Chapter XII: Part 12

1274. The genitives #tantī# and #quantī#, #plūris# and #minōris# are also used with verbs of buying and selling, hiring and letting, and costing. But other words are put in the ablative with these verbs: see 1391. For #magnī#, &c., with #rēfert# and #interest#, see 1279.

1275. A similar genitive occurs in one or two set forms, such as #aequī bonīque dīcō#, or #faciō#, #aequī faciō#, and #bonī cōnsulō#: as, #istūc, Chremēs, aequī bonīque faciō#, T. _Hau._ 787, _I count that, Chremes, fair and good_. #aequī istūc faciō#, Pl. _MG._ 784, _that’s all the same to me_.

THE VERBS #rēfert# AND #interest#.

1276. #rēfert# and #interest#, _it concerns_, are much alike in meaning and in construction. But the use of #rēfert# is characteristic of old Latin and poetry; in prose from Cicero on it is almost supplanted by #interest#, especially where persons are concerned.

1277. (1.) With #rēfert# and #interest#, a first or second person concerned is denoted by the possessive pronoun forms #meā#, #tuā#, #nostrā#, #vestrā#; and, from Cicero on, the third person reflexive by #suā#: as,

(_a._) #quid id rēfert meā?# Pl. _Cur._ 395, _what’s that to me?_ #tuā istūc rēfert maxumē#, Pl. _Tri._ 319, _that is of most concern to thee_. #nōn suā rēferre#, _Quinct._ 19, _that it did not concern him_. #nōn nostrā magis quam vestrā rēfert vōs nōn rebellāre#, L. 34, 17, 7, _it is not more for our interest than for your own that you should not make war again_. Without the verb: as, #quid istūc nostrā#, or #quid id nostrā?# T. _Ph._ 800, 940, _what’s that to us?_ (_b._) #tuā et meā maximē interest tē valēre#, _Fam._ 16, 4, 4, _your health is a matter of the highest importance to you and to me_. #vestrā hōc maximē interest#, _Sull._ 79, _this is of vital moment to you_.

1278. (2.) With #interest#, from Cicero on, a third person or thing concerned is denoted by the genitive. Also with #rēfert#, a few times from Sallust on: as,

(_a._) #quid eius intererat?# _RA._ 96, _what concern was it of his?_ #interesse rē̆ī pūblicae sē cum Pompēiō colloquī#, Caes. _C._ 1, 24, 5, _that it was of importance to the common weal that he should have a parley with Pompey_. (_b._) #faciundum aliquid, quod illōrum magis quam suā rētulisse vidērētur#, S. _I._ 111, 1, _that he must do something which should seem more for the other side’s good than his own_. For the accusative with #ad# with these verbs, or for the dative with #rēfert#, see the dictionary.

1279. The matter of concern is expressed by a sentence or infinitive, or by a neuter pronoun; rarely by an appellative: as, #nōn quō meā interesset locī nātūra#, _Att._ 3, 19, 1, _not that the character of the place concerned me_. The degree of concern is expressed by an adverb, as #magnopere#, by a neuter accusative, as #multum#, or by a genitive of estimation, #magnī#, #permagnī#, #plūris#, #parvī#, #tantī#, #quantī# (1271).

[Erratum:
1277a ... T. _Ph._ 800, 940
_Ph_ 800]

JUDICIAL VERBS.

1280. Verbs of accusing, convicting, condemning, and acquitting, take a genitive of the charge: as,

#C. Verrem īnsimulat avāritiae#, _V._ 1, 128, _he charges Verres with avarice_. #accūsātus est prōditiōnis#, N. 1, 7, 5, _he was charged with treason_. #capitis arcēssere#, _D._ 30, _accuse on a capital charge_. #prōditiōnis damnātus est#, N. 2, 8, 2, _he was convicted of treason_. #Pollis pecūniae pūblicae est condemnātus#, _Flacc._ 43, _Pollis was condemned for embezzlement of government money_. #maiestātis absolūtī sunt permultī#, _Clu._ 116, _a good many were acquitted of high treason_. With this genitive, an ablative, #crīmine#, #iūdiciō#, #nōmine#, or #lēge#, is sometimes expressed (1377): as, #nē quem umquam innocentem iūdiciō capitis arcēssās#, _Off._ 2, 51, _that you are never to accuse any innocent man on a charge affecting his status as a citizen_.

1281. The charge is sometimes denoted by a prepositional construction: as, #sescentī sunt, quī inter sīcāriōs et dē venēficiīs accūsābant#, _RA._ 90, _there are hundreds and hundreds that brought charges of murder, by steel and by poison_. So also #dē āleā#, _of gambling_, in Cicero regularly #dē pecūniīs repetundīs#, _of extortion_, and necessarily #dē vī#, _of an act of violence_, as #vīs# has no genitive. For the neuter accusative, see 1172.

1282. The penalty also is sometimes denoted by the genitive: as, #cupiō octuplī damnārī Aprōnium#, _V._ 3, 28, _I want to have Apronius condemned to a payment of eightfold_. #damnātusque longī Sīsyphus Aeolidēs labōris#, H. 2, 14, 19, _and Sisyphus the Aeolid, amerced with penance long_. Sometimes by the ablative: as, #capite#, _V._ 5, 109. So usually from Livy on, when the penalty is a definite sum of money or fractional part of a thing.

IMPERSONAL VERBS OF MENTAL DISTRESS.

1283. A genitive of the thing, commonly with an accusative of the person, is used with five impersonals of mental distress:

#miseret#, #paenitet#, #piget#, #pudet#, #taedet#: as,

#tu͡i mē miseret, me͡i piget#, E. in _Div._ 1, 66, _I pity thee, I loathe myself_. #frātris mē pudet pigetque#, T. _Ad._ 391, _my brother stirs my shame and my disgust_. #mī pater, mē tu͡i pudet#, T. _Ad._ 681, _dear father, in thy presence I’m abashed_. #galeātum sēro duellī paenitet#, J. 1, 169, _too late, with casque on head, a combatant repenteth him of war_. So also #miserētur#, and in old Latin inceptively, #miserēscit#, #commiserēscit#.

1284. These verbs sometimes have a sentence or a neuter pronoun as subject: as, #nōn tē haec pudent?# T. _Ad._ 754, _does not this make thee blush for shame?_ Rarely an appellative: as, #mē quidem haec condiciō nōn paenitet#, Pl. _St._ 51, _for my part, with my wedded state I’m well content_. Or a person: as, #pudeō#, Pl. _Cas._ 877, _I feel ashamed_. For participles and gerundives, see 817.

1285. The genitive is used with the personals #misereor# or #misereō#, and in poetry with #miserēscō#: as,

#aliquandō miserēminī sociōrum#, _V._ 1, 72, _do take pity on your allies, it is high time_. #nēminis miserēre certumst, quia me͡i miseret nēminem#, Pl. _Cap._ 764, _I’m bound to care for nobody, as no one cares for me_. #Arcadiī miserēscite rēgis#, V. 8, 573, _take pity on the king of Arcady_.

1286. Personal verbs of desiring, loathing, admiring, and dreading, sometimes take the genitive: as, #pol, quamquam domī cupiō, opperiar#, Pl. _Tri._ 841, _although I yearn for home, I vow I’ll wait_ (1263). #fastīdit meī#, Pl. _Aul._ 245, _he views me with disdain_ (1263). #iūstitiaene prius mīrer, bellīne labōrum?# V. 11, 126, _thy justice first shall I admire? thy toils in war?_ #nē tuī quidem testimōnī veritus#, _Att._ 8, 4, 1, _not having any awe about your recommendation either_.

VERBS OF MEMORY.

