Chapter XIX: , page 276 (5)

"The war has had a further result in leading to a movement,
for a closer sympathy between Spain and the Spanish states of
South America. The attitude of these states towards the mother
country has hitherto been somewhat unsympathetic; they have
regarded her as hopelessly opposed to all reform; the
hostility of Spain to the aspirations of Cuba and their own
earlier struggles for freedom amply accounted for such an
attitude. Now there is nothing to stand in the way of a
movement towards approximation which has already begun to
manifest itself, and may ultimately possess a serious
significance."

_Havelock Ellis,
The Spirit of Present-Day Spain
(Atlantic Monthly, December, 1900)._

{631}

"Thoughtful Spaniards will tell you that a change has come
over their country with the close of last century, and that
this change has been developing since the accession of their
young King. The starting-point of this evolution in national
life was the close of the short struggle with the United
States and the loss of what remained of their colonial empire.
That turning-point in the modern annals of Spain caused a deep
impression in the minds, not only of the governing classes of
the country, but of the hard-working middle classes and of the
masses themselves. … Almost immediately after conclusion of
the peace treaty, first a few and then more and more Spaniards
dared to speak out what at heart they felt, however sore and
resentful—namely, that foreign and colonial foes had rendered
Spain a service by ridding her of the colonies that hampered
her revival in Europe and in fields of action and enterprise
nearer home. This feeling spread widely among the masses and
middle classes when they perceived the first-fruits of the
concentration of the resources and energies of the nation in
Spain between 1899 and 1905. Much capital had flowed back from
the former colonies, especially from Cuba and the Philippines,
and promoted a rapid increase in enterprises of every
kind—banks, financial establishments, mines, industries,
syndicates, trusts, shipping-interests that, developing,
perhaps, too rapidly, were led to overproduction, and thus
gave rise to local crises at Bilbao, Barcelona, Santander,
Cadiz, Malaga. The rebound of the last year of the nineteenth
century and of the first few years of the twentieth was a
consequence also of the recovery of Spanish credit, effected
by a vigorous reorganization of Spanish finance and budgets by
the late Señor Villaverde, and by the gallant resolution with
which Governments and Parliaments, backed by the press and
public opinion, undertook to honor both the domestic
engagements of Spain herself, and the engagements that
resulted from saddling her treasury and budget with the debts
of Cuba and the Philippines, and with the cost of the last and
previous civil wars in the lost colonies. The restoration of
Spain’s credit abroad and at home, the successful levelling of
her budgets with a surplus revenue annually of several
millions of dollars since 1900, dispelled the fears of her
native capitalists; and they too, large and small, came
forward to invest in mines, banks, companies and railways."

_World-Politics
(North American Review, November, 1905)._

SPAIN: A. D. 1901-1904.
Four Years of Political Shuffling in the Government.
End of the Queen Dowager Regency.
Coronation of the Young King, Alfonso XIII.
Death of Sagasta.

A New Ministry, of Liberals, was formed in March, 1901, with
the veteran leader, Praxedes Mateo Sagasta, at its head; but
the military party was represented in the Government by
General Weyler, as Secretary for War. Measures undertaken by
the Government against unauthorized religious orders, to bring
them under surveillance, gave rise to anti-clerical
disturbances in some parts of the Kingdom, and were defiantly
opposed by the Church. Legislative elections held in June gave
the Government 280 seats, leaving but 70 to the Opposition;
but any party controlling the conduct of elections in Spain
was said to be able to secure whatever majority it desired.

The general condition of confusion and disturbance was
continued in 1902, and constant recourse was had, in one
region or another, to declarations of a "state of siege,"
involving martial law. General Weyler fought a battle of a
week’s duration in February at Barcelona, with rioting
consequent on a general strike.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: SPAIN.

On the 17th of May, his sixteenth birthday, Alfonso XIII.,
whose father, Alfonso XII., died before he was born, and who,
consequently, had been, nominally and constitutionally, King
of Spain since his birth, entered on the actual exercise of
royal functions. He was crowned that day, and the regency of
his mother came to an end. The coronation ceremonies were
splendid; the oath taken by the young King was very simple: "I
swear by God upon the Holy Bible to maintain the constitution
and laws. If so I do, may God regard me; if I do not, may he
call me to account." There is reason to believe that he took
this oath with a serious sense of the responsibilities he
assumed; but influences at Court, military, clerical, and
otherwise reactionary, were stronger than the influence of his
constitutional advisers for a few years, and the political
distractions of the time were increased. The attempted action
of Government against unauthorized religious orders ended in a
compromise which gave authorization to every order demanding
it.

On the 3d of December, 1902, Sagasta and his Cabinet resigned,
and a Conservative Ministry, under Señor Silvela, was formed.
On the 5th of January following Sagasta died. The liberalism
he represented had no substantial unity left, nor were the
opposing groups in a condition to give more consistency or
strength to the Government. A new Ministry under Senor
Villaverde succeeded that of Silvela in May, and was succeeded
in turn by another in December, with Señor Maura at its head.
Premier Maura, formerly of Sagasta’s party, but latterly more
Conservative, held the reins for a full year, escaping two
attempted assassinations in 1904, and giving place to General
Azcarraga on the 14th of December in that year. The General
was less fortunate, for he enjoyed the honors of the prime
ministry but six weeks.

SPAIN: A. D. 1903.
Agreement for Settlement of Claims against Venezuela.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904.

SPAIN: A. D. 1904 (April).
Declarations of England and France touching Spanish
interests in Morocco.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1904 (APRIL).

SPAIN: A. D. 1905-1906.
Unsatisfactory State of the Kingdom.
Rapid Succession of Changes in the Government.
Disorders in Catalonia.
The King’s Marriage.
Attempted Assassination of the King.
Proposed Anti-Clerical Law, which came to naught.

