Chapter XCIV: Appendix: Courses for Study or Reading (1)
Note.
The text of "History for Ready Reference" is made up of matter
taken from the best writers and special students of all ages
and all nations. Under the various topics in these Studies,
therefore, the historical works referred to are those from
which the matter of the text is taken; the figures following
each citation indicating the pages in "History for Ready
Reference" where the matter may be found,—the figures inclosed
in parentheses showing where the same matter may be found in
the first (1895) edition of the work. These extracts vary from
a quarter of a column to five or six columns in length.
[Transcriber's note—A colon (:) at the end of a line
indicates the following line begins a subheading,
a citation, or the citation title.]
STUDY I.
HISTORY AND ITS STUDY.
"It is seldom appreciated what a very large share of the
world’s literature is history of some sort. The primitive
savage is probably the only kind of a man who takes no
interest in it. But as soon as a spark of civilization
illumines this primitive darkness men begin to take interest
in other men,—not only beyond their immediate surroundings,
but beyond the limits of their own generation. Interest in the
past and provision for the future are perhaps essential
differences between the civilized man and the savage.
Accordingly as this care for the past and future increases,
all literature divides itself into that which concerns the
forces of nature, and that which concerns the history of man."
PROFESSOR J. P. MAHAFFY.
1. VARIOUS VIEWS AS TO WHAT HISTORY IS:
R. Flint:
History of the Philosophy of History,
1686-1687 (1648-1649).
archive.org/details/historyphilosop00flingoog
"With us the word ‘History,’ like its equivalents in all
modern languages, signifies either a form of literary
composition, or the appropriate subject matter of such
composition,—either a narrative of events, or events which may
be narrated."
R. FLINT.
2. THE PROPER SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF HISTORY:
E. A. Freeman:
Practical Bearings of European History,
1687-1688 (1648-1649).
T. B. Macaulay:
History (Essays),
1692 (1658).
"The perfect historian is he in whose work the character and
spirit of an age is exhibited in miniature. … By judicious
selection, rejection, and arrangement, he gives to truth those
attractions which have been usurped by fiction. … He shows us
the court, the camp, and the senate. But he also shows us the
nation. He considers no anecdote, no peculiarity of manner, no
familiar saying, as too insignificant for his notice, which is
not too insignificant to illustrate the operation of laws, of
religion, and of education, and to mark the progress of the
human mind."
T. B. MACAULAY.
3. THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY:
R. Flint:
Philosophy of History_,
1688 (1649).
4. HISTORY AS A SCIENCE;
and
HISTORY AS THE ROOT OF ALL SCIENCE:
H. T. Buckle:
History of Civilization in England,
1688 (1649).
www.gutenberg.org
J. G. Droysen:
Outline of the Principles of History,
1689 (1650).
archive.org/details/outlineofprincip01droy
T. Carlyle:
On History (Essays),
1689-1690 (1650-1651).
"There is, I speak humbly, in common with Natural Science, in
the study of living History, a gradual approximation to a
consciousness that we are growing into a perception of the
workings of the Almighty ruler of the world. … The study of
History is in this respect, as Coleridge said of Poetry, its
own great reward, a thing to be loved and cultivated for its
own sake. … For one great, insoluble problem of astronomy or
geology, there are a thousand insoluble problems in the life,
in the character, in the face of every man that meets you in
the street. Thus, whether we look at the dignity of the
subject matter, or at the nature of the mental exercise which
it requires, or at the nature of the field over which the
pursuit ranges, History, the knowledge of the adventures, the
development, the changeful career, the varied growths, the
ambitions, aspirations, and, if you like, the approximating
destinies of mankind, claims a place second to none in the
roll of Sciences."
BISHOP STUBBS.
5. HOW TO STUDY HISTORY:
A. B. Hart:
How to Study History,
1693 (1654).
6. THE EDUCATIONAL AND PRACTICAL VALUE OF HISTORY;
ITS MORAL LESSONS:
J. A. Froude:
Short Studies on Great Subjects,
1690 (1651).
W. E. H. Lecky:
The Political Value of History,
1690 (1651).
C. K. Adams:
Manual of Historical Literature,
1690-1691 (1651-1652).
W. Stubbs:
The Study of Modern History,
1691 (1652).
"The effect of historical reading is analogous, in many
respects, to that produced by foreign travel. The student,
like the tourist, is transported into a new state of society.
He sees new fashions. He hears new modes of expression. His
mind is enlarged by contemplating the wide diversities of
laws, of morals, and of manners."
T. B. MACAULAY.
7. THE PROVINCE AND VALUE OF THE HISTORICAL ROMANCE:
G. H. Lewes:
Historical Romance,
1692-1693 (1653-1654).
A. Thierry:
The Merovingian Era,
1693 (1654).
J. R. Seeley:
History and Politics,
1693 (1654).
"To say that there is more real history in his (Scott’s)
novels on Scotland and England than in the philosophically
false compilations which still possess that great name, is not
advancing anything strange in the eyes of those who have read
and understood ‘Old Mortality,’ ‘Waverley,’ ‘Rob Roy,’ the
‘Fortunes of Nigel,’ and the ‘Heart of Midlothian.’"
A. THIERRY.
"We can hardly read the interesting Life of Lord Macaulay
without perceiving that the most popular historical work of
modern times owes its origin in a great measure to the
Waverley Novels. Macaulay grew up in a world of novels: his
youth and early manhood witnessed the appearance of the
Waverley Novels themselves. He became naturally possessed by
the idea which is expressed over and over again in his Essays,
and which at last he realized with such wonderful success, the
idea that it was quite possible to make history as interesting
as romance."
J. R. SEELEY.
{736}
8. THE IMPORTANCE OF A KNOWLEDGE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY:
O. Browning:
The Teaching Of History In Schools,
1604 (1655).
"To know History is impossible; not even Mr. Freeman, not
Professor Ranke himself, can be said to know history. … No
one, therefore, should be discouraged from studying History.
Its greatest service is not so much to increase our knowledge
as to stimulate thought and broaden our intellectual horizon,
_and for this purpose no study is its equal_."
W. P. ATKINSON.
STUDY II.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE DAWN OF HISTORY; PRIMITIVE PEOPLES.
I. THE THREE MARKED DIVISIONS OF THE HUMAN RACE
WHEN THE EARLIEST HISTORIC RECORD BEGINS:
(a) The Aryan:
144 (137), 145 (138) and
Appendix A., Volume V. (Volume I).
(b) The Semitic:
2963-2966 (2886-2889).
(c) The Turanian:
3245, 1740, 2265 (3129, 1701, 2221).
2. THESE DIVISIONS WERE NOT PROPERLY RACIAL, BUT LINGUISTIC,
THOUGH USAGE HAS GIVEN THEM A RACIAL SIGNIFICANCE:
"Aryan in Scientific language is utterly inapplicable to race.
It means language, and nothing but language … I have declared
again and again that if I say ‘Aryas,’ I mean simply those who
speak the ‘Aryan’ language."
MAX MÜLLER.
"The ‘Semitic race’ owes its name to a confusion of ethnology
and philology. A certain family of speech, composed of
languages closely related to one another, and presupposing a
common mother tongue, received the title of ‘Semitic’ … But
whatever justification there may have been for speaking of a
Semitic family of languages, there was none for speaking of a
Semitic race."
A. H. SAYCE.
3. BIRTHPLACE OF THE ARYANS:
C. F. Keary:
The Dawn of History,
144-145 (137-138).
www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52030.
