Chapter VII: Part 7

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. |
| PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. |
| sum esse (fuī) ---- |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| sum, _I am_ | sumus, _we are_ |
| es, _thou art_ | estis, _you are_ |
| est, _he is_ | sunt, _they are_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| eram, _I was_ | erāmus, _we were_ |
| erās, _thou wert_ | erātis, _you were_ |
| erat, _he was_ | erant, _they were_ |
| |
| FUTURE TENSE. |
| erō, _I shall be_ | erimus, _we shall be_ |
| eris, _thou wilt be_ | eritis, _you will be_ |
| erit, _he will be_ | erunt, _they will be_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| fuī, _I have been_, | fuimus, _we have been_, |
| or _was_ | or _were_ |
| fuistī, _thou hast been_, | fuistis, _you have been_, |
| or _wert_ | or _were_ |
| fuit, _he has been_, | fuērunt or -re, |
| or _was_ | _they have been_, or _were_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| fueram, _I had been_ | fuerāmus, _we had been_ |
| fuerās, _thou hadst been_ | fuerātis, _you had been_ |
| fuerat, _he had been_ | fuerant, _they had been_ |
| |
| FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. |
| fuerō, _I shall have been_ | fuerimus, _we shall have been_ |
| fueris, _thou wilt have been_ | fueritis, _you will have been_ |
| fuerit, _he will have been_ | fuerint, _they will have been_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| sim, _may I be_ | sīmus, _let us be_ |
| sīs, _mayst thou be_ | sītis, _be you_, _may you be_ |
| sit, _let him be_, _may he be_ | sint, _let them be_, |
| | _may they be_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| essem, _I should be_ | essēmus, _we should be_ |
| essēs, _thou wouldst be_ | essētis, _you would be_ |
| esset, _he would be_ | essent, _they would be_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| fuerim, _I may have been_ | fuerīmus, _we may have been_ |
| fuerīs, _thou mayst have been_ | fuerītis, _you may have been_ |
| fuerit, _he may have been_ | fuerīnt, _they may have been_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| fuissem, | fuissēmus, |
| _I should have been_ | _we should have been_ |
| fuissēs, | fuissētis, |
| _thou wouldst have been_ | _you would have been_ |
| fuisset, | fuissent, |
| _he would have been_ | _they would have been_ |
| |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| es or estō, _be thou_, | este or estōte, _be you_, |
| _thou shalt be_ | _you shall be_ |
| estō, _he shall be_ | suntō, _they shall be_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. |
| |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ esse, _to be_ | _Pres._ See 749 |
| _Perf._ fuisse, _to have been_ | _Perf._ ---- |
| _Fut._ futūrus esse, | _Fut._ futūrus, _going to be_ |
| _to be going to be_ | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

746. For the first person #sum#, Varro mentions #esum# as an archaic form. This #e# was probably prefixed by analogy with the other forms; for the #-m#, and for #es#, see 728. For #sim#, &c., and #siem#, &c., see 841. In the imperfect #eram#, &c., and the future #erō#, &c., #s# has become #r# (154).

747. The indicative and imperative #es# is for older #ess# (171, 1), and is regularly used long by Plautus and Terence. The #e# of #es# and #est# is not pronounced after a vowel or #-m#, and is often omitted in writing: as #experrēcta es#, pronounced #experrēctas#; #epistula est#, pronounced #epistulast#; #cōnsilium est#, pronounced #cōnsiliumst#. In the dramatists, #-s# preceded by a vowel, which is usually short, unites with a following #es# or #est#: thus, #tū servos es# becomes #tū servos#; #similis est#, #similist#; #virtūs est#, #virtūst#; #rēs est#, #rēst#.

748. Old forms are: SONT (inscr. about 120 B.C.); with suffix #-scō# (834), #escit# (for #*esscit#), _gets to be_, _will be_, #escunt#; present subjunctive, #siem#, #siēs#, #siet#, and #sient# (841), common in inscriptions down to 100 B.C., and in old verse; also in compounds; imperative #estōd# rare.

749. The present participle is used only as an adjective. It has two forms: #sontem# (accusative, no nominative), which has entirely lost its original meaning of _being_, _actual_, _the real man_, and has only the secondary meaning of _guilty_, and #īnsōns#, _innocent_; and #-sēns# in #absēns#, _away_, #praesēns#, _at hand_, #dī cōnsentēs#, _gods collective_; also once INSENTIBVS. #sum# has no gerund or gerundive.

750. A subjunctive present #fuam#, #fuās#, #fuat#, and #fuant# occurs in old Latin; and an imperfect #forem#, #forēs#, #foret#, and #forent#, in all periods. The present infinitive #fore#, _to get to be_, _become_, has a future meaning. Old forms in the perfect system are FVVEIT (29, 1), FVET; #fūit#, #fūimus#, #fūerim#, #fūerit#, #fūerint#, #fūisset# (Plaut., Enn.). #fuī# has no perfect participle or supine.

751. #possum#, _can_.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Principal parts: possum, posse; (potuī, see 875.) |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | possum, potes, | possumus, potestis, |
| | potest | possunt |
| _Imp._ | poteram, poterās, | poterāmus, poterātis, |
| | poterat | poterant |
| _Fut._ | poterō, poteris, | poterimus, poteritis, |
| | poterit | poterunt |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | possim, possīs, possit | possīmus, possītis, possint |
| _Imp._ | possem, possēs, posset | possēmus, possētis, possent |
| | |
+---------+-------------------------+------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ | posse | ---- |
+---------+-------------------------+------------------------------+

752. #possum# is formed from #pote#, _able_, and #sum#, juxtaposed (166, 2; 396). The separate forms #potis sum#, &c., or #pote sum#, &c., are also used, and sometimes even #potis# or #pote# alone takes the place of a verb; in either case #potis# and #pote# are indeclinable, and are applied to gender words and neuters both.

753. #t# is retained before a vowel, except in #possem#, &c., for #potessem#, &c., and in #posse#; #t# before #s# changes to #s# (166, 2). Old forms are: #possiem#, &c., (748), #potessem#, #potisset#, #potesse#. Rare forms are POTESTO (inscr. 58 B.C.), and passives, as #potestur#, &c., with a passive infinitive (1484). #possum# has no participles; the perfect system, #potuī#, &c., is like #fuī#, &c. (745).

(2.) #dō#, _give_, _put_ (#dā-#, #da-#).

