Chapter 382: , Laws of 1889, to read as follows (2)

"We receive from you the government of Cuba which you turn
over to us in compliance with the instructions of the
President of the United States. All acquired rights shall be
respected in harmony with the principles of international law,
the principles of our constitution and the provisions of the
appendix of the constitution. The constitution shall be upheld
in all its integrity because our chief concern will be to
preserve it inviolate.

{180}

"We are indebted to your nation for its generous aid in the
maintenance of our institutions and the cordial relations
existing will never grow less through any act of ours. Once
again we are masters of our fate and there is not a Cuban
heart but swears to maintain for all time the newly-acquired
integrity of the nation, and who does not at the same time
feel the profoundest gratitude towards those who, after
governing them, have faithfully performed their agreement and
now leave us in the full enjoyment of our sovereignty."

According to newspaper reports, however, the popular feeling
was somewhat different from the sentiment expressed by
President Gomez, if the coldness with which the Cuban crowd of
that day watched the departure of Governor Magoon and his
associates could be taken for a sign. They sailed for home
immediately, on the new battleship Maine. About 3000 American
troops remained on the island, under command of Major-General
Thomas L. Barry, until the 1st of April following. On the
departure of these, President Gomez said to General Barry:

"It is pleasing to me to acknowledge the great aptitudes and
qualities of the Army of Pacification under your command,
which has brought to a happy conclusion its honorable mission
of watching over our country in the difficult days, now
happily past, and in maintaining and reaffirming the most
friendly relations with our people, in whose name I assure you
your efforts have been crowned with the most flattering
success. I pray you, general, to express to your valiant
soldiers the extreme gratitude and admiration which the
government and the people of Cuba have for them."

Of President Gomez the following account was given at the time
of his inauguration by the New York _Evening Post_:

"Major-General Jose Miguel Gomez, the first President of the
new Cuban Republic, is fifty-three years of age, and a native
of Santa Clara province, where he has always enjoyed
extraordinary popularity and influence. He participated in two
Cuban revolutions against Spain, in the first of which he
reached the rank of major and in the second that of
major-general. He was selected as Governor of Santa Clara
province by the government of intervention, and when his term
expired he was elected Governor.

"In May, 1905, the general was nominated for the Presidency by
the National Liberal Convention, but resigned his candidacy
four months later, giving as the reason for this action that
it was impossible to continue the campaign within the bounds
of the law, and laying part of the blame on the United States,
owing to the Platt amendment. An uprising in Cuba followed,
which ended with the deposition of President Palma and the
intervention of the United States.

"In August, 1906, General Gomez was arrested, charged with
conspiring against the Administration of the late President
Palma, but he denied the allegation, and was released from
custody after a month’s imprisonment. In December of the same
year Governor Magoon appointed him secretary of a commission
to revise the laws of Cuba. These included the drafting of an
electoral law, new provincial and municipal laws, a law
defining the organization and functions of the judiciary, a
civil service law, and also laws on such other subjects as may
be referred to it by the provisional Governor."

CUBA: A. D. 1907.
Population.
Remarkable increase in eight years.

"The population of Cuba on September 30, 1907, was 2,048,980;
at the census next preceding, taken under the American
administration in 1899, at the close of the Spanish-American
War, the population was 1,572,797. The rate of increase in
these eight years is not less than 30 per cent. or at the rate
of 39 per cent per decade. This is a very rapid rate of
increase—greater than that of any other country with which I
am acquainted. This increase has not been brought about by
immigration, for in the eight years the net immigration (that
is, the excess of arrivals over departures) numbered only
75,000, and the element of foreign birth increased from 11 per
cent to 11.2 per cent only, but it has been brought about
almost entirely by the excess of births over deaths. … One
peculiar phenomenon of this increase is that the rural
population has gained much more rapidly than has the urban—a
condition which rarely exists, as in nearly every country in
the world the drift of population is toward the cities. The
urban population, including all places of 1,000 inhabitants
and over, was 43.9 per cent of the total population. In 1899
it was 47.1 per cent. If the urban population be limited to
towns of 8,000 inhabitants, the proportion was 30.3 per cent.
The chief cities are Habana, with 297,159 inhabitants, or
about one-seventh of the population of Cuba; Santiago de Cuba,
45,470; Matanzas, 36,009; Cienfuegos, 30,100; and Camaguey,
29,616. The number of inhabitants per square mile in the
island as a whole was 46.5, or about the same as in Missouri,
Virginia, or South Carolina. The foreign-born population
formed 11.2 per cent of the total. Of this element four-fifths
were born in Spain and less than three per cent in the United
States; Chinese and Africans were more numerous than United
States people. …

"As to color, about seven-tenths of the population were white,
the remaining three-tenths being colored, including negroes,
mixed, and a few thousand Chinese. As in the United States,
the colored element is increasing less rapidly than is the
white population."

_Henry Gannett,
National Geographic Magazine,
February, 1909._

As reported from Washington, nearly 57 per cent, of the
population of Cuba, at least ten years of age, can read, the
percentage in the large cities being 82.6 and in the rest of
the island 47.9 according to figures obtained in the census
recently taken. This census shows that in 1907 almost
one-third of the children were attending school, as compared
with less than one-sixth in 1899.

See also (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: CUBA.

CUBA: A. D. 1907 (April).
Decision of Supreme Court of the United States respecting
the Isle of Pines.

A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, rendered
on the 8th of April, 1907, determined that the Isle of Pines
is foreign territory, in the view of the United States customs
laws, and, inferentially, that the United States has
practically no title to the island.

CUBA: A. D. 1909 (June).
Ill conditions along with material prosperity.

