Chapter XXII: Part 22

#venīre tū mē gaudēs#, Pl. _B._ 184, _thou art glad I’m come_. #doluī pācem repudiārī#, _Marc._ 14, _I felt sorry peace was rejected_. These verbs often have the construction with #quod#, or in old Latin with #quia# (1851).

2188. Some of the commonest of these verbs are #doleō#, #gaudeō#, #laetor#, #mīror#, &c., &c.; and from Cicero on, #angor#, #indignor#, #lūgeō#, #sollicitō#.

VERBS OF DESIRE.

2189. (1.) The accusative with the infinitive is commonly used with #volō# (#mālō#, #nōlō#), and #cupiō#, when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the verb: as,

#Catilīnam perīre voluī#, _Ph._ 8, 15, _I wished Catiline to die_. #māluit hominēs peccāre quam deōs#, _V._ 2, 22, _he wanted men to sin rather than gods_. #tē tuā fruī virtūte cupimus#, _Br._ 331, _we wish you to reap the benefit of your high character_.

2190. (2.) Even when the subjects denote the same person, the accusative is sometimes used with the infinitive: as,

#ēmorī mē mālim#, Pl. _As._ 810, #morī mē mālim#, T. _Eu._ 66, _I’d rather die_. #magnuficē volō mē virōs summōs accipere#, Pl. _Ps._ 167, _I’m going to entertain some highborn gentlemen in style_. Oftenest when the infinitive is #esse#, #vidērī#, #putārī#, or #dīcī#: as, #cupiō mē esse clēmentem, cupiō mē nōn dissolūtum vidērī#, _C._ 1, 4, _I wish to play the man of mercy, and yet I do not wish to seem over lax_. Rarely thus with #dēsīderō#, #nōlō#, #optō#, and #studeō#, and in Sallust with #properō#.

2191. For the perfect active with these verbs, see 2228; for the perfect passive, 2229.

2192. #volō#, #mālō#, and #cupiō# are often coordinated with the subjunctive of desire (1707). #volō# and #mālō# often have the subjunctive with #ut#, particularly in old Latin (1950).

2193. Verbs of resolving sometimes take the accusative with the infinitive: as, #certum offirmāre est viam mē#, T. _Hec._ 454, _I am resolved to hold the way_. So, from Cicero on, sometimes #cēnseō#, #dēcernō#, and #sentiō#, in the exceptional sense of #volō# or #iubeō#, _think it best_: as, #velle et cēnsēre eōs ab armīs discēdere#, S. _I._ 21, 4, _that they wished and thought it best for those people to give up fighting_.

2194. The accusative with the infinitive is sometimes used with verbs of demanding: as, #hau postulō equidem mēd in lectō accumbere#, Pl. _St._ 488, _I can’t expect, not I, to sprawl upon a couch_. #hīc postulat sē absolvī?# _V._ 3, 138, _does this man ask to be acquitted?_ Similarly with #ōrō# and #praecipiō# in late writers.

2195. The accusative with the infinitive is sometimes found with #suādeō# and #persuādeō# in Terence, Lucretius, and Vergil, and with #precor# in Ovid and late prose.

VERBS OF ACCOMPLISHING.

2196. Verbs of accomplishing rarely have the accusative with the infinitive: as, #tālīs ōrātōrēs vidērī facit, quālīs ipsī sē vidērī volunt#, _Br._ 142, of delivery, _it makes orators appear just as they wish to appear themselves_. Oftenest in poetry. In prose usually the subjunctive with #ut# (1951).

VERBS OF TEACHING AND TRAINING.

2197. The verbs of teaching and training, #doceō# and #adsuēfaciō#, may take an accusative of a substantive and an infinitive expressing the thing taught: as,

#quīn etiam tondēre fīliās suās docuit#, _TD._ 5, 58, _why more than that, he actually taught his own daughters to shave_, of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. #equōs eōdem remanēre vestīgiō adsuēfēcērunt#, 4, 2, 3, _they have their horses trained to stand stock-still_ (1608). Compare 1169.

VERBS OF BIDDING AND FORBIDDING AND OF ALLOWING.

2198. The accusative with the infinitive is used with #iubeō# and #vetō#, #sinō# and #patior#: as,

#mīlitēs ex oppidō exīre iussit#, 2, 33, 1, _he ordered the soldiers to go out of the town_. #pontem iubet rescindī#, 1, 7, 2, _he orders the bridge torn up_. #lēx peregrīnum vetat in mūrum ascendere#, _DO._ 2, 100, _it is against the law for a foreigner to get up on the wall_. #castra vāllō mūnīrī vetuit#, Caes. _C._ 1, 41, 4, _he gave orders that the camp should not be fortified with a palisade_. #vīnum ad sē inportārī nōn sinunt#, 4, 2, 6, _wine they will not allow to be brought into their country_. Cicero is the first to use #vetō# thus. Other constructions also occur with these words: see 1708, 1950, 1953, &c.

2199. The person ordered or forbidden is often omitted, when stress is laid on the action merely, or when the person is obvious from the context: as, #castra mūnīre iubet#, i.e. #mīlitēs#, 2, 5, 6, _he gives orders to construct a camp_. #iussērunt prōnūntiāre#, i.e. #tribūnōs et centuriōnēs#, 5, 33, 3, _they gave orders to proclaim_. #īdemque iussērunt simulācrum Iovis facere maius#, i.e. #cōnsulēs#, _C._ 3, 20, _and they furthermore gave directions to make a statue of Jupiter, a bigger one_.

2200. #iubeō# is sometimes coordinated with the subjunctive, especially in old Latin (1708). Sometimes it has the subjunctive with #ut#, especially in resolves of the people.

2201. In the passive, #iubeō#, #vetō#, and #sinō# are used personally, the accusative of the person ordered or forbidden becoming nominative: as, #iubentur scrībere exercitum#, L. 3, 30, 3, _they are ordered to raise an army_. #Nōlānī mūrōs adīre vetitī#, L. 23, 16, 9, _the men of Nola were not allowed to go to the walls_. #hīc accūsāre eum nōn est situs#, _Sest._ 95, _this man was not allowed to accuse him_.

2202. #imperō# often has the accusative with a passive or deponent infinitive, or with #fierī#: as, #praesentem pecūniam solvī imperāvī#, _Att._ 2, 4, 1, _I have given orders for ready money to be paid_. Rarely with an active infinitive parallel with a passive: as, #eō partem nāvium convenīre commeātumque comportārī imperat#, Caes. _C._ 3, 42, 2, _he orders part of the vessels to rendezvous there, and grain to be brought_. In the passive, a personal #imperor# occurs, like #iubeor# (2201): as, #in lautumiās dēdūcī imperantur#, _V._ 5, 68, _orders are given for them to be taken to the quarries_. See also 1950. #permittō# has sometimes the accusative with the infinitive from Tacitus on, usually the subjunctive with #ut# (1950).

2203. The verbs of hindering, #prohibeō# and #impediō#, sometimes have the accusative with the infinitive: as, #barbarī nostrōs nāvibus ēgredī prohibēbant#, 4, 24, 1, _the savages undertook to prevent our people from disembarking_. The infinitive used with #prohibeō# is usually passive or deponent. #quid est igitur quod mē impediat ea quae probābilia mihī̆ videantur sequī?# _Off._ 2, 8, _what is there then to hinder me from following what seems to me to be probable?_ See also 1960 and 1977.

THE INFINITIVE AS A SUBSTANTIVE ACCUSATIVE.