1287. The genitive is used with verbs of remembering and forgetting when they denote an inherent state of memory or of forgetfulness: as,

#faciam ut meī meminerīs dum vītam vīvās#, Pl. _Per._ 494, _I’ll make you remember me as long as you live_. #num potuī magis oblīvīscī temporum meōrum, meminisse āctiōnum?# _Fam._ 1, 9, 8, _could I have been more forgetful of my present interests, more mindful of my past career?_ #reminīscerētur incommodī populī Rōmānī#, 1, 13, 4, _he had better bear in mind the rebuff dealt out to Rome_. #oblītusque meōrum oblīvīscendus et illīs#, H. _E._ 1, 11, 10, _of friends forgetful and by friends forgot_. See 1263.

1288. The accusative is used with these verbs when they denote the mere intellectual exercise of memory or a failure to remember: as,

#equid meministī tu͡om parentum nōmina?# Pl. _Poen._ 1062, _do you remember your parents’ names?_ #Cinnam meminī vīdī Sūllam#, _Ph._ 5, 17, _I can remember Cinna, I have seen Sulla_. #utinam mēmet possim oblīscier!# Accius ap. Non. 500, 5, _oh that myself I could forget!_ #subitō tōtam causam oblītus est#, _Br._ 217, _suddenly he forgot the whole case_.

1289. #recordor# has once the genitive (_Pis._ 12), but from its meaning _bring to heart_ it is naturally found oftener with the accusative. With it and with #meminī#, the ablative with #dē# also occurs. The rare #reminīscor# has the genitive once each in Caesar and Nepos; twice later; oftener the accusative. Neuter pronouns are in the accusative with all these verbs.

1290. The impersonal #venit in mentem# also takes the genitive: as, #venit mihī̆ Platōnis in mentem#, _Fin._ 5, 2, _Plato comes into my head_; very exceptionally the ablative with #dē#. But the verb in this combination is often used personally, with the thing occurring to the mind as the subject, and regularly in Cicero, when it is #rēs# or #genus#, or a neuter pronoun.

1291. Verbs of reminding take the accusative of a person and sometimes with it the genitive of a thing: as,

#admonēbat alium egestātis, alium cupiditātis suae#, S. _C._ 21, 4, _he reminded one man of his beggary, another of his greed_. So also #commoneō#, #commonē̆faciō#, and, in Tacitus only, #moneō#. Oftener however the thing is in the ablative with #dē#, or, if it is a neuter pronoun or adjective, in the accusative (1172). Rarely a substantive equivalent to a neuter pronoun: as, #eam rem nōs locus admonuit#, S. _I._ 79, 1, _the place has reminded me of that_.

[Errata:
1288 ... #Cinnam meminī vīdī Sūllam#
vidī
1289 ... the ablative with #dē# also occurs.
de]

VERBS OF PARTICIPATION AND MASTERY.

1292. Verbs of participation and mastery sometimes take the genitive in old Latin and in poetry: as, #servom su͡i participat cōnsilī#, Pl. _Cist._ 163, _she makes a slave a sharer in her plot_ (1263). #quā Daunus agrestium rēgnāvit populōrum#, H. 3, 30, 11, _where Daunus was the lord of rural folk_ (1260). So, even in prose, #potior#, which usually has the ablative (1379): as, #totīus Galliae sēsē potīrī posse spērant#, 1, 3, 8, _they hope they can get the mastery over the whole of Gaul_. Especially with persons, or with the genitive plural #rērum#: #rērum potior#, _get to be_, or often, _am, master of the situation_, or _I am monarch of all I survey_. Similarly in Tacitus #apīscor#, #adipīscor#: as, #arma, quīs Servius Galba rērum adeptus est#, Ta. 3, 55, _the war by which Galba became master of the throne_. In Plautus #crēdō# sometimes has the genitive of a thing and dative of a person.

VERBS OF FULNESS AND WANT.

1293. The genitive is sometimes used with verbs of filling, abounding, and lacking, as it is with the corresponding adjectives (1263): as,

#convīvium vīcīnōrum cōtīdiē compleō#, _CM._ 46, _I fill out a dinner-party every day with neighbours_. #haec rēs vītae mē, soror, saturant#, Pl. _St._ 18, _these things, my sister, sicken me of life_. #terra ferārum nunc etiam scatit#, Lucr. 5, 39, _still teems the earth with ravin beasts_. So with #egeō# sometimes: as, #egeō cōnsilī#, _Att._ 7, 22, 2, _I am in need of some advice_. And usually with #indigeō#: as, #hoc bellum indiget celeritātis#, _Ph._ 6, 7, _this war requires rapid action_. But, from Livy on, the ablative is commoner with #indigeō#: see 1305.

1294. With verbs of separating and abstaining, the ablative is regularly used (1302). But the genitive is sometimes found in poetry: as, #mē omnium labōrum levās#, Pl. _R._ 247, _thou riddest me of all my woes_. #abstinētō īrārum calidaeque rixae#, H. 3, 27, 69, _from bursts of rage keep thou and hot affray_.

IV. THE GENITIVE OF EXCLAMATION.

1295. In poetry, the genitive with an adjective in agreement occurs two or three times in exclamation: as, #foederis heu tacitī#, Prop. 5, 7, 21, _alas, that secret covenant_. Usually the nominative (1117), or the accusative (1149).

THE ABLATIVE.

1296. The ablative is used principally with verbs and their participles, or with adjectives, and consists of three cases that were originally distinct.

1297. I. The ABLATIVE proper denotes that from which something parts or proceeds (1302).

The ablative proper is often accompanied by the prepositions #ab#, #dē#, #ex#, #prae#, #prō#, #sine#, or #tenus#.

1298. With the ablative proper two other cases, originally distinct, a locative case and an instrumental case, were confounded, and merged under the common name of the ablative.

1299. II. The LOCATIVE case denotes the place in, at, or on which action occurs. A few forms of the locative proper are still preserved (1331). But the place where is ordinarily denoted by the locative ablative (1342).

The locative ablative is often accompanied by the prepositions #in# or #sub#.

1300. III. The INSTRUMENTAL case denotes that by which or with which a main person or thing is attended (1356).

The instrumental ablative is often accompanied by the prepositions #cum# or #cōram#.

1301. The ablative or locative is sometimes attached immediately to a substantive.

Thus, (_a._) sometimes to a substantive which denotes or implies action: as, #interitus ferrō#, _destruction with the sword_, like #intereō ferrō#; see 1307, 1331, 1342, 1376, 1377. (_b._) In constructions in which the ablative is due to an older combination with a verb: as, #vir singulārī virtūte#, _a man of unexampled bravery_. See 1309 and 1375.

I. THE ABLATIVE PROPER.

THE ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION AND WANT, AND OF DEPARTURE.

1302. Verbs of separation take an ablative of the thing from which separation takes place: as,

(_a._) #caruit forō posteā Pompēius, caruit senātū, caruit pūblicō#, _Mil._ 18, _after that Pompey had to keep away from the market place, from the senate, from highways and byways_. #adhūc Q. Ligārius omnī culpā vacat#, _Lig._ 4, _thus far Ligarius proves devoid of any guilt_. #egeō cōnsiliō#, _Att._ 15, 1, A, 5, _I need advice_ (1305). (_b._) #Ītaliā prohibētur: nōn tū eum patriā prīvāre, quā caret, sed vītā vīs#, _Lig._ 11, _he is kept out of Italy; you want to deprive him not of his country, from which he is debarred, but of life_. #līberēmus cūrā populum Rōmānum#, L. 39, 51, 9, Hannibal’s words when he took poison, 183 B.C., _let me relieve Rome of anxiety_.

1303. This ablative is used (_a._) with such verbs as mean _abstain_, #abstineō#, #dēsistō#, #supersedeō#; _am devoid of_, #careō#, #vacō#; _need_, #egeō#; and in addition to the accusative of the object, (_b._) with verbs used transitively, such as mean _keep off_, #arceō#, #exclūdō# and #interclūdō#, #prohibeō#; _drive away_, _remove_, #pellō#, #moveō#, and their compounds; _free_, #expediō#, #līberō#, #levō#, #solvō# and #exsolvō#; _deprive_, #orbō#, #prīvō#, #spoliō#, #nūdō#, #fraudō#.