"What may prove to be the largest sugar crop in Cuba’s
history—certainly it is the most profitable she has harvested
in many along year—is almost in. It is estimated at a million
and a half tons. It has obtained the very satisfactory average
price of 4 5/8 reales, reckoning from January 1 to date. …
Ordinarily, this condition of affairs as regards her biggest
crop would be equivalent to the best of times for Cuba,
especially since last year also was a good year for sugar men,
and this year the tobacco crop, too, is fair in quantity and
quality and going at satisfactory prices. But, so
extraordinary is the present situation, times were never
harder in all the history of this island than they are to-day,
material evidences of prosperity to the contrary
notwithstanding.

{181}

"Yet values have not dropped. This is no panic. It is merely a
standing still—a waiting for something to happen. Just what it
is that is due to occur nobody will say. Asked what he is
afraid of, the Spaniard, who is the business man of Cuba,
shrugs his shoulders and shifts his eyes; pressed for a reply,
he answers enigmatically: ‘There is no confidence.’ The
feeling grows that the present government will be forced into
the hands of a receiver, like any other bankrupt concern,
before even its liveliest opponents can organize to end it
more heroically. …

"In 1906, when Cuba’s customs receipts, which are almost her
sole source of revenue, were at their maximum, her budget
stood at $17,915,013.25. In 1909, weakened as she is, she is
burdened with a budget of $33,825,448.53—President Gomez’s
estimate of expenditure necessary in the first fiscal year of
his Administration! In other words, while collections have
fallen off, the governmental expenditures they must cover have
increased 100 per cent."

_Havana Correspondent,
New York Evening Post,
June 19, 1909._

"The Senate and House abruptly adjourned this evening. This
was the final day of the regular session of Congress, but no
definite action was taken on the question of the approval of
the budget. … The House yesterday approved the budget in its
entirety, and it was expected that the Senate would approve it
to-day. The latter body, however, after devoting much time to
a bill legalizing cockfighting, which was passed, made sundry
minor modifications in the budget, sending it again to the
House, in the apparent expectation that the modifications
would be accepted by the House, which, in the meantime, had
adjourned. The adjournment of the House was not known until
after the Senate had also adjourned."

_Havana Telegram to Associated Press,
June 30, 1909._

"Owing to the failure of the Cuban Senate to pass the budget,
President Gomez, early this morning, issued a decree making
effective Governor Magoon’s budget of 1908-1909 amounting to
$24,285,000. The deficiency to cover the cost of the army and
other increased expenses of the republic, amounting to nearly
$10,000,000, will be supplied by Presidential decree. This
will practically repeat the conditions of the last year of the
Palma regime, when, in default of a budget, the decrees to
this same end issued by President Palma were declared to
violate the Constitution, and precipitated the revolution of
August, 1906."

_Havana Telegram,
July, 1._

----------CUBA: End--------

CUNARD COMPANY:
Agreements with the British Government.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: INTERNATIONAL.

"CURB MARKET," The, of New York:
Report on its operations.

See (in this Volume)
FINANCE AND TRADE: UNITED STATES. A. D. 1909.

CURIA, New Apostolic Constitution of the Roman.

See (in this Volume)
PAPACY: A. D. 1908.

CURIE, Marie Sklodovska.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

CURIE, Pierre.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

CURIE, Professor and Madame:
Their discovery of Radium.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE, RECENT: RADIUM; also, PHYSICAL.

CURRENCY.

See (in this Volume)
FINANCE AND TRADE.

CURRY, J. L. M.:
Originator of the Annual Conferences for Education in the South.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1898-1909.

CURTIS, Glenn H.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: AERONAUTICS.

CURZON, George N., Lord:
Partition of Bengal.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1905-1909.

CURZON, George N., Lord:
Resignation of Viceroyalty of India.

See INDIA: A. D. 1905 (AUGUST).

CURZON-WYLLIE, Sir, Assassination of.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1909 (JULY).

CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION:
Proposals of the Conference of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

CUSTOMS COURT OF APPEALS, UNITED STATES:

See (in this Volume)
TARIFFS: UNITED STATES.

CUSTOMS SERVICE, United States:
Corruptions disclosed.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

CUSTOMS UNION, Serbo-Bulgarian.

See (in this Volume)
BALKAN STATES: BULGARIA AND SERVIA: A. D. 1905.

CZECHS:
Struggle with Austrian Germans over the language question.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1902-1903, and 1904.

CZOLGOSZ, Leon:
Assassin of President McKinley.

See (in this Volume)
BUFFALO: A. D. 1901.

D.

DAIDO CLUB.

See (in this Volume)
Japan: A. D. 1909.

DALGETY:
Rejected Site for Australian Capital.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1905-1906.

DALNY:
Russian Evacuation.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY), and
1904-1905 (MAY-JANUARY).

When Dalny, by the Treaty of Portsmouth, became the property
of Japan its name was changed to Tairen.

DAMASCUS:
Railway to Mecca.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: TURKEY, ASIATIC: A. D. 1908.

DARWIN, Charles:
Centenary Commemoration of.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION: ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS.

DARWINISM, Bearing of Mendel’s Law on.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: BIOLOGICAL.

DAVENPORT, Dr. Charles B.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: CARNEGIE INSTITUTION.

{182}

DAVIS, General George B.:
Commissioner Plenipotentiary to the Second Peace Conference.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1907.

DAVIS, Henry G.:
Delegate to Second International Conference of
American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

DAVIS, Jefferson:
Unveiling of Monument to.

See (in this Volume)
RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

DAYANAND SARASWATI.

See (in this Volume)
ARYA SAMAJ.

DAYLIGHT SAVING MOVEMENT.