2204. The accusative with the infinitive, or the infinitive alone, regarded as a neuter substantive, may be used as the object of a verb, or in apposition with the object: as,

(_a._) #leporem gustāre fās nōn putant#, 5, 12, 6, _tasting hare they count a sin_. #errāre malum dūcimus#, _Off._ 1, 18, _going astray we hold a bad thing_. (_b._) #ad id quod īnstituistī, ōrātōrum genera distinguere aetātibus, istam dīligentiam esse accommodātam putō#, _Br._ 74, _I think your accurate scholarship is just the thing for your projected task--classifying public speakers chronologically_.

2205. The infinitive as a substantive is rarely preceded by the preposition #inter# in late prose: as, #multum interest inter dare et accipere#, Sen. _Ben._ 5, 10, 2, _there is a vast difference between ‘give’ and ‘take.’_ Cicero has it thus once in a translation (_Fin._ 2, 43). In poetry #praeter# is thus used rarely.

2206. In poetry, the infinitive is used as a substantive object with such verbs as #dō#, #reddō#, #adimō#, #perdō#: as, #hīc verērī perdidit#, Pl. _B._ 158, _this youth has lost his sense of shame_.

(B.) THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT.

2207. The accusative with the infinitive, or the infinitive alone, present or perfect, may be used as the subject of a verb, in apposition with the subject, or as a predicate nominative: as,

(_a._) #mendācem memorem esse oportēre#, Quintil. 4, 2, 91, _that a liar should have a good memory_. (_b._) #sequitur illud, caedem senātum iūdicāsse contrā rem pūblicam esse factam#, _Mil._ 12, _next comes this point, that the senate adjudged the homicide an offence against the state_. (_c._) #exitus fuit ōrātiōnis, sibī̆ nūllam cum hīs amīcitiam esse posse#, 4, 8, 1, _the end of the speech was that he could not have any friendship with these people_.

2208. The infinitive is used as the subject (_a._) with impersonal verbs, (_b._) with #est#, #putātur#, #habētur#, &c., and an abstract substantive, a genitive, or a neuter adjective in the predicate.

2209. (_a._) Some of the commonest impersonal verbs are #appāret#, #decet#, #expedit#, #licet#, #lubet#, #oportet#, #praestat#, #pudet#, #rēfert#. Also in classical Latin, #attinet#, #condūcit#, #cōnstat#, #dēdecet#, #exsistit#, #fallit#, #interest#, #iuvat#, #liquet#, #obest#, #paenitet#, #patet#, #pertinet#, #placet#, #displicet#, #prōdest#, which are used as live verbs by Lucretius and Sallust also. Similarly in Plautus and Terence #fortasse#.

2210. The infinitive is occasionally used as a subject with verbs other than the above (2209): as, #nōn cadit invidēre in sapientem#, _TD._ 3, 21, _envy does not square with our ideas of a sage_. #carēre hoc sīgnificat, egēre eō quod habēre velīs#, _TD._ 1, 88, #careō# _means not having what you would like to have_.

2211. (_b._) Some of the commonest abstracts used thus with #est# are #fāma#, #fās# and #nefās#, #fidēs#, #iūs#, #laus#, #opus#, #mōs#, #tempus#. From Cicero on, #opīniō# and #prōverbium#. In Plautus, #audācia#, #cōnfīdentia#, #miseria#, #negōtium#, #scelus#, &c. For genitives, see 1237. Neuter adjectives are such as #aequum#, #inīquum#, #cōnsentāneum#, #crēdibile#, #incrēdibile#, #manifestum#, #necesse#, #pār#, #rēctum#, &c., &c.

2212. The accusative is not expressed when it is indefinite, _you_, _a man_, _a person_, _anybody_, frequently also when it is implied in some other case in the sentence: as,

#nōn tam praeclārum est scīre Latīnē quam turpe nescīre#, _Br._ 140, _it is not so creditable to be a Latin scholar as it is disreputable not to be_. #mihī̆ inter virtūtēs grammaticī habēbitur aliqua nescīre#, Quintil. 1, 8, 21, _in my eyes it will be one merit in a classical scholar not to be omniscient_. #temporī cēdere semper sapientis est habitum#, _Fam._ 4, 9, 2, _bowing to the inevitable has always passed as a mark of wisdom_. #peccāre licet nēminī#, _Par._ 20, _no man is at liberty to sin_. An indefinite #hominem#, #aliquem#, or #tē#, is rare: as, #illa laus est, līberōs hominem ēducāre#, Pl. _MG._ 703, _it is a crown of glory for a man a family to rear_.

2213. (1.) A predicate noun referring to the unexpressed indefinite subject of the infinitive is put in the accusative: as,

#nōn esse cupidum pecūnia est, nōn esse emācem vectīgal est, contentum vērō suīs rēbus esse maximae sunt dīvitiae#, _Par._ 51, _for a man not to have desires, is money down, not to be eager to buy is an income; but to be satisfied with what you have is the greatest possible wealth_. A plural predicate is rare: as, #esset ēgregium domesticīs esse contentōs#, _O._ 22, _it would be a grand thing for people to be satisfied with home examples_.

2214. (2.) When the subject of the infinitive is implied in a dative, a predicate noun may also be in the dative: as,

#mihī̆ neglegentī esse nōn licet#, _Att._ 1, 17, 6, _it will not do for me to be careless_. With a dative and licet, however, the predicate is sometimes in the accusative: as, #quod sī cīvī Rōmānō licet esse Gādītānum#, _Balb._ 29, _now if a Roman is allowed to be a Gaditanian_. Regularly so, when the subject is indefinite and not expressed (2212): as, #haec praescrīpta servantem licet magnificē vīvere#, _Off._ 1, 92, _a man who holds to these rules may live a noble life_.

2215. The infinitive, used as a substantive in the nominative or accusative, sometimes has a neuter attribute.

Chiefly thus #ipsum#, #hoc ipsum#, #tōtum hoc#: as, #ipsum Latīnē loquī est in magnā laude pōnendum#, _Br._ 140, _just the mere ability of talking good Latin is to be accounted highly creditable_. Rarely a possessive, #meum#, #tuum#: as, #ita tuom cōnfertō amāre nē tibi sit probrō#, Pl. _Cur._ 28, _so shape thy wooing that it be to thee no shame_.

[Errata:
2214 ... may also be in the dative: as,
dative. as,
2215 ... used as a substantive in the nominative or accusative,
, missing]

THE INFINITIVE OF EXCLAMATION.

2216. The infinitive alone, or the accusative with the infinitive, is sometimes used in exclamations of surprise, incredulity, disapproval, or lamentation: as,

#nōn pudēre#, T. _Ph._ 233, _not be ashamed_. #sedēre tōtōs diēs in vīllā#, _Att._ 12, 44, 2, _sitting round whole days and days at the country place_. #at tē Rōmae nōn fore#, _Att._ 5, 20, 7, _only to think you won’t be in Rome_. #hoc posterīs memoriae trāditum īrī#, L. 3, 67, 1, _to think this will be passed down to generations yet unborn_. Often with a #-ne#, transferred from the unexpressed verb on which the infinitive depends (1503): as, #tēne hoc, Accī, dīcere, tālī prūdentiā praeditum#, _Clu._ 84, _what? you to say this, Accius, with your sound sense_. The exclamatory infinitive is chiefly confined to Plautus, Terence, and Cicero.

THE INFINITIVE OF INTIMATION.

2217. This infinitive has already been spoken of; see 1535-1539.

THE TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE.