1304. A preposition, #ab# or #ex#, is often used with these verbs, and regularly when the ablative denotes a person. But #careō# and #egeō#, and #exsolvō# and #levō#, never have a preposition.

1305. With #egeō#, the genitive is sometimes used, and often with #indigeō#: see 1293. Also in poetry, with verbs of abstaining and separating: see 1294.

1306. The ablative of separation is sometimes used with such adjectives as #aliēnus#, #expers#, #līber#, #nūdus#, #vacuus#, &c.: as, #negant id esse aliēnum maiestāte deōrum#, _Div._ 2, 105, _they maintain that this is not at variance with the greatness of the gods_. #vacuī cūrīs#, _Fin._ 2, 46, _devoid of cares_. #arce et urbe orba sum#, E. _Tr._ 114, _of tower and town bereft am I_. But sometimes the genitive: see 1263 and 1264; sometimes also prepositional constructions: for these, and particularly for the different constructions of #aliēnus#, see the dictionary.

TOWN AND ISLAND NAMES.

1307. (1.) Proper names of towns and of little islands are put in the ablative with verbs of motion, to denote the place from which motion proceeds: as,

#Dāmarātus fūgit Tarquiniōs Corinthō#, _TD._ 5, 109, _Damaratus ran away from Corinth to Tarquinii_. #sīgnum Carthāgine captum#, _V._ 4, 82, _the statue carried off from Carthage_. #Megaribus#, Pl. _Per._ 137, _from Megara_. #Lēmnō#, Pl. _Tru._ 90, _from Lemnos_. #Rōmā accēperam litterās#, _Att._ 5, 8, 2, _I had got a letter from Rome_. Rarely with a substantive of motion (1301): as, #dē illīus Alexandrēā discessū#, _Att._ 11, 18, 1, _about his departure from Alexandrea_. Also in dating letters: as, #V kal. Sextīl., Rēgiō#, _Fam._ 7, 19, _Regium, 28 July_; less often the locative: as, #Īdibus Iūniīs, Thessalonīcae#, _QFr._ 1, 3, 10, _Thessalonica, 13 June_. Like a town name: #Ācherunte#, poet. in _TD._ 1, 37, _from Acheron_. With an attribute: #ipsā Samō#, _V._ 1, 51, _from Samos itself_. #Teānō Sidicīnō#, _Att._ 8, 11, B, 2, _from Sidicinian Teanum_.

1308. Singular town or island names sometimes have #ex# in old Latin: thus, #Carystō#, Pl. _Ps._ 730, _from Carystus_, or, #ex Carystō#, _Ps._ 737, indifferently. #ex Andrō#, T. _Andr._ 70, _from Andros_. In classical Latin, town names rarely have #ab#: as, #ab Athēnīs proficīscī#, Serv. in _Fam._ 4, 12, 2, _to start from Athens_; chiefly of neighbourhood: as, #ab Gergoviā#, 7, 43, 5: 7, 59, 1, _from camp at Gergovia_; or direction: as, #ā Salōnīs ad Ōricum#, Caes. _C._ 3, 8, 4, _from Salonae to Oricum_; regularly with #longē#: as, #longē ā Syrācūsīs#, _V._ 4, 107, _far from Syracuse_.

1309. The ablative of a town or country name is rarely attached immediately to a substantive, to denote origin: as, #Periphanēs Rhodō mercātor dīves#, Pl. _As._ 499, _Periphanes from Rhodes a chapman rich_. #videō ibī̆ hospitem Zacynthō#, Pl. _Mer._ 940, _I see the friend there from Zacynthus_. Rarely in Cicero: as, #Teānō Āpulō laudātōrēs#, _Clu._ 197, _eulogists from Apulian Teanum_; in Caesar twice. In Livy with #ab# only: as, #Turnus ab Arīciā#, L. 1, 50, 3, _Turnus from Aricia_. But the Roman tribe one belongs to, is regularly in the ablative: as, #Q. Verrem Rōmiliā, _sc._ tribū#, _V. a. pr._ 1, 23, _Verres of the tribe Romilia_.

1310. With a verb, country names regularly have a preposition, and always in Cicero, Sallust, and Livy: as, #ē Ciliciā dēcēdēns#, _Br._ 1, _going away from Cilicia_. The ablative alone is rare: as, #Aegyptō adveniō domum#, Pl. _Most._ 440, _from Egypt I come home_. Chiefly in Tacitus: as, #Aegyptō remeāns#, 2, 69, _coming back from Egypt_. In Caesar, by attraction: #cōgēbantur Corcȳrā atque Acarnāniā pābulum supportāre#, _C._ 3, 58, 4, _they were forced to fetch fodder from Corcyra and even Acarnania_.

1311. (2.) The ablatives #domō# and #rūre#, and in poetry #humō#, are used like proper names of towns: as,

(_a._) #domō excesserant#, 4, 14, 5, _they had gone away from home_. Also metaphorically: as, #domō doctus#, Pl. _Mer._ 355, _by home-experience taught_. (_b._) #rūre rediīt uxor mea#, Pl. _Mer._ 705, _my wife’s come back from out of town_. (_c._) #humō#, in Vergil first: as, #vix oculōs attollit humō#, O. 2, 448, _scarce from the ground her eyes she lifts_.

[Erratum:
1309 ... #Turnus ab Arīciā#, L. 1, 50, 3,
50, 3.]

THE ABLATIVE OF SOURCE, STUFF, OR MATERIAL.

1312. The verb #nāscor# and participles of origin take an ablative to denote parentage or rank in life.

Such participles are: #nātus#, #prōgnātus#, and #ortus#; in poetry and late prose, also #crētus#, #ēditus#, #generātus#, #genitus#, #satus#, and #oriundus#: as, (_a._) #Rōmulus deō prōgnātus#, L. 1, 40, 3, _Romulus, sprung from a god_. #dīs genite#, V. 9, 642, _thou sired of gods_. Of a parent, #ex# is sometimes used: as #ex mē hic nātus nōn est#, T. _Ad._ 40, _he’s not my son_; and of remoter ancestors, #ab#. (_b._) #locō nātus honestō#, 5, 45, 2, _respectably descended_. #summō locō nātus#, 5, 25, 1, _of high birth_, #familiā antīquissimā nātum#, 7, 32, 4, _a member of an old family_. Rarely with #dē#: as, #quō dē genere gnātust Philocratēs?# Pl. _Cap._ 277, _what is the parentage of Philocrates?_

1313. The ablative with an attribute, attached to a substantive, sometimes denotes stuff or material: as, #aere cavō clipeum#, V. 3, 286, _a targe of hallow bronze_. #perennī fronde corōnam#, Lucr. 1, 118, _a crown of amaranthine leaf_. #solidōque adamante columnae#, V. 6, 552, _and pillars of the solid adamant_. This construction borders closely on the ablative of quality (1375). Rarely without an attribute: as, #pīctās abiete puppīs#, V. 5, 663, _painted sterns of fir_.

1314. A substantive denoting stuff or material is generally put in the ablative with #dē# or #ex#; thus,

(_a._) Directly with a substantive: #pōcula ex aurō#, _V._ 4, 62, _cups of gold_. (_b._) Oftener with an auxiliary verb or participle: #sīgnum erat hoc Cupīdinis ē marmore#, _V._ 4, 5, _this statue of Cupid was made of marble_. #scūtīs ex cortice factīs#, 2, 33, 2, _with long shields made out of bark_. #ex ūnā gemmā pergrandī trūlla excavāta#, _V._ 4, 62, _a ladle scooped out of a single enormous semi-precious stone_.

