly a man of your number but has heard over and over again how Syracuse was taken_. (_b._) #quā rē acciderit ut id suspicārēre quod scrībis nesciō#, _Fam._ 2, 16, 1, _how it came to pass that you suspected what you write, I can’t imagine_.

TENSE SUBORDINATE TO A NOUN OF THE VERB.

1766. (1.) A subjunctive subordinate to one of the nouns of the verb, except the perfect infinitive or the perfect participle, follows the sequence of the verb: as,

#dēsinō quaerere cūr ēmerīs#, _V._ 4, 10, _I cease to ask why you bought_. #nēminem tam āmentem fore putāvērunt, ut emeret argentum#, _V._ 4, 9, _they did not dream anybody would be crazy enough to buy plate_. #secūrī percussī, adeō torpentibus metū quī aderant, ut nē gemitus quidem exaudīrētur#, L. 28, 29, 11, _they were beheaded, everybody there being so completely paralyzed with fear that not even a groan could be heard_. #Q. Fabius Pīctor Delphōs missus est scīscitātum, quibus precibus deōs possent plācāre#, L. 22, 57, 5, _Fabius Pictor was sent to Delphi to find out by what sort of prayers they could get the ear of the gods_. #cupīdō incessit animōs iuvenum scīscitandī ad quem eōrum rēgnum esset ventūrum#, L. 1, 56, 10, _the youths were possessed with a desire to find out to which one of their number the throne was to fall_.

1767. (2.) With a perfect infinitive or perfect participle, the subordinate subjunctive may be in the imperfect or pluperfect, even with a primary leading verb: as,

#satis mihī̆ multa verba fēcisse videor, quā rē esset hoc bellum necessārium#, _IP._ 27, _I fancy I have said enough to show why this war is unavoidable_. #hunc istī aiunt, cum taurum immolāvisset, mortuum concidisse#, _Br._ 43, _your gentlemen say that this man, after sacrificing a bull, tumbled down dead_. #viātor bene vestītus causa grassātōrī fuisse dīcētur cūr ab eō spoliārētur#, _Fat._ 34, _a well-dressed traveller will be said to have been a temptation for a footpad to rob him_. #versābor in rē saepe quaesītā, suffrāgia clam an palam ferre melius esset#, _Leg._ 3, 33, _I shall be working on a question that has often been put, whether it was better to vote secretly or openly_.

1768. The sequence with a perfect infinitive is, however, often primary: as, #hīc sī fīnem faciam dīcendī, satis iūdicī fēcisse videar cūr secundum Rōscium iūdicārī dēbeat#, _RC._ 14, _if I should stop speaking here, I should feel I had made it plain enough to the court why a judgement should be rendered for Roscius_.

1769. The secondary sequence is used with #meminī#, _remember_, even when it has the present infinitive (2220): as, #L. Metellum meminī ita bonīs esse vīribus extrēmō tempore aetātis, ut adulēscentiam nōn requīreret#, _CM._ 30, _I can remember Metellus’s being so good and strong in the very last part of his life that he did not feel the want of youth_.

1770. Sentences with a subjunctive due to another subjunctive or to an infinitive are put as follows:

1771. (1.) Sentences of relative time express contemporaneous, antecedent, and subsequent action like corresponding indicative sentences, with the appropriate sequence: as,

#vereor, nē, dum minuere velim labōrem, augeam#, _Leg._ 1, 12, _I am afraid that while I wish to make the work less, I may make it more_. #crocodīlōs dīcunt, cum in terrā partum ēdiderint, obruere ōva#, _DN._ 2, 129, _they say that the crocodile, after laying on land, buries her eggs_. #dīcēbam quoad metuerēs, omnia tē prōmissūrum: simul ac timēre desīssēs, similem tē futūrum tuī#, _Ph._ 2, 89, _I said that as long as you were afraid, you would promise everything; the moment you ceased to fear, you would be just like yourself_. #cōnstituērunt ea, quae ad proficīscendum pertinērent, comparāre#, 1, 3, 1, _they resolved to get such things ready as were necessary for the march_. #erat scrīptum: nisi domum reverterētur, sē capitis eum damnātūrōs#, N. 4, 3, 4, _it stood written that, if he did not come back home, they would condemn him to death_ (direct form #nisi revertēris, damnābimus#). #lēgātī vēnērunt, quī sē ea, quae imperāsset, factūrōs pollicērentur#, 4, 22, 1, _some envoys came, to engage to do what he ordered_ (direct form #quae imperāris, faciēmus#). #Venetī cōnfīdēbant Rōmānōs neque ūllam facultātem habēre nāvium, neque eōrum locōrum ubī̆ bellum gestūrī essent portūs nōvisse#, 3, 19, 6, _the Venetans felt assured that the Romans had not any proper supply of ships, and were not acquainted with the ports in the places where they were to fight_.