754. There are two verbs #dō#, one meaning _give_, and one meaning _put_. The #dō# meaning _put_ is oftenest used in compounds; the simple verb has been crowded out by #pōnō#. The present system of #dō# is as follows:

+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Principal parts: dō, dare, dedī, datus. |
+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | ACTIVE VOICE. |
| | |
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | dō, dās, dat | damus, datis, dant |
| _Imp._ | dabam, dabās, dabat | dabāmus, dabātis, dabant |
| _Fut._ | dabō, dabis, dabit | dabimus, dabitis, dabunt |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | dem, dēs, det | dēmus, dētis, dent |
| _Imp._ | darem, darēs, daret | darēmus, darētis, darent |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| | dā or datō, datō | date or datōte, dantō |
+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ | dare | dāns |
| | | |
| | GERUND. | |
| _Gen._ | dandī, &c. | |
+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | PASSIVE VOICE. |
| | |
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | ----, | damur, |
| | daris or -re, | daminī, |
| | datur | dantur |
| _Imp._ | dabar, | dabāmur, |
| | dabāre or -ris, | dabāminī, |
| | dabātur | dabantur |
| _Fut._ | dabor, | dabimur, |
| | dabere or -ris, | dabiminī, |
| | dabitur | dabuntur |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | ----, | ----, |
| | dēre or -ris, | dēminī, |
| | dētur | dentur |
| _Imp._ | darer, | darēmur, |
| | darēre or -ris, | darēminī, |
| | darētur | darentur |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| | dare or dator, dator | daminī, dantor |
| | |
+---------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. |
| _Pres._ | darī | dandus |
+---------+-------------------------------------------------+

755. In the present system #a# is short throughout in the first syllable, except in #dās# and #dā#. For #dedī#, #datus#, and supines #datum#, #datū#, see 859 and 900.

756. Old forms: #danunt# of uncertain origin (833) for #dant#. From another form of the root come #duis#, #duit#; #interduō#, #concrēduō#, perfect #concrēduī#; subjunctive #duim#, #duīs# (#duās#), #duit# and #duint# (841), and compounds, used especially in law language, and in praying and cursing; #crēduam#, #crēduās# or #crēduīs#, #crēduat# or #crēduit#.

757. Real compounds of #dō# have a present system like #regō# (782); in the perfect and the perfect participle, #e# and #a# become #i#: as, #abdō#, _put away_, #abdere#, #abdidī#, #abditus#; #crēdō#, _put trust in_. #perdō#, _fordo_, _destroy_, and #vēndō#, _put for sale_, have gerundives #perdendus#, #vēndundus#, and perfect participles #perditus#, #vēnditus#; the rest of the passive is supplied by forms of pereō and #vēneō#. #reddō#, _give back_, has future #reddibō# 3 times (Plaut.). In the apparent compounds with #circum#, #pessum#, #satis#, and #vēnum#, #dō# remains without change, as in 754.

[Erratum:
756.
. missing]

(3.) #bibō#, #serō#, and #sistō#.

758. #bibō#, _drink_, #serō#, _sow_ (for #*si-sō#, 154), and #sistō#, _set_, form their present stem by reduplication of the root (189). The vowel before the person endings is the root vowel, which becomes variable, like a formative vowel (824). These verbs have the present system like #regō# (782).

(_b._) WITH THE BARE ROOT IN PARTS.

#inquam#, #eō#, and #queō#.

759. #inquam#, #eō#, and #queō# have the bare root as present stem, in almost all their parts; in a few parts only the root is extended by a formative vowel (829).

(1.) #inquam#, _say I_, _quoth I_.

760. #inquam#, _say I_, is chiefly used in quoting a person’s direct words; and, from its meaning, is naturally very defective. The only parts in common use are the following:

+---------------------------------------------------------+
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | inquam, inquis, inquit | ----, ----, inquiunt |
| _Fut._ | ----, inquiēs, inquiet | ----, ----, ---- |
+---------------------------------------------------------+

761. Rare forms are: subjunctive #inquiat# (Cornif.), indicative imperfect #inquiēbat# (Cic.), used twice each; indicative present #inquimus# (Hor.), perfect #inquiī# (Catull.), #inquīstī# (Cic.), once each; imperative #inque#, 4 times (Plaut. 2, Ter. 2), #inquitō#, 3 times (Plaut.). For #inquam#, see 728.

762. (2.) #eō#, _go_ (#ī-# for #ei-#, #i-#)

+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Principal parts: eō, īre, iī, itum. |
+---------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | eō, īs, it | īmus, ītis, eunt |
| _Imp._ | ībam, ībās, ībat | ībāmus, ībātis, ībant |
| _Fut._ | ībō, ībis, ībit | ībimus, ībitis, ībunt |
| _Perf._ | iī, īstī, iīt or īt | iimus, īstis, iērunt or -re |
| | | |
| _Plup._ | ieram, ierās, ierat | ierāmus, ierātis, ierant |
| _F. P._ | ierō, ieris, ierit | ierimus, ieritis, ierint |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | eam, eās, eat | eāmus, eātis, eant |
| _Imp._ | īrem, īrēs, īret | īrēmus, īrētis, īrent |
| _Perf._ | ierim, ierīs, ierit | ierīmus, ierītis, ierint |
| _Plup._ | īssem, īssēs, īsset | īssēmus, īssētis, īssent |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| | ī or ītō, ītō | īte or ītōte, euntō |
+---------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ | īre | iēns, _Gen._ euntis |
| _Perf._ | īsse | itum |
| _Fut._ | itūrus esse | itūrus |
| | |
| | GERUND. | SUPINE. |
| _Gen._ | eundī | |
| _Dat._ | eundō | |
| _Acc._ | eundum | ---- |
| _Abl._ | eundō | ---- |
+---------+-------------------------------------------------------+

763. The passive is only used impersonally, and has a neuter gerundive #eundum# and participle #itum#; but transitive compounds, as #adeō#, _go up to_, have a complete passive: as, #adeor#, #adīris#, &c. #ambiō#, _go round_, _canvass_, follows denominatives in #-īre# (796), but has once or twice the imperfect #ambībat#, #ambībant#, #ambībātur# (Liv., Tac., Plin. _Ep._), and once the future #ambībunt# (Plin.); future perfect #ambīssit#, #ambīssint#, once each (prol. Plaut.).