1315. The ablative with forms of #faciō# and #sum# denotes that with which or to which something is done: as, #quid hōc homine faciās?# _Sest._ 29, _what can you do with such a fellow?_ #quid mē fīet?# T. _Andr._ 709, _what will become of me?_ But often the dative (1205): as, #quid tibī̆ faciam?# _Att._ 7, 3, 2, _what shall I do to you?_ Or the ablative with #dē#: as, #dē frātre quid fīet?# T. _Ad._ 996, _as to my brother, what will come to pass?_

THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE, INFLUENCE, OR MOTIVE.

1316. The ablative is used to denote cause, influence, or motive: as,

#madeō metū#, Pl. _Most._ 395, _I’m drenched with dread_. #tū imprūdentiā lāberis#, _Mur._ 78, _you, sir, slip from inadvertence_. #maerōre et lacrimīs cōnsenēscēbat#, _Clu._ 13, _she just pined away in sorrow and tears_. #īrā incendor#, Pl. _Ps._ 201, _I’m getting hot with wrath_. #premor lūctū#, _Att._ 3, 22, 3, _I am bowed down with grief_. #quod ego nōn superbiā faciēbam#, _DO._ 1, 99, _I did not act thus from superciliousness, not I_. #nōn movētur pecūniā#, _V._ 4, 18, _he is not moved by money_. #boat caelum fremitū virūm#, Pl. _Am._ 232, _the welkin rings with roar of men_. #dēlictō dolēre, corrēctiōne gaudēre#, _L._ 90, _be pained by the sin, take pleasure in the reproof_. #aetāte nōn quīs optuērier#, Pl. _Most._ 840, _owing to age thou canst not see_. #Iovis iussū veniō#, Pl. _Am. prol._ 19, _at Jove’s behest I come_. #Sēiānus nimiā fortūnā sōcors#, Ta. 4, 39, _Sejanus giddy with over-prosperity_. #ferōx praedā glōriāque exercitus#, Ta. _H._ 1, 51, _the army flushed with booty and glory_. #exercitūs nostrī interitus ferrō#, _Pis._ 40, _the annihilation of our army by the sword_ (1301).

1317. Instead of the ablative, other constructions often occur, especially with verbs used transitively; such are:

(_a._) Prepositional phrases with #dē# or #ex#, in Varro and Livy with #ab#; also with #ob#, #per#, or #propter#: as, #multī in oppidum propter timōrem sēsē recipiunt#, Caes. _C._ 2, 35, 6, _a good many retreated to the town from fear_. Sometimes with #prae#: as, #prae amōre exclūstī hunc forās#, T. _Eu._ 98, _it was for love you turned him out of doors_: in classical Latin, usually of hindrance: as, #sōlem prae iaculōrum multitūdine nōn vidēbitis#, _TD._ 1, 101, _you won’t see the sun for the cloud of javelins_. (_b._) Circumlocutions with #causā#, less frequently with #grātiā# (1257). (_c._) Ablatives absolute, or participles, particularly auxiliary participles with an ablative to express cause, oftener motive, such as #captus#, #ductus#, #excitātus# or #incitātus#, #impulsus#, #incēnsus#, #īnflammātus#, #mōtus#, #perterritus#: as, #nōnnūllī pudōre adductī remanēbant#, 1, 39, 3, _some stuck by from shame_.

1318. The person by whom the action of a passive verb is done, is denoted by the ablative with #ab# or #ā#. Also occasionally with verbs equivalent to a passive, such as #cadō#, #intereō#, #pereō#, #vēneō#, &c., &c. Things or animals are sometimes represented as persons by the use of #ab#: as, #animus bene īnfōrmātus ā nātūrā#, _Off._ 1, 13, _a soul meetly fashioned by dame nature_. See 1476-1478.

1319. In poetry, an ablative denoting a person, with an adjective in agreement, is sometimes equivalent to an expression with an abstract substantive: as, #et adsiduō ruptae lēctōre columnae#, J. 1, 13, _and pillars by persistent reader riven_, i.e. #adsiduitāte lēctōris#, or #adsiduā lēctiōne#. #cūrātus inaequālī tōnsōre capillōs#, H. _E._ 1, 1, 94, _my locks by unsymmetric barber trimmed_.

THE ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON.

1320. (1.) The ablative may be used with a comparative adjective, when the first of two things compared is in the nominative, or is a subject-accusative.

Such an ablative is translated by _than_: as, (_a._) #lūce sunt clāriōra nōbīs tua cōnsilia#, _C._ 1, 6, _your schemes are plainer to us than day_. #ō mātre pulchrā fīlia pulchrior#, H. 1, 16, 1, _O daughter fairer than a mother fair_. Particularly in sentences of negative import: as, #quis Karthāginiēnsium plūris fuit Hannibale?# _Sest._ 142, _of all the sons of Carthage, who was rated higher than Hannibal?_ #nec mihī̆ est tē iūcundius quicquam nec cārius#, _Fam._ 2, 10, 1, _and there is nothing in the world nearer and dearer to me than you_. (_b._) #illud cōgnōscēs profectō, mihī̆ tē neque cāriōrem neque iūcundiōrem esse quemquam#, _Fam._ 2, 3, 2, _one thing I am sure you will see, that there is nobody nearer and dearer to me than you_.

1321. (2.) The ablative of comparison is similarly used when the first member of comparison is an accusative of the object: as,

#exēgī monumentum aere perennius#, H. 3, 30, 1, _I have builded up a monument more durable than bronze_. Particularly so in sentences of negative import: as, #hōc mihī̆ grātius facere nihil potes#, _Fam._ 13, 44, _you can do nothing for me more welcome than this_. Also with predicate adjectives dependent on a verb of thinking (1167): as, #Hērodotum cūr vērāciōrem dūcam Enniō?# _Div._ 2, 116, _why should I count Herodotus any more truthful than Ennius?_ Regularly when the second member of comparison is a relative: as, #quā pecude nihil genuit nātūra fēcundius#, _DN._ 2, 160, _nature has created nothing more prolific than this animal_, i.e. the sow.

1322. (3.) In poetry, the ablative of comparison may be used with the first member of comparison in any case: as, #Lūcīlī rītū, nostrūm meliōris utrōque#, H. _S._ 2, 1, 29, _after Lucilius’s way, a better man than thou or I_.

1323. (4.) In sentences of negative import, the ablative is sometimes used with #alter# and #alius#, as with a comparative: as, #neque mēst alter quisquam#, Pl. _As._ 492, _and there’s no other man than I_. #nec quicquam aliud lībertāte commūnī quaesīsse#, Brut. and Cass. in _Fam._ 11, 2, 2, _and to have aimed at nothing else than freedom for all_. But in prose, #quam# is commonly used.

1324. (1.) The second member of comparison is often introduced by #quam#, _than_, or in poetry by #atque# or #ac#. This member, whatever the case of the first member, is sometimes made the subject of a form of #sum# in a new sentence: as,

#meliōrem quam ego sum suppōnō tibī̆#, Pl. _Cur._ 256, _I give you as a substitute a better than I am myself_. #verba M. Varrōnis, hominis quam fuit Claudius doctiōris#, Gell. 10, 1, 4, _the words of Varro, a better scholar than Claudius ever was_. #ut tibī̆ maiōrī quam Āfricanus fuit, mē adiūnctum esse patiāre#, _Fam._ 5, 7, 3, _so that you will allow me to be associated with you, a bigger man than Africanus ever was_.

1325. (2.) When the first member is in the nominative or accusative, #quam# is commonly a mere coordinating word, with both members in the same case: as,

(_a._) #plūris est oculātus testis ūnus quam aurītī decem#, Pl. _Tru._ 490, _a single witness with an eye rates higher than a dozen with the ear_. (_b._) #tū velim exīstimēs nēminem cuiquam neque cāriōrem neque iūcundiōrem umquam fuisse quam tē mihī̆#, _Fam._ 1, 9, 24, _I hope you will be convinced that nobody was ever nearer and dearer to anybody than you to me_.