In the character of its political parties, in the condition of
its finances and in the general circumstances of the country,
Spain appeared to be in an increasingly unsatisfactory state.
Four changes of Ministry occurred within the year 1905, and no
Government was found able to project any policy that promised
permanency and definiteness of line.
{632}
Don Ramon Villaverde succeeded General Azcarraga as Premier in
January, and was succeeded in the following June by Don E.
Montero Rios, who had Don Jose Echegaray, the eminent poet,
dramatist, novelist, and banker, for his Minister of Finance.
In turn, Señor Montero Rios, after a reconstruction of his
Cabinet in October with the help of the King, gave way at the
end of November to Señor Moret. The Azcarraga and Villaverde
Ministries had been Conservative; those of Montero Rios and
Moret were of the Liberal type. The Parliament, which should
have been convened early in the year, but was not called
together until the middle of June, contained no majority which
any Ministry could trust, and all the leaders in Spanish
politics were afraid of it. Fresh elections in September gave
the Montero Rios Ministry a decided majority; but it had
quarrels within itself, and threatening disorders had arisen
in many parts of the country, especially in half-rebellious
Catalonia, which it seems to have lacked courage to face. An
arrogant, insubordinate temper had been developed among the
officers of the army, who disputed the supremacy of civil over
military authority; and in many ways the conditions in the
kingdom gave cause for grave anxiety to thoughtful minds.

Not much, if any, quieting of the disturbed conditions in
Spain came during the next year. The Government stooped to a
compromise with the insolent military faction, so far as to
allow press offenses against officers of the army to be dealt
with by courts-martial. On the 31st of May, 1906, King Alfonso
was married to the English Princess Ena of Battenberg, who
previously entered the Roman Catholic Church, much to the
disturbance of Protestant feeling in England. The wedding
festivities at Madrid were nearly made tragical by an
anarchist attempt to kill the royal pair. As they returned
from the marriage ceremony to the palace a wretch named Matteo
Morales threw a bomb into the midst of the procession of
carriages, killing a number of attendant people, but missing
those for whom it was intended. The coolness and readiness of
mind shown by the young king, and by his bride, excited
general admiration, and indicated a strength of character that
augured well for Spain.

In July the Moret Ministry found it expedient to resign, and
the administration of Government passed to a new Cabinet,
under Captain-General Lopez Dominguez. Then a strange change
of attitude toward the Church of Rome was given for a brief
time to the Spanish Government, as though it had caught the
temper of France. There had been signs of a disposition toward
some independence of secular policy a few years before, when
the strenuous opposition of the Church failed to prevent the
passage of a Spanish law which authorized civil marriage
between persons legally qualified, whatever their creed might
be. The Church continued its hostility to this law until it
succeeded, in 1900, in securing an amendment which restricted
the right of civil marriage to parties one of whom should not
be a Catholic. Public opinion does not seem to have approved
that concession, and the original provisions of the law were
now restored. This drew on the Government a fierce clerical
attack; in the face of which it brought forward, in October, a
project of law which seems to have been modelled very closely
on that French Associations Law, of 1901, by which all
religious orders, along with other associations, were brought
under surveillance and regulation by the State.

See in Volume VI. of this work,
FRANCE: A. D. 1901,
and, in this Volume,
FRANCE: A. D. 1903.

This Spanish measure proposed to allow no religious order to
be established in the kingdom without parliamentary
authorization. It would empower the Government to withdraw the
authorization of any order or association that it found
dangerous to public tranquility or morals; it would permit any
member of an order to renounce his or her vows; it would
dissolve any order whose members were foreigners or whose
directors lived abroad; it would command monasteries and
convents to open their doors to representatives of the proper
civil authority at any time; it would limit the property held
by religious orders to the need of the objects for which they
were instituted and put a limit on the gifts and bequests they
could receive.

This seemed an extraordinary measure to come even under
discussion in Spain. Some of the Liberal leaders were prompt
in declaring opposition to it, and its passage through the
Cortes was probably impossible; but it came to no vote. Debate
on it, opened on the 27th of November, was brought soon to an
abrupt and not well-explained end. The Prime Minister resigned
suddenly, in consequence of alleged intrigues; Señor Moret,
recalled to office, was forced to retire again almost at once;
a new Ministry was formed by the Marquis Vega de Armijo, and
nothing more appears to have been heard of the proposed
Associations Law.

SPAIN: A. D. 1906.
At the Algeciras Conference on the Morocco question.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906.

SPAIN: A. D. 1907.
Franco-Spanish Bombardment of Casablanca.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1907-1909.

SPAIN: A. D. 1907-1909.
The Maura Conservative Ministry.
Unpopularity of the War in Morocco.
Insurgency in Barcelona.
The Ferrer Case.
The Moret Ministry.
Municipal Reform.
Present Parties.

The Ministry of Marquis Armijo de la Vega held the Government
little more than a month, giving way to Señor Maura and his
party, who returned to power in January, 1907. Five changes of
administration had occurred within a year and a half.
Elections in April yielded the Government a majority, and the
birth of an heir to the throne on the 10th of May gave much
satisfaction to the country. The Liberals, however, were so
indignant at the manipulation of the elections to the lower
chamber that, on the advice of their leader, Señor Moret, they
took no part in the senatorial elections which followed, later
in May; and this proved singularly embarrassing to the
Government. Bomb explosions and other anarchist outrages,
centering in Barcelona, but not confined to that turbulent
city, were being dreadfully increased, and a ministerial Bill
was brought before the Cortes in January, 1908, providing
measures of suppression so drastic, especially in its dealing
with the Press, that a most formidable opposition was stirred
up. The Government stood stoutly by the Bill for months, until
its control of the Cortes was shaken by the coalition that
took form against it.
{633}
In the end it withdrew the Anarchist Bill, but raised another
obstinate and threatening storm by the proposal of a Local
Administration Bill, quite startlingly revolutionary in its
plans for giving more independence to municipalities and
provincial councils. Contest over this Bill went on till early
in February, 1909, when Premier Maura came to an understanding
with Señor Moret, leader of one of the Liberal groups, which
enabled a part of the extensive measure, relating to
municipalities, to be passed. Among other things, this new
enactment made voting in the municipalities compulsory, and
elections held since are reported to have shown a heavy
increase of vote, proving effectiveness in the law. The other
section of the Bill, dealing with provincial councils, was
held over for subsequent action in the Cortes, and had not
been disposed of when Premier Maura and his Cabinet were
driven to resign, in October, 1909.

