Chapter XCVI: Appendix: Courses for Study or Reading (3)
W. S. Lilly:
The Turning-Point of the Middle Ages,
2490-2491 (2430-2431).
J. H. Allen:
Christian History,
1474 (1442).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
2821 (2747).
(e) The Concordat of Worms.
J. Sime:
History of Germany,
1474 (1443).
J. J. I. Döllinger:
History of the Church,
1474-1475 (1443-1444).
R. C. Trench:
Mediæval Church History,
2491 (2431).
12. THE POPES AND THE HOHENSTAUFEN
(A. D. 1138-1250):
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1850 (1810).
M. Creighton:
History of the Papacy,
2492-2493 (2432-2433).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
2493-2494 (2433-2434).
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1478 (1445).
O. Browning:
Guelphs and Ghibellines,
1478-1479 (1445-1446).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
1479 (1446).
E. A. Freeman:
Frederick the Second,
1479-1480 (1446-1447).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1854 (1814).
T. L. Kington:
Frederick the Second,
1855-1856 (1815-1816).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1050 and 1054 (1022, 1026).
13. THE "BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY"
(A. D. 1294-1378):
G. Trevor:
Rome,
2494-2495 (2434-2435).
L. Pastor:
History of the Popes,
2495-2496 (2435-2436).
M. Creighton:
History of the Papacy,
2496 (2436).
{757}
14. THE "GREAT SCHISM"
(A. D. 1378-1417):
W. W. Story:
Castle St. Angelo,
2497 (2437).
J. N. Murphy:
The Chair of Peter,
2498 (2438).
L. Pastor:
History of the Popes,
2498 (2438).
J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
2498-2499 (2438-2439).
15. THE DARKEST AGE OF THE PAPACY
(A. D. 1417-1517):
R. C. Trench:
Mediæval Church History,
2500 (2440).
R. L. Poole:
Wycliffe and Reform Movements,
2501 (2441).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2501 (2441).
H. A. Taine:
English Literature,
2501-2502 (2441-2442).
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
2502, 2503 (2442, 2443).
16. EVE OF THE GREAT REFORMATION;
T. Kolde:
Martin Luther,
2504.
L. Ranke:
History of the Reformation,
2504-2505 (2443-2444).
G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2505 (2444).
Cardinal N. Wiseman:
Lectures on Catholic Church,
2505-2506 (2444-2445).
J. N. M. D’Aubigné:
Story of the Reformation,
2506 (2445).
17. THE INQUISITION
(A. D. 1203-1525):
J. A. Symonds:
The Catholic Reaction,
1789-1791 (1750-1752).
STUDY XX.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
MONASTICISM AND THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS.
1. MONASTICISM:
I. Gregory Smith:
Christian Monasticism,
468 (454).
E. Schürer:
The Jewish People,
1014 (3745).
Charles Kingsley:
The Hermits,
119-120 (112-113).
I. Gregory Smith:
Christian Monasticism,
2239-2240 (2195-2196).
Count de Montalembert:
Monks of the West,
2240-2241 (2196-2197).
A. Jessop:
The Coming of the Friars,
2241-2242 (2197-2198).
Count de Montalembert:
Monks of the West,
2050-2051 (2006-2007).
F. Madan:
Books in Manuscript,
2051-2052 (2007-2008).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
711 (688).
A. T. Drane:
Christian Schools,
711-712 (688-689).
2. THE BENEDICTINES
(ABOUT A. D. 500):
(a) The Original Order.
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
288 (279).
(b) The Congregations of Cluny.
R. C. Trench:
Mediæval History,
495 (481).
3. THE CARTHUSIANS
(ABOUT A. D. 1075):
J. E. Darras:
The Catholic Church,
405 (395).
M. A. Schimmelpenninck:
La Grande Chartreuse,
405 (395).
4. THE CISTERCIANS
(ABOUT A. D. 1100):
(a) The Original Order.
K. Norgate:
England under the Angevin Kings,
487 (472-473).
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
491-492 (477-478).
H. Stebbing:
The Universal Church,
492 (478).
G. W. Cox:
The Crusades,
653 (630).
(b) The Trappists
(about 1150).
C. Lancelot:
La Grande Chartreuse,
3237-3238 (3121-3122).
(c) Port Royal
(A. D. 1204-1710).
J. Tulloch:
Pascal,
2637 (2565).
J. B. Perkins:
France under Mazarin,
2637-2639 (2565-2567).
H. Martin:
History of France,
2639 (2567).
Duke of Saint Simon:
Memoirs,
2640 (2568).
J. J. I. Döllinger:
European History,
2640 (2568).
5. THE AUGUSTINIANS, OR AUSTIN CANONS
(ABOUT A. D. 1150):
K. Norgate:
England under the Angevin Kings,
197 (190).
E. L. Cutts:
Middle Ages,
2656 (2584).
6. THE CARMELITE FRIARS
(ABOUT A. D. 1150):
J. L. von Mosheim:
Ecclesiastical History,
401 (391).
7. THE DOMINICANS
(ABOUT A. D. 1200):
J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
2196 (2152).
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
1789-1791 (1750-1752).
8. THE FRANCISCANS
(ABOUT A. D. 1225):
J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
2196 (2152).
E. L. Cutts:
Middle Ages,
2196 (2152).
A. M. F. Robinson:
End of the Middle Ages,
285 (276).
J. L. von Mosheim:
Ecclesiastical History,
286 (277).
M. Creighton:
The Papacy,
2493, first column, (2433).
See
"The Recollects,"
2700 (2627).
9. THE CAPUCHINS
(ABOUT A. D. 1500):
J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
399 (389).
10. THE THEATINES
(ABOUT A. D. 1525):
A. W. Ward:
The Counter-Reformation,
3189 (3104).
L. von Ranke:
History of the Popes,
3189 (3104).
11. THE LAZARISTS
(ABOUT A. D. 1625):
J. Alzog:
Universal History,
2039 (1995).
12. HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM
(A. D. 1118-):
T. Keightley:
The Crusaders,
1701-1702 (1662-1663).
F. C. Woodhouse:
Military Religious Orders,
1702 (1663).
G. Finlay:
The Byzantine and Greek Empires,
1702 (1663).
W. H. Prescott:
Reign of Philip II.,
1703-1704 (1664-1665).
F. C. Woodhouse;
Military Religious Orders,
1704-1705 (1665-1666).
13. THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS
(ABOUT A. D. 1120):
T. Keightley:
The Crusaders,
3176 (3091).
C. G. Addison:
The Knights Templars,
3176 (3091).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
3177 (3092).
A. P. Marras:
Secret Fraternities of the Middle Ages,
1438-1439 (1405-1406).
R. A. Vaughn:
Hours with the Mystics,
2826-2827 (2752-2753).
14. THE TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
(ABOUT A. D. 1190):
F. C. Woodhouse:
Military Religious Orders,
3185-3186 (3100-3101).
G. F. Maclear:
Apostles of Mediæval Europe,
2684-2685 (2612-2613).
{758}
15. THE SOCIETY OF JESUS
(A. D. 1540-):
(a) Loyola, and the Founding of the Order.
L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1928-1929 (1887-1888).
G. B. Nicolini:
The Jesuits,
1929 (1888).
A. T. Drane:
Christian Schools,
731 (708).
G. Compayré:
History of Pedagogy,
731-732 (708-709).
O. Browning:
Educational Theories,
732 (709).
(b) Early Jesuit Missions.
A Historical Sketch of the Jesuits,
1929-1930 (1888-1889).
W. P. Greswell:
The Dominion of Canada,
1930 (1889).
F. Parkman:
The Jesuits in North America,
1930-1931 (1889-1890).
R. Mackenzie:
America,
371-372 (361-362).
The Hundred Years of Christianity in Japan,
1915-1916 (1875-1876).
D. Murray:
The Story of Japan,
1916 (1876).
(c) Changes in the Statutes of the Order.
L. von Ranke:
History of the Popes,
1931-1932 (1890-1891).
(d) Expulsion of the Order from France
(A. D. 1595).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
1246, first column, (1214).