764. The #ī# is weakened from #ei# (98): as, #eis#, #eit#, #eite#, #abeis#, #abei# (Plaut.); EITVR, ABEI, ADEITVR (inscr. 130 B.C.), VENEIRE (49 B.C.), PRAETEREIS. Before #o#, #u#, or #a#, the root becomes #e#. For #u# in #euntis#, see 902.

765. Old forms are: #īerō# (Plaut.), #īī#, #īerant# (Ter.), once each (126); in an inscription of 186 B.C., ADIESET, ADIESENT, ADIESE, and of 146 B.C., REDIEIT (29, 2; 132); INTERIEISTI. A future in #-iet#, as #trānsiet# (Sen.), is late and rare.

766. A double #i# is found in #iissēs# and #iisset# once each (_Ciris_, Nepos), also sometimes in compounds of these forms: as #rediissēs#, #interiisset#. Compounds sometimes have it also in the perfect infinitive and in the second person singular of the perfect indicative: as, #abiisse#, #abiistī#; also in #rediistis# once (Stat.). In the first person of the perfect indicative a single long #ī# is found rarely in late writers in the singular: as, #adī# (Val. Fl.).

767. A few examples are found of a perfect system with #v#, as #īvī#, &c. This form is confined almost exclusively to poetry and late prose.

(_a_) Examples of simple forms with #v# are: #īvisse# (Plaut.), #īvit# (Cato), #īvī# (Varro), #īverat# (Catull.). (_b_) Compound forms: #exīvī# (Plaut.), #obīvit# (Verg.), #subīvit# (Stat.); #trānsīvisse# (Claud. ap. Tac.), #inīvimus#, #trānsīvī#, #trānsīvimus# (Curt.), #trānsīvit#, #trānsīverant# (Sen.), #exīvit# (Gell.). Apparent compounds (396): #īntrō īvit# (C. Gracch., Piso, Gell.).

(3.) #queō#, _can_.

768. #queō#, _can_, and #nequeō#, _can’t_, have the perfect #quīvī#, the rest like #eō# (762); but they have no imperative, gerundive, or future participle, and the present participle is rare. #queō# is commonly used with a negative, and some parts only so. Passive forms are rare, and only used with a passive infinitive (1484).

#edō#; #volō# (#nōlō#, #mālō#) and #ferō#.

(1.) #edō#, _eat_ (#ed-#, #ēd-#).

769. #edō#, _eat_, has a present system with a formative vowel like #regō# throughout (782); but in some parts of the present, and of the imperfect subjunctive, parallel root forms are usually found, with #d# of the root changed to #s#, and the vowel lengthened (135), as may be seen in the following:

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Principal parts: edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsus. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | edō, ēs or edis, | edimus, ēstis or editis, |
| | ēst or edit | edunt |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | edim, edīs, edit | edīmus, edītis, edint |
| | or | or |
| | edam, edās, edat | edāmus, edātis, edant |
| _Imp._ | ēssem, ēssēs, ēsset | ēssēmus, ----, ēssent |
| | or | or |
| | ederem, ederēs, ederet | ederēmus, ederētis, ederent |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| | ēs or ede, | ēste or edite |
| | ēstō or editō | |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ | ēsse | edēns |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------+

770. For #ēs#, see 728; for #edim#, &c., 841. In the passive, the indicative present #ēstur# is used, and imperfect subjunctive #ēssētur#. The perfect participle #ēsus# is for an older #ēssus# (170, 7). Supines #ēssum#, #ēssū# (Plaut.).

771. #comedō#, _eat up_, has also the following root forms: #comēs#, #comēst#, #comēstis#; #comēstō#; #comēsse#; #comēssēs#, #comēsset#, #comēssēmus#. The present subjunctive has also #comedim#, #comedīs#, #comedint#. The participle perfect is #comēssus#, #comēsus#, or #comēstus#, future #comēssūrus#. #exedō#, _eat out_, has #exēst# and #exēsse#; subjunctive #exedint#. #adedō#, _eat at_, has #adēst#.

772. #volō# (#nōlō#, #mālō#) and #ferō# have the bare root in some parts only of the present system; in other parts the root extended by a formative vowel, like #regō# (782). #volō# (#nōlō#, #mālō#) lack some forms, as will be seen below.

773. (2.) #volō#, _will_, _wish_, _want_, _am willing_ (#vol-#, #vel-#).

+----------------------------------------------+
| Principal parts: volō, velle, voluī, ----. |
+---------+------------------------------------+
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | volō, | volumus, |
| | vīs, | voltis or vultis, |
| | volt or vult | volunt |
| _Imp._ | volēbam, | volēbāmus, |
| | volēbās, | volēbātis, |
| | volēbat | volēbant |
| _Fut._ | volam, | volēmus, |
| | volēs, | volētis, |
| | volet | volent |
| _Perf._ | voluī, | voluimus, |
| | voluistī, | voluistis, |
| | voluit | voluērunt or -re |
| _Plup._ | volueram, | voluerāmus, |
| | voluerās, | voluerātis, |
| | voluerat | voluerant |
| _F. P._ | voluerō, | voluerimus, |
| | volueris, | volueritis, |
| | voluerit | voluerint |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | velim, | velīmus, |
| | velīs, | velītis, |
| | velit | velint |
| _Imp._ | vellem, | vellēmus, |
| | vellēs, | vellētis, |
| | vellet | vellent |
| _Perf._ | voluerim, | voluerīmus, |
| | voluerīs, | voluerītis, |
| | voluerit | voluerint |
| _Plup._ | voluissem, | voluissēmus, |
| | voluissēs, | voluissētis, |
| | voluisset | voluissent |
| | |
+---------+------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ | velle | volēns |
| _Perf._ | voluisse | |
+---------+------------------------------------+

774. #volo# for #volō# is rare (2443). #volt# and #voltis# became #vult# and #vultis# about the time of Augustus (141). For #volumus#, see 142; #velim#, &c., 841; #vellem#, &c., #velle#, 166, 8. #sīs#, _an thou wilt_, is common for #sī vīs# (Plaut., Ter., Cic., Liv.). #sultis#, _an ‘t please you_, is used by Plautus for #sī voltis#.

775. #nōlō#, _won’t_, is formed from #ne-#, _not_, and #volō#, juxtaposed, and #mālō#, _like better_, abbreviated from #māvolō# for #*magsvolo# (779, 170, 2).