J. N. Larned:
A Historical Sketch of Europe,
1018 (990).
J. Rhys:
Race Theories,
145 (138).
4. EARLY ARYAN MIGRATIONS:
(a) To India.
W. W. Hunter:
History of India,
1740-1741 (1701-1702).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1741-1742 (1702-1703).
M. Williams:
Religious Thought in India,
1742 (1703).
(b) To Greece.
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2603 (2535).
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
1604-1605 (1566-1567).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1019-1021 (991-993).
D. G. Hogarth:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 23-25.
(c) To Italy.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1016-1017, 1845 (988-989, 1805).
F. Haverfield:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 25.
(d) To Western Europe.
J. Rhys:
Celtic Britain,
412 (402).
J. N. Larned:
Europe, 1019 (991).
(e) In General.
Appendix A.
at end of Volume V. (Volume I.).
Ethnological Map,
before Title Page, Volume I.
5. ORIGIN OF THE SEMITIC PEOPLES:
George Adam Smith:
Historical Geography of the Holy Land,
2964-2965 (2887-2888).
6. THE VARIOUS DIVISIONS OF THE SEMITES:
(a) In General.
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2963-2964 (2886-2887).
(b) The Babylonian.
J F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2965-2966 (2888-2889).
Z. A. Ragozin:
The Story of Chaldea,
246-247 (239-240).
A. H. Sayce:
Recent Discoveries in Babylonia,
Volume VI., 14-15.
(c) The Canaanitic and Phoenician.
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History of East,
2598-2599 (2530-2531).
(d) The Hebraic.
A. Kuenen:
Religion of Israel,
1936 (1895).
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
1937 (1896).
S. R. Driver:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 12.
7. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEMITES, AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD CIVILIZATION:
A. H Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246 (239).
E. Renan:
Studies in Religious History,
2965 (2888).
"We owe to the Semitic race neither political life, art,
poetry, philosophy, nor Science. What, then, do we owe to
them? We owe to them Religion. The whole world, if we except
India, China, Japan, and tribes altogether savage, has adopted
the Semitic religion."
E. RENAN.
8. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARLY SEMITES AND THE PRIMITIVE CHINESE:
R. K. Douglas:
China,
430-432 (416-418).
T. de Lacouperie:
History of Chinese Civilization,
246 (239).
9. ORIGIN AND RACIAL CONNECTIONS OF
THE PRIMITIVE EGYPTIAN PEOPLES:
H. Brugsch Bey:
Egypt under the Pharaohs,
777 (750).
G. Rawlinson.
History of Ancient Egypt,
777 (750).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Research in Egypt,
Volume VI., 18-20.
10. THE EARLIEST SEMITES KNOWN TO HISTORY:
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2965-2966 (2888-2889).
Max Müller:
The Enormous Antiquity of the East,
2966 (2889).
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246 (239).
"The Babylonians were … the first of the Semites to enter the
arena of history, and they did so by virtue of the
civilization to which they attained in and through their
settlement on the lower Euphrates and Tigris."
J. F. MCCURDY.
{737}
STUDY III.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE LIFE OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLES; ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
1. GENERAL CHARACTER OF WORK OF EXCAVATION OF BURIED CITIES:
W. M. F. Petrie.
The Story of a "Tell,"
782 (755).
G. Smith:
Assyrian Discoveries,
149-150 (143).
H. V. Hilprecht:
Recent Research in Bible Lands,
Volume VI., 12.
Sunday School Times,
Volume VI., 13.
2. PREHISTORIC CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION:
(a) Babylonia.
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246 (239).
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and The Monuments,
2965-2966 (2888-2889).
S. R. Driver:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 12.
Perrot and Chipiez:
Art in Chaldæa and Assyria,
2969 (2892).
"When civilization makes up its mind to reenter upon that
country, nothing more will be needed for the reawakening in it
of life and reproductive energy, than the restoration of the
great works undertaken by the contemporaries of Abraham and
Jacob."
PERROT AND CHIPIEZ.
(b) Egypt.
H. G. Tomkins:
Studies on Times of Abraham,
778-779 (751-752).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Egyptian Exploration,
Volume VI., 20, 21.
(c) Greece.
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
1605, last column, (1567).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
1605-1606 (1567-1568).
S. H. Butcher:
Aspects of Greek Genius,
1675 (1636).
A. J. Evans:
London Times,
Volume VI., 23, 24.
A. L. Frothingham:
Archaeological Progress,
Volume VI., 25.
(d) Italy and Rome.
Padre de Cara:
The Academy,
1845 (1805).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1020-1021 (992-993).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2731 (2657).
Goldwin Smith:
The Greatness of the Romans,
2732-2733 (2658-2659).
"It may seem a paradox, but we suspect that in their imperial
ascendency is seen one of the earliest and not least important
steps in that gradual triumph of intellect over force, even in
war, which has been an essential part of the progress of
civilization. The happy day may come when Science in the form
of a benign old gentleman with a bald head and spectacles on
nose, holding some beneficent compound in his hand, will
confront a standing army, and the standing army will cease to
exist. That will be the final victory of intellect. But in the
meantime, our acknowledgments are due to the primitive
inventors of military discipline. They shivered Goliath’s
spear."
GOLDWIN SMITH.
(e) India.
W. W. Hunter:
History of Indian People,
1740-1741 (1701-1702).
(f) China.
R. K. Douglas:
China,
430-432 (416-418).
3. Early Language and Literature:
(a) Babylonia and Assyria.
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
150, 245-246, 664-665 (143, 238-239, 641-642).
A. H. Sayce:
Social Life of Assyrians and Babylonians,
2044 (2000).
A. H. Sayce:
Races of the Old Testament,
2963 (2886)
A. Lefèvre:
Race and Language,
2971 (2894).
(b) Egypt.
H. Brugsch-Bey:
History of Egypt,
777 (750).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
777 (750).
E. A. W. Budge:
The Mummy,
1684-1685 (1645-1646).
A. Mariette-Bey:
Monuments of Upper Egypt,
2826 (2752).
(c) Phoenicia.
Perrot and Chipiez:
Art in Phoenicia,
2601 end of last column, (2533).
(d) Greece
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1674-1675 (1635-1636).
W. E. Gladstone:
Homer,
1699-1700 (1660-1661).
W. Leaf:
Companion to the Iliad,
1700 (1661).
A. Lang:
Homer and the Epic,
1700 (1661).
D. G. Hogarth:
Authority and Archæology,
Volume VI., 25.
(e) Italy and Rome.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1845 (1805).
G. A. Simcox:
History of Latin Literature,
2734 (2660).
(f) India.
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1741-1742 (1702-1703).
M. Williams:
Religious Thought in India,
1742 (1703).
4. EDUCATION:
(a) Babylonia and Assyria.
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246, 697-698 (239, 674-675).
A. H. Sayce:
Social Life among the Babylonians,
698 (675).
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
150 (143).
"The primitive Chaldeans were preeminently a literary people,
and it is by their literary relics, by the scattered contents
of their libraries, that we can know and judge them. As
befitted the inventors of a system of writing, like the
Chinese they set the highest value on education, even though
examinations may have been unknown among them. Education,
however, was widely diffused."
A. H. SAYCE.
(b) Egypt.
G. Maspero:
Life in Ancient Egypt,
697 (674).
H. Brugsch-Bey:
History of Egypt,
697 (674).