What is known as the Daylight Saving Movement, which has
acquired much strength in England and has gained some favor in
the United States and elsewhere, is said to have been first
mooted by a builder in London, Mr. Willet, who suggested the
possibility of securing a most important general advantage to
the whole community by establishing a legal difference between
summer and winter in the numbering of the hours. The
proposition is to retain the standard clock time for all the
year except between a given date in April and a given date in
September, within which period the clocks shall be set forward
one hour, making six o’clock in the morning, for example,
become seven.

At first the proposition excited little but laughter; but the
more it has been considered the more advocacy it has won. A
bill to realize it has been twice before Parliament, failing
to be passed, but gaining votes. The main difficulty is to
make people see why there should be legislation on the
subject; why those who wish to begin the labors of the day an
hour earlier in the summer than in the winter may not do so
without any meddling of law with the clocks. The reasons why
were set forth very clearly in one of the debates of
Parliament on the subject. Said one speaker: "The Bill was
intended to benefit town dwellers. Two-thirds, if not
three-fourths, of the population dwelt in towns, and it was
these who suffered from failure to take advantage of the
summer daylight. It had been asked why it was necessary, in
order to induce town populations to follow the example of
agriculturists, to proceed by way of legislation. The answer
was simple. There were 140 statutes in which various phases of
town life were regulated by the clock, and if they desired
those who lived in towns to take advantage of the summer
daylight by beginning work earlier in the morning, it was
surely easier to accomplish that end by passing a general Act
of this kind than by bringing in Bills to amend each of the
statutes in which particular hours were specified."

As another (Mr. Winston Churchill) explained: "It was quite
impossible for an individual to make alterations in the hours
at which he discharged particular duties, while every one else
remained unchanged, without subjecting himself to a great deal
of inconvenience, and the fact that particular firms had
already adopted this early rising system, in spite of the
enormous inconvenience which attended all alterations from the
regular habits of the community as a whole, was not, as the
honourable member for Rye suggested, an argument against the
necessity of the Bill. It was, in his judgment, very good
evidence of the real, natural pressure that there was behind a
measure of this character. If all the world were to change
clock time together, no one would be conscious that that
change had occurred, except at the moment of change. But where
a change of clock time came into contact with unchanged times,
as in the case of the American markets or of the Continental
mails and trains, there, undoubtedly, they would get friction
and discordance. He was, however, not at all sure that that
friction and discordance bore any sensible proportion to the
interests which might be beneficially affected or that that
friction and discordance could not be adjusted without any
very serious inconvenience. But whether that was so or not, he
was quite clear that any such change as this must be made by
legislation, or it could not be made at all."

DEAKIN, Alfred:
Premier of Australia.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1903-1904, and after.

DEAKIN, Alfred:
At the Imperial Conference of 1907.

See (in this Volume)
BRITISH EMPIRE: A. D. 1907.

DEAKIN, Alfred:
Defeat and resignation in 1908.
Recovery of the Premiership in 1909.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1908, and 1909 (MAY-JUNE).

DEATH DUTY, or Inheritance Tax.
Defeated proposal in Germany.

See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1908-1909.

DEATH DUTIES:
Treaty between Great Britain and France, to prevent frauds in
connection with Succession or Death Duties.

The following Treaty between the Governments of Great Britain
and France was signed November 15, 1907, and ratified
December 9:

"The Government of His Britannic Majesty and the Government of
the French Republic, being desirous of preventing as far as
possible frauds in connection with succession duties, have
authorized the Undersigned to conclude the following
Agreement:—

"ARTICLE 1.
The Government of His Britannic Majesty undertake, in the case
of the decease of all persons domiciled in France, to furnish
an extract from the affidavit, containing the full name,
domicile, date and place of death of the deceased; all
information relating to his successors, and the details
respecting that portion of the estate which is moveable. This
extract shall be furnished, however, only in cases where the
value of the moveable estate shall amount to a sum of not less
than £100.

"ARTICLE 2.
The Government of the French Republic undertake, in the case
of the decease of all persons domiciled in the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, to furnish an extract from the
_déclaration de mutation_ through death, containing the
particulars enumerated in Article 1. This extract shall be
furnished, however, only in cases where the value of the
moveable estate declared shall amount to a sum of not less
than 2,520 fr.

"ARTICLE 3.
The extracts from affidavits or _déclarations de
mutation_ shall be certified by the officers intrusted with
the duty of receiving or registering these affidavits or
declarations.

"In the event, however, of either of the two Governments
deeming it necessary, the certifying and authentication of the
signatures, as required according to the procedure customary
in that country, shall, upon request and without fee, be
affixed to these extracts.

"ARTICLE 4.
The extracts from affidavits or declarations received or
registered during each quarter shall be forwarded directly,
within a period of six weeks from the last day of the quarter,
by the Board of Inland Revenue to the Direction Générate de
l’Enregistrement, and reciprocally.

"All correspondence respecting the said extracts shall also be
conducted directly between those two Central Administrations."

{183}

DEATH STATISTICS:
Fatal Accidents to Workmen in the United States.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR PROTECTION.

DEBTS, Public:
Compulsory collection.

See (in this Volume)
DRAGO DOCTRINE.

DEBS, Eugene V.:
Nomination for President of the United States.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1904 (MARCH-NOVEMBER),
and 1908 (APRIL-NOVEMBER).

DEEP WATERWAYS, Movement for.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: UNITED STATES.

DE LAVAL, Gustave Patrick.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: TURBINE ENGINE.

DELAGRANGE, M.

See (in this Volume)
Science and Invention, Recent: Aeronautics.

DELBRUCK, Herr.

See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1908-1909.

DELCASSÉ, THÉOPHILE:
French Minister of Foreign Affairs.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1902 (APRIL-OCTOBER).

DELCASSÉ, THÉOPHILE:
Resignation forced by the German Government.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906.

DELCASSÉ, THÉOPHILE:
Controversy with M. Clemenceau in the Chamber of Deputies
which threw the latter out of office.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1909 (JULY).