The causes of the overthrow of the Maura Ministry came
primarily from the serious war with the tribesmen of the Riff,
Morocco, into which Spain had been drawn in the midsummer of
1909.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1909).

The war was exceedingly unpopular from the beginning, and made
more so by early reverses in its prosecution. Riotous
outbreaks and labor strikes occurred in several parts of the
Kingdom, but most fiercely at the turbulent city of Barcelona,
where they were suppressed with a severity which embittered
feeling against the Government. This feeling was excited to a
climax in October by the military trial and execution, at
Barcelona, of Professor Francisco Ferrer. Professor Ferrer was
a teacher of high standing and wide acquaintance in Europe,
extremely radical in his political opinions, and accused of
disseminating seditious doctrines in the school which he
conducted at Barcelona. The military authorities there put him
under arrest on the charge of having been a principal
instigator of the revolutionary rising in July. He was tried
by court-martial, without just opportunity for defence,
according to common belief, and summarily shot, the Government
disregarding many appeals from all parts of Europe for its
intervention in the case. An extraordinary excitement
throughout the world was produced by this tragedy, and it was
felt in Spain with reverberant effect. After violent speeches
in the Chamber of Deputies, October 20, Señor Maura felt it
necessary to resign, and the Liberal leader, Señor Moret y
Prendergast, was called by the King to take the Government in
hand.

The Moret Ministry made a speedy good beginning in domestic
policy, by reviving, in some degree, the further undertaking
of reform in local administration which Señor Maura had
attempted two years before. This was now done by a decree,
designed to clear away the mass of ordinances and special
decrees by which the existing municipal law has been gradually
choked since it was enacted in 1877, and to restore to
municipal bodies the liberty and initiative that they were
originally supposed to possess. Señor Moret and his party had
supported Premier Maura’s Local Administration Bill in 1907;
but it had been opposed and defeated by the class of
politicians who are trained to a distaste for any sort of
political reform. According to all accounts, the Moret
Ministry, with a much mixed and uncertain support in the
Cortes, has thus far done well.

Municipal elections were held throughout Spain December 12,
and the introduction of compulsory voting brought out an
unprecedented vote, from which the Republicans and Liberals
drew most. Altogether, there are said to have been chosen 481
Republicans, Liberals, and Democrats, 253 Conservatives, and
over a hundred Radicals of various shades. Madrid elected 12
Republican councillors, 2 Liberals, 1 Democrat, and 7
Conservatives, thus giving the Republicans an absolute
majority. Valencia chose 15 Republicans, against 10 of all
other parties. In Valladolid, 12 Liberals, 6 Republicans, and
3 Conservatives were elected; in La Coruña, 7 Republicans, 3
Liberals, and 3 others; in Córdoba, 10 Republicans, 6
Liberals, and 6 Conservatives.

In present politics the Republicans are said to have gone into
alliance with the Socialist or Labor party; the alliance
having its leader in a Señor Lerroux, of Barcelona, who
returned lately from a long political exile, and who has had
warm receptions in a number of the chief cities, where he made
stirring speeches. "Señor Lerroux," says a correspondent,
writing from Madrid in December, "preaches neither anarchism
nor atheism nor anti-militarism. But he asks for the abolition
of the Monarchy and of the religious orders. He would make the
army the humble servant of the State, promote lay education
and local autonomy, and do away with indirect taxation. And he
looks for the realization of this programme to a well-timed
revolution. Such are the ideas with which the bulk of the
Republican-Socialist coalition will go to the polls at the
next general election. Between these two extremes—the
Conservatives, representing the Monarchy, the aristocracy, and
the Church, and the Republican-Socialist alliance,
representing revolution—we see the present Government
balancing itself uneasily, with a foot in each camp, amenable
to pressure from both, and without any independent means of
support, save that which it enjoys in virtue of its temporary
control of the political machine."

----------SPAIN: End--------

SPALDING, Bishop John L.:
On the Anthracite Coal Strike Arbitration Commission.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1903.

SPANISH AMERICA: A. D. 1906.
Growth of Close Relations with Spain.

See (in this Volume)
SPAIN: A. D. 1898-1906.

SPERRY, Rear-Admiral Charles S.:
Commissioner Plenipotentiary to the Second Peace Conference.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1907.

SPERRY, Rear-Admiral Charles S.:
Commanding the American Battleship Fleet.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR: NAVAL.

SPHAKIANAKIS, Dr.

See (in this Volume)
CRETE: A. D. 1905-1906.

SPIERS, Bishop:
Murder of.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1905.

{634}

SPITZBERGEN CONFERENCE.

"The Norwegian government, by a note addressed on January 26,
1909, to the Department of State, conveyed an invitation to
the government of the United States to take part in a
conference which, it is understood, will be held in February
or March, 1910, for the purpose of devising means to remedy
existing conditions in the Spitzbergen Islands. This
invitation was conveyed under the reservation that the
question of altering the status of the islands as countries
belonging to no particular State, and as equally open to the
citizens and subjects of all States, should not be raised.