"In the education of youth the Egyptians were particularly
strict; and ‘they knew,’ says Plato, ‘that children ought to
be early accustomed to such gestures, looks, and motions, as
are decent and proper; and not to be suffered either to hear
or learn any verses and songs other than those which are
calculated to inspire them with virtue.’"
J. G. WILKINSON.
(c) Greece.
(1) Athenian.
Plato:
Protagoras,
701 (678).
Aristotle:
Politics,
701-702 (678-679).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Old Greek Education,
703 (680).
J. A. St. John:
The Hellenes,
703-704 (680-681).
W. W. Capes:
University Life in Ancient Athens,
5 (5).
Guhl and Koner:
Life of Greeks and Romans,
1657 (1619).
(2) Spartan.
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
704-5 (681-2).
(d) Alexandria.
J. H. Newman:
Historical Sketches,
708 (685).
(e) Rome.
J. J. Döllinger:
Gentile and Jew,
708-709 (685-686).
(f) Judæa.
E. Schürer:
History of Jewish People,
700 (677).
H. Graetz:
History of the Jews,
700-1 (677-678).
(g) China.
W. A. P. Martin:
The Chinese,
698-699 (675-676).
(h) Persia.
G. Rawlinson:
The Five Great Monarchies,
699-700 (676-677).
5. RELIGION:
(a) China.
R. K. Douglas:
China,
432-433 (418-419).
(b) Egypt.
A. B. Edwards:
The Academy,
305 (296).
(c) Greece.
C. C. Felton:
Greece, Ancient and Modern,
804-805, 2453 (777-778, 2401).
{738}
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2452 (2400).
W. M. Leake:
Topography of Athens,
2451 (2399).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2451 (2399).
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
680 (657).
(d) India.
M. Williams:
Religious Thought in India,
1742 (1703).
Hinduism,
1743-1744 (1704-1705).
J. T. Wheeler:
History of India,
406 (396).
(e) Persia.
G. Rawlinson:
Religions of the Ancient World,
3788-3789 (3666-3667).
M. Haug:
Lectures on Zoroaster,
3790 (3668).
(f) Rome.
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
2981 (2903).
H. Macmillan:
Roman Mosaics,
2981 (2903).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
195 (188).
W. Ramsay:
Roman Antiquities,
196-197 (189-190).
Guhl and Koner:
Greeks and Romans,
3743 (3623).
N. Hawthorne:
The Marble Faun,
2476 (2417).
Note.—In nearly all cases, in the Studies that follow, all
chronological divisions previous to the sixth or seventh
centuries B. C. must be regarded as approximate only. The
dates given are those generally accepted by the best scholars
of the present day.
STUDY IV.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA.
1. GEOGRAPHY:
G. Rawlinson:
Five Great Monarchies,
2198 (2154).
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History of the East,
2964 (2887).
G. Adam Smith:
Historical Geography of the Holy Land,
2964 (2887).
2. CHALDEA-BABYLONIA:
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
245-246 (239), and following authorities.
3. THE ACCADIANS, SUMERIANS, ELAMITES, AND CUSHITES:
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246, 698 (239, 675).
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
150, 246 (143, 239).
A. H. Sayce:
Races of the Old Testament,
2963 (2886).
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
795(768).
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and Monuments,
2965-2966 (2888-2889).
Dr. Tiele:
History of Babylonia,
2967 (2890).
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History of the East,
128-129 (121-122).
A. H. Sayce:
Contemporary Review,
Volume VI., 14.
4. THE ERA OF CITY STATES
(5000 to 3800 B. C.):
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
246-247 (239-240).
5. CONQUESTS OF SARGON I.
(3750 B. C.):
Dr. Tiele:
History of Babylonia,
2967 (2890).
F. Max Müller:
Enormous Antiquity of the East,
2966 (2889).
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
247 (240).
A. H. Sayce:
Contemporary Review,
Volume VI., 13, 14.
6. HAMMURABI ESTABLISHES THE FIRST BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
(2250 B. C.):
E. J. Simcox:
Primitive Civilizations,
2967(2890).
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2967 (2890).
A. H. Sayce:
Ancient Empires of the East,
247 (240).
7. THE CITY OF BABYLON:
A. H. Sayce:
Ancient Empires of the East,
247 (240).
G. Rawlinson:
Herodotus,
245 (238).
W. B. Wright:
Ancient Cities,
2969-2970 (2893).
B. T. A. Evetts:
New Light on the Bible and Holy Land,
2970-2971 (2893-2894).
8. THE KASSITE EMPIRE AND EGYPTIAN INVASIONS
(1800-1250 B. C.):
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2967 (2890).
A. H. Sayce:
Higher Criticism and Verdict of the Monuments,
2968 (2891).
A. Lefèvre:
Race and Language,
2968 (2891).
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
779-780 (752-753).
9. ASSYRIA GAINS AND HOLDS SUPREMACY
(1250-600 B. C.):
Perrot and Chipiez:
History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria,
2968-2969 (2891-2892).
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
2969 (2892).
10. THE CITY OF NINEVEH:
A. H. Sayce:
Higher Criticism and the Monuments,
2967-2968 (2891).
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
150 (143).
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
2415 (2363).
Perrot and Chipiez:
History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria,
2969 (2892).
11. THE LAST BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
(625-536 B. C.):
E. A. W. Budge:
Babylonian Life and History,
2969 (2892).
A. H. Sayce:
Ancient Empires of East,
247 (240).
Introduction to Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther,
2577-2578 (2510-2511).
Ancient Empires of the East,
2577 (2510).
12. BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LIFE:
(a) Literature.
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
245-246 (238-239).
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246, 697-698 (239, 674-675).
A. H. Sayce:
Social Life among the Babylonians,
698 (675).
A. V. Hilprecht:
Sunday School Times,
Volume VI., 15-16.
(b) Education.
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
698 (675).
A. H. Sayce:
Social Life Among the Babylonians,
698 (675).
A. H. Sayce:
Contemporary Review,
Volume VI., 14.
(c) Trade and Commerce.
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
3207-3208 (3697).
E. J. Lubbock:
History of Money,
2243 (2199).
Sir J. Simcox:
Primitive Civilizations,
2243-2244 (2200).
(d) Treatment of Diseases.
G. Rawlinson:
Herodotus,
2166 (2122).
F. Lenormant:
Chaldean Magic,
2166-2167 (2122-2123).
{739}
13. THE PRE-EMINENT FIGURES IN BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN HISTORY:
B. C.
Sargon I 3750
Hammurabi 2250
Tiglathpileser I. 1110-1090
Tiglathpileser III. 745-727
Sargon II 722-705
Sennacherib 705-681
Assurbanipal
(Sardanapalus) 668-626
Nebuchadnezzar 605-562
STUDY V.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
EGYPT.
1. ORIGIN OP THE NAME AND PEOPLE:
H. Brugsch-Bey:
History of Egypt,
776 (749).
R. S. Poole:
Cities of Egypt,
776 (749).
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
777 (750).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
777 (750).
A. H. Keane:
The African Races,
17 (19).
2. HISTORICAL ANTIQUITY:
H. Brugsch-Bey:
History of Egypt,
776-777 (750).
W. M. F. Petrie:
History of Egypt,
777 (3743).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Address,
Volume VI., 20-21.
3. PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATION:
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Egyptian Exploration,
Volume VI., 20.
4. THE OLD AND MIDDLE EMPIRES
(4700-2750 B. C.);
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History,
777-778, 2127 (750-751, 2083).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Research in Egypt,
Volume VI., 18-19.