2218. The present infinitive represents action as going on, the perfect as completed, and the future as not yet begun, at the time of the action of the verb to which the infinitive is attached.

The forms of the infinitive are commonly and conveniently called tenses, though this designation is not strictly applicable.

THE PRESENT TENSE.

2219. In itself, the present infinitive denotes action merely as going on, without any reference to time. With some verbs, however, which look to the future, the present relates to action in the immediate future. With verbs of perceiving, knowing, thinking, and saying, it denotes action as going on at the time of the verb: as,

(_a._) #facinus est vincīre cīvem Rōmānum#, _V._ 5, 170, _it is a crime to put a Roman in irons_. (_b._) #audīre cupiō#, _Caec._ 33, _I am eager to hear_. #Antium mē recipere cōgitō a. d. V Nōn. Māi.#, _Att._ 2, 9, 4, _I am meditating going back to Antium the third of May_. (_c._) #errāre eōs dīcunt#, 5, 41, 5, _they say those people are mistaken_. #tempus dīxī esse#, T. _Hec._ 687, _I said it was time_. #dīcēs tibī̆ Siculōs esse amīcōs?# _V._ 2, 155, _will you say the Sicilians are friends of yours?_

2220. The present infinitive is sometimes used with #meminī#, #recordor#, #memoriā teneō#, and with some analogous expressions, such as #accēpimus#, #fertur#, &c., to represent merely the occurrence of action really completed, without indicating its completion: as,

#meminī ad mē tē scrībere#, _D._ 38, _I remember your writing to me_. #meministis fierī senātūs cōnsultum#, _Mur._ 51, _you remember a decree of the senate being passed_. #sed ego īdem recordor longē omnibus anteferre Dēmosthenem#, _O._ 23, _and yet I remember putting Demosthenes far above everybody else_. #hanc accēpimus agrōs et nemora peragrāre#, _HR._ 24, _we have heard of this goddess’s scouring fields and groves_. #Q. Maximum accēpimus facile cēlāre, tacēre#, _Off._ 1, 108, _we have heard of Fabius’s ready cleverness in keeping dark and holding his tongue_. But the perfect is used when the action is to be distinctly marked as completed: as, #meministis mē ita distribuisse causam#, _RA._ 122, _you remember that I arranged the case thus_. Sometimes present and perfect are united: as, #Helenē capere arma fertur, nec frātrēs ērubuisse deōs#, Prop. 3, 14, 19 (4, 13, 19), _Helen is said to fly to arms, and not to have blushed in presence of her brother gods_. Here #capere# relates to the same completed action as the more exact #ērubuisse#.

2221. With verbs of saying, used in the narrower sense of promising, the present infinitive sometimes stands for the future (2236): as,

#crās māne argentum mihī̆ mīles dare sē dīxit#, T. _Ph._ 531, _the soldier spoke of paying me the money early in the morning_. #mē a͡ibat accersere#, Pl. _Ps._ 1118, _he said he’d fetch me_ (2186). #quae imperārentur facere dīxērunt#, 2, 32, 3, _they agreed to do what was commanded_.

2222. The present infinitive dependent on a past tense of #dēbeō#, #oportet#, #possum#, often requires the English perfect infinitive in translation: as, #quid enim facere poterāmus?# _Pis._ 13, _for what else could we have done?_ See, however, 1495. For the infinitive perfect, see 2230.

THE PERFECT TENSE.

2223. (1.) The perfect active infinitive sometimes serves as a complement of #dēbeō#, #volō#, #possum#, &c. (2168): as,

#tametsī statim vīcisse dēbeō, tamen dē meō iūre dēcēdam#, _RA._ 73, _though I am entitled to come off victorious at once, yet I will waive my right_; compare #vīcī#, _I am victorious_, 1608. #nīl vetitum fēcisse volet#, J. 14, 185, _nothing forbidden will he wish to have done_; compare #fēcī#, _I am guilty_. #unde illa potuit didicisse?# _Div._ 2, 51, _from what source could he have all that information acquired?_ #bellum quod possumus ante hiemem perfēcisse#, L. 37, 19, 5, _the war which we can have ended up before winter_.

2224. (2.) In prohibitions, the perfect active infinitive often serves as a complement of #nōlō# or #volō# (2168).

Thus, in old Latin, #nōlītō dēvellisse#, Pl. _Poen._ 872, _do not have had it plucked_. Particularly so when dependent on #nē velit# or #nē vellet#, in legal style: as, #nē quis convēnisse sacrōrum causā velit#, L. 39, 14, 8, _that nobody may presume to have banded with others for the observance of the mysteries_. BACAS · VIR · NEQVIS · ADIESE · VELET, CIL. I, 196, 7, inscription of 186 B.C., _that no male should presume to have had resort to the Bacchants_ (765; 48). #nē quid ēmisse velit īnsciente dominō#, Cato, _RR._ 5, 4, _he must not venture to have bought anything without his master’s knowledge_, of a head farm-steward.

2225. In poetry of the Augustan age, the complementary perfect infinitive active is sometimes dependent on a verb of will or effort, such as #cūrō#, #labōrō#, #tendō#: as, #tendentēs opācō Pēlion inposuisse Olympō#, H. 3, 4, 51, _on shadowy Olympus striving Pelion to have piled_.

2226. Any past tense of the indicative, when made dependent on a verb of perceiving, knowing, thinking, or saying, is represented by the perfect infinitive.

Thus, in #Theophrastus scrībit Cīmōnem hospitālem fuisse: ita enim vīlicīs imperāvisse, ut omnia praebērentur#, _Off._ 2, 64, _Theophrastus says in his book that Cimon was the soul of hospitality: he had directed his stewards to furnish everything required_; the #fuisse# represents #erat# or #fuit#, and the #imperāvisse# may represent #imperābat#, #imperāvit#, or perhaps #imperāverat#, of direct discourse. #praecō dīxisse prōnūntiat#, _V._ 2, 75, _the crier proclaims ‘speaking finished’_ (1605).

2227. The perfect infinitive passive with #fuisse# denotes a past resulting state: as,

#dīcō Mithridātī cōpiās omnibus rēbus ōrnātās atque īnstrūctās fuisse, urbemque obsessam esse#, _IP._ 20, _I must tell you that Mithridates’s troops were completely armed and equipped, and that the town was under siege_. Here #ōrnātās fuisse# represents #ōrnātae erant# (1615), and #obsessam esse# represents #obsidēbātur# (1595).

2228. (1.) The perfect active infinitive is sometimes used with #nōlō# or #volō#, especially in poetry, when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the verb (2189): as,

#hanc tē ad cēterās virtūtēs adiēcisse velim#, L. 30, 14, 6, _I only wish you had this good quality added to the rest_.

2229. (2.) #volō# often has an emphatic perfect passive infinitive, usually without #esse# (2230); less frequently #cupiō# and rarely #nōlō#: as,

#factum volō#, Pl. _B._ 495, _As._ 685, _I want it done_, i.e. I will. #illōs monitōs etiam atque etiam volō#, _C._ 2, 27, _I want those people cautioned over and over_. Particularly common in Cicero, not in Caesar or Sallust. Also with impersonal infinitives (1479): as #oblīvīscere illum adversāriō tuō voluisse cōnsultum#, _Att._ 16, 16^c, 10, _you must forget that the man wanted your enemy provided for_.