776. #nōlō#, _won’t_, _don’t want_, _object_, _am not willing_.

+----------------------------------------------------+
| Principal parts: nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ----. |
+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | nōlō, | nōlumus, |
| | nōn vīs, | nōn voltis or vultis, |
| | nōn volt or vult | nōlunt |
| _Imp._ | nōlēbam, | nōlēbāmus, |
| | nōlēbās, | nōlēbātis, |
| | nōlēbat | nōlēbant |
| _Fut._ | ----, | nōlēmus, |
| | nōlēs, | nōlētis, |
| | nōlet | nōlent |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | nōlim, | nōlīmus, |
| | nōlīs, | nōlītis, |
| | nōlit | nōlint |
| _Imp._ | nōllem, | nōllēmus, |
| | nōllēs, | nōllētis, |
| | nōllet | nōllent |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| | nōlī or nōlītō, | nōlīte or nōlītōte, |
| | nōlītō | nōluntō |
| | |
+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ | nōlle | ---- |
+---------+------------------------------------------+

777. #nevīs# and #nevolt#, from #ne-#, _not_, are found in Plautus. #nōlō# has usually no participles, but oblique cases of #nōlēns# are used a few times by post-Augustan writers (Cels., Luc., Quintil., Ta., Juv., Mart., Plin.). The perfect system, #nōluī#, &c., is like that of #volō# (772).

778. #mālō#, _like better_, _choose rather_.

+----------------------------------------------------+
| Principal parts: mālō, mālle, māluī, ----. |
+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | mālō, | mālumus, |
| | māvīs, | māvoltis or māvultis, |
| | māvolt or māvult | mālunt |
| _Imp._ | mālēbam, | mālēbāmus, |
| | mālēbās, | mālēbātis, |
| | mālēbat | mālēbant |
| _Fut._ | ----, | mālēmus, |
| | mālēs, | mālētis, |
| | mālet | mālent |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | mālim, | mālīmus, |
| | mālīs, | mālītis, |
| | mālit | mālint |
| _Imp._ | māllem, | māllēmus, |
| | māllēs, | māllētis, |
| | māllet | māllent |
| | |
+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ | mālle | ---- |
+---------+------------------------------------------+

779. Old forms are #māvolō#, #māvolunt#; #māvolet#; #māvelim#, #māvelīs#, #māvelit#; #māvellem#. The perfect system, #māluī#, &c., is like that of #volō# (772).

[Errata:
773 (table) ... velīmus,
, missing
774 ... #sī vīs# (Plaut., Ter., Cic., Liv.)
Plaut. Ter.,
775 ... #māvolō# for #*magsvolo#
printed as shown: error for magsvolō?]

(3.) #ferō#, _carry_ (#fer-#).

780. #ferō#, _carry_, is used only in the present system (720). The other parts are supplied by forms of #tollō#, _lift_ (#tol-#, #tlā-#). The present system of #ferō# is as follows:

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Principal parts: ferō, ferre; (tulī, lātus). |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | ACTIVE VOICE. |
| | |
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | ferō, fers, fert | ferimus, fertis, ferunt |
| _Imp._ | ferēbam, | ferēbāmus, |
| | ferēbās, | ferēbātis, |
| | ferēbat | ferēbant |
| _Fut._ | feram, ferēs, feret | ferēmus, ferētis, ferent |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | feram, ferās, ferat | ferāmus, ferātis, ferant |
| _Imp._ | ferrem, ferrēs, ferret | ferrēmus, ferrētis, ferrent |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| | fer or fertō, fertō | ferte or fertōte, feruntō |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ | ferre | ferēns |
| | | |
| | GERUND. | |
| _Gen._ | ferendī, &c. | |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | PASSIVE VOICE. |
| | |
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | feror, | ferimur, |
| | ferris or -re, | feriminī, |
| | fertur | feruntur |
| _Imp._ | ferēbar, | ferēbāmur, |
| | ferēbāre or -ris, | ferēbāminī, |
| | ferēbātur | ferēbantur |
| _Fut._ | ferar, | ferēmur, |
| | ferēre or -ris, | ferēminī, |
| | ferētur | ferentur |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| | |
| _Pres._ | ferar, | ferāmur, |
| | ferāre or -ris, | ferāminī, |
| | ferātur | ferantur |
| _Imp._ | ferrer, | ferrēmur, |
| | ferrēre or -ris, | ferrēminī, |
| | ferrētur | ferrentur |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| | ferre or fertor, | feriminī, |
| | fertor | feruntor |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. |
| _Pres._ | ferrī | ferendus |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------+

781. For #tulī#, see 860; the full form #tetulī#, &c., is found in old Latin, and TOLI, &c., in inscriptions; the compound with #re-# is #rettulī# for #*retetulī# (861). For the participle #lātus#, see 169, 1.

(B.) VERBS IN #-ere#.