"The European Powers invited to this conference by the
government of Norway were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
Great Britain, Russia, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

"The Department of State, in view of proofs filed with it in
1906, showing the American possession, occupation, and working
of certain coal-bearing lands in Spitzbergen, accepted the
invitation under the reservation above stated, and under the
further reservation that all interests in those islands
already vested should be protected, and that there should be
equality of opportunity for the future. It was further pointed
out that membership in the conference on the part of the
United States was qualified by the consideration that this
government would not become a signatory to any conventional
arrangement concluded by the European members of the
Conference which would imply contributory participation by the
United States in any obligation or responsibility for the
enforcement of any scheme of administration which might be
devised by the conference for the islands."

_Message of the President of the United States
to Congress, December 6, 1909._

SPOILS SYSTEM:
Cause of Corruption in the United States Customs Service.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

See (in this Volume)
CIVIL SERVICE REFORM.

SPRECKELS, Rudolph.

See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: SAN FRANCISCO.

SPRIGGS, SIR J. GORDON.

See (in this Volume)
SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1902-1904.

SPRIGGS, SIR J. GORDON.
Opposition to the Disfranchisement of Blacks
in South Africa.

See (in this Volume)
SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1908-1909.

SPRING-RICE, SIR C.:
British Minister to Persia.

See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1907 (JANUARY-SEPTEMBER).

STACKELBERG, General.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY), and after.

STANDARD OIL COMPANY:
Suit by the Government for its Dissolution.
Decree of the U. S. Circuit Court.
Appeal to the Supreme Court.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL, &c.:
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1906-1909.

STATE LEGISLATION, Need of Unity in.

See (in this Volume)
LAW AND ITS COURTS: UNITED STATES.

"STATE RIGHTS":
The question in Australia.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1902.

STEUNENBERG, EX-GOVERNOR FRANK, OF IDAHO:
His assassination.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1899-1907.

STEVENS, DURHAM WHITE:
Adviser to the Korean Foreign Office, by Japanese Selection.
His assassination.

See (in this Volume)
KOREA; A. D. 1905-1909.

STEVENS, JOHN L.:
Chief Engineer of the Panama Canal.

See (in this Volume)
PANAMA CANAL: A. D. 1905 and 1905-1909.

STEYN, PRESIDENT M. T.

See (in this Volume)
SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1901-1902.

STOCK EXCHANGE, NEW YORK:
Report on its Operations.

See (in this Volume)
FINANCE AND TRADE: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.

STOCKHOLM: A. D. 1909.
Lockout and attempted General Strike.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: SWEDEN.

STOLYPIN, P. A.:
Premier of the Russian Government.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1906, 1907, and after.

STONE, ELLEN M.:
Capture by Brigands in Turkey and Ransom paid for Release.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1901-1902.

STÖSSEL, GENERAL.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY); (FEBRUARY-AUGUST),
and A. D. 1904-1905 (MAY-JANUARY).

STRAUS, OSCAR S.:
Secretary of Commerce and Labor.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1909.

STRAUS, OSCAR S.:
On the Chinese Exclusion Laws and their Administration.

See (in this Volume)
RACE PROBLEMS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1908.

STRIKE, A GENERAL: THE IDEA OF IT.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: FRANCE: A. D. 1884-1909.

STRIKES.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION.

STUNDISTS, POLITICAL IDEAS OF THE.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1902.

SUBMARINE SIGNAL BELLS.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION: SUBMARINE SIGNAL BELLS.

SUBWAYS, NEW YORK.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1900-1909.

SUCCESSION DUTIES:
Treaty concerning, between England and France.

See (in this Volume)
DEATH DUTIES.

SUGAR TRUST, THE FRAUDS OF THE.

See (in this Volume)
Combinations, Industrial, &c.:
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1907-1909, and 1909.

SUDAN, THE WESTERN: A. D. 1903.
English Ascendancy established in Nigeria.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1903 (NIGERIA).

SUDAN, THE WESTERN: A. D. 1907.
Great Changes wrought in Ten Years.
The new Khartoum.

"After Khartoum had fallen the palace was looted and
demolished, but on its ruins another stately pile has arisen
wherein Gordon’s memory is kept green by a tablet marking the
fatal spot where on the 26th of January, 1885, he was done to
death. And even as a new palace sprang up on the ashes of the
old, so likewise after a thorough clearing away of the ruins
of Gordon’s city, a new Khartoum has been planned and built on
the ancient site. This new city lies at an altitude of 1263
feet above sea level, has a moderate yearly rainfall of but
some forty inches, and a mean annual temperature of 84°
Fahrenheit; by water it is 1560 miles from the source of the
Nile at Ripon Falls, and 1920 miles from the Rosetta mouth of
that fertilising river. Slowly but surely vaccination is
reducing the small-pox mortality among the Soudanese; the old
mosquito-breeding pools have been filled up, and the mosquito
brigade is still doing good work. Thus the new Khartoum may be
said to enjoy a fairly salubrious climate, which, moreover,
should yearly become more and more healthy. …

{635}

"South of Khartoum proper, across the desert race-course and
golf-links, and hard by what remains of Gordon’s
fortifications, dwell, each in their own settlement with its
distinctive huts, the divers native tribes who make up the
city’s indigenous population. Probably the new Khartoum of
to-day, with Omdurman and the near villages, totals nearly one
hundred thousand souls, and, considering that its geographical
situation so admirably adapts itself to fostering the
expansion of trade, I venture to predict that in another fifty
years Khartoum will contain half a million inhabitants. …

"The material condition of the people is improving; indeed, it
is already prosperous. For the first time in their history the
Soudanese are an absolutely free people, living under a
Government anxious to protect them from injustice and to
promote their welfare; it is hard for stay-at-home Britishers
to realise adequately how far-reaching is this change in a
land ‘where slavery in one form or another has been for
thousands of years a permanent and universal institution.’ …

"To Lord Cromer’s wise counsel and untiring efforts the new
Soudan owes much, and in 1901 the Shillook and Dinka
representatives fully recognised this, when, using for the
simple ceremony a sort of dark green fez, they crowned him
their king. In the name of his own great Sovereign, whose
ensign holds sway on every continent and on all known seas,
his Lordship promised that the sacred law of Islam shall be
respected; and the very remarkable agreement of the 19th of
January, 1899, gave to this hitherto down trodden people their
Magna Charta, for Article II. stipulates that ‘the British and
Egyptian flags shall be used together, both on land and water,
throughout the Soudan.’"