(e) Controversy with the Jansenists
(A. D. 1653-1715).
J. B. Perkins:
France and Mazarin,
2637-2639 (2565-2567).
H. Martin:
History of France,
2639 (2567).
(f) General Suppression of the Society throughout Europe
(A. D. 1757-1775).
H. M. Stephens:
The Story of Portugal,
1932-1933 (1891-1892).
W. H. Jervis:
History of the Church of France,
1933-1934 (1892-1893).
(g) Suppression of the Order by the Pope (A. D. 1773),
and Restoration (A. D. 1814).
The Jesuits and Their Expulsion,
1934-1935, and 1935 (1893-1894, and 1894).
Clement XIV. and the Jesuits,
1935 (1894).
"Himself without home or country, and not holding the
doctrines of any political party, the Disciple of Jesus
renounced everything which might alienate him among varying
nationalities, pursuing various political aims. Then he did
not confine his labors to the pulpit and the confessional; he
gained an influence over the rising generation by a systematic
attention to education, which had been shamefully neglected by
the other orders. It is a true saying, that ‘he who gains the
youth possesses the future’; and by devoting themselves to the
education of youth, the Jesuits secured a future to the Church
more surely than by any other scheme that could have been
devised. What the schoolmasters were for the youth, the
confessors were for those of riper years; what the clerical
teachers were for the common people, the spiritual directors
and confidants were for great lords and rulers—for the Jesuits
aspired to a place at the side of the great, and at gaining
the confidence of Kings."
L. HÄUSSER.
STUDY XXL
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE RISE AND CONQUESTS OF MOHAMMEDANISM.
1. ARABIA AND THE ARABS; THE SARACENS;
A. H. Sayce;
Races of the Old Testament,
2963 (2886).
G. Rawlinson:
Notes to Herodotus,
128 (121).
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History.
128-129 (121-122).
A. H. Sayce:
Ancient Arabia,
129-130 (122-123).
E. Gibbon;
Decline and Fall,
2878 (2803).
H. H. Milman:
Note to Gibbon,
2878 (2803).
H. Yule:
Cathay,
3215-3216, and 3216-3217 (3704-3705, and 3705-3706).
2. The Birth and Career of Mohammed
(A. D. 570-632):
E. A. Freeman:
Conquests of the Saracens,
2112 (2067).
Sir W. Muir:
Life of Mahomet,
2112-2113 (2067-2068).
J. W. H. Stobart
Islam and Its Founder,
1843 (1803).
Sir H. Nicholas:
Chronology of History,
1011 (984).
S. Lane-Poole:
Studies in a Mosque,
2194 (2150).
3. THE FIRST CALIPHATE; FROM ABU BEER TO ALI
(A. D. 632-661);
See
Caliph,
363 (353).
R. D. Osborn:
Islam under the Khalifs,
1735 (1696).
(а) Conquest of Syria.
George Adam Smith:
Geography of Holy Land,
3141-3142 (3057-3058).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2113-2114 (2068-2069).
W. Irving:
Mahomet and His Successors,
1923 (1882).
(b) Conquest of Persia.
G. Rawlinson:
Seventh Oriental Monarchy,
2114 (2069).
(c) Conquest of Egypt.
Sir W. Muir:
Annals of Early Caliphate,
2114-2115 (2069-2070).
Researches on Burning of Library of Alexandria,
2047-2048 (2003-2004).
(d) Conquest of Northern Africa.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2442 (2390)
H. E. M. Stutfield:
El Maghreb,
2133-2134 (2089-2090).
E. A. Freeman:
Conquest of Saracens,
2115 (2070).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2115 (2070).
4. THE OMEYYAD CALIPHATE
(A. D. 661-750)
E. A. Freeman:
Conquests of the Saracens,
2116 (2071).
Sir W. Muir:
Annals of the Early Caliphate,
2116-2117 (2071-2072).
5. THE SUBJUGATION OF THE TURKS
(A. D. 710):
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall, 3246 (3130).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall, 2117 (2072).
6. THE CONQUEST OF SPAIN (A. D. 711-13),
AND BATTLE OF TOURS (732):
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1599-1600 (1561-1562).
H. Coppée:
The Conquest of Spain,
3054 (2974).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2117-2118, 2119 (2072-2075, 2076).
7. THE DIVIDED CALIPHATE; THE OMEYYADS AND ABBASSIDES
(A. D. 715):
Sir W. Muir:
Annals of the Early Caliphate,
2118 (2075).
E. A. Freeman:
Conquests of the Saracens,
2119, 2120 (2076, 2077).
E. H. Palmer:
Haroun Alraschid,
2119 (2076).
T. Nöldeke:
Eastern History,
2120 (2077).
8. TURKISH SUPREMACY, AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SULTANATE
(A. D. 1000-):
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall.
3247 (3131).
A. Vambéry:
History of Bokhara,
3247, 3249 (3131, 3133).
R. D. Osborn:
Islam under Khalifs of Bagdad,
3247-3248 (3131-3132).
E. Pears:
The Fall of Constantinople,
3248 (3132).
G. Finlay:
The Byzantine and Greek Empires,
3348 (3133).
{759}
9. RISK OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (A. D. 1250-):
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
3867 (3793-3763).
J. F. Michaud:
History of the Crusades,
3867 (3793).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
3349-3350 (3133-3131).
10. CIVILIZATION OF THE SARACENS:
(a) Education.
J. W. Draper.
Intellectual Development of Europe,
713 (690).
Westminster Review:
Intellectual Revival,
713-714 (690-691).
(b) Medical Science.
J. H. Baas:
History of Medicine,
3173-3174 (3130).
G. F. Fort:
Medical Economy of Middle Ages,
2174 (2130).
P. V. Renouard:
History of Medicine,
3174 (2130).
(c) Commerce.
H. Yule:
Cathay,
3215-3217 (3704-3706).
G. Finlay:
The Byzantine Empire,
3217-3218 (3706-3707).
STUDY XXII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE CRUSADES.
"‘You,’ continued the eloquent pontiff [Urban II.], ‘you, who
hear me, and who have received the true faith, and been
endowed by God with power, and strength, and greatness of
soul,—whose ancestors have been the prop of Christendom, and
whose Kings have put a barrier against the progress of the
infidel,—I call upon you to wipe off these impurities from the
face of the earth, and lift your oppressed fellow Christians
from the depths into which they have been trampled.’ Palestine
was, he said, a land flowing with milk and honey, and precious
in the sight of God, as the scene of the grand events which
have saved mankind. That land, he promised, should be divided
among them. Moreover, they should have full pardon for all
their offenses against God or man. ‘Go then,’ he added, ‘in
expiation of your sins; and go assured that, after this world
shall have passed away, imperishable glory shall be yours in
the world to come.’ The enthusiasm was no longer to be
restrained, and loud shouts interrupted the speaker; the
people exclaiming as with one voice, ‘Dieu le veult! Dieu le
veult!’"
C. MACKAY.
1. CAUSES OF THE MOVEMENTS:
W. Irving:
Mahomet and His Successors,
1923 (1882).
E. A. Freeman:
Conquests of the Saracens,
2120 (2077).
G. Finlay:
Byzantine and Greek Empires,
649 (626).
2. PREACHING OF POPE URBAN II., AND PETER THE HERMIT:
C. Mackay:
Popular Delusions,
649-50 (626-627).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
650 (627).
3. THE FIRST CRUSADE
(A. D. 1096-1099):
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
650-651 (627-628).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
1923-1924 (1882-1883).
T. Keightley:
The Crusaders,
651-652 (628-629).
H. F. Brown:
Venice,
3725-3726 (3605-3606).
4. THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM
(A. D. 1099-1291):
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1924 (1883).
T. Keightley:
The Crusaders,
1924 (1883).
C. Mills:
The Crusades,
1924-1925 (1883-1884).
G. W. Cox:
The Crusades,
1925 (1884).
5. THE SECOND CRUSADE
(A. D. 1147-1149):
H. von Sybel:
The Crusades,
652-653 (629-630).