_The Third Conjugation._

782. #regō#, _rule_.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. |
| PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. |
| regō regere rēxī rēctus |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ACTIVE VOICE. |
| |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| regō, _I rule_, | regimus, _we rule_, |
| or _am ruling_ | or _are ruling_ |
| regis, _thou rulest_, | regitis, _you rule_, |
| or _art ruling_ | or _are ruling_ |
| regit, _he rules_, | regunt, _they rule_, |
| or _is ruling_ | or _are ruling_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| regēbam, _I was ruling_, | regēbāmus, _we were ruling_, |
| or _I ruled_ | or _we ruled_ |
| regēbās, _thou wert ruling_, | regēbātis, _you were ruling_, |
| or _thou ruledst_ | or _you ruled_ |
| regēbat, _he was ruling_, | regēbant, _they were ruling_, |
| or _he ruled_ | or _they ruled_ |
| |
| FUTURE TENSE. |
| regam, _I shall rule_ | regēmus, _we shall rule_ |
| regēs, _thou wilt rule_ | regētis, _you will rule_ |
| reget, _he will rule_ | regent, _they will rule_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| rēxī, _I have ruled_, | rēximus, _we have ruled_, |
| or _I ruled_ | or _we ruled_ |
| rēxistī, _thou hast ruled_, | rēxistis, _you have ruled_, |
| or _thou ruledst_ | or _you ruled_ |
| rēxit, _he has ruled_, | rēxērunt or -re, |
| or _he ruled_ | _they have ruled_, |
| | or _they ruled_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| rēxeram, _I had ruled_ | rēxerāmus, _we had ruled_ |
| rēxerās, _thou hadst ruled_ | rēxerātis, _you had ruled_ |
| rēxerat, _he had ruled_ | rēxerant, _they had ruled_ |
| |
| FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. |
| rēxerō, | rēxerimus, |
| _I shall have ruled_ | _we shall have ruled_ |
| rēxeris, | rēxeritis, |
| _thou wilt have ruled_ | _you will have ruled_ |
| rēxerit, | rēxerint, |
| _he will have ruled_ | _they will have ruled_ |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| regam, _may I rule_ | regāmus, _let us rule_ |
| regās, _mayst thou rule_ | regātis, _may you rule_ |
| regat, _let him rule_ | regant, _let them rule_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| regerem, _I should rule_ | regerēmus, _we should rule_ |
| regerēs, _thou wouldst rule_ | regerētis, _you would rule_ |
| regeret, _he would rule_ | regerent, _they would rule_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| rēxerim, | rēxerīmus, |
| _I may have ruled_ | _we may have ruled_ |
| rēxerīs, | rēxerītis, |
| _thou mayst have ruled_ | _you may have ruled_ |
| rēxerit, | rēxerint, |
| _he may have ruled_ | _they may have ruled_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| rēxissem, | rēxissēmus, |
| _I should have ruled_ | _we should have ruled_ |
| rēxissēs, | rēxissētis, |
| _thou wouldst have ruled_ | _you would have ruled_ |
| rēxisset, | rēxissent, |
| _he would have ruled_ | _they would have ruled_ |
| |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| rege or regitō, | regite or regitōte, |
| _rule_, _thou shalt rule_ | _rule_, _you shall rule_ |
| regitō, _he shall rule_ | reguntō, _they shall rule_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. |
| |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ regere, _to rule_ | _Pres._ regēns, _ruling_ |
| _Perf._ rēxisse, | |
| _to have ruled_ | |
| _Fut._ rēctūrus esse, | _Fut._ rēctūrus, |
| _to be going to rule_ | _going to rule_ |
| |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. |
| _Gen._ regendī, _of ruling_ | |
| _Dat._ regendō, _for ruling_ | |
| _Acc._ regendum, _ruling_ | _Acc._ *rēctum, _to rule_, |
| | not used |
| _Abl._ regendō, _by ruling_ | _Abl._ *rēctū, _in ruling_, |
| | not used |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

VERBS IN #-ere#.

_The Third Conjugation._

783. #regor#, _am ruled_.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PASSIVE VOICE. |
| |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| regor, _I am ruled_ | regimur, _we are ruled_ |
| regeris or -re, | |
| _thou art ruled_ | regiminī, _you are ruled_ |
| regitur, _he is ruled_ | reguntur, _they are ruled_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| regēbar, | regēbāmur, |
| _I was ruled_ | _we were ruled_ |
| regēbāre or -ris, | regēbāminī, |
| _thou wert ruled_ | _you were ruled_ |
| regēbātur, | regēbantur, |
| _he was ruled_ | _they were ruled_ |
| |
| FUTURE TENSE. |
| regar, | regēmur, |
| _I shall be ruled_ | _we shall be ruled_ |
| regēre or -ris, | regēminī, |
| _thou wilt be ruled_ | _you will be ruled_ |
| regētur, | regentur, |
| _he will be ruled_ | _they will be ruled_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| rēctus sum, _I have been_, | rēctī sumus, _we have been_, |
| or _was ruled_ | or _were ruled_ |
| rēctus es, _thou hast been_, | rēctī estis, _you have been_, |
| or _wert ruled_ | or _were ruled_ |
| rēctus est, _he has been_, | rēctī sunt, _they have been_, |
| or _was ruled_ | or _were ruled_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| rēctus eram, | rēctī erāmus, |
| _I had been ruled_ | _we had been ruled_ |
| rēctus erās, | rēctī erātis, |
| _thou hadst been ruled_ | _you had been ruled_ |
| rēctus erat, | rēctī erant, |
| _he had been ruled_ | _they had been ruled_ |
| |
| FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. |
| rēctus erō, | rēctī erimus, |
| _I shall have been ruled_ | _we shall have been ruled_ |
| rēctus eris, | rēctī eritis, |
| _thou wilt have been ruled_ | _you will have been ruled_ |
| rēctus erit, | rēctī erunt, |
| _he will have been ruled_ | _they will have been ruled_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| regar, | regāmur, |
| _may I be ruled_ | _may we be ruled_ |
| regāre or -ris, | regāminī, |
| _mayst thou be ruled_ | _may you be ruled_ |
| regātur, | regantur, |
| _let him be ruled_ | _let them be ruled_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| regerer, | regerēmur, |
| _I should be ruled_ | _we should be ruled_ |
| regerēre or -ris, | regerēminī, |
| _thou wouldst be ruled_ | _you would be ruled_ |
| regerētur, | regerentur, |
| _he would be ruled_ | _they would be ruled_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| rēctus sim, | rēctī sīmus, |
| _I may have been ruled_ | _we may have been ruled_ |
| rēctus sīs, | rēctī sītis, |
| _thou mayst have been ruled_ | _you may have been ruled_ |
| rēctus sit, | rēctī sint, |
| _he may have been ruled_ | _they may have been ruled_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| rēctus essem, | rēctī essēmus, |
| _I should have been ruled_ | _we should have been ruled_ |
| rēctus essēs, _thou wouldst | rēctī essētis, |
| have been ruled_ | _you would have been ruled_ |
| rēctus esset, | rēctī essent, |
| _he would have been ruled_ | _they would have been ruled_ |
| |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| regere or regitor, _be ruled_, | regiminī, |
| _thou shalt be ruled_ | _be ruled_ |
| regitor, | reguntor, |
| _he shall be ruled_ | _they shall be ruled_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. |
| |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. |
| _Pres._ regī, | regendus, _to be ruled_ |
| _to be ruled_ | |
| _Perf._ rēctus esse, | PERFECT PARTICIPLE. |
| _to have been ruled_ | rēctus, _ruled_ |
| _Fut._ *rēctum īrī, | |
| _to be going to be ruled_, | |
| not used (2273) | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

VERBS IN #-iō#, #-ere#.