_W. F. Miéville,
The New Khartoum
(Nineteenth Century, January, 1908)._

SUEZ CANAL:
Renewed Agreements between England and France.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1904 (APRIL).

SUFFRAGE, Political.

See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.

SUFFRAGETTES.

See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

SUGAR-BOUNTY CONFERENCE, AND CONVENTION.

As the result of a Conference, at Brussels, in which Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Spain, Great Britain, Italy,
the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway were represented, a Convention
was framed and signed March 5, 1902, the occasion for which is
set forth in these words:

"Desiring, on one hand, to equalize the conditions of
competition between beet and cane sugars from different
sources, and, on the other hand, to promote the development of
the consumption of sugar; considering that this double result
can only be attained by the suppression of bounties as well as
by limiting the surtax"—the high contracting parties concluded
a convention, the first article of which binds them as
follows:

"to suppress the direct and indirect bounties by which the
production or export of sugar may benefit, and they agree not
to establish bounties of this kind during the whole duration
of the said convention. In view of the execution of this
provision, sweetmeats, chocolates, biscuits, condensed milk,
and all other analogous products which contain in a notable
proportion sugar artificially incorporated, are to be classed
as sugar. The above paragraph applies to all advantages
resulting directly or indirectly, for the different categories
of producers, from the fiscal legislation of the States,
notably:

(_a_) The direct bounties granted to exports.

(_b_) The direct bounties granted to production,

(_c_) The total or partial exemptions from taxation
granted for a part of the manufactured output.

(_d_) The profits derived from surplusages of output,

(_e_) The profits derived from the exaggeration of the
drawback.

(_f_) The advantages derived from any surtax in excess of
the rate fixed" in a subsequent article.

Further articles elaborate the programme of measures for
carrying out this agreement. It was to come into force from
September 1, 1903; to remain in force during five years from
that date, and if none of the high contracting parties should
have notified the Belgium Government, twelve months after the
expiration of the said period of five years, of its intention
to have its effects cease, it should continue for one year,
and so on from year to year.

_Papers relating to the Foreign Relations
of the United States, page 80._

Under this Convention, a Permanent Commission was established
at Brussels. In July, 1907, this Commission gave attention to
a suggestion from the Government of Great Britain, "to the
effect that if Great Britain could be relieved from the
obligation to enforce the penal provisions of the Convention
they would be prepared not to give notice on the first of
September next of their intention to withdraw on the 1st of
September, 1908, a notice which they would otherwise feel
bound to give at the appointed time." The ensuing discussion
and correspondence resulted in the signing, on the 28th of
August, 1907, of "An Additional Act to the Sugar Convention of
March 5, 1902," renewing it for a fresh period of five years
from September 1, 1908, with the privilege to any one of the
contracting parties to withdraw after September 1, 1911, on
one year’s notice, "if the Permanent Commission, at the last
meeting held before the 1st September, 1910, have decided by a
majority of votes that circumstances warrant such power being
granted to the contracting States. The request of Great
Britain was granted in the following article of the Additional
Act:

"Notwithstanding Article I, Great Britain will be relieved,
after the 1st September, 1908. from the obligation contained
in Article IV of the Convention. After the same date the
Contracting States may demand that, in order to enjoy the
benefit of the Convention, sugar refined in the United Kingdom
and thence exported to their territories shall be accompanied
by a certificate stating that none of this sugar comes from a
country recognized by the Permanent Commission as granting
bounties for the production or exportation of sugar."

_Parliamentary Papers, 1907,
Commercial, Number 10 (Cd. 3780)._

SULLY-PRUDHOMME, RENÉ FRANÇOIS ARMAND.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

SULTAN AHMED MIRZA,
The young Shah of Persia.

See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1908-1909.

SUMATRA: A. D. 1909 (June).
Earthquake in Upper Padang.

See (in this Volume)
EARTHQUAKES: SUMATRA.

{636}

SUNDAY OBSERVANCE:
Legal institution of a weekly Rest Day.
Recent Legislation in Europe.
The Canadian Lord’s Day.

A British Parliamentary Paper, published in the spring of
1909, gave information, gathered by the diplomatic
representatives of the Government, relative to legislation in
many foreign countries bearing on the observance of Sunday, or
otherwise prescribing a weekly Day of Rest. The facts
presented in these reports were discussed editorially by the
London _Times_ in an article from which the following is
quoted.