W. M. F. Petrie:
History of Egypt,
777-778 (750-751).
R. S. Poole:
Cities of Egypt,
2196, 3189 (2152, 3104).
5. THE PYRAMIDS, AND THE OBELISKS; "CLEOPATRA’S NEEDLES"
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History,
777 (750).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient Egypt,
780 (753).
6. THE HYKSOS, OR SHEPHERD KINGS (2150-1700 B. C.),
AND SOJOURN OF ABRAHAM:
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
778 (751).
E. Wilson:
The Egypt of the Past,
778 (751).
E. A. W. Budge:
The Dwellers on the Nile,
1937 (1896).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient Egypt,
1937 (1896).
E. Renan:
The People of Israel,
1937-1938 (1896-1897).
A. H. Sayce:
The Hittites,
116, 1695 (109, 1656).
H. Brugsch-Bey:
Egypt under the Pharaohs,
779 (752).
7. THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY; THE NEW EMPIRE
(1600-1300 B. C.):
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
779-780 (752-753).
C. Bezold:
Oriental Diplomacy,
781 (754).
A. Lefèvre:
Race and Language,
2968 (2891).
8. ISRAEL IN EGYPT
(1750-1300 B. C.):
E. A.W. Budge:
Dwellers on the Nile,
1937 (1896).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient Egypt,
1937 (1896).
H. Brugsch-Bey:
Egypt under the Pharaohs,
1937 (1896).
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History,
782 (755).
R. S. Poole:
Ancient Egypt,
782 (755).
9. DECLINE OF EMPIRE OF THE PHARAOHS;
ASSYRIAN CONQUEST (1200-525 B. C.):
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
782-783 (755-6).
Five Great Monarchies,
783 (756).
10. THE PERSIAN CONQUEST
(525-332 B. C.):
G. Rawlinson:
Five Great Monarchies,
784 (757).
P. Smith:
Ancient History,
784 (757).
A. H. Sayce:
Introduction to Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther,
2578 (2511).
11. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN LIFE AND CULTURE:
(a) Literature and Art.
A. B. Edwards:
The Academy,
305 (296).
Edinburgh Review:
The Tel El-Amarna Tablets,
780 (753).
C. Bezold:
Oriental Diplomacy,
781 (754).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Egyptian Exploration,
Volume VI., 20-21.
(b) Education.
J. G. Wilkinson, and others,
696-697 (673-674).
(c) Trade and Commerce.
Earliest Records of Trade,
3207 (3696).
Sir J. Lubbock:
History of Money,
2243 (2199).
E. J. Simcox:
Primitive Civilizations,
2244 (2200).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
2600 (2532).
F. Lenormant:
History of the East,
129 (122).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
785-786 (758-759).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
3211-3213 (3700-3702).
(d) Treatment of Diseases.
G. Rawlinson and others,
2164-2166 (2120-2122).
12. THE CONQUEST OF ALEXANDER AND THE KINGDOM OF THE PTOLEMIES
(332-330 B. C.):
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
785 (758).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
2103 (2059).
A. H. L. Heeren:
Ancient History,
2104 (2060).
T. Timayenis:
History of Greece,
2106 (2062).
S. Sharpe:
History of Egypt,
785, also 786 (758, 759).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
786 (759).
13. THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA:
J. P. Mahaffy:
The Story of Alexander’s Empire,
44-45 (37-38).
A. Hirtius:
The Alexandrian War,
46 (39).
J. J. Döllinger:
History of the Church,
2295-2296 (2247-2248).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall of Roman Empire,
46, also 47 (39, 40).
H. H. Milman:
History of Latin Christianity,
47 (40).
Sir W. Muir:
Annals of the Early Caliphate,
2115 (2070).
E. Kirkpatrick:
Development of Superior Instruction,
707-708 (684-685).
Fraser’s Magazine:
Historical Researches on the Burning of
the Library of Alexandria by Saracens,
2047-2048 (2003-2004).
Fraser’s Magazine:
The American Journal of Archaeology,
Volume VI., 28.
14. THE MOSLEM CONQUEST
(640-646 A. D.):
Sir W. Muir:
Annals of the Early Caliphate,
2114-2115 (2069-2070).
15. EGYPT AND THE CRUSADES
(1216-1254 A. D.):
G. Procter:
The Crusades,
656-657 (633-634).
T. L. Kington:
History of Frederick II.,
657 (634).
F. P. Guizot.
History of France,
657-658 (634-635).
{740}
16. THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST
(1517 A. D.):
S. Lane-Poole:
The Story of Turkey,
3254 (3138).
17. OVERTHROW OF THE OTTOMAN POWER BY NAPOLEON
(A. D. 1798):
W. Massey:
History of England,
1354-1355 (1321-1322).
J. G. Lockhart:
Life of Napoleon,
1357-1359 (1324-1326).
18. OVERTHROW OF FRENCH POWER BY ENGLAND,
AND RESTORATION OF EGYPT TO TURKEY
(1801-1802 A.D.):
J. R. Green:
History of English People,
1368-1369 (1335-1336).
19. BANKRUPTCY OF THE STATE AND ENGLISH OCCUPATION
(1875-1883):
H. Vogt:
The Egyptian War of 1882,
792 (765).
J. E. Bowen:
Conflict of East and West in Egypt,
792-794 (765-767).
E. Dicey.
Egypt,
Volume VI., 198.
20. THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN CONDOMINIUM (1899):
Great Britain, Papers by Command;
Egypt,
Volume VI., 201-203.
STUDY VI.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE JEWS.
1. THE NATIONAL NAMES:
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
1936 (1895).
A. P. Stanley:
History of Jewish Church,
1936 (1895).
2. THE ORIGIN OF THE PEOPLE AND THEIR RACIAL CONNECTIONS:
George Adam Smith:
Historical Geography of the Holy Land,
2964-2965 (2887-2888).
A. H. Sayce:
Races of the Old Testament,
2963 (2886).
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2963-2964 (2886-2887).
A. Lefèvre:
Race and Language,
2971 (2804).
3. THE MIGRATION OF ABRAHAM
(2200 B. C.):
E. A. W. Budge:
Dwellers on the Nile,
1937 (1896).
E. Wilson:
Egypt of the Past,
778 (751).
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
1937 (1896).
4. THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS WITH WHOM ISRAEL CAME IN CONTACT:
(a) The Canaanites.
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
365 (355).
A. Kuenen:
The Religion of Israel,
1936 (1895).
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History of East,
2599 (2531).
(b) The Hittites.
A. H. Sayce:
The Hittites,
1695 (1656).
Padre de Cara:
Civilità Cattolica,
1845 (1805).
(c) The Amorites.
A. H. Sayce:
The Hittites,
116 (109).
(d) The Moabites.
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
2237 (2193).
(e) The Philistines.
F. W. Newman:
History of the Hebrew Monarchy,
2598 (2530).
George Adam Smith:
Historical Geography of the Holy Land,
2598 (2530).
5. THE SOJOURN OF ISRAEL IN EGYPT
(1750-1300 B. C.):
H. Brugsch-Bey:
Egypt under the Pharaohs,
779, 1937 (752, 1896).
E. A. W. Budge:
Dwellers on the Nile,
1937 (1896).
E. Renan:
The People of Israel,
1937-1938 (1896-1897).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient Egypt,
1937 (1896).