DELHI: A. D. 1903.
Great Durbar.

See (in this Volume).
INDIA: A. D. 1903 (JANUARY).

DELYANNIS, Theodoros:
Assassination.

See (in this Volume)
GREECE: A. D. 1905.

DEMOCRACY, Political:
Involved in the South African Labor Question.

See (in this Volume)
SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1903-1904.

DEMOCRACY, Political:
Triumphant in Denmark.

See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1901.

DEMOCRATAS, The. See (in this Volume)

DEMOCRISTIANA.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: ITALY.

----------DENMARK: Start--------

DENMARK: A. D. 1909.
Democracy in Power after a thirty-years’ struggle with
Landlordism.

Landlordism in Denmark, entrenched in the upper house of the
Parliament, was dislodged from the control of Government by
the Democratic party, in the elections of April, 1901, after a
struggle of thirty years. A Danish correspondent of _The
American Review of Reviews_ gave a spirited account of the
victory to that magazine in the following October, from which
the following is taken:

"At the elections of April, 1901, out of 114 members in the
lower house only 5 were won by the Conservatives, with small
majorities, and even the strong Conservative majority in the
upper house was reduced to one vote through the rebellion of
the Conservatives. The Danes are now a thoroughly radical and
democratic people, with a more perfect system of
self-government in politics and business than perhaps any
other nation. The population has increased so much that it is
now as large as the whole population of the kingdom and
duchies before 1864. After England, it is also the richest
country in the world per head of the population, and the
excellence of its educational system is matter of common
knowledge. Denmark, therefore, enters the new century steaming
full speed ahead, and with the best hopes for the future.

"The victory of April 3 last was as complete over the
Moderates as over the Government. Before the poll the
Moderates were twenty-two strong, but Mr. Bojesen, the evil
genius of the democracy, withdrew his candidature and retired
into private life, while several of his supposed adherents
declared during the campaign that, if reelected, they would
join the Radicals. Mr. Bojesen’s constituency, which he had
represented since 1869, was taken by the Radicals, and the
Moderates, now reduced to twelve or thirteen—of whom about
half will join the Radicals if allowed—have lost all their
former importance. The premier and minister of justice is M.
Deuntzer, professor of law at the university, an old Radical
who in 1885 publicly opposed the government. The minister of
agriculture is Mons. Ole Hansen. He is a common farmer from a
village in Seeland, owner of a farm of about one hundred
acres; M. P. since 1890. … The law officer of the crown is
Mons. Alberti, who is a leader of many cooperative
undertakings of the peasantry; M. P. since 1892.

"Mr. Jens Christian Christensen is the most important member
of the new cabinet. He was born in West Jutland, in 1856, the
son of a farmer, and earned his living when a boy as a
shepherd. He passed the examination for village schoolmaster
in Jutland, and taught till recently in the little village of
Stadil, in West Jutland. In 1890 he was returned for
Parliament, and in 1895 became leader of the opposition. Of
late years, the Conservative Government being so utterly weak,
he practically ruled the country in his capacity of president
of the finance committee of the Folkething. A few months ago
he resigned his post as schoolmaster, succeeded in being
elected a ‘revisor of the state,’ and is now minister of
religion and education. After Mr. Christensen, Mr. Harup is
considered the greatest triumph for the Democrats. Born in
1841, the son of a schoolmaster in an Iceland village, he
became a law student, taking his degree in 1867 at the
university. … He is one of the most brilliant and best known
of Danish journalists—the most brilliant, according to George
Brandes."

DENMARK: A. D. 1902.
Proposed sale of Danish West Indies to the United States.

Negotiations for the sale of the Danish islands in the West
Indies to the United States were brought to a point of
agreement between the two governments which the Danish
Ministry submitted to the two chambers of the Rigsdag. The
Folkething—the popular branch of the parliament—assented to
the sale, while the other chamber, the Landsthing, rejected
the proposed terms. The Rigsdag was then, in May, 1902,
prorogued, and assembled again in the following October.
Meantime an election of one half of the membership of the
Landsthing had taken place, and the Conservatives had lost
ground in it; notwithstanding which fact the proposition was
defeated in that body again, and the projected sale came to
naught.

{184}

DENMARK: A. D. 1905-1909.
The Fortification and Naval-Defense Question
in Danish Politics.

"That Germany within recent times has paid considerably more
than passing attention to the defense plans of Denmark has not
escaped the Danes, whose military astuteness is proverbial. At
the instigation of the Kaiser himself, Lieutenant Colonel R.
von Bieberstein inspected the quite openly exposed
fortifications of Copenhagen, and what he has written
regarding the vulnerability, or otherwise, of the Danish
capital has been taken to heart in Denmark’s military circles.
Beyond a doubt, Denmark to-day is much more favorably situated
than when Prussia despoiled the country of Schleswig-Holstein,
and while little apprehension exists on the score of Germany
again attacking her northern neighbor, should a war break out
between England and the German Empire it might prove
impossible for either belligerent to keep Danish territory
inviolate. Denmark’s neutrality would be thrown to the winds
where the fate of empires would be at stake. Still, in her
defense of such neutrality, Denmark would gain time sufficient
to make any trespasser pause before advancing. Meanwhile, the
Scandinavian allies of the Danes would be enabled to assert
themselves effectively.