1326. An introductory ablative of a demonstrative or relative pronoun sometimes precedes the construction with #quam#: as, #quid hōc est clārius, quam omnīs Segestae mātrōnās et virginēs convēnisse?# _V._ 4, 77, _what fact is there better known than this, to wit, that all the women in Segesta, married and single, came streaming together?_

1327. The ablative is sometimes used with comparative adverbs also.

So particularly in sentences of negative import: as, #nihil lacrimā citius ārēscit#, Corn. 2, 50, _nothing dries up quicker than a tear_. Less frequently in positive sentences in prose: as, #fortūna, quae plūs cōnsilīs hūmānīs pollet, contrāxit certāmen#, L. 44, 40, 3, _fortune, who is mightier than the devices of man, precipitated the engagement_. Very commonly, however, #quam# is used with comparative adverbs.

1328. Designations of number or extent are often qualified by #amplius#, #longius#, or #plūs#, _over_, or by #minus#, _under_.

The word thus qualified is put in the case which the context would require without any such qualification: as, #plūs septingentī captī#, L. 41, 12, 8, _over seven hundred were taken prisoners_. #tēcum plūs annum vīxit#, _Q._ 41, _he lived with you over a year_ (1151). #cum equīs plūs quīngentīs#, L. 40, 32, 6, _with over five hundred horses_. Less frequently with #quam#. When these words are felt as real substantives in the nominative or accusative, the ablative of comparison may be used (1320): as, #plūs trīduō#, _RA._ 74, _more than three days_.

1329. In expressions of age with #nātus#, the adjectives #maior# and #minor# are used as well as #amplius# and #minus#, and with the same construction (1328): as, #annōs nātus maior quadrāgintā#, _RA._ 39, _over forty years old_. For other constructions, see the dictionary. Similarly #conlēctus aquae digitum nōn altior ūnum#, Lucr. 4, 414, _a pool no deeper than a finger’s breadth_ (1130). But commonly with comparative adjectives of extent, #quam# is used, or the ablative (1320): as, #palūs nōn lātior pedibus quīnquāgintā#, 7, 19, 1, _a marsh not wider than fifty feet_.

1330. With a comparative adjective or adverb, the ablatives #opīniōne#, #exspectātiōne#, and #spē#, and some others, chiefly in poetry, take the place of a sentence with #quam#: as,

#opīniōne melius#, Pl. _Cas._ 338, _better than you thought_. #minōra opīniōne#, Caes. _C._ 2, 31, 5, _more insignificant than is thought_. #lātius opīniōne dissēminātum est hoc malum#, _C._ 4, 6, _this infection is more sweeping than anybody dreams_. #spē omnium sērius#, L. 2, 3, 1, _later than was generally expected_.

II. THE LOCATIVE ABLATIVE.

(A.) THE LOCATIVE PROPER.

1331. (1.) Singular proper names of towns and of little islands are put in the locative to denote the place in or at which action occurs: as,

#quid Rōmae faciam? mentīrī nescio#, J. 3, 41, _what can I do in Rome? I don’t know how to lie_. #Corinthī et Karthāginī#, _Agr._ 2, 90, _at Corinth and at Carthage_. #Lacedaemonī#, N. _praef._ 4, _in Lacedaemon_. #Tīburī#, _Att._ 16, 3, 1, _at Tibur_. #Rhodī#, _Fam._ 4, 7, 4, _at Rhodes_. #mānsiōnēs diutinae Lēmnī#, T. _Ph._ 1012, _protracted stays at Lemnos_ (1301). Sometimes in dates: as, #data Thessalonīcae#, _Att._ 3, 20, 3, _given at Thessalonica_ (1307). The locative rarely means _near_: as, #Antiī#, L. 22, 1, 10, _round about Antium_. In Plautus only two singular town names with consonant stems occur, and these regularly in the locative, #Carthāginī# and #Sicyōnī#, three times each; once in a doubtful example, #Sicyōne#, _Cist._ 128. Terence has no examples of these stems. From Cicero on, the locative ablative is commoner with them (1343).

1332. With an adjective attribute also, the locative is used: as, #Teānī Āpulī#, _Clu._ 27, _at the Apulian Teanum_. #Suessae Auruncae#, L. 32, 9, 3, _at the Auruncan Suessa_. The appellative #forum#, _market place_, used, with an attribute, as a proper name, is sometimes put in the accusative with #ad#: as, #Claternae, ad Forum Cornēlium#, _Fam._ 12, 5, 2, _at Claterna and at Forum Cornelium_; sometimes in the locative ablative: #Forō Iūlī#, Plin. _Ep._ 5, 19, 7.

1333. When the locative is further explained by an appellative following, the appellative is put in the locative ablative, either alone, or with #in#: as, #Antiochīae, celebrī quondam urbe#, _Arch._ 4, _at Antioch, once a bustling town_. #Neāpolī, in celeberrimō oppidō#, _RabP._ 26, _at Neapolis, a town swarming with people_. An appellative in the ablative with #in# may be further defined by a proper name in the locative: as, #duābus in īnsulīs, Melitae et Samī#, _V._ 5, 184, _in two islands--at Melita and Samos_. #in oppidō, Antiochīae#, _Att._ 5, 18, 1, _within town walls--at Antioch_. #in sēcessū, Apollōniae#, Suet. _Aug._ 94, _out of town--at Apollonia_. Or in the ablative: as, #in oppidō Citiō#, N. 5, 3, 4, _in the town of Citium_. #in urbe Rōmā#, L. 39, 14, 7, _in the city of Rome_.

1334. In Plautus, singular town names with stems in #-ā-# or #-o-# are put in the locative ten or twelve times, in the ablative with #in# some fifteen times. Three such have only #in#, never the locative: #in Anactoriō#, _Poen._ 896, #in Seleuciā#, _Tri._ 901, #in Spartā#, _Poen._ 663; furthermore, #in Epidamnō#, _Men._ 267, 380 twice, #in Ephesō#, _B._ 309, _MG._ 441, 778, and #in Epidaurō#, _Cur._ 341, 429, _E._ 540, 541, 554, but also #Epidamnī#, _Men. prol._ 51, #Ephesī#, _B._ 336, 1047, _MG._ 648, and #Epidaurī#, _E._ 636. Terence, who has only #-o-# stems, uses the locative six times, the ablative with #in# four times: only with #in#: #in Andrō#, _Andr._ 931, #in Imbrō#, _Hec._ 171. Furthermore #in Lēmnō#, _Ph._ 873, 1004 but also #Lēmnī#, _Ph._ 680, 942, 1013. Also #Mīlētī#, _Ad._ 654, #Rhodī#, _Eu._ 107, #Sūniī#, _Eu._ 519.

1335. A town name is sometimes put in the ablative with #in# by assimilation with a parallel #in#: as, #in Illyricō, in ipsā Alexandrēā#, _Att._ 11, 16, 1, _in Illyricum, and at Alexandrea itself_. #Antiochum in Syriā, Ptolemaeum in Alexandrīā esse#, L. 42, 26, 7. _that Antiochus was in Syria, Ptolemy at Alexandria_. #in mōnte Albānō Lāvīniōque#, L. 5, 52, 8, _on the Alban mount and at Lavinium_. Also without assimilation: as, #nāvis et in Caiētā est parāta nōbīs et Brundusiī#, _Att._ 8, 3, 6, _we have a vessel all chartered, one in Cajeta and one at Brundusium_. #in Hispalī#, Caes. _C._ 2, 18, 1, _in Hispalis_.

1336. With country names, the locative is very exceptional: as, #Chersonēsī#, N. 1, 2, 4, _at the Peninsula_. #Aegyptī#, Val. M. 4, 1, 15, _in Egypt_. Similarly #Accheruntī#, Pl. _Cap._ 689, 998, _Mer._ 606, _Tru._ 749, _in Acheron_; #Accherunte# however once: #Accheruntest#, Pl. _Poen._ 431. In Sallust, #Rōmae Numidiaeque#, _I._ 33, 4, with assimilation of #Numidiae# to #Rōmae#.