6. THE EXODUS AND THE SETTLEMENT IN CANAAN
(1300-1230 B. C.):
E. Naville:
The Store-City Pithom,
1938 (1897).
F. Lenormant:
History of the East,
782 (755).
R. S. Poole:
Ancient Egypt,
782 (755).
E. Naville:
Route of the Exodus,
1938-1939 (1897-1898).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1939-1940 (1898-1899).
7. THE JUDGES
(1250-1075 B. C.):
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on Jewish Church,
1940 (1899).
S. Sharpe:
History of the Hebrew Nation,
1940-1941 (1899-1900).
W. Robertson Smith:
The Prophets of Israel,
1941 (1900).
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on Jewish Church,
701 (678).
8. JERUSALEM THE NATIONAL CAPITAL:
T. Lewin:
Jerusalem,
1921 (1880).
F. W. Newman:
History of the Hebrew Monarchy,
1922 (1881).
Josephus:
Antiquities,
1922 (1881).
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
1942 (1901).
9. THE SINGLE MONARCHY
(1075-950 B. C.):
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
1941-1942 (1900-1901).
H. Graetz:
History of the Jews,
1943 (1902).
E. Renan:
The People of Israel,
1943-1944 (1902-1903).
H. Ewald;
History of Israel,
3210 (3699).
10. THE DIVIDED KINGDOM; ISRAEL, JUDAH
(950-730 B. C.):
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on the Jewish Church,
1944 (1903).
W. Robertson Smith:
The Prophets of Israel,
1945 (1904).
J. Wellhausen:
History of Israel and Judah,
1945 (1904).
A. H. Sayce:
LIFE AND TIMES OF ISAIAH,
1945 (1904).
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on the Jewish Church,
1946 (1905).
11. SAMARIA, THE CAPITAL CITY OF ISRAEL:
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on Jewish Church,
1944 (1903).
W. Robertson Smith:
The Prophets of Israel,
1944 (1904).
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
2871 (2796).
H. Graetz:
History of the Jews,
2871-2872 (2796-2797).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
2872 (2797).
12. THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH
(724-598 B. C.):
M. Arnold:
Isaiah of Jerusalem,
1946 (1905).
J. Wellhausen:
Israel and Judah,
1946 (1905).
S. R. Driver:
Isaiah,
1946-1947 (1905-1906).
C. G. Montefiore:
Lectures on Religion,
1947-1948 (1906-1907).
A. Kuenen:
Religion of Israel,
1948 (1907).
J. Wellhausen:
Israel and Judah,
1945 (1904).
{741}
13. THE EXILE AND THE RESTORATION
(598-332 B. C.):
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1948-1949 (1907-1908).
A. Kuenen:
Religion of Israel,
1949 (1908).
P. H. Hunter:
After the Exile,
1949-1950 (1908-1909).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1950-1951 (1909-1910).
J. J. Döllinger:
Gentile and Jew,
1952 (1911).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1952 (1911).
A. H. Sayce:
Ancient Empires of the East,
2577 (2510).
A. H. Sayce:
Introduction to Books of Ezra, etc.,
2577-2578 (2510-2511).
14. THE GREEK DOMINION AND THE MACCABEAN WAR
(332-340 B. C.):
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
2102-2103 (2058-2059).
G. Rawlinson:
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
2960 (2883).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2960 (2883).
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
1953 (1912).
J. J. Döllinger:
Gentile and Jew,
1954 (1913).
E. H. Palmer:
History of Jewish Nation,
1954 (1913).
W. D. Morrison:
Jews under Roman Rule,
1954-1955 (1913-1914).
J. H. Allen:
Hebrew Men and Times,
1955 (1914).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1956 (1915).
E. Schürer:
History of Jewish People,
1957 (1916).
T. Keim:
History of Jesus of Nazara,
1958 (1917).
E. Schürer,
History of the Jewish People,
1677-1678 (1638-1639).
15. HEROD AND THE HERODIANS; ROMAN SUPREMACY
(B. C. 40-A. D. 44):
T. Keim:
History of Jesus of Nazara,
1958-1959 (1917-1918).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1960 (1919).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1960 (1919).
16. THE BIRTH OF JESUS AND THE FALL OF JERUSALEM
(B. C. 8-A. D. 70):
T. Keim:
History of Jesus of Nazara,
1960-1961 (1919-1920).
E. de Pressensé:
Jesus Christ,
1961-1962 (1920-1921).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
1962 (1921).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
1962-1963 (1921-1922).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1963 (1922).
"Nations that are fitted to play a part in universal history
must die first that the world may live through them' A people
must choose between the prolonged life, the tranquil and
obscure destiny of one who lives for himself, and the
troubled, stormy career of one who lives for humanity. The
nation which revolves within its breast social and religious
problems is always weak politically. Thus it was with the
Jews, who in order to make the religious conquest of the world
must needs disappear as a nation. They lost a material city;
they opened the reign of the Spiritual Jerusalem."
RENAN.
STUDY VII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
EARLY HISTORY OF INDIA AND CHINA.
A. INDIA.
1. THE NAME, AND ORIGINAL INHABITANTS:
J. R. Seeley:
The Expansion of England,
1739-1740 (1701).
H. G. Keene:
History of Hindustan,
1740 (1701).
C. F. Keary:
Dawn of History,
144-145 (137-138).
W. W. Hunter:
History of Indian People,
1740-1741 (1701-1702).
See Maps of India,
1748 (1708).
2. THE ARYAN CONQUEST
(B. C. 1500-1400 (?)):
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1741-1742 (1702-1703).
M. Williams:
Religious Life in India,
1742 (1703).
3. THE INVASION AND CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
(B. C. 327-322):
J. T. Wheeler:
History of India,
1742-1743 (1703-1704).
C. A. Fyffe:
History of Greece,
2103 (2059).
G. Rawlinson:
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
2960 (2883).
4. THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM
(B. C. 312-):
M. Williams:
Hinduism,
1743-1744 (1704-1705).
V. Smith:
London Times,
Volume VI., 57-58.
5. TRADE AND COMMERCE:
Mrs. Manning:
Ancient and Mediaeval India,
3208 (3697).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
3208 (3697).
B. CHINA.
1. THE NAME AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTRY:
H. Yule:
Cathay,
428 (416).
E. Reclus:
The Earth and its Inhabitants,
428-430.
2. THE ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE:
T. de Lacouperie:
Babylonia and China,
246 (239).
T. de Lacouperie:
History of Chinese Civilization,
246 (239).
R. K. Douglas:
China,
431-432 (416-418).
3. LIFE OF THE EARLY PEOPLE:
(a) Religion.
R. K. Douglas:
China,
432-433 (418-419).
T. W. Rhys Davids:
Buddhism,
433 (419).
(b) Education.
W. A. P. Martin:
The Chinese,
699 (675-676).
(c) Trade and Commerce.
Sir J. Lubbock:
History of Money,
2244-2245 (2200-2201).
E. J. Simcox:
Primitive Civilizations,
3215 (3704).
STUDY VIII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
EARLY GREECE AND THE PERSIAN WARS.
"Our interest in Ancient history, it may be said, lies not in
large masses. It matters little how early the Arcadians
acquired a political unity or what Nabis did to Mycenae; that
which interests us is the Constitution of Athens, the repulse
of Persia, the brief bloom of Thebes."
S. H. BOTCHER.
1. THE LAND, AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON THE PEOPLE:
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
3192 (3107).