"Following the recent Danish cabinet crisis, when the
portfolios of war and navy were given into the hands of a
civilian, J. C. Christensen, the former minister for
instruction of the Deuntzer _Régime_, a special defense
commission has had under consideration ways and means best
suited for the protection of the country. … The Danish Defense
Commission is far from being unanimous as to what is the best
plan making for a complete protection of the capital. The
majority of the members are for the abandoning of the land
defenses and the strengthening of Seeland’s coast line by
adding more forts and introducing a mining system covering all
the adjacent waters. The minority of the commission, however,
and the leading military experts of the country are for the
retention of the present land fortifications, in order that
the capital may be securely protected against an enemy
invading Seeland from the north or the west. The very
circumstance that Seeland’s coast line in its entirety does
not lend itself to a complete protection through either forts,
mines, or torpedo equipment speaks favorably for the claim of
the Danish military experts in their assertion that, apart
from what is done toward protecting Copenhagen from the sea,
the land fortifications must be retained. Nearly one hundred
million kroner have been expended on the land defenses, which
sum it would be extremely difficult to raise a second time
were it a question of abandoning the forts for the present and
removing the guns, and in after years restoring them to
serviceable condition."

_Julius Moritzen,
Denmark, the Buffer State of the North
(American Review of Reviews, September, 1905)._

Since the above was written the question of defense, between
land fortification and naval development, has not only been
the burning one in Danish politics, but has excited much
interest in Europe at large. Politically, the controversy was
curiously altered in February, 1909, by a sudden change of
front on the part of the Premier, M. Neergaard, of which the
Copenhagen correspondent of the London Times gave the
following account:

"The Premier, who represents the majority in the House,
declared that he had changed his opinion and now shared the
views of the small group of the Right on a question which is
the most urgent of the day—namely, that of national defence,
or, to speak precisely, how Denmark can be placed in a
position effectively to maintain her neutrality if threatened
by any Power. He adopted the opinion that Copenhagen must be
fortified on the land side as well as on that of the sea, and
that Denmark, in view of her difficult strategical situation,
should avoid showing any favour to Russia, Germany, or Great
Britain. The surprise which the Premier’s speech caused in all
political circles was unbounded. M. Neergaard had kept the
secret of his scheme so well that only a few persons knew that
the Premier might enter into negotiations with the Right,
which has its main support in the Upper House. That he would
go so far as to adopt the Conservative view was wholly
unexpected.

"The Defence Committee, which had been sitting for seven
years, issued a report which contained no very clear
recommendations. But M. Neergaard, who is, by the way, himself
no soldier, working in conjunction with the Danish general
staff upon the material which the committee had collected,
drew up a scheme of Danish defence, based upon practical views
and considerations of international law, but almost the direct
contrary of the proposals which his own party, the Left, had
adopted only one year ago. And this position was taken up so
definitely that at the general election in May the people will
have to decide definitely for or against the Premier. It is
evident that M. Neergaard himself must be aware that his
action will split up his party, the allied Centre groups in
the Folkething, that some members will go over to the Right,
and that others will approach the Radicals and Socialists. The
comments of the Government Press already clearly show this.

"For land and sea fortifications, the construction of 20
torpedo-boats and six submarines, improvements in the system
of mines, &c., the sum of 42,200,000 kr. (£2,344,444) is
demanded immediately, while an annual increase in the military
budgets of about 3,327,000 kr. (£184,833) is also proposed.
This is a large amount of money for a small country with but
2,600,000 inhabitants; but, as is well known, the country is
in a strong financial position—exceptionally strong, in the
opinion of some observers."

In May, as the elections approached, the same correspondent
wrote: "All parties unite in the view that Denmark must adhere
to a policy of the strictest neutrality. But while the
Conservatives urge that this policy must be observed by a
system of fortifications, strong enough to show that Denmark
is ready to defend her neutrality if she is threatened, the
Socialists preach the gospel of disarmament as a step towards
eternal peace, and urge furthermore that Denmark is too weak
and small to organize any real defence, and must therefore
rely upon the generosity of her stronger neighbours.

"In addition to the two main parties there are a number of
political groups which are destined to play an important part
in the elections and may in fact decide their issue. These
groups consist of the Moderate Left, the Reform Left, and the
Radical Left. The Moderate Left, the party of the present
Premier, Mr. N. Neergaard, has, however, already adopted the
policy of the Conservatives and needs little more than
mention. The Reform Left, the party of the former Premier, Mr.
F. C. Christensen, numbered until a few months ago 56, or nearly
one half of the Folkething, which has 114 members. Now it has
been split up on the defence question. Of its members 14 agree
with Mr. Neergaard and the Conservatives, and 33 are
reorganized under the leadership of Mr. Christensen, who wants
Copenhagen fortified, but not on the lines of the Neergaard
scheme with its new land fortifications."

{185}

The elections were held on the 25th of May and the following
was reported next morning to the press:

"The election campaign has been heated. The returns up to the
present show that the ministerials have elected 38 adherents,
M. Christensen’s party 34, the parties of the Socialists and
the Radicals, which opposed fortifications, 39, and that
eleven are doubtful. The ministers of finance, justice and
commerce have been unseated. Premier Neergaard and the other
ministers have been re-elected."

An extraordinary session of the new Parliament was summoned by
the King on the 9th of September. Premier Neergaard lacked a
majority in the Folkething, and failed to arrange an agreement
with ex-Premier Christensen on the defence question. He and
his Ministry resigned office, accordingly, in a few weeks, and
a new Cabinet was formed under Count Holstein-Ledreborg, in
which M. Christensen was included as Minister of Defence. The
appointment of the latter was offensive to a large part of the
public, which held him responsible for gross frauds in the
public service, committed by a former Minister of Justice, M.
Alberti. An immense popular demonstration against the
obnoxious Minister of Defence was carried out at Copenhagen on
August 29th; but he stayed in office some weeks longer, until
a scheme of defence had been agreed upon between ex-Premier
Neergaard and himself, and carried through Parliament,
September 24th. The scheme provides for strong sea
fortifications for Copenhagen, while the land defences of the
eighties will be maintained and somewhat strengthened by two
new forts, which are, however, officially characterized as sea
forts.