G. W. Cox:
The Crusades,
653 (630).
C. M. Yonge:
History of France,
1193 (1161-1162).
K. Norgate:
England under the Angevin Kings,
127-128 (120-121).
6. THE THIRD CRUSADE
(A. D. 1188-1192):
J. F. Michaud:
The Crusades,
653 (630).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
653-654 (630-631).
G. W. Cox:
The Crusades,
654 (631).
7. THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CRUSADES
(A. D. 1196-1203):
G. W. Cox:
The Crusades,
654 (631).
E. Pears:
The Fall of Constantinople,
654-655 (631-632).
8. THE CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE
(A D. 1204):
G. Finlay:
The Byzantine and Greek Empires,
3726 (3606).
E. Pears:
The Fall of Constantinople,
3726, and 350-351 (3606 and 340-341).
G. Finlay:
History of Greece,
351 (341).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
351-352 (341-342).
G. Finlay:
History of Greece,
6 and 2730 (6 and 2656).
G. Finlay:
Byzantine and Greek Empires,
1649-1650 (1611-1612).
9. MINOR CRUSADING MOVEMENTS:
(a) The Children’s Crusade (A. D. 1212).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
655-656 (632-633).
(b) Against the Albigenses (A. D. 1209-1229).
G. Rawlinson:
Seventh Oriental Monarchy,
2127-2128 (2083-2084).
J. L. Mosheim:
Christianity.
2128 (2084).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
39 (32).
J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
39 (32).
Sir J. Stephen:
History of France,
39 (32).
E. Smedley:
History of France,
39-40 (32-33).
Sir James Stephen:
History of France,
40 and 41 (33 and 34).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
40-41 (33-34).
(c) Against the Livonians
(about A. D. 1200).
G. F. Maclear:
Apostles of Mediaeval Europe,
2075 (2031).
(d) Against the Prussians
(about A. D. 1250-).
G. F. Maclear:
Apostles of Mediæval Europe,
2684-2685 (2612-2613).
T. Carlyle:
Frederick the Great,
2685 (2613).
(e) Against the Almohades
(A. D. 1212).
E. A. Freeman:
Conquest of the Saracens,
49 (42.)
H. Coppée:
Conquest of Spain by the Moors,
3058 (2977).
10. THE SIXTH CRUSADE
(A. D. 1216-1229):
G. Procter:
The Crusades,
656-657 (633-634).
E. A. Freeman:
Emperor Frederick the Second,
1480 (1446-1447).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
1926 (1885).
11. THE SEVENTH CRUSADE
(A. D. 1248-1254):
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
657-658 (634-635).
J. F. Michaud:
The Crusades,
658 (635).
12. FINAL MOVEMENTS
(A. D. (1270-1299):
F. P. Guizot:
HISTORY OF FRANCE,
658-659 (635-636).
G. Procter:
The Crusades,
1927-1928 (1886-1887).
W. Stubbs:
Mediaeval and Modern History,
1928 (1887).
C. G. Addison:
The Knights Templars,
659 (636).
{760}
13. THE EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES:
E. Gibbon;
Decline and Fall,
659 (636).
H. Hallam;
The Middle Ages,
659 (636).
W. Robertson;
Progress of Society in Europe,
659 (636).
W. Stubbs;
Mediæval and Modern History,
660 (637).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
660-661 (637-638).
"The principle of the Crusades was a savage fanaticism; and
the most important effects were analogous to the cause. Each
pilgrim was ambitious to return with his sacred spoils, the
relics of Greece and Palestine; and each relic was preceded
and followed by a train of miracles and visions. The belief of
the Catholics was corrupted by new legends, their practice by
new superstitions; and the establishment of the inquisition,
the mendicant orders of monks and friars, the last abuse of
indulgences, and the final progress of idolatry, flowed from
the baleful fountain of the holy war."
E. GIBBON.
STUDY XXIII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE RENAISSANCE—THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN AGE (A. D. 1400-1500).
1. THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE TERM:
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
2703-2704 (2630-2631).
P. Villari:
Niccolo Machiavelli,
2704 (2631).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1077-1079 (1049-1051).
2. THE LEADING INFLUENCE OF ITALY IN THE AWAKENING:
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
1872-1873, 1874-1875 (1832-1833, 1834-1835).
Vernon Lee:
Euphorion,
1874 (1834).
H. A. Taine:
Italy, Florence, and Venice,
1173 (1143).
"When Machiavelli called Italy 'the corruption of the world,'
he did not speak rhetorically. An impure and worldly clergy;
an irreligious, though superstitious, laity; a self-indulgent
and materialistic middle class: an idle aristocracy, excluded
from politics and unused to arms; a public given up to
pleasure and money getting; a multitude of scholars, devoted
to trifles, and vitiated by studies which clashed with the
ideals of Christianity—from such elements in the nation
proceeded a widely spread and ever-increasing degeneracy. …
Religion expired in laughter, irony, and license. Domestic
simplicity yielded to vice, whereof the records are precise
and unmistakable. The virile virtues disappeared. What
survived of courage assumed the forms of ruffianism, ferocity,
and treasonable daring. Still, simultaneously with this
decline in all the moral qualities which constitute a powerful
people, the Italians brought their arts and some departments
of their literature to a perfection that can only be
paralleled by Ancient Greece. The anomaly implied in this
statement is striking; but it is revealed to us by evidence
too overwhelming to be rejected.
J. A. SYMONDS.
3. OTHER GREATLY CONTRIBUTING CAUSES:
(a) The Capture of Constantinople by the Turks (A. D. 1453):
C. C. Felton:
Greece, Ancient and Modern,
524 (510).
Demetrios Bikelas:
The Byzantine Empire,
352 (342).
J. N. Larned:
The Greek Revival,
1077-1078 (1050).
(b) The Invention of Printing (A. D. 1456).
J. N. Larned:
The Invention of Printing,
1077 (1049).
H. Bouchot:
The Printed Book,
2660 (2588).
W. Blades:
Books in Chains,
2660-2661 (2588-2589).
(c) The Marvelous Results of Exploration and Discovery.
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1078-1079 (1050-1051).
J. A. Blanqui:
History of Political Economy,
3730-3731 (3610-3611).
(1) The Early Successes of the Portuguese.
C. R. Markham:
The Sea Fathers,
2644 (2572).
J. Yeats:
Growth of Commerce,
2644-2645 (2572-2573).
J. W. Draper:
Intellectual Development of Europe,
2645 (2573).
(2) The Spanish Discoveries.
H. H Bancroft:
History of the Pacific States,
55 (48).
Sir A. Helps:
The Spanish Conquest,
55-56 (48-49).
C. R. Markham:
The Sea Fathers,
56 (49).
W. Irving:
Life of Columbus,
57-58 (50-51).
J. Fiske:
The Discovery of America,
60 (53).
J. Winsor:
Narrative and Critical History of America,
61-62 (54-55).
(3) The English Discoveries.
G. Bancroft:
History of the United States,
58 (51).
H. Harrisse:
Discovery of North America,
59.
H. Harrisse:
Discovery of North America,
61 (3678).
4. THE EFFECTS OF THE RENAISSANCE:
(a) In Italy.
H. A. Taine:
History of English Literature,
2502 (2442).
W. Hunt:
History of Italy,
1870 (1830).
Mrs. Oliphant:
Makers of Florence,
1172 (1142).
H. A. Taine:
Italy, Florence, and Venice,
1172-1173 (1142-1143).
(b) In France.
J. A Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
1872-1873 (1832-1833).
Mrs. Mark Pattison:
The Renaissance of Art,
1216-1217 (1184-1185).
A. Tilley:
Literature of the French Renaissance,
1217 (1185).
(c) In Germany.
M. Arnold:
Schools on the Continent,
727 (704).
(d) In England.
H. A. Taine:
English Literature,
851-852 (824-825).
J. A. Symonds:
Shakespeare's Predecessors,
852-853 (825-826).
5. THE INFLUENCE OF THE RENAISSANCE:
(a) Upon Art.