E. Reclus:
The Earth and its Inhabitants,
1603 (1565).
E. A. Freeman:
Practical Bearings of European History,
1604 (1566).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).
C. A. Fyffe:
History of Greece,
1606 (1568).
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
1606 (1568).
2. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS:
(a) In General.
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2562-2563 (2496-2497).
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
2563 (2497).
{741}
C. F. Keary:
The Dawn of History,
145 (138).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1674-1675 (1635-1636).
(b) The Pelopids and Mycenae.
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
2563 (2497).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2563 (2497).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters of Greek History,
1605-1606 (1567-1568).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
3241-3242 (3125-3126).
The Nation:
Dr. Schliemann’s Work,
3242 (3126).
(c) The Cretans and Knossos.
G. Schömann:
Antiquities of Greece,
647 (624).
A. J. Evans:
London Times,
Volume VI., 23-24.
D. G. Hogarth:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 24-25.
A. L. Frothingham:
Archaeological Progress,
Volume VI., 25.
3. EARLY MIGRATIONS:
(a) In General.
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
1605 (1567).
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
146-147 (139-140).
(5) Dorians and Ionians.
C. O. Müller:
History of Dorian Race,
687, 1682 (664, 1643).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
687 (664).
G. Schömann:
Antiquities of Greece,
687 (664).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
3100 (3018).
194-195 (187-188).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1020-1021 (992-993).
(c) Æolians.
G. Schömann:
Antiquities of Greece,
9-10.
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
146-147 (139-140).
4. THE EARLY CITY STATES, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:
C. A. Fyffe:
History of Greece,
1606 (1568).
Thucydides:
History,
151-153 (144-146).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1019 (991).
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
246-247 (239-240).
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
1607 (1569).
Perrot and Chipiez:
Chaldea and Assyria,
2968, top of second column, (2891).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676, second column, (1637).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
189, second column, (182).
M. Duncker:
History of Greece,
3189-3190 (3105).
5. THE RENOWNED LAWGIVERS:
(a) Lycurgus.
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
3100-3102 (3018-3020).
C. H. Hanson:
The Land of Greece,
3103 (3021).
(b) Draco.
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
153 (146).
(c) Solon.
C. F. Hermann:
Political Antiquities of Greece,
155 (148).
W. Wachsmuth:
Historical Antiquities of the Greeks,
155-156 (148-149).
G. Grote:
History of Greeks,
673 (649-650).
6. THE RISE OF ATHENS:
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
194-195 (187-188).
Thucydides:
History,
151-153 (144-146).
W. W. Leake:
Topography of Athens,
151 (144).
See Maps, 152 (145).
E. Bulwer-Lytton:
Athens, 154 (147).
7. THE PISISTRATIDÆ AND CONSTITUTION OF CLEISTHENES
(560-507 B. C.):
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
156 (149).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
156-157 (149-50).
8. CONTEST WITH SPARTA FOR SUPREMACY
(509-506 B. C.):
C. H. Hanson:
The Land of Greece,
3102 (3021).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
156-157 (149-150).
C. W. Cox:
The Greeks and Persians,
157 (150).
9. THE IONIAN REVOLT AND PERSIAN WARS
(B. C. 500-479):
(a) In General.
Herodotus:
Story of the Persian War,
1607-1608 (1569-1570).
P. Smith:
Ancient History of the East,
2579 (2512).
P. Smith:
History of the World, 1609 (1571).
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
157-159 (150-152).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient History,
2580 (2513).
(b) Marathon.
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
1609 (1571).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1609-1610 (1571-1572).
(c) Thermopylae.
Herodotus:
History,
1610-1611 (1572-1573).
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
160-161 (153-154).
(d) Platæa and Mycale.
Herodotus:
History,
1612, 1613 (1574, 1575).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1613 (1575).
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
160-161 (153-154).
10. THE CONFEDERACY OF DELOS AND END OF PERSIAN WARS
(B. C. 477-461):
G. W. Cox:
History of Greece.
1613 (1575).
W. W. Lloyd:
The Age of Pericles,
1614 (1576).
T. Keightley:
History of Greece,
164 (157).
J. Fiske:
Greek Federations,
1137 (1109).
11. POLITICAL RESULTS OF PERSIAN WARS:
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
163 (155-156).
Aristotle:
Constitution of Athens,
163-164 (156-157).
"None of these men were enervated by wealth or hesitated to
resign the pleasures of life. … And when the moment came they
were minded to resist and suffer, rather than to fly and save
their lives; they ran away from the word of dishonor, but on
the battlefield their feet stood fast, and in an instant, at
the height of their fortune, they passed away from the scene,
not of their fear, but of their glory. Such was the end of
these men; they were worthy of Athens; and the living may not
desire to have a more heroic spirit although they may pray for
a less fatal issue. … The sacrifice which they collectively
made was individually repaid to them; for they received again
each one for himself a praise which grows not old, and the
noblest of all sepulchers—I speak not of that in which their
remains are laid, but of that in which their glory survives,
and is proclaimed always and on every fitting occasion both in
word and deed. For the whole earth is the sepulcher of famous
men; not only are they commemorated by columns and
inscriptions in their own country, but in foreign lands there
dwells also an unwritten memorial of them, graven not on
stone, but in the hearts of men."
From the Funeral Oration of Pericles,
pages 175-178 (168-171).
STUDY IX.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE.
"To Greece we owe the love of Science, the love of Art, the
love of Freedom; not Science alone, Art alone, or Freedom
alone, but these vitally correlated with one another and
brought into organic union. And in this union we recognize the
distinctive features of the West. The Greek genius is the
European genius in its first and brightest bloom. From a
vivifying contact with the Greek spirit Europe derived that
new and mighty impulse which we call Progress."
S. H. BUTCHER.
I. ATHENS AFTER THE PERSIAN WARS:
(a) The Rebuilding of the City.
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
161-152 (154-155).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1022-1023 (994-995).
(b) The Enlargement of the Democracy.
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
162-163 (155-156).
{743}
Aristotle:
The Constitution of Athens,
163-164 (156-157).
A. J. Grant:
The Age of Pericles,
1615 (1577).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
132 (125).
(c) Quarrels with Sparta.
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
165-166 (158-159).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
166-167 (159-160).
A. J. Grant:
Age of Pericles,
1614 (1576).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1615-1616 (1577-1578).
2. THE RISE OF PERICLES
(B. C. 466-429):
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
165-166 (158-159).
A. J. Grant:
The Age of Pericles,
1615 (1577).
3. THE AGE OF PERICLES
(B. C. 445-429):
(a) The Splendor of Athens.
E. Abbott:
Pericles,
167-168 (160-161).
E. Bulwer-Lytton:
Athens,
168 (161).
(b) Art and the Domestic Life.
E. E. Viollet-le-Duc:
Habitations of Man in All Ages,
168-169 (161-162).
R. C. Jebb:
Influence of Classical Greek Poetry,
1676 (1637).
(c) Education and Literature.
Plato:
Protagoras,
701 (678).
Aristotle:
Politics,
702 (679).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Old Greek Education,
702-703 (679-680).
O. Browning:
Educational Theories,
703 (680).
J. A. St. John:
The Hellenes,
703-704 (680-681).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).
S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
1675 (1636).
(d) Law and its Administration.
Sir H. S. Maine:
Ancient Law,
170 (163).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Social Life in Greece,
170-171 (163-164).
(e) The Political Life.
E. A. Freeman:
Athenian Democracy,
172 (165).
