Chapter XIX: , page 276 (9)

The Reverend George Tyrrel, widely known as Father Tyrrel,
died on the 15th of July, 1909, at Storrington, Sussex,
England. He was the writer of a letter which gave a notable
impulse to the movement of thought in the Roman Catholic
Church known as "Modernism," which Pope Pius X. condemned as
heretical in his encyclical of 1907. The letter was addressed
to an English man of science (supposed to have been Professor
Mivart) who, being a Roman Catholic, found difficulty in
reconciling his scientific convictions with the tenets of his
Church. Parts of the letter obtained publication in Italy, and
led to the expulsion of Father Tyrrel from the Society of
Jesus. He then gave publication to the full text of the
letter, under the title of "A Much Abused Letter." On the
appearance of the encyclical against Modernism he criticised
it with keenness, and was virtually excommunicated from the
Church. The fact that on his death-bed, when stricken with
speechlessness, he received the sacraments of the Church, gave
rise to much controversy, as to his volition in the matter and
as to the justification of the priest who ministered to him.

Father Tyrrel had entered the Roman Church in 1879, under the
influence of the writings of Cardinal Newman.

TZE-HSI:
Dowager-Empress of China.
Her death.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1908 (NOVEMBER).

U.

UGANDA:
Its habitability by Whites.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA.

ULEMA, THE.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

UNDERFED SCHOOL CHILDREN.

See (in this Volume)
POVERTY, THE PROBLEMS OF.

UNEMPLOYMENT, THE PROBLEM OF.

See (in this Volume)
POVERTY, THE PROBLEMS OF.

UNIFORM STATE LAWS.

See (in this Volume)
LAW AND ITS COURTS: UNITED STATES.

UNITED DRY GOODS COMPANIES.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL, &C.: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.

UNITED FREE CHURCH, OF SCOTLAND.

See (in this Volume)
SCOTLAND: A. D. 1904-1905.

UNITED MINE-WORKERS, OF AMERICA.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES.

UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, OF SCOTLAND.

See (in this Volume)
SCOTLAND: A. D. 1904.

----------UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Start--------

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (September).
The Assassination of President McKinley.

"On the sixth of September, President McKinley was shot by an
anarchist while attending the Pan-American Exposition at
Buffalo, and died in that city on the fourteenth of that
month. Of the last seven elected Presidents, he is the third
who has been murdered, and the bare recital of this fact is
sufficient to justify grave alarm among all loyal American
citizens. Moreover, the circumstances of this, the third
assassination of an American President, have a peculiarly
sinister significance. Both President Lincoln and President
Garfield were killed by assassins of types unfortunately not
uncommon in history; President Lincoln falling a victim to the
terrible passions aroused by four years of civil war, and
President Garfield to the revengeful vanity of a disappointed
office-seeker. President McKinley was killed by an utterly
depraved criminal belonging to that body of criminals who
object to all governments, good and bad alike, who are against
any form of popular liberty if it is guaranteed by even the
most just and liberal laws, and who are as hostile to the
upright exponent of a free people’s sober will as to the
tyrannical and irresponsible despot.

"It is not too much to say that at the time of President
McKinley’s death he was the most widely loved man in all the
United States; while we have never had any public man of his
position who has been so wholly free from the bitter
animosities incident to public life. His political opponents
were the first to bear the heartiest and most generous tribute
to the broad kindliness of nature, the sweetness and
gentleness of character, which so endeared him to his close
associates.
{666}
To a standard of lofty integrity in public life he united the
tender affections and home virtues which are all-important in
the make-up of national character. A gallant soldier in the
great war for the Union, he also shone as an example to all
our people because of his conduct in the most sacred and
intimate of home relations. There could be no personal hatred
of him, for he never acted with aught but consideration for
the welfare of others. No one could fail to respect him who
knew him in public or private life. The defenders of those
murderous criminals who seek to excuse their criminality by
asserting that it is exercised for political ends, inveigh
against wealth and irresponsible power. But for this
assassination even this base apology cannot be urged. …

"The blow was aimed not at this President, but at all
Presidents; at every symbol of government. President McKinley
was as emphatically the embodiment of the popular will of the
Nation expressed through the forms of law as a New England
town meeting is in similar fashion the embodiment of the
law-abiding purpose and practice of the people of the town. On
no conceivable theory could the murder of the President be
accepted as due to protest against ‘inequalities in the social
order,’ save as the murder of all the freemen engaged in a
town meeting could be accepted as a protest against that
social inequality which puts a malefactor in jail."

_Message of President Roosevelt to Congress,
December 3, 1901._

See (in this Volume)
Buffalo: A. D. 1901.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (September).
Settlement of Boxer Indemnity from China.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1901-1908.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (December).
Communication of German Claims and Complaints against Venezuela.
The President’s Reply.
Interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1901.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1902.
The "Boom Years" in Trade and Investment of Capital.

See (in this Volume)
FINANCE AND TRADE: A. D. 1901-1909.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1902.
Efforts of Secretary Hay to maintain the "Open Door"
in Manchuria.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1901-1902.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1902 (October-January).
The Second International Conference of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1902 (November-February).
Negotiation and Ratification of the Second Hay-Pauncefote
Treaty, relative to a Ship Canal between the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans.