"Within quite recent years the principle of the weekly
rest-day has been enforced, with various practical
modifications, in most of the chief Continental countries. It
forms, indeed, a striking vindication of the claim for the
observance of one day’s rest in seven—which was recognized
among Eastern races long before the days of Moses—that while
Sunday work has shown a regrettable, if in some ways scarcely
avoidable, tendency to increase in this country, steps to
restrict it have been widely taken elsewhere. While the
English Sunday has been becoming in some respects more
‘Continental,’ the actual Continental Sunday has shown a
distinct tendency to approximate to our own. … The review
provided by the present report of the legislation already in
force in France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Holland, and other
leading industrial States gives plenty of examples of the way
in which the general principle of making Sunday a day of rest
has been accommodated to the necessities of a modern
community. The case of France is particularly interesting,
since the French method of observing Sunday has traditionally
provided the English public with the most familiar contrast
with its own. In France the law establishing a statutory
weekly day of rest, and making that day Sunday, was passed so
recently as in 1906. In common with the similar legislation
passed in other countries, it allows partial and carefully
regulated exceptions, to provide for the necessary sale of
food, and for such uninterrupted attention as is required, for
example, by foundries. But the application of the law is both
thorough and extensive, while supplementary legislation is to
be introduced, with the support of the Government, to extend
its benefits to all servants of the State and to all other
workers on railways, tramlines, and steamboat services who do
not already enjoy it. On the other hand, while the report
bears decided witness to the efficiency and success with which
the law has been enforced, it notes certain points on which
concession is being made by the Government in deference to the
strong demands of certain interests which claimed that they
were being unjustly sacrificed. …

"The law seems at first to have aroused opposition among many
shopkeepers, especially those who were handicapped by
competition with rivals whose business was carried on by
members of the family, and therefore was not affected by it. …
The difficulty is now said to be settling itself, as the
public is gradually learning to restrict its shopping to
week-days, when there is a wider field of choice. The
encouraging evidence provided by the operation of the law of
1906 in France is supported more or less explicitly by the
reports forwarded by His Majesty’s representatives in other
parts of Europe. The aim and method of the various enactments
show a prevailing similarity, and where they have already been
sufficiently long in operation for a fair estimate to be made,
their success seems to be recognized with but few exceptions.
Material is not available in every case for forming a full
opinion of the completeness with which the law of rest has
been enforced. In Vienna, however, it is expressly reported
that its administration is effective; and although no such
statement is expressly made in the case of Germany, it appears
improbable that the regulations, though less stringent than
those of some other States, are lightly disregarded."

The Canadian "Lord’s Day Act" of 1906 is a measure of much
stringency. Making numerous well-defined and carefully guarded
exceptions for "works of necessity and mercy," and for such
railway service as is subject to provincial regulation, the
prohibitions of the Act include the following:

"To sell or offer for sale or purchase any goods, chattels, or
other personal property, or any real estate, or to carry on or
transact any business of his ordinary calling, or in
connection with such calling, or for gain to do, or employ any
other person to do, on that day, any work, business, or
labour." "To require any employee engaged in any work of
receiving, transmitting, or delivering telegraph or telephone
messages, or in the work of any industrial process, or in
connection with transportation, to do on the Lord’s Day the
usual work of his ordinary calling, unless such employee is
allowed during the next six days of such week twenty-four
consecutive hours without labour." "To engage in any public
game or contest for gain, or for any prize or reward, or to be
present thereat, or to provide, engage in, or be present at
any performance or public meeting, elsewhere than in a church,
at which any fee is charged, directly or indirectly." "To run,
conduct, or convey by any mode of conveyance any excursion on
which passengers are conveyed for hire, and having for its
principal or only object the carriage on that day of such
passengers for amusement or pleasure." "To shoot with or use
any gun, rifle or other similar engine, either for gain, or in
such a manner or in such places as to disturb other persons in
attendance at public worship or in the observance of that
day." "To bring into Canada for sale or distribution, or to
sell or distribute within Canada, on the Lord’s Day, any
foreign newspaper or publication classified as a newspaper."

----------SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES: Start--------

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
Summary of Decisions (1901-1906) touching
the Governmental Regulation of Corporations.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1906.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
Decision in the Case of the
Trans-Missouri Freight Association.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1890-1902.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
On Constitutionality of Utah Law restricting Hours of
Adult Labor in Mines.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
In the Northern Securities Case.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D). 1901-1905.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
In the "Beef Trust" Cases, so-called.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
On Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1870-1908.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
Limiting Police Power to regulate Hours of Labor.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR PROTECTION: HOURS OF LABOR.

{637}

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
In the Tobacco Trust Case of Hale vs. Henkel.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1906.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
Concerning the Isle of Pines.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1907 (APRIL).

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
In Case of Virginia Railroads vs. the State
Corporation Commission of Virginia.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908 (NOVEMBER).

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
On the Constitutionality of the "Commodities Clause"
of the Hepburn Act.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1906-1909.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
On the Right of a State to Specially Limit the Hours
of Labor for Women.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR PROTECTION: HOURS OF LABOR.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
Limiting State Authority in matters touching
Interstate Commerce.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1907-1908.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
On Law against Rebating in Armour Packing Company Case.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
Invalidating Debts to an Illegal Combination.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES:
Affirming Fines on the New York Central Railroad Company.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.

----------SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES: End--------

SUTTNER, BARONESS BERTHA VON.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

SWADESHI MOVEMENT.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1905-1909.

SWALLOW, SILAS E.:
Nomination for President of the United States.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1904 (MARCH-NOVEMBER).

SWARAJ.
The Hindu term for self government.

SWAZILAND.

See (in this Volume)
SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1909.

"SWEATING," ENGLISH ACT TO SUPPRESS.
The Trade Boards Bill.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR REMUNERATION: WAGES REGULATION.

----------SWEDEN: Start--------

SWEDEN: A. D. 1901.
Unveiling of Monument to John Ericsson.
The Nobel Prizes.
The First Awarding of them.

A monument to the memory of John Ericsson, the
Swedish-American inventor, was unveiled at Stockholm with
impressive ceremonies on the 14th of September, 1901, that
being the date of the reception of his remains at Stockholm
eleven years before.

The first award of the munificent prizes for beneficial
services to mankind, instituted by the will of Alfred Bernard
Nobel, the eminent Swedish engineer and inventor, was made on
the 10th of December, 1901.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

SWEDEN: A. D. 1903.
Agreement for Settlement of Claims against Venezuela.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904.