784. Verbs in #-iō#, #-ere#, as #capiō#, #capere#, _take_ (#cap-#), drop an #i# in some forms of the present and imperfect. The present system is as follows:

+---------+-------------------------------------------+
| | ACTIVE VOICE. |
| | |
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | capiō, | capimus, |
| | capis, | capitis, |
| | capit | capiunt |
| _Imp._ | capiēbam, | capiēbāmus, |
| | capiēbās, | capiēbātis, |
| | capiēbat | capiēbant |
| _Fut._ | capiam, | capiēmus, |
| | capiēs, | capiētis, |
| | capiet | capient |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| _Pres._ | capiam, | capiāmus, |
| | capiās, | capiātis, |
| | capiat | capiant |
| _Imp._ | caperem, | caperēmus, |
| | caperēs, | caperētis, |
| | caperet | caperent |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| | cape or capitō, | capite or capitōte, |
| | capitō | capiuntō |
+---------+-------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ | capere | capiēns |
| | | |
| | GERUND. | |
| _Gen._ | capiendī, &c. | |
+---------+-------------------------------------------+
| | PASSIVE VOICE. |
| | |
| | INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Pres._ | capior, | capimur, |
| | caperis or -re, | capiminī, |
| | capitur | capiuntur |
| _Imp._ | capiēbar, | capiēbāmur, |
| | capiēbāre or -ris, | capiēbāminī, |
| | capiēbātur | capiēbantur |
| _Fut._ | capiar, | capiēmur, |
| | capiēre or -ris, | capiēminī, |
| | capiētur | capientur |
| | |
| | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| _Pres._ | capiar, | capiāmur, |
| | capiāre or -ris, | capiāminī, |
| | capiātur | capiantur |
| _Imp._ | caperer, | caperēmur, |
| | caperēre or -ris, | caperēminī, |
| | caperētur | caperentur |
| | |
| | IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| | capere or capitor, | capiminī, |
| | capitor | capiuntor |
+---------+-------------------------------------------+
| | INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. |
| _Pres._ | capi | capiendus |
+---------+-------------------------------------------+

785. There are a dozen verbs in #-īō#, #-ere#, like #capiō#, and three deponents in #-ior#, #-ī#, all formed from consonant roots with a short vowel: see 836. #aiō#, _say_, and #fīō#, _grow_, _become_, have certain peculiarities arising from the blending of the root with the suffix.

[Errata:
784 (table) ... capi
printed as shown: error for capī?
785 ... verbs in #-īō#,
printed as shown: error for -iō?]

(1.) #aiō#, _say_, _say ay_, _avouch_ (#ag-#).

786. #aiō#, _say_, is defective, and has only these parts in common use:

+---------------+-----------+-----------+
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Ind. Pres._ | aiō, | ----, |
| | ais, | ----, |
| | ait | aiunt |
| _Ind. Imp._ | aiēbam, | aiēbāmus, |
| | aiēbās, | aiēbātis, |
| | aiēbat | aiēbant |
| _Subj. Pres._ | ----, | ----, |
| | aiās, | ----, |
| | aiāt | ---- |
+---------------+-----------+-----------+

787. For #aiō#, sometimes written #aiiō# (23), see 153, 2. Old forms are: present #ais#, #aīs#, #a͡is#, or with #-n# interrogative #āin#, #a͡in#; #aīt#, #ait#, or #a͡it#; imperfect #a͡ibam#, #a͡ibās#, #a͡ibat#, and #a͡ibant#; imperative once only, #aī# (Naev.). A participle #aientibus#, _affirmative_, occurs once (Cic.).

[Errata:
786 (table) ... aiāt
printed as shown: error for aiat?
787 ... interrogative #āin#, #a͡in#
printed as shown: āin error for aīn?]

(2.) #fīō#, _become_, _am made_.

788. #fīō#, _become_, and #factus sum# supplement each other: in the present system, the passive of #faciō#, _make_, except the gerundive, #faciendus#, is not used, #fīō#, &c., taking its place; in the perfect system, only #factus sum#, &c., is used.

+----------------+-----------+--------------------+
| | Singular. | Plural. |
| _Ind. Pres._ | fīō, | ----, |
| | fīs, | ----, |
| | fit | fīunt |
| _Ind. Imp._ | fīēbam, | fīēbāmus, |
| | fīēbās, | fīēbātis, |
| | fīēbat | fīēbant |
| _Ind. Fut._ | fīam, | fīēmus, |
| | fīēs, | fīētis, |
| | fīet | fīent |
| _Subj. Pres._ | fīam, | fīāmus, |
| | fīās, | fīātis, |
| | fīat | fīant |
| _Subj. Imp._ | fierem, | fierēmus, |
| | fierēs, | fierētis, |
| | fieret | fierent |
| _Imper._ | fī | fīte |
+----------------+-----------+--------------------+
| _Infin. Pres._ | fierī | _Part. Pres._ ---- |
+----------------+-----------+--------------------+

789. In #fīō#, &c., #ī# represents an older #ei#, seen in FEIENT (inscr. 45 B.C.). The infinitive #fierī# for #fierei# owes its passive ending to analogy; the active form #fiere# occurs twice (Enn., Laev.). The vowel before #-er-# in #fierem#, &c., and #fierī#, is sometimes long in the dramatists, where a cretic (- ⏑ -) is required, but otherwise always short.

790. #-fīō# is used in apparent compounds (394): as, #patē̆fit#. In real compounds commonly #-ficior#: as, #cōnficior#; but sometimes #-fīō#: as, #cōnfit#, #cōnfīunt#, #cōnfīat#, #cōnfieret#, #cōnfierent#, #cōnfī̆erī#; #dēfit#, #dēfīet#, #dēfīat#, #dēfierī#; #effit#, #effīant#, #ecfīerī#; #īnfit#; #interfīat#, #interfīerī#; #superfit#, #superfīat#.

791. Some verbs in #-iō#, #-ere# (or #-ior#, #-ī#), have occasionally the form of verbs in #-īre# (or #-īrī#), in some parts of the present system, oftenest before an #r#, and particularly in the passive infinitive: as,

#fodīrī#, 3 times (Cato, Col. 2), #circumfodīrī# (Col.), #ecfodīrī# (Plaut.); #adgredīrī# (#adgredīrier#), 4 times (Plaut.), #prōgredīrī# (Plaut.); #morīrī# 6 times (Plaut. 4, Pomp., Ov.), #ēmorīrī# twice (Plaut., Ter.); #orīrī#, always; #parīre#, twice (Plaut., Enn.); usually #potīrī# (#potīrier#). Also #cupīret# (Lucr.); #adgredīre#, #adgredībor#, #adgredīmur# (Plaut.); #morīmur# (Enn.); #orīris# (Varr., Sen.), #adorītur# (Lucil., Lucr.), #orīrētur# (Cic., Nep., Sall., Liv.), #adorīrētur# (Liv., Suet.); #parībis# (Pomp.), PARIRET (inscr.); #potīris# (Manil.), #potītur# (Lucil., Ov.), &c., &c.