See (in this Volume)
PANAMA CANAL: A. D. 1901-1902.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1903.
Urgency of President Roosevelt for more Effective Legislation
to control the Operation of so-called Trusts.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS: INDUSTRIAL, &c.:
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1903.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1903.
Purchase of Franchises and Property of French Panama Canal Co.
Failure of Canal Treaty with Colombia.
Secession and recognized Independence of Panama.
Treaty with the Republic of Panama.
Undertaking of the Canal.

See (in this Volume)
PANAMA CANAL.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1905.
The Cabinet of President Roosevelt during his First Term.

On succeeding the murdered President McKinley, to fill the
unexpired term, President Roosevelt retained his predecessor’s
Cabinet, three members of which remained in it throughout the
term. These were John Hay, Secretary of State, Ethan Allen
Hitchcock, Secretary of the Interior, and James Wilson,
Secretary of Agriculture. Lyman J. Gage, Secretary of the
Treasury, resigned in 1902 and was succeeded by Leslie M.
Shaw. Elihu Root, Secretary of War, was succeeded by William
H. Taft in 1904. John D. Long, Secretary of the Navy, retired
in 1902, to be succeeded by William H. Moody, who went two
years later to the Department of Justice, as Attorney-General,
taking the place of Philander C. Knox, and being followed in
the Navy Department by Paul Morton. Charles E. Smith,
Postmaster-General, left the Cabinet in 1902, and his place
was taken by Henry C. Payne, who was succeeded in turn by
Robert J. Wynne in 1904. The Department of Commerce and Labor,
created in February, 1903, was filled first by George B.
Cortelyou, until 1904, then by Victor H. Metcalf.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1905.
Urgency of President Roosevelt for more effective Railway Rate
Legislation.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1870-1908.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1906.
Governmental Action against Corporate Wrongdoing.
A summary of Legislation, Litigation, and Court Decisions.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1906.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1909.
Progress of Civil Service Reform under President Roosevelt.

See (in this Volume)
CIVIL SERVICE REFORM: UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901-1909.
The great National Movement for an organized Conservation of
Natural Resources.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902.
Arbitration at The Hague of the Pious Fund Dispute with Mexico.

See (in this Volume)
MEXICO: A. D. 1902.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (August).
Assertion to Germany of Principles involved in the Right of
Expatriation.

See (in this Volume)
NATURALIZATION.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (January).
Founding of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION: CARNEGIE INSTITUTION.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (February-March).
Visit of Prince Henry of Prussia.

A visit by Prince Henry of Prussia, brother of the German
Emperor, was an event of considerable importance, in what it
signified of friendly relations between Germany and the United
States. The Prince arrived on the 22d of February and remained
in the country until the 11th of March, visiting and being
entertained at Washington (and Mt. Vernon), Annapolis, West
Point, Philadelphia, New York, and making a six days trip into
the West.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (March).
Creation of a Permanent Census Bureau.

After long urging, Congress, in February, 1902, passed a bill
authorizing the organization of a permanent Census Bureau in
the Department of the Interior.

{667}

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (May).
Unveiling of a Monument to Marshal de Rochambeau.

A joint resolution of the two Houses of Congress, in the
following words, was approved by the President on the 21st of
March, 1902:

"That the President be, and is hereby, authorized and
requested to extend to the Government and people of France and
the family of Marshal de Rochambeau, commander in chief of the
French forces in America during the war of independence, and
to the family of Marquis de Lafayette, a cordial invitation to
unite with the Government and people of the United States in a
fit and appropriate dedication of the monument of Marshal de
Rochambeau to be unveiled in the city of Washington on the
twenty-fourth day of May, nineteen hundred and two; and for
the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this resolution
the sum of ten thousand dollars is hereby appropriated, out of
any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the
same, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be expended
under the direction of the Secretary of State."

The invitation was conveyed to the President of France by an
autograph letter from President Roosevelt, while Secretary
Hay, at the same time, communicated it officially, through the
American Ambassador at Paris, to representatives of the
families of Marshal de Rochambeau and the Marquis de
Lafayette. France, in response, sent a battleship, the
_Gaulois_, bearing a general and an admiral, with two
aids each, and two officials from the foreign office. The
invitation was accepted by the present Count and Countess de
Rochambeau; and, as explained by Ambassador Porter in a
despatch, "Mr. Gaston de Sahune de Lafayette and his wife, not
being able to proceed to the United States, the invitation is
accepted for Mr. Paul de Sahune de Lafayette, who has been
living in the United States for the last two years and who
speaks English. He is the brother of Mr. Gaston de Sahune de
Lafayette."

The ceremonies of the unveiling of the monument took place at
Washington on the 24th of May, and were followed by official
hospitalities to the guests of the occasion at Washington,
Annapolis, West Point, New York, Newport, and Boston. With the
sailing of the _Gaulois_, on the 1st of June, the
formalities of the visit came to an end.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (May).
Establishment of the Republic of Cuba.
Transfer of Executive Authority from U. S. Military Governor
to President-elect Palma.

See (in this Volume )
CUBA: A. D. 1901-1902.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (May-November).
The Restoration of the White House.