2230. The perfect infinitive passive or deponent, commonly without #esse#, is often used in Plautus, Terence, and Cicero, by assimilation with past tenses of verbs of propriety, such as #aequum est#, #convenit#, #decet#, and #oportet#: as, #nōn oportuit relīctās#, T. _Hau._ 247, _they shouldn’t have been left_. #tē Iovī comprecātam oportuit#, Pl. _Am._ 739, _you should have said your prayers to Jove_. The perfect active is less common: as, #cāvisse oportuit#, Pl. _Am._ 944, _you should have been upon your guard_. For #volō#, #cupiō#, #nōlō#, see 2229.

2231. The perfect infinitive of completed action is very common with such expressions as #satis est#, #satis habeō#, #iuvat#, #melius est#, #paenitet#, &c., also with verbs of emotion, such as #gaudeō#, &c.: as, #mē quoque iuvat ad fīnem bellī Pūnicī pervēnisse#, L. 31, 1, 1, _I am delighted myself to have reached the end of the Punic war_. Oftentimes, however, in verse, the use of the perfect is partly due to the metre.

THE FUTURE TENSE.

2232. The future infinitive is only used as a representative of the indicative, and not as a substantive.

2233. For the future infinitive active or passive, a circumlocution with #fore# or #futūrum esse# with #ut# and the subjunctive present or imperfect is often used. This construction is necessary when the verb has no future participle or supine: as,

#spērō fore ut contingat id nōbīs#, _TD._ 1, 82, _I hope we may be so fortunate_. #clāmābant fore ut ipsī sē dī ulcīscerentur#, _V._ 4, 87, _they cried out that the gods would avenge themselves_.

2234. #fore# with the perfect participle of a passive or deponent, represents the future perfect of direct discourse: as, #dēbellātum mox fore rēbantur#, L. 23, 13, 6, _they thought the war would soon be over_.

2235. (1.) The future infinitive is commonly used with #iūrō#, #minor#, #polliceor#, #prōmittō#, and #spērō#, especially when the leading verb and the infinitive have the same subject: as,

#iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum#, Caes. _C._ 3, 87, 5, _he swore he would not come back to camp except as a victor_. #quod sē factūrōs minābantur#, Caes. _C._ 2, 13, 4, _which they threatened they would do_. #obsidēs datūrōs pollicitī sunt#, 4, 27, 1, _they volunteered to give hostages_.

2236. (2.) A looser present infinitive is sometimes used with the above verbs, especially in old Latin, generally without a subject accusative. Thus with #iūrō# by Cato and Plautus, and with #minor#, _proclaim with threats_, by Lucretius. Similarly #dare pollicentur#, 6, 9, 7, _they offer to give_. #reliquōs dēterrērī spērāns#, Caes. _C._ 3, 8, 3, _hoping that the rest were scared_. #spērō nostram amīcitiam nōn egēre testibus#, _Fam._ 2, 2, _I trust our friendship needs no witnesses_. As #possum# has no future infinitive, the present of this verb is necessarily used: as, #tōtīus Galliae sēsē potīrī posse spērant#, 1, 3, 8, _they hope to be able to get the control of the whole of Gaul_.

THE GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.

2237. The gerundive is a verbal adjective (899). The gerund is a neuter verbal substantive, used only in the oblique cases of the singular. Both gerundives and gerunds express, in a noun form, the uncompleted action of the verb.

2238. Gerundives and gerunds, like the English verbal in _-ing_, were originally neither active nor passive (288), but might stand for either an active or a passive. In time a prevailing passive meaning grew up in the gerundive, and a prevailing active meaning in the gerund.

A gerund may be followed by the same case as its verb; but for the gerund of verbs of transitive use, see 2242, 2255, 2259, 2265.

2239. Both gerundives and gerunds are modified like verbs, by adverbs, not by adjectives.

(1.) THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION.

2240. The gerundive expresses, in an adjective form, the uncompleted action of a verb of transitive use exerted on a substantive object, the substantive standing in the case required by the context, and the gerundive agreeing with it.

In this construction, which is called the _gerundive construction_, the substantive and gerundive blend together in sense like the parts of a compound.

#male gerendō negōtiō in aere aliēnō vacillant#, _C._ 2, 21, _owing to bad business-managing they are staggering under debts_. #studium agrī colendī#, _CM._ 59, _the occupation of land-tilling_. #vir regendae rē̆ī pūblicae scientissimus#, _DO._ 1, 214, _a man of great experience in state-managing_.

(2.) THE GERUND.

2241. The gerund expresses, in a substantive form, the uncompleted action of a verb which has no direct object.

#ars vīvendī#, _Fin._ 1, 42, _the art of living_. #nōn est locus ad tergiversandum#, _Att._ 7, 1, 4, _’tis no time for shill-I-shall-I-ing_. #sum dēfessus quaeritandō#, Pl. _Am._ 1014, _I’m all worn out with hunting_. #sē experiendō didicisse#, Ta. 1, 11, _he had learned by experience_.

2242. Gerunds of verbs of transitive use are exceptionally found with a substantive object (2255, 2259, 2265), and regularly with neuter pronouns and neuter plural adjectives to avoid ambiguity (1106). See also 2247.

#agendī aliquid discendīque causā#, _Fin._ 5, 54, _for the sake of doing or learning something_. #faciendī aliquid vel nōn faciendī vēra ratiō#, Plin. _Ep._ 6, 27, 4, _the true ground for doing or not doing a thing_. #artem sē trādere vēra ac falsa dīiūdicandī#, _DO._ 2, 157, _that he passed along the art of distinguishing between the true and the false_. #regendī cūncta onus#, Ta. 1, 11, _the burden of governing the world_.

CASES OF GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES.

NOMINATIVE.

2243. The nominative of the gerundive construction, as the subject of #sum#, denotes action which is to be done.

The combination acquires the meaning of obligation or propriety, and this meaning also passes over to the accusative with #esse#. The person who has the action to do is put in the dative of the possessor (1215). Instead of the dative, the ablative with #ab# is sometimes used, particularly where the dative would be ambiguous.

#tibī̆ haec cūra suscipienda est#, _V._ 4, 69, _the undertaking of this care exists for you_, i.e., _you must undertake this charge_. #Caesarī omnia ūnō tempore erant agenda: vēxillum prōpōnendum, sīgnum tubā dandum, ab opere revocandī mīlitēs, aciēs īnstruenda, mīlitēs cohortandī, sīgnum dandum#, 2, 20, 1, _for Caesar there was everything to be done at the same moment: the standard to be raised, bugle call given, soldiers summoned in from their work, line of battle to be formed, soldiers harangued, signal given for engagement_. #quaerenda pecūnia prīmum est; virtūs post nummōs#, H. _E._ 1, 1, 53, _there is money-making to be the first aim: character second to dollars_. #adeundus mihī̆ illic est homō#, Pl. _R._ 1298, _I must draw near this fellow_. #Caesar statuit sibī̆ Rhēnum esse trānseundum#, 4, 16, 1, _Caesar made up his mind that he must cross the Rhine_. #ego istum iuvenem domī tenendum cēnseō#, L. 21, 3, 6, _for my part, I think that young man ought to be kept at home_. #ē̆ī ego ā mē referendam grātiam nōn putem?# _Planc._ 78, _should I not think that I ought to show my gratitude to him?_ #quid ā mē amplius dīcendum putātis?# _V._ 3, 60, _what more do you think that I need say?_

2244. #fruendus#, #fungendus#, #potiundus#, #ūtendus#, #vēscendus#, are also used in this construction, chiefly in the oblique cases; in the nominative the impersonal construction (2246) is usual. These verbs sometimes have a transitive use in old Latin (1380).