1337. (2.) The locatives #domī#, #rūrī#, #humī#, and rarely #orbī#, are used like proper names of towns: as,

(_a._) #cēnābō domī#, Pl. _St._ 482, _I shall dine at home_. Metaphorically, #domī est#, #nāscitur#, or #habeō#, _I can get at home_, _I need not go abroad for_, or _I have in plenty_: as, #id quidem domī est#, _Att._ 10, 14, 2, _as for that, I have it myself_. With a possessive pronoun or #aliēnus# in agreement, either the locative is used, or the ablative with #in#; for #domuī#, as, _Off._ 3, 99, see 594; with other adjectives the ablative with #in#. (_b._) #rūrī#, T. _Ph._ 363, _up in the country_; for #rūre#, see 1344 and 1345. (_c._) #humī#, _on the ground_, or _to the ground_, in Terence first: as, #hunc ante nostram iānuam appōne :: obsecrō, humīne?# T. _Andr._ 724, _set down this baby at our door :: good gracious; on the ground?_ #iacēre humī#, _C._ 1, 26, _sleeping on bare ground_. (_d._) #orbī# with #terrae# or #terrārum#: as, #amplissimum orbī terrārum monumentum#, _V._ 4, 82, _the grandest monument in the wide wide world_.

1338. The locatives #bellī#, older #du͡ellī#, and #mīlitiae# are sometimes used in contrast with #domī#: as, #domī du͡ellīque#, Pl. _Cap. prol._ 68, #domī bellīque#, L. 2, 50, 11, #domī mīlitiaeque#, _TD._ 5, 55, #mīlitiae et domī#, T. _Ad._ 495, _at home and in the field_. Rarely without #domī#: as, #bellī#, _RP._ 2, 56, #mīlitiae#, S. _I._ 84, 2.

1339. (3.) Other appellatives rarely have the locative: as, #proxumae vīcīniae#, Pl. _B._ 205, _MG._ 273, _in the next neighbourhood_. #terrae#, L. 5, 51, 9, _in the earth_. With verbs of suspense, doubt, and distress, and with many adjectives, #animī#, _in soul_, is not infrequent; and #animī# being mistaken for a genitive, #mentis# is also used: as, #dēsipiēbam mentis#, Pl. _E._ 138, _I was beside myself_. Oftener #animō# (1344).

1340. Many original locatives have become set as adverbs: as, #peregrī#, _abroad_. Particularly of pronouns: as, #illī#, Pl. _Am._ 249, _off there_, oftener #illīc#; #istī# or #istīc#, #hīc#; sometimes further defined by an added expression: as, #hīc vīcīniae#, T. _Ph._ 95, _here in the neighbourhood_. #hīc proxumae vīcīniae#, _MG._ 273, _here in the house next door_. #hīc in Veneris fānō me͡a͡e vīcīniae#, Pl. _R._ 613, _here, in the shrine of Venus, in my neighbourhood_. #hīc Rōmae#, _Arch._ 5, _here in Rome_.

1341. The locative proper sometimes denotes time when: as, #lūcī#, _by light_, #temperī#, _betimes_, #herī# or #here#, _yesterday_, #vesperī#, _at evening_, #herī vesperī#, _DO._ 2, 13, _last evening_. In Plautus, #diē septimī#, _Men._ 1156, _Per._ 260, _on the seventh day_, #māne sānē septimī#, _Men._ 1157, _bright and early on the seventh_, #diē crāstinī#, _Most._ 881, _tomorrow_. Often with an adjective juxtaposed: as, #postrīdiē#, _the day after_, #postrīdiē māne#, _Fam._ 11, 6, 1, _early next day_, #cōtīdiē#, _each day_, _daily_, #prīdiē#, _the day before_.

[Errata:
1331 ... #mānsiōnēs diutinae Lēmnī#
text unchanged: expected form diūtinae
1340 ... #hīc in Veneris fānō me͡a͡e vīcīniae#
The vowels “eae” are joined with a single ligature]

(B.) THE ABLATIVE USED AS LOCATIVE.

PLACE IN, ON, OR AT WHICH.

1342. (1.) Plural proper names of towns and of little islands are put in the locative ablative to denote the place in or at which action occurs: as,

#mortuus Cūmīs#, L. 2, 21, 5, _he died at Cumae_. #Athēnīs tenue caelum, crassum Thēbīs#, _Fat._ 7, _in Athens the air is thin, at Thebes it is thick_. #locus ostenditur Capreīs#, Suet. _Tib._ 62, _the place is pointed out at Capreae_. Rarely with substantives of action (1301): as, #mānsiō Formiīs#, _Att._ 9, 5, 1, _the stay at Formiae_. With an attribute: #Athēnīs tuīs#, _Att._ 16, 6, 2, _in your darling Athens_. #Curibus Sabīnīs#, L. 1, 18, 1, _at the Sabine Cures_.

1343. (2.) Singular proper names of towns with consonant stems are oftener put in the locative ablative than in the locative proper: as,

#adulēscentium gregēs Lacedaemone vīdimus#, _TD._ 5, 77, _we have seen the companies of young men in Lacedaemon_. #Karthāgine#, _Att._ 16, 4, 2, _at Carthage_. #Tībure#, H. _E._ 1, 8, 12, _at Tibur_. #Nārbōne#, _Ph._ 2, 76, _at Narbo_. See 1331. So also #Acherunte#, Lucr. 3, 984, _in Acheron_. #Calydōne et Naupāctō#, Caes. _C._ 3, 35, 1, _at Calydon and Naupactus_, with #Naupāctō# attracted by #Calydōne#. With an attribute: #Carthāgine Novā#, L. 28, 17, 11, _at New Carthage_. #Acherunte profundō#, Lucr. 3, 978, _in vasty Acheron_.

1344. (3.) A few general appellatives are used in the locative ablative without an attribute, especially in set expressions, to denote the place where: as,

#terrā marīque#, _IP._ 48, _by land and sea_; less commonly #marī atque terrā#, S. _C._ 53, 2, _by sea and land_. #dextrā Pīraeus, sinistrā Corinthus#, Cael. in _Fam._ 4, 5, 4, _Piraeus on the right, Corinth on the left_. Rarely, #rūre#, Pl. _Cas._ 110, H. _E._ 1, 7, 1, _in the country_, for #rūrī# (1337). So #animō#, #animīs#, with verbs of feeling: as, #angor animō#, _Br._ 7, _I am distressed in soul_, or _I am heart-broken_. Metaphorically: #locō#, (_a._) _in the right place_, also #suō locō#, or #in locō#. (_b._) #locō#, _instead_; #numerō#, _in the category_, both with a genitive. #prīncipiō#, #initiō#, _in the beginning_.

1345. Certain appellatives, with an attribute, often denote the place where by the locative ablative; so especially #locō#, #locīs#, #rūre#, #librō#, #librīs#, #parte#, #partibus#: as, #remōtō, salūbrī, amoenō locō#, _Fam._ 7, 20, 2, _in a sequestered, healthy, and picturesque nook_. #idōneō locō#, 3, 17, 5, _in an advantageous spot_. #inīquō locō#, 5, 51, 1, _on unsuitable ground_. #campestribus ac dēmissīs locīs#, 7, 72, 3, _in level and sunken places_. #rūre meō#, H. _E._ 1, 15, 17, _at my own country box_. #rūre paternō#, H. _E._ 1, 18, 60, J. 6, 55, _on the ancestral farm_. #aliō librō#, _Off._ 2, 31, _in another book_.

1346. Substantives are often used in the locative ablative with #tōtus# in agreement, less often with #cūnctus#, #omnis#, or #medius#, to denote the place where: as, #tōtā Galliā#, 5, 55, 3, _all over Gaul_. #tōtīs trepidātur castrīs#, 6, 37, 6, _there is a panic all over the camp_. #omnibus oppidīs#, _V._ 2, 136, _in all the towns_. #omnibus oppidīs maritimīs#, Caes. _C._ 3, 5, 1, _in all the seaports_. #mediā urbe#, L. 1, 33, 8, _in the heart of Rome_. But sometimes #in# is used, or the accusative with #per#.