R. N. Wornum:
Epochs of Painting,
2462-2463.
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
2463-2454.
R. Westmacott:
Handbook of Sculpture,
2957-2958.
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
3732 (3612).
W. B. Scaife:
Florentine Life,
1169 (1139).
(b) Upon Education.
G. Compayré:
History of Pedagogy,
725 (702).
M. Arnold:
Schools on the Continent,
727 (704).
D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
728-729 (705-706).
A. Lang:
Oxford,
729-730 (706-707).
(c) Upon Music.
W. J. Henderson:
The Story of Music,
2284.
H. G. B. Hunt:
A History of Music,
2284.
(d) Upon the Foundation of Libraries.
J. A. Symonds:
The Renaissance in Italy,
2052-2053 (2008-2009).
G. W. Greene:
Historical Studies,
2053 (2009).
E. Edwards:
Statistics of Libraries,
2054 (2010).
(e) Upon Trade and Commerce.
J. N. Larned:
Modern Trade Routes, etc.,
3224-3228 (3713-3717).
J. A. Blanqui:
History of Political Economy,
3730-3731 (3610-3611).
D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland,
2299 (2251).
{761}
STUDY XXIV.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE GREAT REFORMATION (A. D. 1517-).
1. STATE OF RELIGION AT THE CLOSE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY:
Vernon Lee:
Euphorion,
1874 (1834).
R. L. Poole:
Wyclif and Reform,
2501 (2441).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2501 (2441).
H. A. Taine:
English Literature,
2502 (2442).
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
2502 (2442).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1081-1082 (1053-1054).
2. REFORMERS BEFORE THE REFORMATION:
(a) The Albigenses
(A. D. 1209-1229).
(1) Their Origin and Beliefs.
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
2561 (2495).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
39 (32).
A. Neander:
The Christian Church,
39 (32).
Sir J. Stephen:
History of France,
39 (32).
R. C. Trench:
Mediæval Church,
409 (399).
R. C. Trench:
Mediæval Church,
3762-3763 (3641-3642).
(2) Their Extermination.
E. Smedley:
History of France,
39-40 (32-33).
Sir J. Stephen:
History of France.
40 (33).
E. E. Crowe:
History of France,
41 (34).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
41 (34).
Sir J. Stephen:
History of France,
41 (34).
(b) Wyclif and the Lollards
(about A. D. 1375-1400).
A. M. F. Robinson:
End of Middle Ages,
285 (276).
C. Ullmann;
Reformers before the Reformation,
285-286 (276-277).
B. Herford:
Story of Religion in England,
841-842 (814-815).
R. L. Poole:
Wyclif and Reform,
842 (815).
J. A. Froude:
History of England,
842 (815).
J. Gairdner:
English History,
842 (815).
C. H. Pearson:
English History,
843-844 (816-817).
J. R. Green:
History of English People,
844 (817).
(c) Hus and the Bohemian Reformation
(A. D. (1405-1434).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1072-1073 (1044-1045).
R. C. Trench:
Mediæval Church,
296-297 (287-288).
B. Taylor:
History of Germany,
297-298 (288-289).
(d) Savonarola
(A. D. 1490-1498).
Mrs. Oliphant:
Makers of Florence,
1172 (1142).
O. T. Hill:
Introduction to Savonarola’s Triumph of the Cross,
1173-1175 (1143-1145).
3. THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE REFORM OUTBREAK:
G. P. Fisher:
The Christian Church,
1489-1490 (1456-1457).
L. Ranke:
History of Reformation,
2504-2505 (2443-2444).
G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2505 (2444).
Cardinal Wiseman:
Doctrines of Catholic Church,
2505-2506 (2444-2445).
T. Kolde:
Martin Luther,
2503-2504.
J. N. M. D’Aubigné:
Story of the Reformation,
2506 (2445).
4. LUTHER’S PROTEST AND THE AWAKENING OF GERMANY
(A. D. 1517):
F. Seebohm:
The Protestant Revolution,
2506-2507 (2445-2446).
L. Ranke:
History of the Reformation,
2507 (2446).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1081-1082 (1053-1054).
5. THE NINETY-FIVE THESES:
Full Text of Luther’s Manifesto,
2507-2509 (2446-2448).
6. LUTHER BURNS THE PAPAL BULL (1520);
THE DIET AT WORMS (1521):
S. Baring-Gould;
The Church in Germany,
1490 (1457).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2509-2511 (2448-2450).
J. A. Froude:
Luther,
2512-2513 (2451-2452).
"The presence in which he [Luther, at the Diet] found himself
would have tried the nerves of the bravest of men; the
Emperor, sternly hostile, with his retinue of Spanish priests
and nobles; the Archbishops and bishops, all of the opinion
that the stake was the only fitting place for so insolent a
heretic; the dukes and barons, whose stern eyes were little
likely to reveal their sympathy, if sympathy any of them felt.
Only one of them, George of Frundsberg, had touched Luther on
the shoulder as he passed through the ante-room. ‘Little monk,
little monk,’ he said, ‘thou hast work before thee that I, and
many a man whose trade is war, never faced the like of. If thy
heart is right, and thy cause good, go on, in God’s name. He
will not forsake thee.’ … There was a pause, and then Eck said
that he had spoken disrespectfully; his heresies had already
been condemned at the Council at Constance; let him retract on
these special points, and he should have consideration for the
rest. He required a plain Yes or No from him ‘without horns.’
The taunt roused Luther’s blood. His full brave self was in
the reply. ‘I will give you an answer,’ he said, ‘which has
neither horns nor teeth. Popes have erred and Councils have
erred. Prove to me out of Scripture that I am wrong, and I
submit. Till then my conscience binds me. Here I stand. I can
do no more. God help me. Amen.’ All day long the storm raged.
Night had fallen, and torches were lighted before the sitting
closed. Luther was dismissed at last. When he had reached his
lodging again, he flung up his hands. ‘I am through!’ he
cried. ‘I am through! If I had a thousand heads they should be
struck off one by one before I would retract.’"
J. A. FROUDE.
7. ZWINGLI, AND THE REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND
(A. D. 1519-1531):
G. Waddington:
The Reformation,
2511 (2450).
Hug and Stead:
Switzerland,
2511-2512 (2450-2451).
Hug and Stead:
Switzerland,
3130-3131 (3046-3047).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1087-1088 (1059-1060).
8. THE REFORMATION MOVEMENT IN FRANCE:
M. Creighton:
The Papacy,
1210-1211 (1178-1179).
A. Tilley:
The French Renaissance,
1217 (1185).
G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2513-2514 (2452-2453).
R. Heath:
The Reformation in France,
2514 (2453).
9. THE REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS:
J. E. T. Rogers:
The Story of Holland,
2302 (2254).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2302-2303 (2254-2255).
C. Ullmann:
Reformers before the Reformation,
326 (316).
W. E. Griffis:
Influence of the Netherlands,
326 (316).
D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
728-729 (705-706).
G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2303 (2255).
J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2303-2304 (2255-2256).
10. GROWTH OF THE LUTHERAN MOVEMENT IN GERMANY
(A. D. 1522-1529):
W. Coxe:
House of Austria,
2515-2516 (2454-2455).
G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2516 (2455).
11. ORIGIN OF THE NAME "PROTESTANT"
(A. D.1529):
P. Bayne:
Martin Luther,
2516-2517 (2455-2456).
12. THE FINAL BREACH; THE "AUGSBURG CONFESSION"
(A. D. 1530):
J. Michelet:
Life of Luther,
2517 (2456).
J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
2517-2518 (2456-2457).
W. Robertson:
Charles V.,
1493-1494 (1460-1461).
J. N. Earned:
Europe,
1086-1087 (1058-1059).
{762}
13. CALVIN, AND HIS ECCLESIASTICAL STATE:
J. Tulloch:
Leaders of the Reformation,
1450 (1417).
R. Heath:
Reformation in France,
2514 (2453).
L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1451-1452 (1417-1419).