[Errata:
791 ... #orīrī#, always
#orīrī#.
#adorītur# (Lucil., Lucr.),
final , printed .]

II. DENOMINATIVE VERBS.

(1.) VERBS IN #-āre#.

_The First Conjugation._

792. #laudō#, _praise_.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. |
| PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. |
| laudō laudāre laudāvī laudātus |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ACTIVE VOICE. |
| |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| laudō, _I praise_, | laudāmus, _we praise_, |
| or _am praising_ | or _are praising_ |
| laudās, _thou praisest_, | laudātis, _you praise_, |
| or _art praising_ | or _are praising_ |
| laudat, _he praises_, | laudant, _they praise_, |
| or _is praising_ | or _are praising_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| laudābam, _I was praising_, | laudābāmus, |
| or _I praised_ | _we were praising_, |
| | or _we praised_ |
| laudābās, _thou wert praising_, | laudābātis, _you were |
| or _thou praisedst_ | praising_, or _you praised_ |
| laudābat, _he was praising_, | laudābant, _they were |
| or _he praised_ | praising_, or _they praised_ |
| |
| FUTURE TENSE. |
| laudābō, _I shall praise_ | laudābimus, _we shall praise_ |
| laudābis, _thou wilt praise_ | laudābitis, _you will praise_ |
| laudābit, _he will praise_ | laudābunt, _they will praise_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| laudāvī, _I have praised_, | laudāvimus, _we have praised_, |
| or _I praised_ | or _we praised_ |
| laudāvistī, _thou hast | laudāvistis, _you have |
| praised_, or _thou praisedst_ | praised_, or _you praised_ |
| laudāvit, _he has praised_, | laudāvērunt or -re, |
| or _he praised_ | _they have praised_, |
| | or _they praised_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| laudāveram, _I had praised_ | laudāverāmus, _we had praised_ |
| laudāverās, | laudāverātis, |
| _thou hadst praised_ | _you had praised_ |
| laudāverat, _he had praised_ | laudāverant, |
| | _they had praised_ |
| |
| FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. |
| laudāverō, | laudāverimus, |
| _I shall have praised_ | _we shall have praised_ |
| laudāveris, | laudāveritis, |
| _thou wilt have praised_ | _you will have praised_ |
| laudāverit, | laudāverint, |
| _he will have praised_ | _they will have praised_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| laudem, _may I praise_ | laudēmus, _let us praise_ |
| laudēs, _mayst thou praise_ | laudētis, _may you praise_ |
| laudet, _let him praise_ | laudent, _let them praise_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| laudārem, _I should praise_ | laudārēmus, _we should praise_ |
| laudārēs, | laudārētis, |
| _thou wouldst praise_ | _you would praise_ |
| laudāret, _he would praise_ | laudārent, _they would praise_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| laudāverim, | laudāverīmus, |
| _I may have praised_ | _we may have praised_ |
| laudāverīs, | laudāverītis, |
| _thou mayst have praised_ | _you may have praised_ |
| laudāverit, | laudāverint, |
| _he may have praised_ | _they may have praised_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| laudāvissem, | laudāvissēmus, |
| _I should have praised_ | _we should have praised_ |
| laudāvissēs, | laudāvissētis, |
| _thou wouldst have praised_ | _you would have praised_ |
| laudāvisset, | laudāvissent, |
| _he would have praised_ | _they would have praised_ |
| |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| laudā or laudātō, _praise_, | laudāte or laudātōte, _praise_,|
| _thou shalt praise_ | _you shall praise_ |
| laudātō, _he shall praise_ | laudantō, _they shall praise_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. |
| |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ laudāre, | _Pres._ laudāns, |
| _to praise_ | _praising_ |
| _Perf._ laudāvisse, | |
| _to have praised_ | |
| _Fut._ laudātūrus esse, | _Fut._ laudātūrus, |
| _to be going to praise_ | _going to praise_ |
| |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. |
| _Gen._ laudandī, | |
| _of praising_ | |
| _Dat._ laudandō, | |
| _for praising_ | |
| _Acc._ laudandum, _praising_ | _Acc._ laudātum, _to praise_ |
| _Abl._ laudandō, _by praising_ | _Abl._ *laudātū, _in praising_,|
| | not used |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

[Erratum:
792 (table) ... _Abl._ laudandō
. missing or invisible]

VERBS IN #-āre#.