E. A. Freeman:
Comparative Politics,
171-172 (164-165).
S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
172 (165).
J. S. Blackie:
What does History Teach,
173 (166).
Pericles:
Funeral Oration,
175-178 (168-171).
4. THE GREAT PLAGUE AND DEATH OF PERICLES
(B.C. 430-429):
Thucydides:
History,
178 (171).
5. THE RISE OF THE DEMAGOGUES
(429-421 B. C.):
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
178-179 (171-172).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Essays,
179 (172).
6. SOCRATES AS SOLDIER AND CITIZEN:
F. J. Church:
Trial and Death of Socrates,
179-180 (172-173).
E. Zeller:
Socrates,
705-706 (682-683).
7. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (B. C. 431-404):
(a) First Period (431-421) to Peace of Nicias:
Thucydides:
History,
1620 (1582).
W. Mitford:
History of Greece,
1620-1621 (1582-1583).
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
1622 (1584).
T. Timayenis:
History of Greece,
1623-1924 (1585-1586).
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
181 (174).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
181 (174).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1023 (995).
(b) Alcibiades; The Sicilian Expedition
(B. C. 415-413):
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
1624-1625 (1586-1587).
Y. Duruy:
History of Greek People,
182 (175).
E. A. Freeman:
Story of Sicily,
182-183 (175-176).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1625-1627 (1587-15899).
T. N. Talfourd:
History of Greece,
1629 (1591).
W. Wachsmuth:
Antiquities of the Greeks,
184-185 (177-178).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
185 (178).
(c) Battle of Ægospotami; Overthrow of Athens
(405 B. C.).
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
185 (178).
G. W. Cox:
Athenian Empire,
1629-1630 (1591-1592).
8. THE OVERTHROW OF DEMOCRACY:
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
185-186 (178-179).
9. EXPEDITION OF CYRUS; RETREAT OF THE "TEN THOUSAND"
(B. C. 401-400):
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2581 (2514).
10. THE SUPREMACY OF THEBES
(B. C. 379-362):
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1631-1632 (1593-1594).
Xenophon:
Hellenica,
1632 (1594).
C. Sankey:
The Spartan and Theban Supremacies,
1632-1634 (1594-1596).
11. CHÆRONEA; END OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE
(B. C. 338):
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
1634-1636 (1596-1598).
W. W. Fowler:
The City State,
186-187 (179-180).
P. Gardner:
Greek History,
189, first column, (182).
12. HELLENIC GENIUS, CULTURE, AND INFLUENCE:
The Funeral Oration of Pericles,
175-178 (168-171).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
189-190 (182-183).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Greek Life and Thought,
188, 189, 706 (181, 182, 683).
T. Davidson:
Aristotle,
704 and 705 (681, 682).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Old Greek Education,
702-703 (679-680).
O. Browning:
Educational Theories,
703 (680).
The Nation:
Free Schools in Greece,
705 (682).
W. W. Capes:
University Life in Ancient Athens,
706-707 (683-684).
S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
1675 (1636).
R. C. Jebb:
Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry,
1675-1676 (1636-1637).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).
J. P. Mahaffy:
The Greek World under Roman Sway,
1680 (1641).
L. E. Upcott:
Introduction to Greek Sculpture,
2956-2957.
J. A. St. John:
The Hellenes,
1657 (1819).
W. M. Leake:
Topography of Athens,
1657 (1619).
W. W. Capes:
University Life in Ancient Athens,
5 (5).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1679 second column, (1640).
"So long as Greece was free and the spirit of freedom animated
the Greeks, so long their literature was creative and genius
marked it. When liberty perished, literature declined. The
field of Chæronea was fatal alike to the political liberty and
to the literature of Greece."
F. B. JEVONS.
{744}
STUDY X.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
1. MACEDONIA AND ITS EARLY HISTORY:
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
2101 (2057).
P. Smith:
Ancient History of East,
2579 (2512).
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
1631 (1593).
2. RISE AND CAREER OF PHILIP OF MACEDON
(B. C. 359-336):
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1634 (1596).
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
1634-1636 (1596-1598).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1636 (1598).
W. W. Fowler:
The City-State,
186-187 (179-180).
A. H. L. Heeren:
Politics of Ancient Greece,
188 (181).
"No alliance could save Greece from the Macedonian power, as
subsequent events plainly showed. What was needed was a real
federal union between the leading states, with a strong
central controlling force; and Demosthenes’ policy was
hopeless just because Athens could never be the center of such
a union, nor could any other city. Demosthenes is thus the
last, and in some respects the most heroic champion of the old
Greek instinct for autonomy. He is the true child of the
City-State, but the child of its old age and decrepitude."
W. W. FOWLER.
3. THE CAREER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
(B. C. 336-323):
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
1637 (1599).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
2102-2103 (2058-2059).
C. A. Fyffe:
History of Greece,
2103 (2059).
E. A. Freeman:
Alexander,
2103-2104 (2059-2060).
J. T. Wheeler:
History of India,
1742-1743 (1703-1704).
See Maps,
2106-2107 (2062-2063).
4. THE EFFECTS OF THE MACEDONIAN CONQUESTS:
E. Zeller:
Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics,
188 (181).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Greek Life and Thought,
188-189 (181-182).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
189-190 (182-183).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1640, first column, (1602).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).
R. S. Poole:
Cities of Egypt,
44 (37).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
44-45 (37-38).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1023-1024 (995-996).
5. The Division of Alexander’s Empire:
(a) Preliminary Struggles to Battle of Ipsus
(B.C. 323-301).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1639-1640 (1601-1602).
T. Keightley:
History of Greece,
1637-1639 (1599-1601).
A. H. L. Heeren:
Ancient History,
2104 (2060).
W. C. Taylor:
Ancient History,
2104-2105 (2060-2061).
T. T. Timayenis:
History of Greece,
2105-2016 (2061-2062).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2106-2107 (2062-2063).
(b) The Seleucidæ.
G. Rawlinson:
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
2960 (2883).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2960 (2883).
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
2960-2961 (2883-2884).
P. Smith:
History of the World,
2961-2963 (2884-2886).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall of Roman Empire,
2959-2960 (2882-2883).
(c) The Ptolemies.
S. Sharpe:
History of Egypt,
785 (758).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
785-786 (758-759).
J. H. Newman:
Historical Sketches,
707-708 (684-685).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
44-45 (37-38).
6. THE ACHAIAN LEAGUE (E. C. 280-146):
E. A. Freeman:
Federal Government,
1640-1641 (1602-1603).
E. A. Freeman:
Federal Government,
1136 (1108).
John Fiske:
American Political Ideas,
1137 (1109).
7. THE GALLIC INVASION
(B. C. 280-279):
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
1448-1449 (1415-1416).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1449 (1416).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1442 (1409).
8. THE ROMAN CONQUEST (B. C. 214-146):
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1641 (1603).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
191 (184).
E. S. Shuckburgh:
History of Rome,
2752-2753 (2678-2679).
R. C. Jebb:
Influence of Classical Greek Poetry,
1678 (1639).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1680 (1641).