#nōn paranda nōbīs sōlum ea, sed fruenda etiam est#, _Fin._ 1, 3, _that is a thing which we must not only obtain, but enjoy as well_, of wisdom. #nec tamen est potiunda tibī#, O. 9, 754, _she is not to be won by thee_. Examples of the oblique cases in this use are cited below.

2245. #habeō# with the gerundive, as an equivalent of #est mihī̆#, #est tibī̆#, &c. (2243), is sometimes found, chiefly in late writers and particularly in Tacitus: as,

#multī habent in praediīs, quibus frūmentum aut vīnum aliudve quid dēsit, inportandum#, Varro, _RR._ 1, 16, 2, _many on whose estates corn or wine or something else is lacking, have to bring it in_. #multum interest utrumne dē fūrtō dīcendum habeās an dē cīvibus trucīdātīs#, Ta. _D._ 37, _it makes a great difference whether you have to speak about a theft or about the murder of Romans_. #sī nunc prīmum statuendum habērēmus#, Ta. 14, 44, _if we had to decide the point to-day for the first time_.

2246. The neuter of verbs of intransitive use takes the impersonal construction with #est#. Verbs ordinarily transitive also take the impersonal construction when used without an object.

#nunc est bibendum#, H. 1, 37, 1, _now drinking exists_, i.e. _now we must drink_. #inambulandumst#, Pl. _As._ 682, _I must be moving on_. #ego amplius dēlīberandum cēnseō#, T. _Ph._ 457, _I opine there must be more pondering_. #linguae moderandumst mihī̆#, Pl. _Cu._ 486, _I must check my tongue_. #omne animal cōnfitendum est esse mortāle#, _DN._ 3, 32, _it must be admitted that every living thing is destined to die_. #nēmō umquam sapiēns prōditōrī crēdendum putāvit#, _V._ 1, 38, _no wise man ever held that a traitor was to be trusted_.

2247. The impersonal construction with an object in the accusative, is old-fashioned and rare.

#canēs paucōs habendum#, Varro, _RR._ 1, 21, _one should keep but few dogs_. #aeternās quoniam poenās in morte timendumst#, Lucr. 1, 111, _since punishment eterne they have in death to fear_. This construction occurs oftenest in Lucretius and Varro; once in Plautus, a few times in Cicero for special reasons, and here and there in later writers. Not in Caesar or Horace.

2248. The gerundive sometimes acquires, in itself, the meaning of obligation or propriety, which it properly has only when combined with #sum#, and becomes a mere adjective, used in any case.

#fōrmā expetendā līberālem virginem#, Pl. _Per._ 521, _a freeborn maid of shape delectable_. #L. Brūtō, prīncipe huius maximē cōnservandī generis et nōminis#, _Ph._ 3, 11, _Brutus, the first of this most highly cherished house and name_. #huic timendō hostī obvius fuī#, L. 21, 41, 4, _I met this dreadful foe_. #Athēnās, multa vīsenda habentīs#, L. 45, 27, 11, _Athens, which contains many sights worth a visit_. For #volvendus# &c., see 288.

2249. The attributive gerundive (2248), particularly with a negative, #in-# privative, or #vix#, may denote possibility, like the verbal in #-bilis#: as,

#labōrēs nōn fugiendōs#, _Fin._ 2, 118, _inevitable labours_. #Polybius, haudquāquam spernendus auctor#, L. 30, 45, 5, _Polybius, an authority by no means despicable_. #īnfandum, rēgīna, iubēs renovāre dolōrem#, V. 2, 3, _thou bidst me, queen, rehearse that woe unspeakable_. #vix erat crēdendum#, 5, 28, 1, _it was hardly credible_. #praedicābile aliquid et glōriandum ac prae sē ferendum#, _TD._ 5, 49, _something laudable and vauntable and displayable as well_.

[Errata:
2243 ... i.e., _you must undertake this charge_
, missing
2248 ... _Ph._ 3, 11
3. 11]

ACCUSATIVE.

2250. (1.) The accusative of the gerundive construction is used with #locō# and #condūcō#, with #suscipiō#, #habeō#, and #cūrō#, and with verbs of giving or assigning.

With the verbs of giving or assigning (such as #dō#, #trādō#, #committō#, #attribuō#, #dīvidō#, #relinquō#, #permittō#, #dēnotō#), the emphasis often gravitates towards the substantive, and the gerundive, as an explanatory appendage, acquires the meaning of purpose. So in Plautus with the verbs of asking (#rogō# and #petō#); in Cicero with #posco#.

(_a._) #caedundum condūxī ego illum :: tum optumumst locēs efferendum#, Pl. _Aul._ 567, _I engaged him for killing :: then you’d better contract for his funeral_ (1709). #sīgnum conlocandum cōnsulēs locāvērunt#, _Cat._ 3, 20, _the consuls let out the erecting of the statue_. #redemptor quī columnam illam condūxerat faciendam#, _Div._ 2, 47, _the contractor who had undertaken the making of that pillar_. #vellem suscēpissēs iuvenem regendum#, _Att._ 10, 6, 2, _I wish you had undertaken training the young man_. #aedem habuit tuendam#, _V._ 1, 130, _he had the looking after the temple_. #agrum dē nostrō patre colendum habēbat#, T. _Ph._ 364, _he had the tilling of a farm from my father_.

(_b._) COIRAVIT · BASILICAM · CALECANDAM, CIL. I, 1166, _he superintended the town hall plastering_. #pontem faciendum cūrat#, 1, 13, 1, _he attends to a bridge’s being made_, i.e. _has it made_. #cōnsulibus senātus rem pūblicam dēfendendam dedit#, _Ph._ 8, 15, _the senate entrusted the defence of the state to the consuls_. #agrōs plēbī colendōs dedit#, _RP._ 3, 16, _he gave lands to the common people to till_. #Antigonus Eumenem propīnquīs sepeliendum trādidit#, N. 18, 13, 4, _Antigonus delivered Eumenes to his kinsfolk to be buried_. #attribuit nōs trucīdandōs#, _C._ 4, 13, _us he handed over to be slaughtered_. #sauciōs mīlitēs cūrandōs dīvidit patribus#, L. 2, 47, 12, _he apportioned the wounded soldiers among the senators to cure_. #haec porcīs comedenda relinquēs#, H. _E._ 1, 7, 19, _you’ll leave them to the pigs to eat_. #cīvīs Rōmānōs trucīdandōs dēnotāvit#, _IP._ 7, _he specified Romans for slaughter_.

(_c._) #quae ūtenda vāsa semper vīcīnī rogant#, Pl. _Aul._ 96, _traps that the neighbours are always asking the use of_. #artoptam ex proxumō ūtendam petō#, Pl. _Aul._ 400, _I’m going for the use of a breadpan from next door_.

2251. When such a verb is passive, the accusative becomes nominative.

#simulācrum Dī̆ānae tollendum locātur#, _V._ 4, 76, _the moving of the statue of Diana is let out_. #dīlaceranda ferīs dabor ālitibusque praeda#, Cat. 64, 152, _I shall be given a prey for beasts and birds to tear_. #trāditīque fētiālibus Caudium dūcendī#, L. 9, 10, 2, _and they were delivered to the fetials to be taken to Caudium_.

2252. (2.) The accusative of the gerundive construction or gerund is used with a preposition, usually #ad#. If the verb is of transitive use, the gerundive is proper, not the gerund (2240).