14. THE BEGINNING OF THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
(ABOUT A. D. 1535):
"I intend to use this term Counter-Reformation to denote the
reform of the Catholic Church, which was stimulated by the
German Reformation, and which, when the Council of Trent had
fixed the dogmas and discipline of Latin Christianity, enabled
the Papacy to assume a militant policy in Europe, whereby it
regained a large portion of the provinces that had previously
lapsed to Lutheran and Calvinistic dissent. … The centre of
the world-wide movement which is termed the
Counter-Reformation was naturally Rome. Events had brought the
Holy See once more into a position of prominence. It was more
powerful as an Italian State now, through the support of Spain
and the extinction of national independence, than at any
previous period of history."
J. A. SYMONDS.
J. A. Symonds:
The Italian Renaissance,
1883-1884 (1843-1844).
A. W. Ward:
The Counter-Reformation,
2518 (2457).
J. A. Symonds;
The Catholic Reaction,
2518-2519 (2457-2458).
15. TWO EFFECTIVE AGENTS OF THE ROMAN CHURCH:
(a) The Council of Trent
(A. D. 1545-1563).
L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
2519-2520 (2458-2459).
L. von Ranke:
History of the Popes,
2520-2521 (2459-2460).
A. W. Ward:
The Counter-Reformation,
2521 (2460).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1092 (1064).
(b) The Society of Jesus (A. D. 1540-).
L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1928-1929 (1887-1888).
G. B. Nicolini:
History of the Jesuits,
1929 (1888).
L. von Ranke:
History of the Popes,
1931-1932 (1890-1891).
16. PROGRESS OF LUTHERANISM IN GERMANY
(A. D. 1530-1620):
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1086-1087 (1058-1059).
W. Robertson:
Charles V.,
1493-1494 (1460-1461).
S. A. Dunham:
The Germanic Empire,
1494-1495 (1461-1462).
S. Baring-Gould:
The Story of Germany,
118-119 (111-112).
17. WAR WITH THE EMPEROR
(A. D. 1546-1561):
C. D. Yonge:
Three Centuries of Modern History,
1495-1496 (1462-1463).
J. Alzog:
Universal Church History,
1496-1497 (1463-1464).
W. Menzel:
History of Germany,
1497-1498 (1464-1465).
18. INTERNAL DISSENSIONS AND THE CATHOLIC REACTION:
W. Zimmerman:
History of Germany,
1498-1499 (1465-1466).
O. Kämmel:
German History,
2521-2522 (3766-3767).
STUDY XXV.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE REFORM MOVEMENT AND RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE.
1. THE COMPARATIVE INDEPENDENCE OF THE GALLICAN CHURCH:
H. Hallam;
The Middle Ages,
1197 (1165).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
1197 (1165).
M. Creighton:
The Papacy,
1210-1211 (1178-1179).
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
1219-1220 (1187-1188).
W. H. Jervis:
The Church of France,
1220 (1188).
"The long contest for Gallican rights had lowered the prestige
of the popes in France, but it had not weakened the Catholic
Church, which was older than the monarchy itself, and, in the
feelings of the people, was indissolubly associated with it.
The College of the Sorbonne, or the Theological Faculty at
Paris, and the Parliament, which had together maintained
Gallican liberty, were united in stern hostility to all
doctrinal innovations."
G. P. FISHER.
2. BEGINNING OF THE PROTESTANT REFORM MOVEMENT
(ABOUT A. D. 1520):
A. Tilley:
The French Renaissance,
1217 (1185).
G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2513-2514 (2452-2453).
R. Heath:
The Reformation in France,
2514 (2453).
W. Hanna:
The Wars of the Huguenots,
2292-2293 (2244-2245).
E. de Bonnechose:
History of France,
1225-1226 (1193-1194).
3. THE RISE OF THE HUGUENOTS
(ABOUT A. D. 1560):
L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1229 (1197).
H. M. Baird:
The Rise of the Huguenots,
1230 (1198).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1089 (1061).
4. BEGINNING OF THE CIVIL WARS; THE GUISES, CONDÉS, ET AL.:
G. Masson:
The Huguenots,
1230 (1198).
W. Besant:
Gaspard de Coligny,
1230-1232 (1198-1200).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1097-1098 (1069-1070).
5. ROCHELLE, AND HENRY OF NAVARRE:
W. Hanna:
The Wars of the Huguenots,
2292-2293 (2244-2245).
W. Hanna:
The Wars of the Huguenots,
1232-1233 (1200-1201).
L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1233-1234 (1201-2120).
6. THE MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY
(A. D. 1572):
J. A. Froude:
History of England,
1236 (1204).
T. Wright:
History of France,
1236 (1204).
7. THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CIVIL WARS
(A. D. 1572-1576):
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
1236-1237 (1204-1205).
E. E. Crowe:
History of France,
1237-1238 (1205-1206).
S. A. Dunham:
History of Poland,
2615-2616 (2547).
8. THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE AND THE POPE’S BULL
(A. D. 1576):
W. H. Jervis:
The Church of France,
1238-1239 (1206-1207).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1239 (1207).
9. HENRY OF NAVARRE, AND THE BATTLE OF COUTRAS
(A. D. 1584-1589):
Duc d’Aumale:
Princes of Condé,
1240-1241 (1209).
W. Hanna:
Wars of the Huguenots,
1241 (1209).
V. Duruy:
History of France,
1241-1242 (1209-1210).
"The struggle lasted but an hour, yet within that hour the
Catholic army lost 3000 men, more than 400 of whom were
members of the first families in the Kingdom; 3000 men were
made prisoners. Not more than a third part of their entire
army escaped. The Huguenots lost only about 200 men. … Before
night fell Navarre wrote a few lines to the French King, which
ran thus:
‘Sire, my Lord and Brother,—Thank God, _I have beaten your
enemies and your army._' It was but too true that the poor
King’s worst enemies were to be found in the very armies that
were marshalled in his name."
W. HANNA.
{763}
10. HENRY BECOMES HENRY IV. OF FRANCE; THE BATTLE OF IVRY
(A. D. 1589):
Henry the Fourth of France,
1242-1243 (1210-1211).
"My friends, if you share my fortune this day, I share yours.
I am resolved to conquer or to die with you. Keep your ranks
firmly, I beg; if the heat of the combat compels you to quit
them, think always of the rally; it is the gaining of the
battle. If you lose your ensigns, pennons, and banners, do not
lose sight of my white plume; you will find it always on the
road of honor and victory.’
HENRY OF NAVARRE.
11. HENRY’S ABJURATION OF PROTESTANTISM
(A. D. 1593):
Duc d’Aumale:
The Princes of Condé,
1244-1245 (1212-1213).
H. M. Baird:
The Huguenots,
1245 (1213).
Sir J. Stephen:
History of France,
1245 (1213).
12. THE SIEGE OF PARIS; INTERFERENCE OF PHILIP II.
(A. D. 1590-1598):
J. L. Motley:
The United Netherlands,
1243-1244 (1211-1212).
T. H. Dyer;
Modern Europe,
1245-1247 (1213-1215).
13. FROM THE EDICT OF NANTES (1598)
TO ASSASSINATION OF THE KING (1610):
H. M. Baird:
The Huguenots,
1247-1248 (1215-1216).
W. Hanna:
Wars of the Huguenots,
1248 (1216).
A. de Bonnechose;
History of France,
1248 (1216).
"For the benefit of the Protestants the cardinal concession of
the Edict was liberty to dwell anywhere in the royal
dominions, without being subjected to inquiry, vexed,
molested, or constrained to do anything contrary to their
conscience. As respects public worship, while perfect equality
was not established, the dispositions were such as to bring it
within the power of a Protestant in any part of the Kingdom to
meet his fellow-believers for the holiest acts, at least from
time to time. … Scholars of both religions were to be admitted
without distinction of religion to all universities, colleges,
and schools throughout France. The same impartiality was to
extend to the reception of the sick in the hospitals, and to
the poor in the provision made for this relief. More than
this, the Protestants were permitted to establish schools of
their own in all places where their worship was authorized."