Three weeks after the passage of the Defence Act M.
Christensen resigned, and was followed out of office by the
whole Holstein-Ledreborg Ministry before the end of October.
For the first time in Denmark a Radical Ministry was then
formed, under M. Zahle.

DENMARK: A. D. 1906.
Death of King Christian IX.
Succession of Frederick VIII.
Gains by Social Democrats in the elections of the spring.
Visit from the Icelandic Parliament.

On the 29th of January, 1906, King Christian IX. died, at the
age of eighty-eight. He was succeeded by his son, Frederick
VIII., who is said to have inherited his father’s character
and ability in a marked degree. He had already reached the age
of sixty-three when he came to the throne. When his accession
was proclaimed he spoke from the balcony of the palace at
Copenhagen to the multitude of people assembled in these
words:

"Our old King, my dearly beloved father, has closed his eyes.
He fell asleep peacefully and calmly, having faithfully
discharged his royal duties to the last. In taking over the
heavy heritage placed on my shoulders, I cherish the confident
hope, and offer a sincere prayer, that the Almighty may grant
me strength and happiness to carry on the government in the
spirit of my dearly beloved father, and that I may have the
good fortune to reach an understanding with the people and
their chosen representatives on all that tends to the good of
the people and the happiness of our beloved fatherland. Let us
join in the cry, ‘Long live the fatherland!'"

At a general election for the Folkething, the lower house of
the Danish Rigsdag, in May, the Social Democrats made heavy
gains, raising their representation in the chamber from
sixteen to twenty-four. The Government party, known as the
Left Reform party, lost three seats, the Moderate Left lost
three, and the Radical Left lost four. The Conservatives
gained two seats. Later, when half of the elective part of the
upper house was chosen, the Social Democrats made gains there,
too, of three seats, and the Government lost five.

In September, on the invitation of King Frederick, the members
of the Icelandic Parliament visited Denmark, and their
entertainment was an interesting event.

See (in this Volume)
ICELAND.

DENMARK: A. D. 1908.
Municipal Suffrage extended to Women.

See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

DENMARK: A. D. 1908.
North Sea and Baltic agreements.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1908.

DENMARK: A. D. 1908 (April).
Treaty with England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and
Sweden, for maintenance of the Status Quo on the North Sea.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1907-1908

DENMARK: A. D. 1909 (June).
Murder of General Beckman.

In June, 1909, during a visit of the Tsar of Russia to the
Danish Court, at Copenhagen, a Swedish anarchist, Adolf Vang,
who had planned an attempt at the murder of the Russian
sovereign, and was enraged on being baffled by the police,
fired at two officers whom he met, provoked by nothing but
their uniforms, and slew one, General Beckman.

----------DENMARK: End--------

DENVER, Colorado:
The Juvenile Court of Judge Lindsey.

See (in this Volume)
CHILDREN, UNDER THE LAW: AS OFFENDERS.

DEPEW, Chauncey M.:
United States Senator from New York.
Annual retainers from the Equitable Life Assurance Society.

See (in this Volume)
INSURANCE, LIFE.

DES MOINES CHARTER, The.

See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: GALVESTON.

DEUNTZER, M.:
Premier of Denmark.

See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1901.

DE VRIES, Dr. Hugo:
His biological discoveries.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: CARNEGIE INSTITUTION.

DEVELOPMENT AND ROAD IMPROVEMENT FUNDS ACT.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: GREAT BRITAIN.

DIAMOND FIELDS:
In German Southwest Africa.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA: GERMAN COLONIES.

DIAZ, Porfirio:
The President of Mexico enters his seventh term.

See (in this Volume)
MEXICO: A. D. 1904-1905.

DIAZ, Porfirio:
Meeting with President Taft.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

DICKINSON, James M.:
Secretary of War.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

DIRECT PRIMARY.

See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: UNITED STATES.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: A. D. 1908.
Enactment against Race-track Gambling.

See (in this Volume)
GAMBLING.

{186}

DOGGER BANK INCIDENT, of the voyage of the Russian Baltic Fleet.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (OCTOBER-MAY).

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.

See (in this Volume)
_San Domingo._

DOMINICANS:
Forbidden to teach in France.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1903.

DORE, Père Le.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1905-1906.

DOUGLAS, A. Akers:
Home Secretary in the British Government.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1902 (JULY).

DOUGLAS, Dr.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: OPSONINS.

DOWAGER-EMPRESS, of China:
Her death.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1908 (NOVEMBER).

DRAGA, Queen:
Assassination.

See (in this Volume)
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: SERVIA.

DRAGO DOCTRINE, The.

So named from Dr. Luis Drago, Argentine Minister of Foreign
Relations, who rallied the South American Republics to the
support of it at the Rio de Janeiro Pan-American Conference
and at the Second Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS: THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE; and
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1907 (SECOND CONVENTION).

DREADNOUGHTS.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR.

DREIBUND.

See TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

DREYFUS, Alfred:
Justice and reparation of the great wrong done him.
His reinstatement in the Army.
His decoration as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1906.

DRUDE, General:
Operations in Morocco.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1907-1909.

DRY FARMING.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION: AGRICULTURE.

DRYGALSKI, Dr.:
Commanding Antarctic Expedition.

See (in this Volume)
POLAR EXPLORATION.

DU BOIS, PROFESSOR W. E. BURGHARDT.

See (in this Volume)
RACE PROBLEMS: UNITED STATES.

DUCOMMUM, ELIE.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

DUFF, Grant:
British Minister to Persia:

See (in this Volume)
Persia: A. D. 1905-1907.

DUMA, Russia:
The First and Second.
Their dissolution.
Election of the Third.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1906 and 1907.

DUNANT, Henri.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES

DURBAR AT DELHI.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1903 (JANUARY).