This construction is used with verbs (including verbs of hindering), with substantives generally to denote purpose, and with adjectives which have the meaning of _capable_, _fit_, _easy_, _useful_, &c., &c.

(_a._) #hic in noxiāst, ille ad dīcendam causam adest#, T. _Ph._ 266, _when A’s in trouble, B turns up to make excuses for him_. #ad pācem petendam ad Hannibalem vēnit#, L. 21, 13, 1, _he is come to Hannibal to sue for peace_. #ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur#, 1, 3, 3, _Orgetorix is chosen to do this_. #dant sē ad lūdendum#, _Fin._ 5, 42, _they devote themselves to playing_. #palūs Rōmānōs ad īnsequendum tardābat#, 7, 26, 2, _a morass hindered the Romans from pursuit_. #ut peditēs ad trānseundum impedīrentur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 62, 2, _so that the infantry were hampered in crossing_. (_b._) #causa ad obiūrgandum#, T. _Andr._ 150, _a reason for finding fault_. #spatium sūmāmus ad cōgitandum#, _Fin._ 4, 1, _let us take time for thought_. #alter occāsiōnem sibī̆ ad occupandam Asiam oblātam esse arbitrātur#, _IP._ 4, _the other thinks a chance is given him for seizing all Asia_. (_c._) #homo nōn aptissimus ad iocandum#, _DN._ 2, 46, _a man not very well fitted to be a joker_. #nimis doctus illest ad male faciendum#, Pl. _E._ 378, _too well the fellow’s trained at playing tricks_. #ūtēbātur eō cibō quī esset facillimus ad concoquendum#, _Fin._ 2, 64, _he made use of the sort of food which was easiest to digest_.

2253. Other prepositions are sometimes used: as, #inter#, in old Latin, Vergil, Livy, and later writers; #ob#, once in Ennius, rarely in Cicero and Sallust; #in# very rarely, but even in Cicero; #ante# (Vergil, Livy), #circā# (post-Augustan), #propter# (Varro, Val. Max.), all rare.

#mōrēs sē inter lūdendum dētegunt#, Quintil. 1, 3, 12, _character discovers itself during play_. #ob rem iūdicandam pecūniam accipere#, _V._ 2, 78, _to take money for passing judgement on a case_.

DATIVE.

2254. The dative of the gerundive construction is used with adjectives, verbs, and phrases of ability, attention, and adaptation, with titles of office, and with #comitia#, _election_.

This construction is not very common in classical Latin, where few verbs and substantives take it instead of the usual #ad# and the accusative (2252). In old Latin, it is also joined to adjectives and participles; in Cicero it is thus used only with #accommodātus#. From Livy on, the construction becomes a very favourite one. Caesar has it only as below and 3, 4, 1.

#tālīs iactandīs tuae sunt cōnsuētae manūs#, Pl. _Vid._ _your hands are used to throwing dice_. #optumum operī faciundō#, Pl. _R._ 757, _most suitable for carrying on his trade_. #praeesse agrō colendō#, _RA._ 50, _to superintend farm managing_. #cum diēs vēnisset rogātiōnī ferendae#, _Att._ 1, 14, 5, _when the day came for proposing the bill_. #hībernīs oppugnandīs hunc esse dictum diem#, 5, 27, 5, _that this was the day set for attacking the winter quarters_. #cōnsul plācandīs dīs habendōque dīlēctū dat operam#, L. 22, 2, 1, _the consul devotes himself to propitiating the gods and raising troops_. #Dēmosthenēs cūrātor mūrīs reficiendīs fuit#, _OG._ 19, _Demosthenes was commissioner for repairing the walls_. #IIIvirī rē̆ī pūblicae cōnstituendae#, L. _Epit._ 120, _a commission of three for reorganizing the state_. #comitia collēgae subrogandō habuit#, L. 2, 8, 3, _he held an election for appointing a colleague_.

2255. In the dative, a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is found four times in Plautus; in Ovid, Livy, and Vitruvius once each.

2256. Late writers sometimes use the dative of the gerundive construction instead of a final clause (1961): as,

#subdūcit ex aciē legiōnem faciendīs castrīs#, Ta. 2, 21, _he withdraws a legion from the field to build a camp_. #nīdum mollibus plūmīs cōnsternunt tepē̆faciendīs ōvīs, simul nē dūrus sit īnfantibus pullīs#, Plin. _NH._ 10, 92, _they line the nest with soft feathers to warm the eggs, and also to prevent it from being uncomfortable to their young brood_.

2257. The dative of the gerund is used chiefly by old and late writers, and is confined in the best prose to a few special phrases.

#ōsculandō meliust pausam fierī#, Pl. _R._ 1205, _’tis better that a stop be put to kissing_. #tū nec solvendō erās#, _Ph._ 2, 4, _you were neither solvent_. SC · ARF, i.e. #scrībendō arfuērunt#, CIL. I, 196, 2, _there were present when the document was put in writing_. #quod scrībendō adfuistī#, _Fam._ 15, 6, 2, _because you were present at the writing_.

[Erratum:
2254 ... IIIvirī
printed as shown, without space]

GENITIVE.

2258. (1.) The genitive of the gerundive construction or gerund is used with substantives or adjectives.

(_a._) #tacendī tempus est#, Pl. _Poen._ 741, _it’s time to be still_. #spēs potiundī oppidī#, 2, 7, 2, _the hope of overpowering the town_ (2244). #summa difficultās nāvigandī#, 3, 12, 5, _the greatest difficulty in sailing_. #proeliī committendī sīgnum dedit#, 2, 21, 3, _he gave the signal for beginning the battle_. #exemplō eōrum clādēs fuit ut Mārsī mitterent ōrātōrēs pācis petendae#, L. 9, 45, 18, _their downfall was a warning to the Marsians to send envoys to sue for peace_. #sīve nāvēs dēiciendī operis essent missae#, 4, 17, 10, _or if vessels for breaking down the works had been sent_. Particularly with #causā#, #grātiā#, or rarely #ergō# (1257), to denote purpose: as, #frūmentandī causā#, 4, 12, 1, _for foraging_. #vītandae suspīciōnis causā#, _C._ 1, 19, _to avoid suspicion_. #mūneris fungendī grātiā#, _RP._ 1, 27, _for the sake of doing one’s duty_. #illīusce sacrī coercendī ergō#, Cato, _RR._ 139, _because of thinning out yon hallowed grove_.

(_b._) #quam cupida eram hūc redeundī#, T. _Hec._ 91, _how eager I was to return here_. #homine perītō dēfīniendī#, _Off._ 3, 60, _a man accomplished in drawing distinctions_. #perpessus est omnia potius quam cōnsciōs dēlendae tyrannidis indicāret#, _TD._ 2, 52, _he stood out against the worst sooner than betray his confederates in the overthrow of the tyranny_. #īnsuētus nāvigandī#, 5, 6, 3, _unused to sailing_. #studiōsus audiendī#, N. 15, 3, 2, _an eager listener_. #nescia tolerandī#, Ta. 3, 1, _ignorant what patience was_. #nandī pavidus#, Ta. _H._ 5, 14, _afraid to swim_. With adjectives, the gerundive construction is not found in Plautus and Terence, and the gerund not in Plautus. Terence has the gerund with #cupidus#, Cato with #studiōsus#. The construction is of slow growth before Tacitus, who greatly developed it.

2259. In the genitive, a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is rare except in Plautus; ordinarily the gerundive is used (2240).