_The First Conjugation._

793. #laudor#, _am praised_.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PASSIVE VOICE. |
| |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| laudor, | laudāmur, |
| _I am praised_ | _we are praised_ |
| laudāris or -re, | laudāminī, |
| _thou art praised_ | _you are praised_ |
| laudātur, | laudantur, |
| _he is praised_ | _they are praised_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| laudābar, | laudābāmur, |
| _I was praised_ | _we were praised_ |
| laudābāre or -ris, | laudābāminī, |
| _thou wert praised_ | _you were praised_ |
| laudābātur, | laudābantur, |
| _he was praised_ | _they were praised_ |
| |
| FUTURE TENSE. |
| laudābor, | laudābimur, |
| _I shall be praised_ | _we shall be praised_ |
| laudābere or -ris, | laudābiminī, |
| _thou wilt be praised_ | _you will be praised_ |
| laudābitur, | laudābuntur, |
| _he will be praised_ | _they will be praised_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| laudātus sum, _I have been_, | laudātī sumus, _we have been_, |
| or _was praised_ | or _were praised_ |
| laudātus es, _thou hast been_, | laudātī estis, |
| or _wert praised_ | _you have been_, |
| | or _were praised_ |
| laudātus est, _he has been_, | laudātī sunt, |
| or _was praised_ | _they have been_, |
| | or _were praised_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| laudātus eram, | laudātī erāmus, |
| _I had been praised_ | _we had been praised_ |
| laudātus erās, | laudātī erātis, |
| _thou hadst been praised_ | _you had been praised_ |
| laudātus erat, | laudātī erant, |
| _he had been praised_ | _they had been praised_ |
| |
| FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. |
| laudātus erō, | laudātī erimus, |
| _I shall have been praised_ | _we shall have been praised_ |
| laudātus eris, | laudātī eritis, |
| _thou wilt have been praised_ | _you will have been praised_ |
| laudātus erit, | laudātī erunt, _they will |
| _he will have been praised_ | have been praised_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| lauder, | laudēmur, |
| _may I be praised_ | _may we be praised_ |
| laudēre or -ris, | laudēminī, |
| _mayst thou be praised_ | _may you be praised_ |
| laudētur, | laudentur, |
| _let him be praised_ | _let them be praised_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| laudārer, | laudārēmur, |
| _I should be praised_ | _we should be praised_ |
| laudārēre or -ris, | laudārēminī, |
| _thou wouldst be praised_ | _you would be praised_ |
| laudārētur, | laudārentur, |
| _he would be praised_ | _they would be praised_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| laudātus sim, | laudātī sīmus, |
| _I may have been praised_ | _we may have been praised_ |
| laudātus sīs, _thou mayst | laudātī sītis, |
| have been praised_ | _you may have been praised_ |
| laudātus sit, | laudātī sint, |
| _he may have been praised_ | _they may have been praised_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| laudātus essem, | laudātī essēmus, _we should |
| _I should have been praised_ | have been praised_ |
| laudātus essēs, _thou | laudātī essētis, _you would |
| wouldst have been praised_ | have been praised_ |
| laudātus esset, _he would | laudātī essent, _they would |
| have been praised_ | have been praised_ |
| |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| laudāre or laudātor, | laudāminī, |
| _be praised_, | _be praised_ |
| _thou shalt be praised_ | |
| laudātor, | laudantor, |
| _he shall be praised_ | _they shall be praised_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. |
| |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. |
| _Pres._ laudārī, | laudandus, _to be praised_ |
| _to be praised_ | |
| _Perf._ laudātus esse, | PERFECT PARTICIPLE. |
| _to have been praised_ | laudātus, _praised_ |
| _Fut._ *laudātum īrī, | |
| _to be going to be | |
| praised_, not used (2273) | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

(2.) VERBS IN #-ēre#.

_The Second Conjugation._

794. #moneō#, _advise_.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. |
| PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. |
| moneō monēre monuī monitus |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ACTIVE VOICE. |
| |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| moneō, _I advise_, | monēmus, _we advise_, |
| or _am advising_ | or _are advising_ |
| monēs, _thou advisest_, | monētis, _you advise_, |
| or _art advising_ | or _are advising_ |
| monet, _he advises_, | monent, _they advise_, |
| or _is advising_ | or _are advising_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| monēbam, _I was advising_, | monēbāmus, _we were advising_, |
| or _I advised_ | or _we advised_ |
| monēbās, _thou wert advising_, | monēbātis, _you were advising_, |
| or _thou advisedst_ | or _you advised_ |
| monēbat, _he was advising_, | monēbant, _they were advising_, |
| or _he advised_ | or _they advised_ |
| |
| FUTURE TENSE. |
| monēbō, _I shall advise_ | monēbimus, _we shall advise_ |
| monēbis, _thou wilt advise_ | monēbitis, _you will advise_ |
| monēbit, _he will advise_ | monēbunt, _they will advise_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| monuī, _I have advised_, | monuimus, _we have advised_, |
| or _I advised_ | or _we advised_ |
| monuistī, _thou hast advised_, | monuistis, _you have advised_, |
| or _thou advisedst_ | or _you advised_ |
| monuit, _he has advised_, | monuērunt or -re, |
| or _he advised_ | _they have advised_, |
| | or _they advised_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| monueram, _I had advised_ | monuerāmus, _we had advised_ |
| monuerās, _thou hadst advised_ | monuerātis, _you had advised_ |
| monuerat, _he had advised_ | monuerant, _they had advised_ |
| |
| FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. |
| monuerō, | monuerimus, |
| _I shall have advised_ | _we shall have advised_ |
| monueris, | monueritis, |
| _thou wilt have advised_ | _you will have advised_ |
| monuerit, | monuerint, |
| _he will have advised_ | _they will have advised_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| |
| PRESENT TENSE. |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| moneam, _may I advise_ | moneāmus, _let us advise_ |
| moneās, _mayst thou advise_ | moneātis, _may you advise_ |
| moneat, _let him advise_ | moneant, _let them advise_ |
| |
| IMPERFECT TENSE. |
| monērem, _I should advise_ | monērēmus, _we should advise_ |
| monērēs, _thou wouldst advise_ | monērētis, _you would advise_ |
| monēret, _he would advise_ | monērent, _they would advise_ |
| |
| PERFECT TENSE. |
| monuerim, | monuerīmus, |
| _I may have advised_ | _we may have advised_ |
| monuerīs, | monuerītis, |
| _thou mayst have advised_ | _you may have advised_ |
| monuerit, | monuerint, |
| _he may have advised_ | _they may have advised_ |
| |
| PLUPERFECT TENSE. |
| monuissem, | monuissēmus, |
| _I should have advised_ | _we should have advised_ |
| monuissēs, | monuissētis, |
| _thou wouldst have advised_ | _you would have advised_ |
| monuisset, | monuissent, |
| _he would have advised_ | _they would have advised_ |
| |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| monē or monētō, _advise_, | monēte or monētōte, _advise_, |
| _thou shalt advise_ | _you shall advise_ |
| monētō, _he shall advise_ | monentō, _they shall advise_ |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. |
| |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. |
| _Pres._ monēre, | _Pres._ monēns, |
| _to advise_ | _advising_ |
| _Perf._ monuisse, | |
| _to have advised_ | |
| _Fut._ monitūrus esse, | _Fut._ monitūrus, |
| _to be going to advise_ | _going to advise_ |
| |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. |
| _Gen._ monendī, | |
| _of advising_ | |
| _Dat._ monendō, | |
| _for advising_ | |
| _Acc._ monendum, _advising_ | _Acc._ *monitum, _to advise_, |
| | not used |
| _Abl._ monendō, _by advising_ | _Abl._ monitū, _in advising_ |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

[Erratum:
794 (table) ... _Acc._ monendum, _advising_
. missing or invisible]

VERBS IN #-ēre#.

_The Second Conjugation._

795. #moneor#, _am advised_.