SWEDEN: A. D. 1905.
Secession of Norway from the Union of Crowns.
Acceptance by King Oscar of his Practical Deposition.

See (in this Volume)
NORWAY: A. D. 1902-1905.

SWEDEN: A. D. 1906.
At the Algeciras Conference on the Morocco Question.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906.

SWEDEN: A. D. 1908.
Municipal Office opened to Women.

See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

SWEDEN: A. D. 1908 (April).
Treaty with Denmark, England, France, Germany,
and the Netherlands, for maintenance of the Status
Quo on the North Sea.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1907-1908.

SWEDEN: A. D. 1909.
Franchise Reform Legislation.

During many successive years, earnest attempts by the Swedish
Government, strongly backed by liberal majorities in the
Second or popular Chamber of the Riksdag, to answer the public
demand for a broadening of the suffrage, were defeated in the
First Chamber, whose members are elected by the provincial
Landstings and by municipal corporations. Success was not
attained until 1909, when a Franchise Reform Bill,
establishing universal suffrage and proportional
representation, was passed by the Riksdag on the 10th of
February, by larger majorities. According to a Press report
from Stockholm, "the leader of the Liberals declared in the
Lower House that, though his party had originally opposed it,
they would now vote for the Bill, as the country demanded a
solution of this long pending question. The Social Democrats
and a few extremists of the Liberal party voted against it,
considering it unacceptable in principle and inadequate
because it excluded female suffrage. In the Upper House the
Bill was opposed by a few uncompromising Conservatives, to
whom it seemed too democratic."

SWEDEN: A. D. 1909.
Lockout and Attempted General Strike.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: SWEDEN.

SWEDEN: A. D. 1909 (October).
Arbitration of Frontier Dispute with Norway.

See (in this Volume)
NORWAY: A. D. 1909 (OCTOBER).

----------SWEDEN: End--------

SWIFT & COMPANY et al., THE CASE OF THE UNITED STATES AGAINST.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

SWITZERLAND:
Backwardness of Woman Suffrage.

See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1870-1905.
Increase of Population compared with other European Countries.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1870-1905.

SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1902.
General Election.

The general election, in October, of representatives in the
Federal Assembly, returned 97 Radicals, 35 Catholic
Conservatives, 25 Moderate Liberals, 9 Socialists, and 1
Independent, being a total of 167. The previous Chamber had
contained but 147, the increase of population having raised
the number of representatives.

SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1902.
Use of the Referendum and Initiative down to that time.

See (in this Volume)
REFERENDUM.

SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1905.
Rupture between Radicals and Socialists.
Completion of the Simplon Tunnel.

The coalition hitherto maintained between Radical and
Socialist parties was broken entirely in the elections of
October, 1905, because of the anti-military attitude of the
latter, who sought to have all national feeling and policy
sunk in international sentiments and principles. The
Socialists elected but two representatives in the National
Council. In April the completion of the Simplon Railway
Tunnel, furnishing a second passage through the Alps, was
celebrated with much rejoicing. The work of boring this
twelve-mile length of tunnel had been begun in 1898.

See, also, (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: SWITZERLAND.

SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1909.
Acquisition of the St. Gothard Tunnel and Railway
by the Government.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: SWITZERLAND.

{638}

SYDOW, REINHOLD.

See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1908-1909.

SYNDICATES, German.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL (in Germany).

SYNDICATS AND SYNDICALISM, French.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: FRANCE: A. D. 1884-1909.

SZELL MINISTRY.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1902-1903.

T.

TABAH INCIDENT, THE.

See (in this Volume)
EGYPT: A. D. 1905-1906.

TABRIZ, SIEGE OF.

See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1908-1909.

TACNA AND ARICA QUESTIONS.

See (in this Volume)
CHILE: A. D. 1907.

TAFF-VALE DECISION.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1900-1906.

----------TAFT, WILLIAM H.: Start--------

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
President of the Second Philippine Commission.
Civil Governor of the Philippines.

See (in this Volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901.

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Secretary of War.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905, and 1905-1909.

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Report on the Purchase of the Friars’ Lands.

See (in this Volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1902-1903.

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Organization of Provisional Government in Cuba.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1906 (AUGUST-OCTOBER).

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Special Report on the Philippine Islands.

See (in this Volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1907.

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Elected President of the United States.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908 (APRIL-NOVEMBER).

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Inauguration and Inaugural Address.
Cabinet Appointments.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
On the Tariff.

See (in this Volume)
TARIFFS: UNITED STATES.

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Statement, as President, relative to the
Tariff Maximum and Minimum Clause.

See (in this Volume)
TARIFFS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908-1909.

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Tour of the United States.
Meeting with President Diaz, of Mexico.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Legislation Recommended for the Conservation
of Natural Resources.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION, &c.: UNITED STATES.

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
On Injunctions in Labor Disputes and on the Expediting
of Civil and Criminal Procedure.

See (in this Volume)
LAW AND ITS COURTS: UNITED STATES.

TAFT, WILLIAM H.
Special Message on "Trusts" and on Interstate Commerce.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL, &c.: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1910,
and RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1910.

----------TAFT, WILLIAM H.: End--------

TAI HUNG CHI.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1906.

TAI HUNG-TZE: GRAND COUNCILLOR OF CHINA.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1909 (October).

TAIREN.

See (in this Volume)
DALNY.

TAI-TZE-HO, BATTLES AT THE.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

TAKAHIRA KOGORO:
Japanese Minister at Washington and Plenipotentiary
for negotiating Treaty of Peace with Russia.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1905 (JUNE-OCTOBER).

TAKUSHAN HILL, CAPTURE OF.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (MAY-JANUARY).

TALIENWAN,
Re-named Dalny.
Later named Tairen, by the Japanese.

TAMMANY HALL:
Struggles with it.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK CITY.

TANG SHAO YI.