1347. (4.) With country names and most appellatives, the place where is generally expressed by the ablative with #in#. But even without an attribute, the ablative alone is sometimes used, especially in poetry: as,

#Ītaliā#, V. 1, 263, _in Italy_, #lītore#, V. 1, 184, _upon the beach_, #corde#, V. 1, 209, _in heart_, #pectore#, V. 1, 657, _in breast_, #thalamō#, H. 1, 15, 16, _in bower_, #umerō#, V. 1, 501, _on shoulder_, #Ēsquiliīs#, _DN._ 3, 63, _on the Esquiline_. Once in Plautus #Ālide#, _Cap._ 330, _in Elis_, but eight times #in Ālide#.

1348. The locative ablative is sometimes used with such verbs as #teneō# and #recipiō#: as, (_a._) #Ariovistus exercitum castrīs continuit#, 1, 48, 4, _Ariovistus kept his infantry in camp_. #oppidō sēsē continēbant#, 2, 30, 2, _they kept inside the town_. (_b._) #oppidīs recipere#, 2, 3, 3, _to receive inside their towns_. #rēx ecquis est, qui senātōrem tēctō ac domō nōn invītet?# _V._ 4, 25, _is there a monarch in the wide world that would not welcome a senator to house and home?_

1349. The locative ablative is used with #fīdō# and #cōnfīdō#, #glōrior#, #laetor#, #nītor#, #stō#, and with #frētus#: as, #barbarī cōnfīsī locī nātūrā in aciē permānsērunt#, 8, 15, 1, _the natives, trusting in the nature of their position, kept their stand in battle array_. #superiōribus vīctōriis frētī#, 3, 21, 1, _relying on their former victories_. For other constructions with these words, see the dictionary.

TIME AT WHICH OR TIME WITHIN WHICH.

1350. (1.) The locative ablative is used to denote the point of time at which action occurs.

So particularly of substantives denoting periods or points of time, thus: #hieme#, 5, 1, 1, _in the winter_. #Kalendīs#, H. _Epod._ 2, 70, _upon the first_, i.e. of the month. Generally with an attribute: as, #prīmō vēre#, 6, 3, 4, _in the first month of spring_. #Mārtiīs Kalendīs#, H. 3, 8, 1, _upon the first of March_. With a parallel locative (1341): #vesperī eōdem diē#, _Att._ 8, 5, 1, _the evening of the same day_.

1351. Words not in themselves denoting periods or points of time, are in the same way put in the ablative: as,

#patrum nostrōrum memoriā#, 1, 12, 5, _in the memory of our fathers_. #nōn modo illīs Pūnicīs bellīs, sed etiam hāc praedōnum multitūdine#, _V._ 4, 103, _not only in the Punic wars of yore, but also in the present swarm of pirates_. #proxumīs comitiīs#, 7, 67, 7, _at the last election_. #spectāculīs#, _Att._ 2, 19, 3, _at the shows_. Especially substantives of action in #-tus# or #-sus# (235): as, #sōlis occāsū#, 1, 50, 3, _at sunset_. #adventū in Galliam Caesaris#, 5, 54, 2, _at Caesar’s arrival in Gaul_. #eōrum adventū#, 7, 65, 5, _after these people came_. #discessū cēterōrum#, _C._ 1, 7, _when the rest went away_.

1352. (2.) The locative ablative is used to denote the space of time within which action occurs: as,

#paucīs diēbus opus efficitur#, 6, 9, 4, _the job is finished up in a few days_. #tribus hōris Aduātucam venīre potestis#, 6, 35, 8, _in three hours you can get to Aduatuca_. #quae hīc mōnstra fīunt, annō vix possum ēloquī#, Pl. _Most._ 505, _what ghost-transactions take place here I scarce could tell you in a year_. #cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodūnum vēnisset, id bīduō circumvāllāvit#, 7, 11, 1, _arriving at Vellaunodunum, a town of the Senons, in two days time he invested it_. #quicquid est, bīduō sciēmus#, _Att._ 9, 14, 2, _whatever it may be, we shall know in a couple of days_.

1353. The ablative of the time at or within which action occurs is sometimes accompanied by #in#: as, #in bellō#, 6, 1, 3, _in the war_. #in tempore#, T. _Hau._ 364, _in the nick of time_. #in adulēscentiā#, Pl. _B._ 410, _in my young days_. #in tālī tempore#, Lucr. 1, 93, L. 22, 35, 7, _in such a stress, at such an hour_. #in hōc trīduō#, Pl. _Ps._ 316, _within the next three days_. Especially of repeated action, in the sense of _a_ or _every_, with numerals: as, #ter in annō#, Pl. _B._ 1127, _RA._ 132, _three times a year_. #in hōrā saepe ducentōs versūs dictābat#, H. _S._ 1, 4, 9, _two hundred verses in an hour he’d often dictate off_. But occasionally without #in#: as, #mē deciēns diē ūnō extrūdit aedibus#, Pl. _Aul._ 70, _ten times a day he thrusts me from the house_. #septiēns diē#, L. 28, 6, 10, _seven times a day_.

1354. An ablative of the time within which action occurs is sometimes followed by a relative pronoun sentence, with the relative pronoun likewise in the ablative: as, #quadrīduō, quō haec gesta sunt, rēs ad Chrȳsogonum dēfertur#, _RA._ 20, _within the four days space in which this occurred, the incident is reported to Chrysogonus_, i.e. four days after this occurred. #diēbus decem, quibus māteria coepta erat conportārī, omnī opere effectō#, 4, 18, 1, _the job being all done ten days after the carting of the stuff had begun_.

1355. The ablative is exceptionally used to denote duration of time: as,

#tōtā nocte continenter iērunt#, 1, 26, 5, _they went on and on all night without interruption_. Regularly, however, the accusative (1151); but the ablative is common in inscriptions.

III. THE INSTRUMENTAL ABLATIVE.

(A.) THE ABLATIVE OF ATTENDANCE.

THE ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT.

1356. A few indefinite designations of military forces denote accompaniment by the ablative alone, or oftener with #cum#: as,

(_a._) #ad castra Caesaris omnibus cōpiīs contendērunt#, 2, 7, 3, _they marched upon Caesar’s camp with all their forces_. #omnibus cōpiīs ad Ilerdam proficīscitur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 41, 2, _he marches before Ilerda, horse, foot, and dragoons_. (_b._) #is cīvitātī persuāsit, ut cum omnibus cōpiīs exīrent#, 1, 2, 1, _well, this man induced the community to emigrate in a body, bag and baggage_.

1357. The participles #iūnctus# and #coniūnctus# take the ablative of the thing joined with: as, #dēfēnsiōne iūncta laudātiō#, _Br._ 162, _a eulogy combined with a defence_. But sometimes the ablative with #cum# is used, or the dative (1186).

THE ABLATIVE OF MANNER.

1358. (1.) Certain substantives without an attribute are put in the ablative alone to denote manner; but usually substantives without an attribute have #cum#.

(_a._) Such adverbial ablatives are #iūre# and #iniūriā#, #ratiōne et viā#, #silentiō#, #vitiō#, #ōrdine#, #sponte#, #cōnsuētūdine#, &c.: as, #Arātus iūre laudātur#, _Off._ 2, 81, _Aratus is justly admired_. #iniūriā suspectum#, _C._ 1, 17, _wrongfully suspected_. #in omnibus, quae ratiōne docentur et viā#, _O._ 116, _in everything that is taught with philosophic method_. #silentiō ēgressus#, 7, 58, 2, _going out in silence_. #cēnsōrēs vitiō creātī#, L. 6, 27, 5, _censors irregularly appointed_. #ōrdine cūncta exposuit#, L. 3, 50, 4, _he told the whole story from beginning to end_, i.e. with all the particulars. (_b._) With #cum#: #face rem hanc cum cūrā gerās#, Pl. _Per._ 198, _see that this job with care thou dost_. #cum virtūte vīvere#, _Fin._ 3, 29, _to live virtuously_.