H. M. BAIRD.
14. THE RISE OF RICHELIEU, AND DISTRACTION OF THE KINGDOM:
Voltaire:
Ancient and Modern History,
1248-1249 (1216-1217).
J. B. Perkins:
France under Mazarin,
1251 (1219).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1251-1252 (1220).
15. THE HUGUENOT REVOLT
(A. D. 1627-1628):
C. D. Yonge:
France under the Bourbons,
1252-1253 (1220-1221).
A. D. White:
The Statesmanship of Richelieu,
1253 (1221).
R. Heath:
The Reformation in France,
1253 (1221).
16. ACCESSION OF LOUIS XIV., AND RENEWED PERSECUTION
OF THE HUGUENOTS (A. D. 1661):
J. C. Morison:
Reign of Louis XIV.,
1265 (1233).
S. Smiles:
The Huguenots,
1265-1266 (1233-1234).
17. REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES (1685),
AND EXODUS OF THE HUGUENOTS (1681-1688):
A. de Lamartine:
Memoirs of Celebrated Characters,
1269 (1237).
R. L. Poole:
Huguenots of the Dispersion,
1269-1270 (1237-1238).
STUDY XXVI.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS—THE INQUISITION.
1. CONQUEST OF SPAIN BY THE ARAB MOORS
(A. D. 711-713):
H. Coppée:
Conquest of Spain,
3054 (2974).
S. A. Dunham:
History of Spain,
3056-3057 (2976-2977).
2. RISE OF THE CHRISTIAN STATES:
H. Coppée:
Conquest of Spain,
3055 (2975).
E. A. Freeman:
Conquest of the Saracens,
3055 (2975).
S. A. Dunham:
History of Spain,
2291 and 3056 (2243, 2976).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
3058 (2977).
3. UNION OF CASTILE AND ARAGON:
E. E. Hale:
The Story of Spain,
3060 (2979).
C. H. Pearson:
English History,
3061-3062 (2980-2981).
H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
3062-3063 (2981-2982).
4. RISE AND FALL OF THE MOORISH KINGDOM OF GRANADA:
C. M. Yonge:
The Christians and Moors of Spain,
3059-3060 (2978-2979).
H. Coppée:
Conquest of Spain,
3061 (2980).
H. Coppée:
Conquest of Spain,
3063-3064 (2982-2983).
W. H. Prescott:
Ferdinand and Isabella,
3064 (2983).
5. THE EARLY SPANISH CORTES AND THE SANTA HERMANDAD:
W. H. Prescott:
Ferdinand and Isabella,
639-640 (616-17).
H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
640-641 (617-618).
W. H. Prescott:
Ferdinand and Isabella,
1698-1699 (1659-1660).
6. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INQUISITION:
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
1789-1791 (1750-1752).
J. I. von Döllinger:
The Jews in Europe,
1966 (1925).
H. T. Buckle:
History of Civilization,
2270-2271 (2226-2227).
7. EARLY HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS:
J. L. Motley:
Rise of the Dutch Republic,
2298 (2250).
W. T. McCullagh:
The Free Nations,
2298-2299 (2250-2251).
D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
2299 (2251).
C. M. Yonge:
Cameos of History.
2300 (2252).
8. RELATIONS WITH BURGUNDY; THE STATES GENERAL:
C. M. Davies:
History of Holland.
2300 (2252).
J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2300-2301 (2252-2253).
9. MARRIAGE OF MARY OF BURGUNDY TO MAXIMILIAN OF AUSTRIA
(A. D. 1477):
Philip de Commines:
Memoirs,
2301 (2253).
C. M. Davies:
History of Holland,
2301-2302 (2254).
10. RISE OF THE AUSTRO-SPANISH DYNASTY:
W. H. Prescott:
Ferdinand and Isabella,
3065-3066 (2984-2985).
J.E.T. Rogers:
The Story of Holland,
2302 (2254).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2302-2303 (2254-2255).
J. Bigland:
History of Spain,
3066 (2985).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
3066-3067 (2985-2986).
W. H. Prescott:
Philip II.,
3067 (2986).
11. BEGINNING OF THE REFORMATION IN THE NETHERLANDS:
G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2303 (2255).
J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2303-2304 (2255-2256).
{764}
12. THE ACCESSION AND HORRIBLE CHARACTER OF PHILIP II.
(A. D. 1555):
C. M. Davies:
History of Holland,
2304 (2256).
T. C. Grattan:
History of the Netherlands,
2304-2305 (2256-2257).
C. Gayarré:
Philip II.,
2305, 3068 (2257, 2987).
13. PHILIP II. AND THE CATHOLIC REACTION:
G. Procter:
History of Italy,
2520 (2459).
L. von Ranke:
History of the Popes,
2520-2521 (2459-2460).
O. Kämmel:
History of Germany,
2521-2522.
14. BEGINNING OF ORGANIZED RESISTANCE TO THE TYRANNY OF PHILIP
(A. D. 1562):
W. H. Prescott:
The Reign of Philip II.,
2305-2306 (2257-2258).
J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2306 (2258).
T. C. Grattan:
History of the Netherlands,
2306-2307 (2258-2259).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2307 (2259).
F. Schiller:
The Revolt of the Netherlands,
2307 (2259).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1094-1095 (1066-1067).
15. THE DUKE OF ALVA AND HIS COUNCIL OF BLOOD
(A. D. 1567):
L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
2307-2308 (2259-2260).
J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2309-2310 (2261-2262).
16. THE STUPENDOUS DEATH-SENTENCE
(A. D. 1568):
J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2310 (2262).
"Upon the 16th February, 1568, a sentence of the Holy Office
condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands to death as
heretics. From this universal doom only a few persons,
especially named, were excepted. A proclamation of the King,
dated ten days later, confirmed this decree of the
Inquisition, and ordered it to be carried into instant
execution, without regard to age, sex, or condition. This is
probably the most concise death-warrant that was ever framed.
Three millions of people, men, women, and children, were
sentenced to the scaffold in three lines; and as it was well
known that these were not harmless thunders, like some bulls
of the Vatican, but serious and practical measures which it
was intended should be enforced, the horror which they
produced may be easily imagined."
J. L. MOTLEY.
17. BEGINNING OF THE FORTY YEARS’ WAR
(A. D. 1568):
C. D. Yonge:
Modern History,
2310-2311 (2262-2263).
J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2311-2312
(2263-2264).
A. Young:
History of the Netherlands,
2312-2313 (2264-2265).
18. THE RECALL OF ALVA, AND THE SIEGE OF LEYDEN
(A. D. 1573-1574):
C. M. Davies:
History of Holland,
2313-2314 (2265-2266).
D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
729 (706).
19. THE PACIFICATION OF GHENT, AND THE UNION OF BRUSSELS
(A. D. 1575-1577):
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2314-2316 (2266-2268).
J. E. T. Rogers:
The Story of Holland,
2316-2317 (2268-2269).
J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2317-2318 (2269-2270).
20. THE ASSASSINATION OF WILLIAM OF ORANGE,
AND BIRTH OF THE REPUBLIC (A. D. 1584-1585):
T. Grattan:
History of the Netherlands,
2318 (2270).
J. L. Motley:
The United Netherlands,
2318-2320 (2270-2272).
"Thus constituted was the commonwealth upon the death of
William the Silent. The gloom produced by that event was
tragical. Never in human history was a more poignant and
universal sorrow for the death of any individual. The despair
was, for a brief season, absolute; but it was soon succeeded
by more lofty sentiments. … Even on the very day of the
murder, the Estates of Holland, then sitting at Delft, passed
a resolution ‘to maintain the good cause, with God’s help, to
the uttermost, without sparing gold or blood.’ … The next
movement, after the last solemn obsequies had been rendered to
the Prince, was to provide for the immediate wants of his
family. For the man who had gone into the revolt with almost
royal revenues, left his estate so embarrassed that his
carpets, tapestries, household linen—nay, even his silver
spoons, and the very clothes of his wardrobe—were disposed of
at auction for the benefit of his creditors."