See (in this Volume)
OPIUM PROBLEM: CHINA.

TANGIER: A. D. 1905.
The German Emperor’s Speech.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906.

----------TARIFFS: Start--------

TARIFFS: Australia:
The question in the First Parliament.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1901-1902.

TARIFFS: Tariff Excise Act.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR REMUNERATION: THE NEW PROTECTION.

TARIFFS: Austria-Hungary: A. D. 1907.
Settlement of the Austro-Hungarian Tariff Question.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1907.

TARIFFS: Balkan States: A. D. 1905.
Serbo-Bulgarian Customs Union.

See (in this Volume)
BALKAN STATES: BULGARIA AND SERVIA.

TARIFFS: British Empire: A. D. 1909.
Resolutions of Empire Congress of Chambers of Commerce.

See (in this Volume)
BRITISH EMPIRE: A. D. 1909 (SEPTEMBER).

TARIFFS: Canada:
Attitude of Canadian Manufacturers’ Association toward Great
Britain and the United States on Tariff Questions.

See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1903-1905.

TARIFFS: Canada and Germany:
German retaliation for Discriminating Duties in Favor
of British Goods.

Consequent on the discrimination in favor of British goods
which was granted in the Canadian tariff of 1897, Germany took
action which is explained in the following, from the Canadian
side of the official correspondence that ensued:

"Prior to July 31, 1898, Canada, as a portion of the British
Empire, received the most favourable tariff treatment in
Germany, under the terms of the treaty which had long existed
between that country and Great Britain. On the date named,
that treaty, having been denounced by the British Government,
ceased to have effect. Provisional agreements have since been
entered into from time to time between Great Britain and
Germany. Canada, however, has been excluded from the benefit
of such agreements. The products of Canada are no longer
admitted into Germany on the favoured terms known in the
German tariff as 'conventional duties,' but are specially
excluded therefrom and made subject to the higher duties of
the general tariff. The reason assigned by the German
Government for this discrimination against Canada is the
enactment by the Dominion of legislation granting preferential
tariff rates to the products of Great Britain.
{639}
The undersigned desires to point out that the policy of the
Canadian Government was not designed to give to any foreign
nation more favoured treatment than was to be allowed to
Germany. The Canadian policy has been confined to a
readjustment of the commercial relations of the Dominion with
the British Empire of which it is a part, a domestic affair
which could hardly be open to reasonable objection by any
foreign government. It would therefore seem that the action of
Canada afforded no just ground for complaint by Germany. The
undersigned is of opinion that there has been some
misconception of the Canadian policy in this respect, and
hopes that upon further consideration the German Government
will see that Canada, in taking the step referred to, did not
forfeit her claim to the advantages accorded by Germany to the
most-favoured nations."

The German Government, however, maintained with firmness the
ground it had taken; but eleven years later, in 1909, a German
Canadian Economic Association at Berlin sent delegates to
Canada to confer with chambers of commerce and solicit efforts
for bettering commercial relations between them. The Montreal
Board of Trade declined to take any action, saying,
substantially: "the reprisals against Canada were commenced by
Germany on account of the granting of preference by the
Dominion to Great Britain. If Germany now finds that she has
made a mistake the Montreal Board holds that she should
restore Canadian products to the conventional tariff, when the
Canadian surtax on German goods will be automatically
removed."

Finally, an agreement was reached which ended this tariff war
between Germany and Canada. Announcement of it was made in the
Canadian Parliament on the 15th of February, 1910, and it went
into effect on the 1st of March.

TARIFFS: FRANCE: A. D. 1910.

A revision of the tariff, on which the French Parliament had
long been engaged, was completed and became law on March 29,
1910, going into effect April 1.

TARIFFS: France-Canada:
Commercial Convention with Great Britain concerning Canada.

See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1907-1909.

TARIFFS: Germany: A. D. 1902-1906.
The New Tariff Law and seven Special Tariff Treaties
with European Countries.
A changed Commercial Policy.

In the Diet of the Empire the committee which had been
laboring long and arduously on a tariff bill reported the
measure in October, and its increase of duties, which the
government did not favour, was stoutly opposed by Socialists,
Radicals, and Liberals; but the Conservatives, representing
the protected interests, constrained the government to
withdraw its opposition and the bill was carried through as a
whole, without change.

"How deliberately the Germans go about their tariff policy;
how thoroughly they study all the strong and weak points in
their adversaries’ positions; with what scientific care they
measure their own manifold interests; how carefully they
guard, in their work of tariff legislation, against disturbing
the stability of existing business conditions may best be seen
from the way in which the new tariff has been adopted. As
early as 1898—_i. e._, more than five years before the
expiration of the old tariff treaties—a Commission of
government experts and leading representatives of the
industrial and commercial interests was organized to make a
detailed study of the needs of every industry whose products
were in any way affected by the tariff. After five years of
incessant work of that character, in which more than 2,000
experts took part, the new general or so-called ‘autonomous’
tariff was enacted into law (but not put into effect) by the
German Reichstag.

"The new tariff law adopted on December 25, 1902, with rates
considerably raised, formed the basis of diplomatic
bargaining, of which it took more than two years to conclude
commercial treaties with the following seven countries:
Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Roumania
and Servia. These treaties, which considerably reduce some of
the rates provided for in the tariff of 1902, were enacted
into law on February 22d of this year, [1905], and together
form the new so-called ‘conventional’ tariff, which will be
applied to all countries enjoying ‘most favored nation’
privileges. Deliberate and cautious as these steps have been,
the new tariff is not to be thrust upon the business community
of the Empire on short notice, but the country is given one
full year in which to adjust itself to the new rates. Hence
the date for giving effect to the new tariff law has been set
for March 1, 1906."

_N. I. Stone,
The New German Customs Tariff
(North American Review, September, 1905)._