Until 1902 the residence and the executive offices of the
President of the United States were crowded together in the
historic White House, with increasing inconvenience and
impropriety. Many projects for their separation had been
discussed, involving generally the erection of a new mansion
for the chief magistrate; but they had no result until
President Roosevelt, with characteristic resolution, took the
matter in hand. His emphatic pronouncement that "under no
circumstances should the President live elsewhere than in the
historic White House" appealed strongly to a very common
public feeling, and smoothed the way for an undertaking which
speedily cleared the White House of its secretarial and
clerical offices and made it a fit and worthy residence for
the chief citizen of the Republic and his family.

On consultation with the Park Commission of Washington, and
especially with the architect, Mr. McKim, who was one of its
members, as to the expenditure of the annual appropriations of
Congress for repairs to the White House, it was decided to be
thriftless policy "to patch a building that needed thorough
reconstruction. When asked for his ideas as to such
reconstruction, Mr. McKim advised that a temporary one-story
building be located west of the White House, nearly on the
site once occupied by Thomas Jefferson’s offices, and be
distinctly subordinate to the main building; and that the
White House be restored to its original uses as a residence.
This solution commended itself to the President, but lateness
in the session of Congress seemed to make the project
impossible of immediate execution.

"The discussion was still in the academic stage when, one day
[in May, 1902], Mr. McKim outlined his ideas to the late
Senator McMillan, who straightway asked the cost of the
proposed changes. Pressed for an immediate answer, Mr. McKim
made a rough estimate. The Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill was
then pending in the Senate Committee on Appropriations, and
within an hour from the time the figures were given that
committee agreed to insert an item for the restoration of the
White House and for the construction of temporary executive
offices. To Senators Allison and Hale the President afterward
submitted the architect’s scheme; and when the item was
reached during the passage of the bill in the Senate, the plan
was received with favor, and the appropriation was agreed to
without objection."

It passed the House with equal promptitude. The President then
stipulated that "the work should be completed in time for the
next social season, and that the executive offices and the
living portion of the White House should be ready in November,
1902. That meant a campaign. Stones for floors and stairways
must be selected piece by piece at the distant quarry; steel
must be found to replace the over-tired wooden floor-beams;
velvets and silks must be woven; hardware must be fashioned;
and a thousand and one details must be looked after, because
in less than six months the White House was to be made over
from cellar to garret, and every piece of woodwork, every item
of furniture, each ceiling and panel and moulding, must be
both architecturally correct and also befitting a house of the
latter part of the eighteenth century. Such was the task which
the architects, Messrs. McKim, Mead & White, took upon
themselves. …

"The total amount which Congress placed in President
Roosevelt’s hands for both the executive offices and the
White House was $530,641, and he might expend the money either
by contract or otherwise in his discretion. This amount was
based on estimates furnished by the architects, with the
understanding that any portion saved on one item might be used
on others, a very happy proviso, as it turned out, because the
electric wiring had to be entirely renewed, new heating
apparatus provided, and even a new roof put on the house--all
unforeseen requirements. …

"At the outset the architects discovered that simply by
carrying out completely the early plans as to the exterior,
and by making certain rearrangements in the interior, the …
White House problems could be solved, at least for the
immediate future, without destroying one single feature of the
historic building. …

{668}

"By the restoration of the east and west terraces the White
House now rises from a stylobate 460 feet in length, thus
greatly enhancing the dignity of the structure. The roofs of
these terraces (which are level with the ground on the north)
are surrounded with stone balustrades bearing electric lamps."

_Charles Moore,
The Restoration of the White House
(Century Magazine, April, 1903)._

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (June).
Reclamation (Irrigation) Act of Congress.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (October).
Failure of Projected Purchase of the Danish West Indies.

See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1902.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902-1903.
Friendly course of Germany in undertaking Proceedings,
with Great Britain and Italy, against Venezuela.
Recognition of the Monroe Doctrine.
Intermediation of the United States.

"If any proof were needed of Germany’s purpose to maintain
good relations with our country [the United States], her
course in the Venezuela matter has amply supplied it.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904]

Indeed, the fact that Germany came to an understanding with
our government before taking forcible measures against
Venezuela is of most momentous significance. Why? Because this
was the first explicit recognition of the Monroe Doctrine by
any Continental Power. It is a notable milestone passed in the
history of our country and its relations with European
governments. It gives the Monroe Doctrine a validity no longer
to be disputed. All this was instantly recognized in Germany.
‘America for the Americans,’ said a great Berlin daily, ‘has
become an irreversible fact.’ German Jingo organs were dazed,
and angrily exclaimed, ‘Must we ask permission at Washington
to collect our claims from Venezuela?’ Papers of more rational
temper, however, accepted Germany's course, as not only
without detriment to her dignity, but as in harmony with her
political interests. Indeed, this saner section of the German
press was even pleased that the government had thus made such
an emphatic disavowal of the aims and dreams of the noisy,
fantastic Pan-Germans."

_W. C. Dreher,
A Letter from Germany
(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1902)._

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902-1903.
Extension of Civil Service Classification
to Rural Free Delivery Service.
Order concerning Unclassified Laborers.

See (in this Volume)
CIVIL SERVICE REFORM: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1903.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902-1905.
Negotiation and Senatorial Destruction of the Hay-Bond
Reciprocity Treaty with Newfoundland.

See (in this Volume)
NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1902-1905.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1902 (February).
Creation of the Department of Commerce and Labor in
the National Government.
The Bureau of Corporations.