J. L. MOTLEY.
21. THE DOWNFALL OF ANTWERP
(A. D. 1585):
J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
125 (118).
G. L. Craik:
History of British Commerce,
3107 (3025).
J. N. Larned:
The Flemings and Dutch,
3226-3227 (3715-3716).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2320 (2272).
22. THE UNITED PROVINCES AND ELIZABETH OF ENGLAND:
Sir T. E. May:
Democracy in Europe,
2320-2321 (2272-2273).
J. A. Froude:
History of England,
2321-2322 (2274).
C. M. Davies:
History of Holland,
2322 (2274).
23. STEADY DECLINE OF SPANISH POWER, AND DEATH OF PHILIP II.
(A. D. 1590-1598):
Sir E. Cust:
The Thirty Years’ War,
2322-2323 (2274-2275).
Sir T. E. May:
Democracy in Europe,
2323-2324 (2275-2276).
24. RISE OF DUTCH COMMERCE; THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
(A. D. 1595-1620):
W. T. McCullagh:
Industrial History,
2324 (2276).
F. H. H. Guillemard:
Malaysia,
2124.
J. N. Larned:
The Flemings and the Dutch,
3226-3228 (3715-3717).
25. JOHN BARNEVELDT, AND THE ARMINIAN CONTROVERSY
(A. D. 1600-1620):
C. M. Yonge:
Cameos from English History,
2324-2326 (2276-2278).
D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
729 (706).
26. FINAL ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE BETWEEN SPAIN AND
THE UNITED PROVINCES
(A. D. 1648):
J. B. Perkins:
France under Mazarin,
2329-2330 (2281-2282).
J. Geddes:
John De Witt,
2330 (2282).
27. PROSPERITY OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, WHICH BECOMES HOLLAND
(ABOUT A. D. 1660):
D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
2332-2333 (2284-2285).
O. Airy:
The English Restoration,
2333 (2285).
{765}
STUDY XXVII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR (A. D. 1618-1648).
"The Thirty Years’ War was the last struggle which marked the
progress of the Reformation. This war, whose direction and
object were equally undetermined, may be divided into four
distinct portions, in which the Elector Palatine, Denmark,
Sweden, and France played in succession the principal part. It
became more and more complicated until it spread over the
whole of Europe. It was prolonged indefinitely by various
causes.
I. The intimate union between the two branches of the house of
Austria and of the Catholic party,—their opponents, on the
other hand, were not homogeneous.
II. The inaction of England, the tardy intervention of France,
the poverty of Denmark and Sweden, etc. The armies which took
part in the Thirty Years’ War were no longer feudal militias,
they were permanent armies, and lived at the expense of the
countries which they laid waste."
J. MICHELET.
1. CONDITIONS WHICH LED UP TO THE WAR:
O. Kämmel:
History of Germany,
2521-2522 (3767).
E. L. Godkin:
History of Hungary,
1717, first column, (1678).
W. Zimmerman:
History of Germany,
1498-1499 (1465-1466).
F. Schiller:
The Thirty Years’ War,
301-302 (293).
J. Sime:
History of Germany,
1499-1500 (1466-1467).
J. Michelet:
Modern History,
1500 (1467).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1099-1100 (1071-1072).
2. THE PROSTRATION OF PROTESTANTISM
(A. D. 1618-1626):
F. Kohlrausch:
History of Germany,
1500-1501 (1467-1468).
B. Chapman:
Gustavus Adolphus,
1501-1502 (1469).
S. R. Gardiner:
Thirty Years’ War,
1502 (1469).
W. Coxe:
House of Austria,
1502-1504 (1469-1471).
3. THE SUPPRESSION OF BOHEMIA
(A. D. 1621-1648):
L. Häusser:
The Great Reformation,
302 (293).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1100 (1072).
"No succor reached the unfortunate people; but neither did the
victors attain their end. Protestantism and Hussite memories
could not be slain, and only outward submission was extorted.
… But a desert was created; the land was crushed for a
generation. Before the war Bohemia had 4,000,000 inhabitants,
and in 1648 there were but 700,000 or 800,000. In some parts
of the country the population has not attained the standard of
1620 to this day."
L. HÄUSSER.
4. THE RISE OF PRUSSIA:
C. F. Johnstone:
Historical Abstracts,
318 (308).
H. von Treitschke:
History of Germany,
2685-2686 (3768-3769).
5. THE GROWING POWER OF SWEDEN:
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2893-2894 (2818-2819).
C. R. L. Fletcher:
Gustavus Adolphus,
2894-2896 (2819-2821).
J. L. Stevens:
Gustavus Adolphus,
2896-2897 (2822).
6. THE SUPREMACY OF WALLENSTEIN
(A. D. 1625-1630):
G. B. Malleson:
Battlefields of Germany,
1504-1505 (1471-1472).
J. Mitchell:
Life of Wallenstein,
1505-1506 (1472-1473).
G. P. R. James:
Dark Scenes of History,
1506-1507 (1473-1474).
7. THE ADVENT OF GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS
(A. D. 1630-1632):
C. T. Lewis:
History of Germany,
1507-1508 (1475).
F. Schiller:
The Thirty Years’ War,
1508 (1475).
C. R. L. Fletcher:
Gustavas Adolphus,
1508-1509 (1475-1476).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1100-1101 (1072-1073).
8. THE DECISIVE BATTLE AT LEIPSIG (BREITENFELD)
(A. D. 1631):
B. Chapman:
Gustavus Adolphus,
1509-1510 (1477).
C. R. L. Fletcher:
Gustavus Adolphus,
1510 (1477).
"The battle of Breitenfeld was an epoch in war, it was an
epoch in history. It was an epoch in war, because first in it
was displayed on a great scale the superiority of mobility
over weight. It was an epoch in history, because it broke the
force upon which the revived Catholicism had relied for the
extension of its empire over Europe. Germany might tear
herself to pieces for yet another half-generation, but the
actual result of the Thirty Years’ War was as good as
achieved."
C. R. L. FLETCHER.
9. RECALL OF WALLENSTEIN;
THE BATTLE OF LÜTZEN;
DEATH OF GUSTAVUS
(A. D. 1632):
C. M. Yonge:
English History,
1510-1511 (1477-1478).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
1511-1512 (1478-1479).
C. T. Lewis:
History of Germany,
1512 (1479).
10. RICHELIEU BECOMES AN ACTIVE FACTOR IN THE WAR:
J. Mitchell:
Life of Wallenstein,
1512-1513 (1480).
H. M. Hozier:
Turenne,
1513 (1480).
G. B. Malleson:
Battlefields of Germany,
1513-1514 (1480-1481).
11. SUCCESSES OF THE SWEDISH ARMY UNDER TORSTENSON
(A. D. 1640-1642):
L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1514-1515 (1481-1482).
12. THE FINAL CAMPAIGNS OF THE WAR
(A. D. 1645-1648):
H. M. Hozier:
Turenne,
1515-1516 (1482-1453).
T. O. Cockayne:
Life of Turenne,
1516 (1483).
F. Schiller:
The Thirty Years’ War,
1516-1517 (1483-1484).
13. THE HORRORS OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR:
R. C. Trench:
Gustavus Adolphus,
1517-1518 (1484-1485).
H. von Z-Südenhorst:
History of Germany,
1518 (3770).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1101 (1073).
"This, which had been a civil war at the first, did not
continue such for long, or rather it united presently all the
dreadfulness of a civil war and a foreign. It was not long
before the hosts which trampled the German soil had in large
part ceased to be German; every region of Europe sending of
its children, and, as it would seem, of those whom it must
have been gladdest to be rid of, to swell the ranks of the
destroyers. … Under conditions like these it is not wonderful
that the fields were left untilled; for who would sow, what he
could never reap? What wonder that famine, thus invited,
should before long have arrived? … Persons were found dead in
the fields with grass in their mouths, while the tanner’s and
knackers’ yards were beset for the putrid carcasses of beasts.