#tē dēfrūdandī causā#, Pl. _Men._ 687, _for the purpose of cheating you_. #cupidus tē audiendī#, _DO._ 2, 16, _eager to hear you_. #summa ēlūdendī occāsiōst mihi nunc senēs#, T. _Ph._ 885, _I’ve now a splendid chance the graybeards of eluding_. #nē suī līberandī (2260) atque ulcīscendī Rōmānōs occāsiōnem dīmittant#, 5, 38, 2, _that they should not let slip the chance of freeing themselves and taking vengeance on the Romans_. #sīgnum colligendī vāsa dedit#, L. 24, 16, 14, _he gave the signal to pack their things_.

2260. #nostrī#, #vostrī# (or #vestrī#), and #suī#, being singular in form (649) have often a singular gerundive.

#nōn tam suī cōnservandī quam tuōrum cōnsiliōrum reprimendōrum causā profūgērunt#, _C._ 1, 7, _they fled, not so much to protect themselves as to crush your plans_. #vēnisse tempus ulcīscendī suī#, _Sest._ 28, _that the time was come for them to revenge themselves_. #vestrī adhortandī causā#, L. 21, 41, 1, _for the purpose of encouraging you_.

2261. Sometimes another genitive appears beside the genitive of the gerund, each perhaps dependent on the main word. This use is found in old Latin, Lucretius, Varro, and here and there in Cicero, as well as in late Latin.

#nōminandī istōrum tibī̆ erit cōpia#, Pl. _Cap._ 852, _you will have a chance to name them_. #poenārum solvendī tempus#, Lucr. 5, 1225, _the time of paying penalties_. #exemplōrum ēligendī potestās#, _Inv._ 2, 5, _a chance of picking out examples_. #lūcis tuendī cōpiam#, Pl. _Cap._ 1008, _a chance to look upon the light_.

2262. (2.) The genitive of the gerundive construction is used predicatively with #sum#.

#rēgium imperium, quod initiō cōnservandae libertātis fuerat#, S. _C._ 6, 7, _the authority of the king, which had originally served to uphold freedom_. #cētera in XII minuendī sūmptūs sunt lāmentātiōnisque fūnebris#, _Leg._ 2, 59, _the rest of the contents of the Twelve Tables are conducive to the abating of extravagance and keening at funerals_. #concordiam ōrdinum, quam dissolvendae tribūnīciae potestātis rentur esse#, L. 5, 3, 5, _the union of the classes, which they believe serves to break down the power of the tribunes_. This use is not common. It is found rarely in Sallust and Cicero; chiefly in Livy.

2263. The genitive of the gerundive construction, without a substantive or adjective (2258) or the verb #sum# (2262), is occasionally used to denote purpose: as,

#quae ille cēpit lēgum ac lībertātis subvortundae#, S. _Fr. Phil._ 10, _which he began in order to overthrow freedom and the laws_, of civil war. #ūnum vincīrī iubet, magis ūsurpandī iūris quam quia ūnīus culpa foret#, Ta. _H._ 4, 25, _he ordered one into irons, more to vindicate his authority than because an individual was to blame_. This use occurs very rarely in Sallust, chiefly in Tacitus and late Latin. Once in Terence with the gerund.

2264. Tacitus has the genitive of the gerundive construction two or three times with a judicial verb (1280) to denote the charge: as, #occupandae rē̆ī pūblicae arguī nōn poterant#, Ta. 6, 10, _they could not be charged with an attempt on the throne_.

ABLATIVE.

2265. In the ablative a transitive gerund with a substantive object is not uncommon.

#frātrem laudandō#, _Leg._ 1, 1, _in quoting your brother_. #largē partiendō praedam#, L. 21, 5, 5, _by a lavish distribution of the spoil_. This use is particularly common in Livy. Not in Caesar.

2266. (1.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund denotes means, less often cause, rarely manner and circumstances, or time, or respect.

Means: #Caesar dandō sublevandō īgnōscundō, Catō nihil largiundō glōriam adeptus est#, S. _C._ 54, 3, _Caesar gained reputation by giving, helping, and pardoning, Cato by lavishing no gifts_. #opprimī sustentandō ac prōlātandō nūllō pactō potest#, _C._ 4, 6, _it cannot be crushed by patience and procrastination_. Livy has this ablative with the adjective #contentus# (1377): #nec iam possidendīs pūblicīs agrīs contentōs esse#, 6, 14, 11, _that they were no longer satisfied with the occupation of the public lands_. Cause: #aggerundā curvom aquā#, Pl. _Cas._ 124, _bowed with water carrying_. #flendō turgidulī rubent ocellī#, Cat. 3, 18, _with weeping red and swollen are her eyne_. Manner and circumstances: rare in old Latin and Cicero: not in Caesar: #bellum ambulandō cōnfēcērunt#, Caelius in _Fam._ 8, 15, 1, _they strolled through the war_. #senex vincendō factus#, L. 30, 28, 5, _maturing in victories_. Time: #cum plausum meō nōmine recitandō dedissent#, _Att._ 4, 1, 6, _when they had applauded on the reading of my name_. #partibus dīvidendīs ipsī regiō ēvēnit#, L. 25, 30, 6, _at the distribution, the district fell to him_. Respect: #Latīnē loquendō cuivīs erat pār#, _Br._ 128, _in his use of Latin he was a match for anybody_.

2267. (2.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund is also accompanied by a preposition, #ab#, #dē#, #in#, or #ex#; rarely by #prō#.

#nūllum tempus illī umquam vacābat aut ā scrībendō aut ā cōgitandō#, _Br._ 272, _he never had any time free from writing or from thinking_. #quod verbum ductum est ā nimis intuendō fortūnam alterīus#, _TD._ 3, 20, _a word which is derived from ‘looking too closely at’ another’s prosperity_, of the word #invidia#. #cōnsilium illud dē occlūdendīs aedibus#, T. _Eu._ 784, _that idea about barring up the house_. #nihil dē causā discendā praecipiunt#, _DO._ 2, 100, _they give no instruction about studying up a case_. #vostra ōrātiō in rē incipiundā#, T. _Ph._ 224, _your remarks when we started in with this affair_. #Āfricānī in rē gerundā celeritātem#, _V._ 5, 25, _Africanus’s swiftness in execution_. #vix ex grātulandō ēminēbam#, Pl. _Cap._ 504, _I barely got my head above their congratulations_. #quae virtūs ex prōvidendō est appellāta prūdentia#, _Leg._ 1, 60, _a virtue which from ‘foreseeing’ is called foresight_. #prō līberandā amīcā#, Pl. _Per._ 426, _for setting free a leman_. #prō ope ferendā#, L. 23, 28, 11, _instead of going to the rescue_. In this use #ab# is not found in Plautus or Terence, nor #prō# in Terence. #cum# is found in Quintilian, #super# once in Horace, then in Tacitus, #sine# once in Varro.

2268. With a comparative expression, the ablative of the gerundive is found once: #nūllum officium referendā grātiā magis necessārium est#, _Off._ 1, 47, _no obligation is more binding than the returning of a favour_. The gerundive construction in the ablative of separation (1302) is found rarely in Livy and Pliny the younger; Livy has also the gerund: as, #Verminam absistere sequendō coēgit#, L. 29, 33, 8, _he forced Vermina to abandon his pursuit_.

THE SUPINE.

2269. The supine is a verbal substantive. The form in #-um# is an accusative. The form in #-ū# is used sometimes as a dative, sometimes as an ablative.

THE SUPINE IN #-um#.