"The establishment of the Department of Commerce and Labor,
with the Bureau of Corporations thereunder, marks a real
advance in the direction of doing all that is possible for the
solution of the questions vitally affecting capitalist and
wage-workers. The act creating the Department was approved on
February 14, 1903, and two days later the head of the
Department was nominated and confirmed by the Senate. Since
then the work of organization has been pushed as rapidly as
the initial appropriations permitted, and with due regard to
thoroughness and the broad purposes which the Department is
designed to serve. After the transfer of the various bureaus
and branches to the department at the beginning of the current
fiscal year, as provided for in the act, the personnel
comprised 1,289 employees in Washington and 8,836 in the
country at large. The scope of the Department’s duty and
authority embraces the commercial and industrial interests of
the Nation. It is not designed to restrict or control the
fullest liberty of legitimate business action, but to secure
exact and authentic information which will aid the Executive
in enforcing existing laws, and which will enable the Congress
to enact additional legislation, if any should be found
necessary, in order to prevent the few from obtaining
privileges at the expense of diminished opportunities for the
many.

"The preliminary work of the Bureau of Corporations in the
Department has shown the wisdom of its creation. Publicity in
corporate affairs will tend to do away with ignorance, and
will afford facts upon which intelligent action may be taken.
Systematic, intelligent investigation is already developing
facts the knowledge of which is essential to a right
understanding of the needs and duties of the business World.
The corporation which is honestly and fairly organized, whose
managers in the conduct of its business recognize their
obligation to deal squarely with their stockholders, their
competitors, and the public, has nothing to fear from such
supervision. The purpose of this Bureau is not to embarrass or
assail legitimate business, but to aid in bringing about a
better industrial condition—a condition under which there
shall be obedience to law and recognition of public obligation
by all corporations, great or small."

_Message of the President to Congress,
December 7, 1903._

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1903 (February).
Passage of the Act to further regulate Commerce with Foreign
Nations and among the States, known commonly as
the Elkins Anti-Rebate Law.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903 (FEBRUARY).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1903 (October).
Settlement of the Alaska Boundary Question.

See (in this Volume)
ALASKA: A. D. 1903.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1903 (October).
Lease from Cuba of two Coaling and Naval Stations.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1903.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1903 (October).
New Treaty with China.
Two Ports in Manchuria opened to Foreign Trade.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1903 (MAY-OCTOBER).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1903 (October).
Commercial Relations with Germany as affected by the
new German Tariff Law.

See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1902 (OCTOBER).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1903-1904.
The Financial Crisis.

See (in this Volume)
FINANCE AND TRADE: A. D. 1901-1909.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1903-1904.
Contention against Canadian claims to Sovereignty over Land
and Sea in Hudson Bay Region.
Canadian Measures to establish it.

See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1903-1904.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1903-1905.
Investigation and Prosecution of the "Beef Trust," so called.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

{669}

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1903-1906.
Unearthing of Extensive Frauds in the Land Office.

Late in December, 1902, the Secretary of the Interior
Department, the Honorable Ethan Allen Hitchcock, received
information which led him, with the President’s approval, to
demand the resignation of the Commissioner of the Land Office,
Binger Hermann, of Oregon. Mr. Hermann was a man of importance
in the Republican party, and he rallied powerful influences to
his support. They could not anchor him durably in the Land
Office, but they did delay his departure from it for about a
mouth, during which time he is said to have destroyed
thousands of letters and documents bearing on land frauds
which he was under suspicion of having protected and promoted.
Returning to Oregon from Washington he sought and obtained
from his party an election to Congress, to fill a vacancy
which death had caused opportunely, and this seemed to augment
his political power. But agents of the Interior Department
were in Oregon and other Western States at the same time,
gathering evidence which soon removed all doubt of the huge
conspiracy of fraud which Commissioner Hermann had been a
party to, and which had wide ramifications wherever public
lands of value were open to entry, under the Homestead Act,
the Desert Land Act, or the Timber and Stone Act.

The frauds were carried on under false appearances of
compliance with the requirements of law, and the dismissal of
Hermann had not cleared from the General Land Office all the
treacherous connivance which made them possible. Other allies
of the land-thieves were tracked to their official desks, some
at Washington, some in the Interior Department, some in
Congress, and some out in the land offices at the West. Then
the Federal Grand Jury at Portland, Oregon, began to turn out
indictments, on evidence handled by Francis J. Heney, now
entering on a famous career, as special prosecutor for the
Government. Mr. Heney was appointed by the President on the
recommendation of Secretary Hitchcock and Attorney-General
Knox, with neglect of advice from Oregon Senators and
Congressmen. One of the first of the indictments found struck
an Oregon Senator, John H. Mitchell, and brought him to a
prison sentence, which death rescued him from. Another put a
member of the House of Representatives, J. H. Williamson, on
trial; a third put its brand on a recently removed United
States District Attorney, John H. Hall. Binger Hermann, a
State Senator, and several special agents of the Land Office
were among the other subjects of prosecution, besides a large
number of private operators in the land-thieves’ ring.

These proceedings were at the beginning of vigorous measures
which have gone far towards, if not fully to the end of
arresting the frauds which were rapidly robbing the nation of
the last of its valuable public lands.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1904.
Representation in the Interparliamentary Union.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1904-1909.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1904 (May).
Kidnapping of Mr. Ion Perdicaris at Tangier, for Ransom.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1904-1909.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1904 (May-October).
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition.