1772. (2.) Sentences with independent time retain the independent time in the subjunctive in primary sequence (1744); in secondary sequence the present becomes imperfect, and the perfect becomes pluperfect: as,

(_a._) #quamquam opīniō est, eum quī multīs annīs ante hōs fuerit, Pīsistratum, multum valuisse dīcendō#, _Br._ 27, _though there is an impression that the man who lived years and years before these people, Pisistratus, was a very telling orator_ (direct form, #quī fuit#, 1738). #dīcitur, posteā quam vēnerit, paucīs diēbus esse mortuus#, _Clu._ 175, _he is said to have died a few days after he came_ (1739). (_b._) #cōgnōvit Suēbōs, posteā quam pontem fierī comperissent, nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsisse#, 4, 19, 2, _he ascertained that after the Suebans had learned of the building of the bridge, they had sent out messengers in every direction_.

THE INDIRECT QUESTION.

1773. The subjunctive is used in indirect questions or exclamations.

Thus, when the direct question, #quī scīs#, _how do you know?_ is subordinated to a main sentence, such as #quaerō#, _I ask_, the #scīs# becomes #sciās#: #quaerō quī sciās#, _RA._ 59, _I ask how you know_. Questions or exclamations thus subordinated are called _Indirect_ (1723). In English, indirect questions are usually characterized simply by the position of the words, the subject standing before the verb.

1774. The indirect question is one of the commonest of constructions. It depends on verbs or expressions meaning not only _ask_, but also _tell_, _inform_, _ascertain_, _see_, _hear_, _know_, _consider_, _deliberate_, _doubt_, _wonder_, _fear_, &c., &c.

YES OR NO QUESTIONS.

1775. Indirect Yes or No questions are introduced by the same interrogative particles that are used in direct questions (1503). But in indirect questions, #num# and #-ne# are used without any essential difference, in the sense of _whether_, _if_. #nōnne# is used thus only by Cicero, and by him only with #quaerō#: as,

#quaeris num disertus sit?# _Planc._ 62, _do you ask whether he is a good speaker?_ #quaesīvī cōgnōsceretne sīgnum#, _C._ 3, 10, _I asked if he recognized the seal_. #quaerō nōnne tibī̆ faciendum idem sit#, _Fin._ 3, 13, _I ask whether you ought not to do the same_. #vidēte num dubitandum vōbīs sit#, _IP._ 19, _consider whether you ought to have any hesitation_.

1776. The combinations #-ne . . . -ne#, and #an . . . an#, introducing two separate questions, are rare; #-ne . . . -ne# is mostly confined to poetry. In a few instances such questions can hardly be distinguished from alternatives.

1777. A conditional protasis with #sī#, _if_, _to see if_, or #sī forte#, _if perchance_, sometimes takes the place of an indirect question in expressions or implications of trial, hope, or expectation: as, #ībō, vīsam sī domīst#, T. _Hau._ 170, _I’ll go and see if he’s at home_. Usually with the subjunctive: as, #exspectābam, sī quid scrīberēs#, _Att._ 16, 2. 4, _I was waiting to see whether you would write anything_. #circumfunduntur hostēs, sī quem aditum reperīre possent#, 6, 37, 4, _the enemy came streaming round, to see if they could find any way of getting in_.

ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS.

1778. Indirect alternative questions are introduced like direct questions (1519). But when the second member is negative, it has oftener #necne# than #an nōn#: as,

#hoc quaerāmus, vērum sit an falsum#, _Clu._ 124, _let us ask this question, whether it is true or false_. #quaesīvī ā Catilīnā in conventū fuisset, necne#, _C._ 2, 13, _I asked Catiline whether he had been at the meeting or not_. #permultum interest utrum perturbātiōne animī, an cōnsultō fīat iniūria#, _Off._ 1, 27, _it makes a vast difference whether wrong be done in heat of passion, or with deliberate intent_. #quaerō, eum Brūtīne similem mālīs an Antōniī#, _Ph._ 10, 5, _I ask whether you would rather have him like Brutus or like Antony_.

1779. An introductory #utrum# preceding an alternative question with #-ne# and #an# occurs a few times in Plautus and Cicero; #utrumne . . . an# occurs once in Cicero, and twice in Horace and Tacitus each; compare 1522. After #utrum#, a second alternative is sometimes suppressed, as in the direct question (1523).

1780. #-ne# in the second member only of an alternative question is rare, and not used by Caesar or Sallust: as, #sine sciam captīva māterne sim#, L. 2, 40, 5, _let me know whether I am a captive or a mother_.

1781. (1.) A few times in Plautus and Terence, the second member only of an alternative question is expressed with #quī sciō an?# or #quī scīs an?# equivalent to _perhaps_: as, #quī scīs an quae iubeam faciat?# T. _Eu._ 790, _perhaps she’ll do as I direct_. Horace has once #quī scīs an#, _AP._ 462, in the sense of _perhaps_, and once #quis scit an#, 4, 7, 17, in the sense of _perhaps not_.