1359. (2.) The ablative of a substantive with an attribute is often used to denote manner, sometimes with #cum#: as,

(_a._) #ī pede faustō#, H. _E._ 2, 2, 37, _go with a blessing on thy foot_. #dat sonitū magnō strāgem#, Lucr. 1, 288, _it deals destruction with a mighty roar_. #ferārum rītū sternuntur#, L. 5, 44, 6, _they throw themselves down beast-fashion_. #apis Matīnae mōre modōque operōsa carmina fingō#, H. 4, 2, 27, _in way and wise of Matin bee laborious lays I mould_. #‘indoctus’ dīcimus brevī prīmā litterā, ‘īnsānus’ prōductā, ‘inhūmānus’ brevī, ‘īnfēlīx’ longā#. _O._ 159, _we pronounce_ #indoctus# _with the first letter short_, #īnsānus# _with it long_, #inhūmānus# _with it short_, #īnfēlīx# _with it long_ (167). #ternō cōnsurgunt ōrdine rēmī#, V. 5, 120, _with triple bank each time in concert rise the oars_. (_b._) #Allobroges magnā cum cūrā suōs fīnēs tuentur#, 7, 65, 3, _the Allobrogans guard their own territory with great care_.

1360. With a substantive meaning _way_ or _manner_, as #modō#, #rītū#, &c., _feeling_ or _intention_, as #hāc mente#, #aequō animō#, _condition_, as #eā condiciōne#, or a part of the body, as in #nūdō capite#, _bareheaded_, #cum# is not used.

1361. Other expressions denoting manner, particularly prepositional expressions with #per#, may be found in the dictionary: as, #per dolum#, 4, 13, 1, _by deceit_, #per iocum#, _Agr._ 2, 96, _in fun_, #per litterās#, _Att._ 5, 21, 13, _by letter_, _in writing_, #per vim#, _RA._ 32, _violently_, #per praestigiās#, _V._ 4, 53, _by some hocus pocus or other_, &c., &c. Sometimes the ablative with #ex#.

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.

1362. (1.) The ablative of a substantive, with a predicate participle in agreement, is used to denote an attendant circumstance of an action.

In this construction, which is called the _Ablative Absolute_, (_a._) the present participle is sometimes used: as, #nūllō hoste prohibente incolumem legiōnem in Nantuātīs perdūxit#, 3, 6, 5, _with no enemy hindering, he conducted the legion in safety to the Nantuates_. Much oftener, however, (_b._) the perfect participle: as, #hōc respōnsō datō discessit#, 1, 14, 7, _this answer given he went away_. (_c._) The future participle is also used in the ablative absolute from Livy on: as, #hospite ventūrō, cessābit nēmo tuōrum#, J. 14, 59, _a visitor to come, your slaves will bustle each and all_.

1363. A predicate ablative with a participle meaning _made_, _kept_, _chosen_, or the like, occurs in Cicero, Caesar, Nepos, and Livy, but is rare (1167): as, #Dolābellā hoste dēcrētō#, _Ph._ 11, 16, _Dolabella having been voted an enemy of the state_.

1364. The perfect participles of deponents used actively in the ablative absolute, are chiefly those of intransitive use, such as #nātus#, #mortuus#, #ortus#, #profectus#. From Sallust on, other perfect deponent participles also are used actively with an accusative. Cicero and Caesar use a few deponent participles, such as #ēmeritus#, #pactus#, #partītus#, #dēpopulātus#, as passives, and later authors use many other participles so.

1365. (2.) The ablative of a substantive, with a predicate noun in agreement, is often used to denote an attendant circumstance of an action: as,

#brevitātem secūtus sum tē magistrō#, _Fam._ 11, 25, 1, _I aimed at brevity with you as a teacher_. #nātus dīs inimīcīs#, Pl. _Most._ 563, _born under wrath of gods_. #M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus#, 1, 2, 1, _in the consulship of Messala and Piso_. #istō praetōre vēnit Syrācūsās#, _V._ 4, 61, _in the defendant’s praetorship he came to Syracuse_.

1366. The nominative #quisque#, #plerīque#, or #ipse#, sometimes accompanies the ablative absolute: as, #causā ipse prō sē dictā, damnātur#, L. 4, 44, 10, _he is condemned after pleading his case in person_.

1367. The ablative absolute may denote in a loose way various relations which might be more distinctly expressed by subordinate sentences.

So particularly: (_a._) Time: as, #tertiā initā vigiliā exercitum ēdūcit#, Caes. _C._ 3, 54, 2, _at the beginning of the third watch he leads the army out_. (_b._) Cause or means: as, #C. Flāminium Caelius religiōne neglēctā cecidisse apud Trāsumēnum scrībit#, _DN._ 2, 8, _Caelius writes that Flaminius fell at Trasumene in consequence of his neglect of religious observances_. (_c._) Concession: as, #id paucīs dēfendentibus expugnāre nōn potuit#, 2, 12, 2, _though the defenders were few, he could not take it by storm_. (_d._) Hypothesis: as, #quae potest esse vītae iūcunditās sublātīs amīcitiīs?# _Pl._ 80, _what pleasure can there be in life, if you take friendships away?_ (_e._) Description: as, #domum vēnit capite obvolūtō#, _Ph._ 2, 77, _he came home with his head all muffled up_.

1368. It may be seen from the examples above that a change of construction is often desirable in translating the ablative absolute. Particularly so in many set idiomatic expressions: as, #nūllā interpositā morā#, Caes. _C._ 3, 75, 1, _without a moment’s delay_, _instantly_. #equō admissō#, 1, 22, 2, #equō citātō#, Caes. _C._ 3, 96, 3, _full gallop_. #clāmōre sublātō#, 7, 12, 5, _with a round of cheers_. #bene rē gestā salvos redeō#, Pl. _Tri._ 1182, _crowned with success I come back safe and sound_.

1369. The substantive of the ablative absolute usually denotes a different person or thing from any in the main sentence. But exceptions to this usage sometimes occur: as,

#quibus audītīs, eōs domum remittit#, 4, 21, 6, _after listening to these men, he sends them home again_. #sī ego mē sciente paterer#, Pl. _MG._ 559, _if I should wittingly myself allow_, more emphatic than #sciēns#. #sē iūdice nēmo nocēns absolvitur#, J. 13, 2, _himself the judge, no criminal gets free_.

1370. Two ablatives absolute often occur together, of which the first indicates the time, circumstances, or cause of the second: as, #exaudītō clāmōre perturbātīs ōrdinibus#, 2, 11, 5, _the ranks being demoralized from hearing the shouts_. #cōnsūmptīs omnibus tēlīs gladiīs dēstrictīs#, Caes. _C._ 1, 46, 1, _drawing their swords after expending all their missiles_.

1371. The substantive is sometimes omitted in the ablative absolute, particularly when it is a general word for a person or a thing which is explained by a relative: as, #praemissīs, quī repūrgārent iter#, L. 44, 4, 11, _sending sappers and miners ahead to clear a way_. #relātīs ōrdine, quae vīdissent#, L. 42, 25, 2, _telling circumstantially all they had seen_.

1372. The ablative neuter of some perfect participles is used impersonally (1034). This use is rare in old Latin, in classical Latin commonest in Cicero, and afterwards in Livy: as, #auspicātō#, _DN._ 2, 11, _with auspices taken_. #sortītō#, _V._ 2, 126, _lots being drawn_, or _by lot_. Such ablatives readily become adverbs (704). Substantives are also sometimes used alone: as, #austrō#, _Div._ 2, 58, _when the wind is south_. #tranquillitāte#, Plin. _Ep._ 8, 20, 6, _when it is calm_. #serēnō#, L. 37, 3, 3, _the day being clear_.