See (in this Volume)
ST. LOUIS: A. D. 1904.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1904 (May-November).
The Presidential Election.
Parties, Candidates, and Platforms.
Election of President Roosevelt.

The questions of leading interest and influence in the canvass
preliminary to the Presidential election of 1904 were
undoubtedly those relating to the governmental regulation of
interstate railways and of the capitalistic combinations
called "trusts"; but those questions had not yet acquired the
height of importance in the public mind which they reached
before the next quadrennial polling of the nation occurred.
The question of tariff revision and a moderated protective
system, in the interest of the great mass of consumers, was
rising in interest, especially at the West; but that, too, was
but mildly influential in the campaign. As for the
imperialistic ambitions that had been excited for a time by
the conquests of 1898, they had cooled to so great a degree as
to offer no longer much challenge to opposition; opinion in
the country now differing on little more than the length of
time to which American guardianship over the Philippine
Islands should be allowed to run. The voters of the United
States, in fact, made their election between the men who were
offered to it as candidates, far more than between the parties
and the policies whom the candidates represented; and
President Roosevelt was reelected on personal grounds, in the
main, because the kind of vigorous character he had shown was
greatly to the liking of a large part of the people.

The first nominating convention to be held was that of the
Socialist party, whose delegates met at Chicago, May 2, and
nominated for President Eugene V. Debs, of Indiana; for
Vice-President Benjamin Hanford, of New York.

On the same day the United Christian Party, whose declaration
of principles appears below, met at St. Louis.

The Convention of the Republican Party, also held at Chicago,
came next in time, June 21, and, with Theodore Roosevelt, of
New York, for reëlection as President, it named for
Vice-President Charles Warren Fairbanks, of Indiana.

The Prohibition Party, in convention at Indianapolis, June 29,
named Silas C. Swallow, of Pennsylvania, for President, and
George W. Carroll, of Texas, for Vice-President.

On the 4th of July the People’s or Populist Party held
convention at Springfield, Illinois, and nominated Thomas E.
Watson, of Georgia, for President, with Thomas H. Tibbles, of
Nebraska, for Vice-President.

Meeting two days earlier, in New York City, but in session
some days longer, the Socialist Labor Party named for
President Charles Hunter Corregan, of New York, and for
Vice-President William Wesley Cox, of Illinois.

The convention of the Democratic Party opened its session, at
St. Louis, on the 6th of July. Its nominee for President was
Alton B. Parker, of New York; for Vice-President Henry G.
Davis, of West Virginia.

The National Liberty Party met at St. Louis on the 7th of July
and put forth its platform of principles.

The last of the nominations were presented on the 31st of
August, at Chicago, by a convention representing a new party,
the Continental, whose candidates then named declined and were
subsequently replaced by Austin Holcomb, of Georgia, for
President, and A. King, of Missouri, for Vice-President.

{670}

With some abridgment, the declarations of principles and
pledges of party policy adopted by these several conventions
on the main questions at issue are given conveniently for
comparison in the following arrangement by subjects:

Trusts.

The Republican Party contented itself with a brief boast of
"laws enacted by the Republican party which the Democratic
party failed to enforce," but which "have been fearlessly
enforced by a Republican President," and of "new laws insuring
reasonable publicity as to the operations of great
corporations and providing additional remedies for the
prevention of discrimination in freight rates."

The Democratic Party condemned with vigor the failure of
Republicans in Congress to prohibit contracts with convicted
trusts; declared that "gigantic trusts and combinations" "are
a menace to beneficial competition and an obstacle to
permanent business prosperity;" denounced "rebates and
discrimination by transportation companies as the most potent
agency in promoting and strengthening these unlawful
conspiracies against trade," demanded "an enlargement of the
powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission," "a strict
enforcement of existing civil and criminal statutes against
all such trusts, combinations and monopolies," and "the
enactment of such further legislation as may be necessary to
effectually suppress them."

The People’s Party set forth the proposition that, "to prevent
unjust discrimination and monopoly the Government should own
and control the railroads and those public utilities which in
their nature are monopolies." It should "own and operate the
general telegraph and telephone systems and provide a parcels
post." Corporations "should be subjected to such governmental
regulations and control as will adequately protect the
public," and demand was made for "the taxation of monopoly
privileges, while they remain in private hands, to the extent
of the value of the privileges granted."

The Continental Party contended for a guarded chartering by
Congress of "all railroad and other corporations doing
business in two or more States," and for having the "creating
of ‘corners’ and the establishing of exorbitant prices for
products necessary to human existence … made a criminal
offence."

The United Christian Party declared that "Christian government
through direct legislation will regulate the trusts and labor
problem according to the golden rule."

The Tariff.

The Republican Party declared "Protection" to be its "cardinal
policy," maintenance of the principles of which policy is
insisted upon; wherefore "rates of duty should be readjusted
only when conditions have so changed that the public interest
demands their alteration," and "this work cannot safely be
committed to any other hands than those of the Republican
party."

The Democratic Party, on the contrary, denounced "protection
as a robbery of the many to enrich the few," favored "a tariff
limited to the needs of the Government, economically
administered," and called for a "revision and gradual
reduction of the tariff by the friends of the masses, for the
commonwealth, and not by the friends of its abuses, its
extortions and its discriminations."

The People’s Party declared for a change in our laws that
"will place tariff schedules in the hands of an omni-partisan
commission."