Men climbed up the gibbets and tore down the bodies which were
suspended there, and devoured them. Prisoners were killed that
they might be eaten. Children were enticed from home. …
Putting all together, it is not too much to say that the
crowning horrors of Samaria, of Jerusalem, of Saguntum, found
their parallels, and often worse than their parallels, in
Christian Germany only two centuries ago. … Of the population
it was found that three-fourths, in some parts a far larger
proportion, had perished … or fled to Switzerland, to Holland,
and to other countries never to return from them again."
R. C. TRENCH.
14. THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (A. D. 1648);
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1518-1519 (1486).
A. Gindely:
The Thirty Years’ War,
1519 (1486).
F. Kohlrausch:
History of Germany,
1519-1520 (1486-1487).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1101 (1073).
15. RESULTS OF THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA:
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1520 (1487).
S. A. Dunham:
The Germanic Empire,
1520-1521 (1487-1488).
S. E. Turner:
The Germanic Constitution,
683-684 (660-661).
S. A. Dunham:
The Germanic Empire,
684 (661).
See Map of Germany at Peace of Westphalia,
1518-1519 (1486-1487).
{766}
"Both Lutherans and Calvinists were declared free from all
jurisdiction of the Pope or any Catholic prelate. Thus the
last link which bound Germany to Rome was snapped, the last of
the principles by virtue of which the Empire had existed was
abandoned. … The Peace of Westphalia was therefore an
abrogation of the sovereignty of Rome, and of the theory of
Church and State with which the name of Rome was associated. …
The Peace of Westphalia is an era in imperial history not less
clearly marked than the Coronation of Otto the Great, or the
death of Frederick II. … Properly, indeed, it was no longer an
Empire at all, but a Confederation, and that of the loosest
sort. … There were 300 petty principalities between the
Alps and the Baltic, each with its own laws, and its own
courts, its little armies, its separate coinage, its tolls and
custom-houses on the frontier, its crowd of meddlesome and
pedantic officials. This vicious system, which paralyzed the
trade, the literature, and the political thought of Germany,
had been forming itself for sometime, but did not become fully
established until the Peace of Westphalia, by emancipating the
princes from imperial control, had made them despots in their
own territories."
JAMES BRYCE.
16. THE RELATIONS OF AUSTRIA, GERMANY, AND FRANCE
AFTER THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR:
H. von Treitschke:
History of Germany,
1521-1522 (3770-3771).
L. Häusser:
History of Germany,
1522 (3771).
H. von Sybel:
The French Revolution,
1522-1523 (1488-1489).
STUDY XXVIII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE MAKING OF ENGLAND (A. D. 449-1200).
1. BRITAIN:
C. F. Keary:
Dawn of History,
144-145 (137-138).
T. Wright:
Celt, Roman, and Saxon,
329 (319).
J. Cæsar:
Gallic War,
329 (319).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
329-331 (319-321).
H. M. Scarth:
Roman Britain,
331 (321).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
332 (322).
J. R. Green:
The Making of England,
332 (322).
2. ENGLAND:
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
121 (114).
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
121 (114).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2885 (2810).
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
806 (779).
E. A. Freeman:
The English People,
807 (780).
J. R. Green:
The Making of England,
807-808 (780-781).
3. IRELAND:
M. Haverty:
History of Ireland,
1794-1795 (1754-1755).
E. Lawless:
The Story of Ireland,
1795 (1755).
T. Wright:
Celt, Roman, and Saxon,
1795 (1755).
4. SCOTLAND:
W. F. Skene:
Celtic Scotland,
2913-2914 (2838-2839).
J. Rhys:
Celtic Britain,
2914 (2839).
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
2914 (2839).
W. F. Skene:
Celtic Scotland,
2914-2915 (2839-2840).
5. THE ANGLO-SAXON CONQUEST
(A. D. 470-630):
F. Palgrave:
The Anglo-Saxons,
808 (781).
J. M. Lappenberg:
England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings,
808-809 (781-782).
E. A. Freeman:
Old English History,
809 (782).
Thomas Fuller:
Church History of Britain,
810 (782-783).
G. F. Maclear:
The Conversion of the West,
810 (783).
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
810 (783).
J. R. Green:
The Making of England,
811 (784).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1042 (1014).
6. THE CONVERSION OF IRELAND; ITS SCHOOLS AND MISSIONARIES:
Sir C. G. Duffy:
Irish History,
1795-1796 (1755-1756).
Count de Montalembert:
Monks of the West,
1796 (1756).
G. F. Maclear:
Conversion of the West,
474 (460).
R. C. Trench:
Mediæval Church History,
474-475 (460-461).
J. E. T. Wiltsch:
Statistics of the Church,
475 (461).
A. T. Drane:
Christian Schools,
711-712 (688-689).
"The rapid extension of the monastic institute in Ireland, and
the extraordinary ardour with which the Irish cœnobites
applied themselves to the cultivation of letters, remain
undisputed facts. ‘Within a century after the death of St.
Patrick,’ says Bishop Nicholson, ‘the Irish seminaries had so
increased that most parts of Europe sent their children to be
educated here, and drew thence their bishops and teachers.’
The whole country for miles round Leighlin was denominated the
‘land of Saints and Scholars.’ By the ninth century Armagh
could boast of 7000 students, and the schools of Cashel,
Dindaleathglass, and Lismore vied with it in renown."
A. T. DRANE.
7. THE SAXON HEPTARCHY:
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
811 (784).
F. Gneist:
The English Constitution,
811 (784).
E. A. Freeman:
Old English History,
812 (785).
W. F. Skene:
Celtic Scotland,
2914-2915 (2839-2810).
8. THE DANISH INVASIONS, AND ALFRED THE GREAT:
R. G. Latham:
Nationalities of Europe,
2891 (2816).
A. Thierry:
Conquest of England by the Normans,
2418 (2366).
G. W. Dasent:
The Story of Burnt Njal,
2418 (2366).
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
812-813 (785-786).
M. J. Guest:
History of England,
813 (786).
Thomas Hughes:
Alfred the Great,
813-814 (786-787).
S. R. Gardiner:
English History,
815-816 (788-789).
J. A. Giles:
Alfred the Great,
713 (690).
"Alfred is the most perfect character in history. … No other
man on record has ever so thoroughly united all the virtues
both of ruler and of the private man. In no other man on
record were so many virtues disfigured by so little alloy. A
saint without superstition, a scholar without ostentation, a
warrior all whose wars were fought in the defense of his
country, a conqueror whose laurels were never stained by
cruelty, a prince never cast down by adversity, never lifted
up to insolence in the day of triumph—there is no other name
in history to compare with his. … The virtue of Alfred, like
the virtue of Washington, consisted in no marvelous displays
of superhuman genius, but in the simple, straight-forward
discharge of the duty of the moment."
E. A. FREEMAN.
9. THE DANISH CONQUEST
(A. D. 970-1042):
Sir E. S. Creasy:
History of England,
816 (789).
Gardiner and Mullinger:
History of England,
816 (789).
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
817 (790).
M. Haverty:
History of Ireland,
1796 (1756).
S. Bryant:
Celtic Ireland,
1796-1797 (1756-1757).
T. D. McGee:
History of Ireland,
1797 (1757).
10. THE SAXON RESTORATION TO THE NORMAN CONQUEST
(A. D. 1042-1066):
A. H. Johnson:
The Normans in Europe,
817-818 (790-791).
R. Vaughan:
Revolutions of English History,
819 (792).
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
819 (792).
{767}
11. FORMATION OF THE SCOTTISH KINGDOM,
AND ITS RELATION TO ENGLAND:
W. F. Skene:
Celtic Scotland,
2915 (2840).
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
2916 (2840-2841).
W. F. Skene:
Celtic Scotland,
2916 (2841).
12. WILLIAM OF NORMANDY, AND HIS CLAIMS TO THE ENGLISH CROWN:
J. R. Green:
The Conquest of England,
2417 (2365).
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
2417 (2365).
A. H. Johnson:
The Normans in Europe,
818 (791).
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History for ready reference, Volume 7Chapter XCVI: Appendix: Courses for Study or Reading (3)
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