DURHAM, Israel W.:
Political "Boss" of Philadelphia.

See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

DWIGHT, James H. and William B.:
Founders of Robert College.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: TURKEY.

E.

EAGLE’S NEST FORT, CAPTURE OF.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (MAY-JANUARY).

----------EARTHQUAKES: Start--------

EARTHQUAKES: CALIFORNIA: A. D. 1906.
Consequent destructive fire at San Francisco and great distress.

See (in this Volume)
SAN FRANCISCO: A. D. 1906.

EARTHQUAKES: CHILE: A. D. 1906.
Destructiveness of life and property at Valparaiso.

One of the most destructive of the many appalling earthquake
shocks of the past decade was experienced in Chile on the 16th
of August, 1906. It was widely felt, even to the distant
Hawaiian Islands; but its most deadly effects were
concentrated on the unfortunate city of Valparaiso. The wreck
of buildings in the city was followed, as in San Francisco, by
fires, which the disabled inhabitants were almost powerless to
combat. The total loss of life, there and elsewhere, was
estimated finally, when all was known that could be known, at
2000. The homeless for a time were substantially the whole
population of the city. Relief was sent to the afflicted city
and country from all parts of the world.

The prediction of another earthquake on the Pacific coast of
America within some short time had been made by Dr. Becker, of
the United States Geological Survey, in a letter to the New
York _Tribune_ written the day after the shock at San
Francisco. Such a severe upheaval at one point on the
earthquake belt which follows the rim of the Pacific from
Singapore, through Japan, the Aleutian Islands, the coast of
Alaska, California, and South America to Valparaiso, was sure,
he said, to be followed by sympathetic movements at other
points on the circuit.

EARTHQUAKES: Formosa: A. D. 1906.

Over 6000 persons are reported to have been killed or injured
by an earthquake that occurred in the island of Formosa in
March, 1906.

EARTHQUAKES: France: A. D. 1909 (June).
Serious convulsion along the Mediterranean coast.

A shock which ran through Southern France on the night of June
11 was most severe in the Bouches-du Rhone, but extended over
a very wide area, including the whole Mediterranean coast of
France, and was also felt in Spain and Portugal. Official
reports stated that 55 lives were known to have been lost. A
great amount of damage had been done, especially in the
villages; in the towns the buildings for the most part
withstood the shock, though it was sufficiently violent to
cause panic among the population in Marseilles, Toulon, and
other places.

{187}

EARTHQUAKES: Greece: A. D. 1909 (July).
Destruction in Ellis.

An earthquake which occurred, on the 15th of July, in the
province of Ellis, the seat of the most famous of the ancient
Olympic games, was reported to have killed or injured over 300
persons. Despatches from Athens to Loudon made the following
statements:

"At the village of Havari 400 houses have been completely
destroyed. Some 30 persons are known to have perished there,
while many others have been injured. The neighbouring villages
have also suffered severely. All the houses of Amaliada have
been rendered uninhabitable. Volcanic eruptions have occurred
in the village of Ponhioti. Shocks of earthquake have also
been felt at Patras, Pyrgos, Kalamas, Tripoli, and
Missolonghi. People have been killed and injured in about ten
villages. Assistance has been sent to the affected districts."

EARTHQUAKES: India: A. D. 1905.
In the Punjab and the United Provinces.

One of the most terrific of earthquakes occurred in Northern
India on the 4th of April, 1905. Its most violent and
destructive effects were in the Kangra District of the Punjab,
and its neighborhood; but the area of shock extended over
several thousand square miles. The finally ascertained and
estimated loss of human life was no less in number than
373,000. The villages destroyed numbered 409. As for the
destruction of property, including houses, bridges, irrigation
works, cattle, and crops, it was beyond computation. In the
central region of the earthquake every habitation and human
structure of any description went instantly down. The shocks,
as described, were first from north to south, then immediately
reversed, and followed by a horrible sinking of the earth.
_The Empress_, a monthly periodical published at
Calcutta, gave the following, among other personal experiences
of the disaster. The narrator was a manager of large tea
estates near Palampour:

"On the morning of the 4th April, at about 6 A. M., we were
disturbed in our sleep by a slight earthquake, quickly
followed by a severe one, and lastly by the worst shock of
all, which appeared to come from the northeast and having a
sudden circular action traveling toward the west. The first
one I took no notice of, thinking it was one of the many
slight shocks off and on experienced up here. When the second
shock came, I sat up in bed and called out to my wife to come
to the window. I had hardly done so when I saw the highest
wall of our bedroom fall in like a torrent on my poor sleeping
child; then all became dark with fearful dust from the falling
walls. I felt suffocated, and pushed my hand through the panes
of glass in the window into which I had crept; had I not done
so I should have been killed by the wall that fell in on the
head of my bed. I shall never forget those few moments that
appeared like years,—the noise of the falling masonry,
smashing of beams, planks, and slates. I had fully made up my
mind that we should all perish. When the shock was over I
opened the window and dropped into the lower veranda, rushed
out, and cried out for help. No one could be seen,—all had
fled to the villages to help their friends and relations. A
fearful sight presented itself to my eyes. All our houses
(with the exception of the mali's hut) were leveled to the
ground, including a magnificent factory built of cut stone
which my poor old father had lately built. All was still as
death save for the wailing of a man who afterward turned out
to be my head clerk. After a few minutes had elapsed I
succeeded in getting a few of my household servants together
and dug with bare fingers among limestone and plaster for my
only child. We had to make a coffin out of planks taken from
the débris, bury her without ceremony in a quiet sequestered
spot on the tea estate. To look around the valley, nothing but
desolation meets the eye. The once pretty little villages,
with their bluish-white walls and slated roofs, mixed here and
there with thatched buildings, all leveled to the ground. We
have been ruined; lost tens of thousands of rupees. As for our
loss in machinery, it is unknown, being all buried beneath the
ruins. And this is not all. We are afraid we shall lose
thousands yet, owing to our terror-stricken workmen and
coolies, who believe that this picturesque valley is to be
totally destroyed. They have made little thatch sheds for
their families and cattle, and pass the day in sorrow and
fear, refusing to return to work or even work at their own
fields. A great many families have been wiped out."