The Continental Party limited its declaration on this subject
to one pronouncing for an "adherence to the principles of
reciprocity advocated by that eminent statesman, James G.
Blaine, as applied to Canada and all American Republics."

Capital and Labor.
Public Ownership.
Socialism.

The Republican Party recognized "combinations of capital and
labor" as "being the results of the economic movements of the
age," but "neither must be permitted to infringe upon the
rights and interests of the people"; "both are subject to the
laws, and neither can be permitted to break them."

The Democratic Party expressed similar impartiality, in
favoring "the enactment and administration of laws giving
labor and capital impartially their just rights."

The People’s Party pledged its effort to "preserve inviolate"
"the right of labor to organize for the benefit and protection
of those who toil." It would seek "the enactment of
legislation looking to the improvement of conditions for the
wage-earners, the abolition of child labor, the suppression of
sweat shops and of convict labor in competition with free
labor"; also the "exclusion from American shores of foreign
pauper labor," and "the shorter work day."

The Continental Party adopted these expressions of the
People’s Party, in identical words.

The National Liberty Party asked "that the General Government
own and control all public carriers in the United States."

The Prohibition Party declared itself "in favor of … the
safeguarding of the people’s rights by a rigid application of
the principles of justice to all combinations and
organizations of capital and labor."

The United Christian Party pronounced simply for "Government
ownership of coal mines, oil wells and public utilities."

The Socialist Party pledged itself "to watch and work, in both
the economic and the political struggle, for each successive
immediate interest of the working class": for "shortened days
of labor and increases of wages"; for "insurance of the
workers against accident, sickness and lack of employment";
for pensions; for "public ownership of the means of
transportation, communication and exchange"; for graduated
taxation of incomes, etc.; for "complete education of children
and their freedom from the workshops"; for "free
administration of justice"; for "the initiative, referendum,
proportional representation, equal suffrage for men and women,"
etc.; and for "every gain or advantage for the workers that
may be wrested from the capitalist system and that may relieve
the suffering and strengthen the hands of labor"; but in so
doing it proclaims that it is "using these remedial measures
as means to the one great end of the co-operative
commonwealth."

The Socialist Labor Party declared that "the existing
contradiction between the theory of democratic government and
the fact of a despotic economic system … perverts government
to the exclusive benefit of the capitalist class"; wherefore,
"against such a system the Socialist Labor Party raises the
banner of revolt, and demands the unconditional surrender of
the capitalist class."

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Nomination and Election.
Initiative and Referendum.

The Democratic Party declared for the election of United
States Senators by direct popular vote.

he People’s Party demanded "that legal provision be made under
which people may exercise the initiative and referendum, and
proportional representation, and direct vote for all public
officers, with the right of recall."

The Continental Party demanded "the enactment by the several
States of a primary election law"; the "elimination of the
party ‘boss’"; "direct legislation by the method known as the
initiative and referendum," and the possession by each State
of "the sole right to determine by legislation the
qualifications required of voters within its jurisdiction,
irrespective of race, color or sex."

The Prohibition Party expressed itself in favor of the popular
election of United States Senators; of "a wise application of
the principle of the initiative and referendum," and of making
the right of suffrage "depend upon the mental and moral
qualifications of the citizen."

Natural Resources.
Land.
Reclamation.
Waterways.

The Republican Party pointed simply to the fact that it had
"passed laws which will bring the arid lands of the United
States within the area of cultivation."

The Democratic Party congratulated "our western citizens upon
the passage of the law known as the Newlands Irrigation Act,"
claiming it as "a measure framed by a Democrat, passed in the
Senate by a non-partisan vote, and passed in the House against
the opposition of almost all Republican leaders, by a vote the
majority of which was Democratic." It declared for "liberal
appropriations for the improvement of waterways of the
country," and pronounced its opposition to "the Republican
policy of starving home development in order to feed the greed
for conquest and the appetite for national prestige."

The People’s Party asserted that "Land, including all the
natural sources of wealth, is a heritage of all the people,
and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes; and
alien ownership of land should be prohibited."

Each of the party platforms was fluent on many other topics,
such as the protection of citizens at home and abroad, the
Panama Canal, territories and dependencies, injunctions,
public economy, taxation, monetary questions, pensions, the
civil service, army and navy, merchant marine,
liquor-licensing and prohibition (the specialty of the
Prohibition Party), divorce, polygamy, etc.; but these entered
so little into the canvass that the party declarations on them
had small effect, if any, on the popular vote.

At the election, in November, the votes given to the
Republican nominees numbered 7,623,486; to Democratic,
5,077,971; to Socialist, 402,283; to Prohibition, 258,536; to
People’s, 117,183; to Socialist Labor, 31,249.

The electoral votes cast were 336 for Roosevelt and Fairbanks;
140 for Parker and Davis.

The States which gave Republican majorities were California,
Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West
Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming,—32.

Democratic majorities were given in Alabama, Arkansas,
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,—12.

In Maryland, where the electors are chosen by the Legislature,
6 votes were given to the Democratic candidates and 2 to the
Republican.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1904 (October).
Initial invitation by the President to the holding of a Second
Peace Conference.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1907.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1904 (November).
President Roosevelt’s Renunciation of any Third Term Candidacy.