"So too it was with Greece. As a people she ceased to be. When
her freedom was overthrown at Chæronea, the page of her
history was to all appearance closed. Yet from that moment
'she was to enter on a larger life and on universal empire. …
As Alexander passed conquering through Asia, he restored to
the East, as garnered grain, that Greek civilization whose
seeds had long ago been received from the East. Each conqueror
in turn, the Macedonian and the Roman, bowed before conquered
Greece and learnt lessons at her feet. To the modern world too
Greece has been the great civilizer, the œcumenical teacher,
the disturber and regenerator of slumbering societies. She is
the source of most of the quickening ideas which remake
nations and renovate literature and art. If we reckon up our
secular possessions, the wealth and heritage of the past, the
large share may be traced back to Greece. One half of life she
has made her domain,—all, or well-nigh all, that belongs to
the present order of things, and to the visible world.
S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
page 1675 (1636).
STUDY XI.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
RISE OF ROME AND CONQUEST OF THE WORLD.
1. ORIGIN OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE:
C. F. Keary:
Dawn of History,
144-145 (137-138).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
37-38, 1844-1845, 2731 (30-31, 1804-1805, 2657).
A. Tighe:
Roman Constitution,
1455-1456 (1422-1423).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
1456 (1423).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2731 (2657).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2731-2732 (2658).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1024 (996).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2861 (2787).
Padre de Cara:
Civilità Cattolica,
1845 (1805).
Appendix A,
3793-3794 (End Volume I.).
2. LATIUM AND THE LATIN NAME:
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
37-38, 1998 (30-31, 1954).
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
1997-1998 (1953-1954).
3. THE FOUNDING OF ROME, AND ITS CIVILIZATION
(B. C. 753-):
Sir H. Nicholas:
Chronology of History,
2734 (2660).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2731-2732 (2658).
Goldwin Smith:
Greatness of the Romans,
2733 (2659).
G. A Simcox:
History of Latin Literature,
2734 (2660).
{745}
4. THE PATRICIANS AND PLEBS:
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2732 (2658).
A. Tighe:
The Roman Constitution,
505 (491).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2738 (2664).
5. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:
(a) The King.
Sir G. C. Lewis:
Early Roman History,
2734-2735 (2660-2661).
W. W. Fowler:
The City-State,
2735 (2661).
H. F. Pelham,
Roman History,
2735-2736 (2661-2662).
(b) The Comitia Curiata, Comitia Centuriata,
and Comitia Tributa.
A. Tighe:
The Roman Constitution,
504, 505 (490, 491).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
(c) The Senate.
A. Tighe:
The Roman Constitution,
2971 (2894).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2971-2972 (2894-2895).
(d) The Consuls and Prætors.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2737 (2663).
A. Tighe:
Roman Constitution,
633-634 (610-11).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
634, 2744 (611, 2670).
(e) The Censors.
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
412 (402-403).
(f) The Tribunes.
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2737-2738, 2739 (2663-2664, 2665).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
634, 2738, 2739 (611, 2664, 2665).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2738 (2664).
6. THE LEGENDARY PERIOD OF THE KINGS
(B. C. 753-510):
Sir G. C. Lewis:
Early Roman History,
2734-2735 (2660-2661).
T. Livy:
History of Rome,
2735 (2661).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2735-2736 (2661-2662).
A. J. Church:
Stories from Livy,
2736-2737 (2662-2663).
7. RISE OF THE REPUBLIC
(B. C. 509-):
(a) Struggle between Patricians and Plebeians
(B. C. 509-286).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2738 (2664).
F. de Coulanges:
Ancient City,
2738 (2664).
J. Hadley:
Introduction to Roman Law,
673 (650).
J. L. Strachan-Davidson:
Plebeian Privilege at Rome,
2740 (2666).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1025 (997).
(b) Laws establishing Privileges of the People.
(1) The Valerian Laws (B. C. 509).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2737 (2663).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2737 (2663).
(2) The Publilian Laws
(B. C. 472).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
(3) The Icilian Law
(B. C. 456).
J. L. Strachan-Davidson:
Plebeian Privilege at Rome,
2740 (2666).
(4) The Terentilian Law and The Twelve Tables
(B. C. 451-449)
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2740-2741 (2666-2667).
H. S. Maine:
Ancient Law,
2741 (2667).
(5) The Valerio-Horatian Laws
(B. C. 440).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2741 (2667).
(6)
The Canuleian Law
(B. C. 445).
V. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2741-2742 (2667-2668).
(7) The Licinian Laws
(B. C. 376-367).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2743 (2669).
A. Stephenson:
Agrarian Laws of Roman Republic,
2743-2744 (2669-2670).
(8) The Publilian Laws
(B. C. 340).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2745 (2671).
(9) The Hortensian Laws
(B. C. 286).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2747 (2673).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2747-2748 (2673-2674).
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
673 (650).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2727-2728 (2653-2654).
8. THE EXPANSION OF ROME:
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2739, 2742 (2665, 2668).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2743 (2669).
J. Michelet:
The Roman Republic,
2744-2745 (2671).
W. Ihne:
History of Romans,
2745 (2671).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2745 (2671).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2746-2747 (2672-2673).
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
2748 (2674).
9. GALLIC INVASION AND DESTRUCTION OF THE CITY
(B. C. 390):
J. Rhys:
Celtic Britain,
412 (402).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
1448-1449 (1415-1416).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2743 (2669).
10. UNION OF ITALY UNDER THE REPUBLIC
(B. C. 275):
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2748-2749 (2674-2675).
J. N. Larned.
Europe,
1025 (997).
11. THE PUNIC WARS
(B. C. 264-202):
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
402 (392).
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
403 (393).
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
2749 (2675).
W. B. Boyce:
Introduction to Study of History,
2750 (2676).
E. A. Freeman:
Outlines of History,
2750 (2676).
M. Creighton:
History of Rome,
2750-2751 (2676-2677).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2751 (2677).
R. F. Leighton:
History of Rome,
2751-2752 (2677-2678).
R. B. Smith:
Carthage and the Carthaginians,
403-404, 2687-2690, 2752 (393-394, 2614-2617, 2678).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2754 (2680).
12. DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC
(B. C. 200-45):
E. S. Shuckburgh:
History of Rome,
2752-2753 (2678-2679).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2753-2754 (2680).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2754-2755 (2680).
W. T. Arnold:
Roman Administration,
2755 (2681).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2971-2972 (2894-2895).
M. Creighton:
History of Rome,
2756-2757 (2682-2683).
13. ATTEMPTS AT REFORM; AGRARIAN LAWS; THE GRACCHI:
G. Long:Decline of Roman Republic,
27 (20).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
27 (20).
A. Stephenson:
Agrarian Laws, etc.,
2743-2744 (2669-2670).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2755 (2681).
G. Long:
Decline of Roman Republic,
2755-2756 (2681-2682).
C. Merivale:
Fall of Roman Republic,
2756 (2682).
14. THE SOCIAL AND CIVIL WARS
(B. C. 90-45):
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2757-2758 (2683-2684).
G. Long:
Decline of Roman Republic,
2758-2759 (2684-2685).
C. Merivale:
Roman Triumvirates,
2759-2760 (2685-2686).
W. Forsyth:
Life of Cicero,
2762 (2688).
{746}
15. JULIUS CAESAR; QUÆSTOR TO IMPERATOR
(B. C. 69-45):
W. W. Fowler:
Julius Caesar,
2761-2762 (2687-2688).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2762-2763 (2688-2689).
J. Cæsar:
Gallic Wars,
1444-1445 (1411-1412).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2763-2764 (2690).
Plutarch: Cæsar,
2764-2765 (2690-2691).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2767-2768 (2693-2694).
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History for ready reference, Volume 7Chapter XCIV: Appendix: Courses for Study or Reading (1)
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