2270. The supine in #-um# denotes purpose with verbs of motion (1166): as,

#abiīt piscātum#, Pl. #R.# 898, _he’s gone a fishing_. #neu noctū īrem obambulātum#, Pl. _Tri._ 315, _not to go a prowling by night_. #legiōne ūnā frūmentātum missā#, 4, 32, 1, _one legion being sent a foraging_. #sessum it praetor#, _DN._ 3, 74, _the praetor is going to take his seat_. #spectātum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae#, O. _AA._ 1, 99, _they come to see and eke for to be seen_. This use is very common in Plautus and Terence, less common in Cicero and Caesar. It is found not infrequently in Sallust and particularly in Livy; sporadically in the Augustan poets. In late prose it is almost confined to archaistic writing. In classical Latin, purpose is more commonly expressed by the subjunctive with #ut# or a relative pronoun, or by a gerundive or gerund with #ad# or #causā#. See also 2164.

2271. The most common supines in #-um# are #cubitum#, #dormītum#, #ēreptum#, #frūmentātum#, #grātulātum#, #nūntiātum#, #oppugnātum#, #ōrātum#, #pāstum#, #perditum#, #petītum#, #salūtātum#, #sessum#, #supplicātum#. They are found chiefly with #eō# and #veniō#. #nūptum# is also common with #dō#, #collocō#, &c., and supines are occasionally found with other verbs implying motion.

2272. The supine in #-um# may be followed by the same construction as its verb: as,

(_a._) Accusative: #deōs salūtātum atque uxōrem modo intrō dēvortor domum#, Pl. _St._ 534, _I’ll just turn in home to greet my gods and my wife_. #lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt rogātum auxilium#, 1, 11, 2, _they send envoys to Caesar to beg aid_. #oppugnātum patriam nostram veniunt#, L. 21, 41, 13, _they come to assail our country_. Classical writers generally avoid this use of the accusative. (_b._) Dative: #servītum tibi mē abdūcitō#, Pl. _Ps._ 520, _take me away to slave for you_. #nōn ego Grāīs servītum mātribus ībō#, V. 2, 786, _not I shall go to be the serf of Grecian dames_. (_c._) Subordinate clause: #lēgātī veniēbant: Aeduī questum quod Harūdēs fīnēs eōrum populārentur#, 1, 37, 1, _envoys came: the Aeduans to complain ‘because the Harudians were laying their country waste’_ (1853). #lēgātōs ad Caesarem mīsērunt ōrātum nē sē in hostium numerō dūceret#, 6, 32, 1, _they sent envoys to Caesar to beg that he would not regard them in the light of enemies_.

2273. The supine in #-um# followed by #īrī# forms the future passive infinitive: as,

#eum exceptum īrī putō#, _Att._ 7, 22, 1, _I think that there is a going to capture him_, i.e. _that he is going to be captured_. Here #īrī# is used impersonally and #eum# is the object of #exceptum#. This infinitive is found half a dozen times in old Latin, often in Cicero, rarely in other writers; not in the Augustan poets. For the common periphrasis, see 2233.

THE SUPINE IN #-ū#.

2274. The supine in #-ū# is used with #fās#, #nefās#, and adjectives, chiefly of such meaning as _easy_, _good_, _pleasant_, _strange_, or their opposites.

Only a few supines in #-ū# are found; the commonest are #audītū#, #cōgnitū#, #dictū#, #factū#, #inventū#, #memorātū#, #nātū#, #vīsū#.

#sī hoc fās est dictū#, _TD._ 5, 38, _if heaven allows us to say so_. #difficile dictū est dē singulīs#, _Fam._ 1, 7, 2, _it is hard to say in the case of individuals_. #quaerunt quod optimum factū sit#, _V._ 1, 68, _they ask what the best thing is to do_. #quid est tam iocundum cōgnitū atque audītū?# _DO._ 1, 31, _what pleasure is greater to mind and ear?_ #palpebrae mollissimae tāctū#, _DN._ 2, 142, _the eyelids are very soft to the touch_. With such adjectives the dative is commonly used (1200); or, particularly with #facilis# or #difficilis#, the gerundive construction with #ad# (2252); for the infinitive, see 2166. The supine in #-ū# is found chiefly in Cicero and Livy. Very rare in old Latin, Sallust, Caesar (who has only #factū# and #nātū#), and the poets. From the elder Pliny and Tacitus on, it gets commoner.

2275. The supine in #-ū# sometimes introduces a subordinate sentence, but it is never used with an object in the accusative.

#quoivīs facile scītū est quam fuerim miser#, T. _Hec._ 296, _anybody can easily understand how unhappy I was_. #incrēdibile memorātū est quam facile coaluerint#, S. _C._ 6, 2, _it is an incredible tale how readily they grew into one_. #vidētis nefās esse dictū miseram fuisse tālem senectūtem#, _CM._ 13, _you see that it were a sin to say that an old age like his was unhappy_.

2276. The supine in #-ū# is found rarely with #opus est# (1379), #dīgnus# and #indīgnus# (1392): as,

#ita dictū opus est#, T. _Hau._ 941, _thus thou must needs say_. #nihil dignum dictū āctum hīs cōnsulibus#, L. 4, 30, 4, _nothing worth mentioning was done this year_. For #dignus# with #quī# and the subjunctive, see 1819; for #opus est# with the infinitive, 2211.

2277. In Plautus and Cato, the supine in #-ū# is very rarely used like an ablative of separation (1302): as, #nunc opsonātū redeō#, Pl. _Men._ 288, _I’m only just back from catering_. #prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat#, Cato, _RR._ 5, 5, _let him be first to get up from bed and last to go to bed_. Statius imitates this use in _Ach._ 1, 119.

[Erratum:
2276 ... #dīgnus# and #indīgnus#
text unchanged: word generally spelled “-dign-” (see endnote on
first edition)]

THE PARTICIPLE.

2278. The participle is a verbal adjective. Like the adjective, it is inflected to agree with its substantive. Like the verb, it may be modified by an adverb, it is active or passive, and it expresses action as continuing, completed, or future. It may also be followed by the same case as its verb.

TIME OF THE PARTICIPLE.

2279. (1.) The time to which the participle refers is indicated by the verb of the sentence.

#āēr effluēns hūc et illūc ventōs efficit#, _DN._ 2, 101, _the air by streaming to and fro produces winds_. #convēnī hodiē adveniēns quendam#, T. _Eu._ 234, _I met a man as I was coming to-day_. #manūs tendentēs vītam ōrābant#, L. 44, 42, 4, _with hands outstretched they begged their lives_. #Croesus Halyn penetrāns magnam pervertet opum vim#, oracle in _Div._ 2, 115, _Croesus, when Halys he shall cross, will overthrow a mighty realm_. #benignitātem tu͡am mihī̆ expertō praedicās#, Pl. _Merc._ 289, _thou vauntest to me who’ve proved thy courtesy_. #cōnsecūtus id quod animō prōposuerat, receptuī canī iussit#, 7, 47, 1, _having accomplished what he had designed, he gave orders to sound the retreat_. #Dionȳsius Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat#, _TD._ 3, 27, _after his expulsion from Syracuse, Dionysius kept school at Corinth_. #lēgātī dīxērunt sē rē dēlīberātā ad Caesarem reversūrōs#, 4, 9, 1, _the envoys said that they would come back to Caesar after they had thought the matter over_.

2280. (2.) The perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with past tenses or their equivalents to denote incomplete contemporaneous action. So occasionally a perfect passive.