On the evening of the day of election, as soon as the result
was known to have given him a second term in the presidential
office, President Roosevelt issued the following
acknowledgment and announcement to the country:

"I am deeply sensible of the honor done me by the American
people in thus expressing their confidence in what I have done
and have tried to do. I appreciate to the full the solemn
responsibility this confidence imposes upon me, and I shall do
all that in my power lies not to forfeit it. On the Fourth of
March next I shall have served three and one-half years, and
this three and one-half years constitutes my first term. The
wise custom which limits the President to two terms regards
the substance and not the form. Under no circumstances will I
be a candidate for or accept another nomination."

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1904-1905.
Beginning and Organization of Work on the Panama Canal.

See (in this Volume)
PANAMA CANAL: A. D. 1904-1905.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1904-1909.
Progress of State, County, and Town Prohibition.

See (in this Volume)
ALCOHOL PROBLEM: UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905.
Arbitration Treaty with Mexico.

See (in this Volume)
MEXICO: A. D. 1904-1905.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905.
Reopened Controversy over American Fishing Rights on
the Newfoundland coast.

See (in this Volume)
NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1905-1909.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905.
Assistance to San Domingo against threatening Creditors.

See (in this Volume)
SAN DOMINGO: A. D. 1904-1907.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905 (February).
Concentration of Forest Service in the Department
of Agriculture.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905 (February-June).
Recovery from France of the body of Admiral John Paul Jones.

On the 13th of February, 1905, President Roosevelt addressed
a Message to Congress which gave the following information:

"For a number of years efforts have been made to confirm the
historical statement that the remains of Admiral John Paul
Jones were interred in a certain piece of ground in the city
of Paris then owned by the Government and used at the time as
a burial place for foreign Protestants. These efforts have at
last resulted in documentary proof that John Paul Jones was
buried on July 20, 1792, between 8 and 9 o’clock P. M., in the
now abandoned cemetery of St. Louis, in the northeastern
section of Paris. About 500 bodies were interred there, and
the body of the admiral was probably among the last hundred
buried. It was encased in a leaden coffin, calculated to
withstand the ravages of time.

{672}

"The cemetery was about 130 feet long by 120 feet wide. Since
its disuse as a burial place the soil has been tilled to a
level and covered almost completely by buildings, most of them
of an inferior class. The American ambassador in Paris, being
satisfied that it is practical to discover and identify the
remains of John Paul Jones, has, after prolonged negotiations
with the present holders of the property and the tenants
thereof, secured from them options in writing which give him
the right to dig in all parts of the property during a period
of three months for the purpose of making the necessary
excavations and searches, upon condition of a stated
compensation for the damage and annoyance caused by the work.
The actual search is to be conducted by the chief engineer of
the municipal department of Paris having charge of
subterranean works at a cost which has been carefully
estimated. The ambassador gives the entire cost of the work,
including the options, compensation, cost of excavating and
caring for the remains as not exceeding 180,000 francs, or
$35,000, on the supposition that the body may not be found
until the whole area has been searched. If earlier discovered,
the expense would be proportionately less."

The President recommended an appropriation of the sum named,
"or so much thereof as may be necessary for the purposes above
described, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary
of State."

On the 14th of April following a telegram from the Ambassador
at Paris, General Horace Porter, announced that his "six
years’ search for the remains of Paul Jones" had resulted in
success, and described the identification of the body. This
had been verified by Doctors Capitan and Papillault,
distinguished professors of the School of Anthropology, who
had ample particulars of information from which to judge.
Arrangements were made at once for sending a naval squadron,
under Admiral Sigsbee, to France, to bring the remains to the
United States. This was done in the following June, when the
relics of the first of American naval heroes received the high
honors that were due to his exploits. They were deposited in a
vault on the grounds of the Naval Academy at Annapolis.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905 (June-October).
Mediation by the President between Russia and Japan.
The Peace Treaty of Portsmouth.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1905 (JUNE-OCTOBER).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905 (July).
Proclamation of the Death of John Hay, Secretary of State.

"John Hay, Secretary of State of the United States, died on
July 1st. His death, a crushing sorrow to his friends, is to
the people of this country a national bereavement; and it is
in addition a serious loss to all mankind, for to him it was
given to stand as a leader in the effort to better world
conditions by striving to advance the cause of international
peace and justice. He entered the public service as the
trusted and intimate companion of Abraham Lincoln, and for
well nigh forty-five years he served his country with loyal
devotion and high ability in many positions of honor and
trust, and finally he crowned his life work by serving as
Secretary of State with such far-sighted reading of the future
and such loyalty to lofty ideals as to confer lasting benefits
not only upon our own country, but upon all the nations of the
earth.

"As a suitable expression of national mourning, I direct that
the diplomatic representatives of the United States in all
foreign countries display the flags over their embassies and
legations at half-mast for ten days; that for a like period
the flag of the United States be displayed at half-mast at all
forts and military posts and at all naval stations and on all
vessels of the United States. I further order that on the day
of the funeral the Executive Departments in the city of
Washington be closed, and that on all public buildings
throughout the United States the national flag be displayed at
half-mast.

"Done at the city of Washington this third day of July, A. D.
1905, and of the Independence of the United States of America
the one hundred and twenty-ninth. Theodore Roosevelt."

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905-1906.
American Claims against Venezuela.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1905-1906, and 1907-1909.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905-1906.
Part taken in the organization of the International
Institute of Agriculture.