1782. (2.) The second member only of an alternative question is often expressed after #haud sciō an#, _I don’t know but_, _possibly_, _perhaps_, with #nōn#; #nēmō#, #nūllus#, &c., if the sentence is negative: as,

#haud sciō an fierī possit#, _V._ 3, 162, _I don’t know but it is possible_. Similarly, though not often, with #nesciō an#, #haud sciam an#, #dubitō an#, #dubitārim an#, #dubium an#, #incertum an#, &c.: as, #ēloquentiā nesciō an habuisset parem nēminem#, _Br._ 126, _in oratory I fancy he would have had no peer_. This use, in which #haud sciō an# becomes adverbial, and the subjunctive approaches closely that of modest assertion, is principally confined to Cicero. In later Latin, #haud sciō an#, &c., sometimes has a negative sense, _I don’t know whether_, with #ūllus#, &c.

1783. From Curtius on, #an# is used quite like #num# or #-ne#, in a single indirect question, without implication of alternatives.

1784. Two alternatives are rarely used without any interrogative particles at all: as, #velit nōlit scīre difficile est#, _QFr._ 3, 8, 4, _will he nill he, it is hard to know_, i.e. whether he will or not. Compare 1518.

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1782 ... #ēloquentiā nesciō an habuisset parem nēminem#,
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PRONOUN QUESTIONS.

1785. Indirect pronoun questions are introduced by the same pronominal words that are used in direct pronoun questions (1526): as,

#cōgnōscit, quae gerantur#, 5, 48, 2, _he ascertains what is going on_. #vidētis ut omnēs dēspiciat#, _RA._ 135, _you can see how he looks down on everybody_. #quid agās et ut tē oblectēs scīre cupiō#, _QFr._ 2, 3, 7, _I am eager to know how you do and how you are amusing yourself_.

ORIGINAL SUBJUNCTIVES.

1786. Questions already in the subjunctive may also become indirect.

Thus, #quō mē vertam?# _V._ 5, 2, _which way shall I turn?_ (1563) becomes indirect in #quō mē vertam nesciō#, _Clu._ 4, _I don’t know which way I am to turn_. #quid faciam?# H. _S._ 2, 1, 24, _what shall I do?_ (1563) becomes indirect in #quid faciam, praescrībe#, H. _S._ 2, 1, 5, _lay down the law, what I’m to do_. #neque satis cōnstābat quid agerent#, 3, 14, 3, _and it was not at all clear what they had best do_. #dubitāvī hōsce hominēs emerem an nōn emerem#, Pl. _Cap._ 455, _I had my doubts, whether to buy these men or not to buy_ (1564).

INDICATIVE QUESTIONS APPARENTLY INDIRECT.

1787. In old Latin, the indicative occurs often in connections where the subjunctive would be used in classical Latin: as,

#dīc, quis est#, Pl. _B._ 558, _say, who is it?_ whereas #dīc quis sit# would mean _say who it is_. In such cases the question is not subordinate, but coordinate, usually with an imperative (1697), or with some such expression as #tē rogō#, #volō scīre#, #scī̆n#, or the like. Such coordination occurs exceptionally in the classical period: as, #et vidē, quam conversa rēs est#, _Att._ 8, 13, 2, _and observe, how everything is changed_. #adspice, ut ingreditur#, V. 6, 856, _see, how he marches off_.

1788. The indicative is used with #nesciō# followed by a pronominal interrogative, when this combination is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun or adverb: as,

#prōdit nesciō quis#, T. _Ad._ 635, _there’s some one coming out_. This is a condensed form for #prōdit nesciō quis sit#, _there’s coming out I don’t know who it is_, the real question, #sit#, being suppressed, and #nesciō quis# acquiring the meaning of #aliquis#, _somebody_. Similarly #nesciō# with #unde#, #ubī̆#, #quandō#, #quot#, &c., in writers of all ages. Plautus uses #sciō quid#, #sciō ut#, &c., somewhat in this way once or twice with the indicative: as, #scio quid agō#, _B._ 78, _I’m doing I know what_.

1789. This combination often expresses admiration, contempt, or regret: as, #contendō tum illud nesciō quid praeclārum solēre existere#, _Arch._ 15, _I maintain that in such a combination the beau ideal of perfection always bursts into being_. #paulum nesciō quid#, _RA._ 115 _an unconsidered trifle_. #dīvīsa est sententia, postulante nesciō quō#, _Mil._ 14. _the question was divided, on motion of what’s his name_. #nesciō quō pactō#, _C._ 31, _unfortunately_.

1790. The indicative is used in like manner with many expressions, originally exclamatory, which have become adverbs: such are #immāne quantum#, _prodigiously_, #mīrum quantum#, _wonderfully_, #sānē quam#, _immensely_, &c., &c. See 712 and the dictionary.