The same magazine tells of the destruction of the very ancient
temple of Bhowan—one of the oldest in the world—burying 2000
worshippers in its ruins:

"On the night of the 3d April, about two thousand pilgrims
arrived in the small town of Bhowan, which is about three
miles from Kangra town, to worship at the temple. On the
morning of the 4th, at 6 o’clock, a rumbling noise was heard,
and before the people could realize what it was, they felt the
terrible shock, and within four seconds the whole town was
destroyed. The shock lasted three minutes, but all the damage
was done in the first few seconds. About two thousand people
were buried beneath the ruins of the temple, and under the
adjacent buildings. The Guru, or High Priest of the Temple,
was dug out of the ruins and buried near the site of the
Toshakhana, adjoining the temple."

EARTHQUAKES: Italy: A. D. 1905.
In Calabria.

A terrible earthquake, accompanied by storms and volcanic
disturbances, occurred in Calabria on September 8th. "Hundreds
of dead were swallowed up, and ruin was spread far and wide in
a country already sorely tried by an unfortunate system of
land ownership. The public authorities, the provinces and
towns of Italy, strained every nerve to soften the misery of
the Calabrian population, and the King eagerly hastened to the
scene of the disaster. The public mind, however, was
embittered by reports that the rich Calabrian landowners had
shown great want of consideration for their unhappy tenants,
and that the work of restoration was greatly hindered by
absurd disputes between civil and military authorities."

_Annual Register, 1905, page 278._

EARTHQUAKES: A. D. 1908 (December).
In Calabria and Sicily.
Destruction of Messina and Reggio.
The most appalling in history.

Of all catastrophes of earthquake recorded in history, the one
which has seemed most appalling to the European and American
world was that which destroyed the cities of Messina and
Reggio and many smaller towns in northeastern Sicily and
southern Italy, on both sides of the Straits of Messina, on
the early morning of Monday, December 28, 1908. The time
favored an exceptionally great harvest of death. From
Christmas until Twelfth Night is a period of feasting among
the Southern Italians, when the members of scattered families
come together as fully as they are able to do.
{188}
The doomed cities, accordingly, contained on the fatal day a
large number of guests, and were emptied, at the same time, of
large numbers of their residents; but the merry-making of the
previous days had induced later slumbers, generally, on that
dread Monday morning, and few had risen from their beds when
the shock came which buried them in the ruins of their
dwellings. It shook Messina at twenty minutes past five
o’clock, long before day had begun to dawn. The late F. Marion
Crawford, who wrote, three months after the occurrence, for
_The Outlook_, a carefully prepared account of it,
derived from personal inquiries and investigations on the
spot, describes the overwhelming moment thus:

"A southwest wind was blowing and the sky was black when the
fatal moment came, but it was not yet raining. Those who were
awake and survived remember hearing the horrible subterranean
thunder that preceded the shock and might have been a warning
to many in waking hours; it seemed to begin far away and to
approach very quickly, swelling to a terrific roar just before
the crash. Another instant and the solid earth rose and fell
in long waves, twice, three times, four times perhaps, and the
houses and churches swayed from side to side, in the darkness;
for the young moon had set before midnight, and it lacked more
than an hour of dawn. The whole city and the towns on the
opposite side of the Straits fell at once with a crash that no
language can describe; then followed the long-resounding
rumble of avalanches of masonry; and when those awful moments
were over, nearly two hundred thousand human beings were dead,
on both sides of the Straits.

"Almost at the same moment another sound was heard, almost
more terrible than the first—the sound of a moving mountain
of water; for the sea had risen bodily in a monstrous wave and
was sweeping over the harbor, carrying away hundreds of tons
of masonry from the outer pier, tearing ships and iron
steamers from their moorings like mere skiffs and hurling them
against the ruins of the great Palazzata that was built along
the semicircular quay, only to sweep them back, keel upwards
and full of dead and dying men, as the hill of water sank down
and ebbed away. When it had quite subsided, the inner portion
of the harbor was half full of sand and mud and stranded
wrecks.

"Those who say that they ‘saw’ these things are either
untruthful, or else, in vivid recollection of sensation, but
without the true memory of events, they confuse what they
heard and felt with what they might have felt and seen; for
though some of the gaslights in the streets continued to burn
for a few minutes, the darkness was almost total."

The American Vice-consul at Messina, Mr. Stuart K. Lupton, who
escaped unhurt from the ruins of the hotel in which he lodged,
carrying his clothing in his hands, and hastened in the
darkness to give aid, if possible, to his chief, Dr. Cheney,
made a report of his experiences to the Department at
Washington, from which the following is taken:

"I had not proceeded more than fifty yards when I found myself
walking in water up to my knees in a place which should have
been eight feet above the water level. Next I came to a pile
of rubbish some fifteen or twenty feet high over which I
clambered on my hands and knees. By this time I began to see
that the affair was much more serious than I had at first
believed, but I was still in inky darkness, so I could not
form any ideas as to the extent of the disaster. After
three-quarters of an hour I arrived where I supposed the
consulate to be and waited for daylight, which came in a few
minutes. I looked for the consulate, but could see nothing
that reminded me of it. Half the water front appeared to be
down. Here and there the walls were standing, while the
interior had collapsed. A few fires were breaking out, but
owing to the solid construction of the town they made little
progress.