See (in this Volume)
AGRICULTURE.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905-1906.
The new Period of Inflated Exploitation of Capital.
Increased Cost of Living.

See (in this Volume)
FINANCE AND TRADE: A. D. 1901-1909.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905-1907.
Receivership of San Domingo Revenues.
The "Modus Vivendi" and the Treaty.

See (in this Volume)
SAN DOMINGO: A. D. 1905-1907.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1905-1909.
The Cabinet of President Roosevelt during his Second Term.

During the second term of President Roosevelt his Cabinet
underwent the following changes: On the death of John Hay, in
July, 1905, Elihu Root became Secretary of State, and
continued in the office until January, 1909, when he resigned,
and was succeeded by the Assistant Secretary of State, Robert
Bacon. Leslie M. Shaw left the Treasury Department in 1907,
and the secretaryship was given to George B. Cortelyou.
William H. Taft continued in charge of the War Department
until his nomination for President, in 1908, when General Luke
E. Wright was called to his place. Charles J. Bonaparte,
appointed Secretary of the Navy at the beginning of the
President’s new term, was transferred in 1907 to the
Department of Justice, succeeding Attorney-General Moody,
appointed to the bench of the Supreme Court, and being
succeeded in the Navy Department by Victor H. Metcalf,
previously Secretary of Commerce and Labor. In the Department
of the Interior, Secretary Hitchcock resigned in 1907, and
James R. Garfield, previously Commissioner of Corporations,
came into his place. George B. Cortelyou had been called to
the Post Office Department at the beginning of the new
presidential term, and transferred thence to the Treasury
Department in 1907. His place in the Post Office was then
filled by George von L. Meyer. The Secretary of Agriculture,
James Wilson, remained at the head of that Department
throughout the term. On the transfer of Mr. Metcalf from the
Department of Commerce and Labor to that of the Treasury, in
1907, his place in the former was taken by Oscar S. Straus.

{673}

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906.
Joint Action with Mexico in Central American Mediation.

See (in this Volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906.
Act for the Preservation of the Scenic Grandeur
of Niagara Falls.

See (in this Volume)
NIAGARA FALLS.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906.
Dealings with Turkey facilitated by making the
American Minister an Ambassador.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1906.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906.
Enactment of a National Pure Food Law.

See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906 (January-April).
Represented at the Algeciras Conference on
the Morocco Question.
Instructions to the Delegates.
Declaration made on signing the Act of the Conference.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906 (March).
Supreme Court Decision enforcing the Demand of the Government
for the production of Books and Papers by the so-called
Tobacco Trust before a Federal Grand Jury.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1906.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906 (April).
Laying the Corner Stone of an Office Building for Congressmen.

On the 14th of April, 1906, the corner stone of a building
designed to supply each member of the House of Representatives
with an office was laid with ceremony, the President
delivering an address. Besides 410 distinct offices, the
design of the building contemplated a large assembly room for
public hearings before committees of the House. Its estimated
cost was something over $3,000,000. A corresponding office
building for the Senate was also in view.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906 (April).
Convention with British Government for Determining and
Marking the Alaska Boundary Line.

See (in this Volume)
ALASKA: A. D. 1906.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906 (April-July).
Long and Widespread Suspension of Coal Mining,
both Anthracite and Bituminous.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1906.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906 (June).
The Joint Statehood Act.

By the Joint Statehood Bill, approved by the President June
16, 1906, Indian Territory and Oklahoma were united to form
the State of Oklahoma, the people being authorized to adopt a
constitution. Arizona and New Mexico were proffered a similar
union, in a State to be called Arizona. On the question of
such union the Bill provided for a vote to be taken in each
Territory, following which, if a majority in each should be
found to favor the union, delegates to be chosen at the same
election should meet and frame a constitution for submission
to the people. The contemplated vote was taken at the election
of November 6, and resulted in the rejection of the proposal
by Arizona, while New Mexico gave assent. The project was thus
defeated.

The plan of union was successful, however, in the creation of
the State of Oklahoma. Delegates to a convention for framing
its Constitution were elected November 6, 1906; the convention
began its session on the 20th of the same month, and finished
its labors on the 16th of July, 1907. By proclamation of the
President the new State,—the 46th of the Federal family,—was
admitted to the Union on the 16th of November following, under
the Constitution which had been ratified by vote of a majority
of the citizens of each of the Territories now united in it.
For some account of the Constitution;

See (in this Volume)
CONSTITUTION OF OKLAHOMA.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906 (July-August).
The Third International Conference of American Republics,
at Rio de Janeiro.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1906 (August).
The Brownsville Affair.

On the 13th of August, 1906, a riotous affair of a
much-disputed nature occurred at Brownsville, Texas, in which
one man was killed and two, at least, were wounded. The
shooting was alleged to have been done by colored soldiers who
formed part of a battalion of the Twenty-fifth Infantry,
United States Army, stationed at Brownsville. An investigation
of the affair convinced the President that some few soldiers
of the battalion were guilty of what had been done, and that
their comrades knew of their guilt, but were shielding them,
by assertions to the contrary. On this belief he ordered the
entire battalion to be discharged from the service, and angry
controversy over his action arose at once. The negro soldiers
were championed by a considerable part of the Press of the
country, and by a section of Congress when it met. The
evidence of their guilt was declared to be more than doubtful,
and the authority of the President to issue the order of
discharge was challenged.