Chapter III: of the convention for the pacific settlement of (2)

_Parliamentary Papers, 1907 (Cd. 3453)._

Mr. Coote went on a mission to the Continent and aroused the
interest of the Governments most concerned. International
conferences on the subject were held, in London, 1899, at
Paris, 1902, and again at Paris in 1906, producing concerted
action. In 1904 an International Agreement was signed at
Paris, May 18, by the plenipotentiaries of Great Britain,
Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, the
Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Sweden and Norway, and
Switzerland, the first two articles of which were as follows:

"Article 1.
Each of the Contracting Governments undertakes to establish or
name some authority charged with the co-ordination of all
information relative to the procuring of women or girls for
immoral purposes abroad; this authority shall be empowered to
correspond direct with the similar department established in
each of the other Contracting States.

Article 2.
Each of the Governments undertakes to have a watch kept,
especially in railway stations, ports of embarkation, and
_en route_, for persons in charge of women and girls
destined for an immoral life. With this object instructions
shall be given to the officials and all other qualified
persons to obtain, within legal limits, all information likely
to lead to the detection of criminal traffic. The arrival of
persons who clearly appear to be the principals, accomplices
in, or victims of, such traffic shall be notified, when it
occurs, either to the authorities of the place of destination,
or to the Diplomatic or Consular Agents interested, or to any
other competent authorities."

_Parliamentary Papers, 1905,
Treaty Series No. 24 (Cd. 2689)._

Meantime, in the United States, due attention was not given to
the matter, until it was found that the abominable traffic had
become organized to an appalling extent in the country,
especially in connection with its foreign immigration, and had
a principal seat in New York, with a suspected connivance on
the part of men having political influence, if not official
power. An investigation of the facts became one of the main
objects of the Congressional Immigration Commission which
pursued inquiries in Europe and America in 1909, and was the
leading subject of the preliminary report made public by the
Commission, December 10.
{728}
In this report the Commission says that the white slave
traffic is the most pitiful phase of the immigration question.
The business has assumed large proportions, and has exerted an
evil influence upon the country. The inquiry covered the
cities of New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Seattle, Portland,
Salt Lake, Ogden, Butte, Denver, Buffalo, Boston, and New
Orleans. No attempt was made to investigate conditions in
every important city. But the commission believes that enough
evidence with reference to women of different races and
nationalities, living under different conditions has been
obtained from localities sufficiently scattered to warrant the
reports being used as a basis for official action.

Among other recommendations of the Commission is one that the
transportation of persons from one State, Territory, or
district, to another for the purpose of prostitution be
forbidden under heavy penalties. The commission also expresses
the opinion that the Legislatures of the several States should
consider the advisability of enacting more stringent laws
regarding prostitution. It is suggested that the Illinois
statute regarding pandering be carefully considered. A number
of suggestions of administrative changes and more rigid
enforcement of existing regulations by the Department of
Commerce and Labor, particularly by the Bureau of Immigration,
and amendments of the Immigration act itself are submitted by
the commission.

Legislation on the lines recommended is now pending in
Congress and in New York and other States, while the alleged
organization of the traffic in the city of New York is being
investigated by a special grand jury of one of the State
Courts.

WICKERSHAM, GEORGE W.:
Attorney-General.

See (in this Volume )
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

WIJU.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY).

WILLIAM II., German Emperor:
Statement of his Peace Policy based on Preparation for War.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR.

WILLIAM II., German Emperor:
His speech at Tangier.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906.

WILLIAM II., German Emperor:
His published Interview with an Englishman and its Effect.

See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1908 (NOVEMBER).

WILSON, James:
Secretary of Agriculture.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905; 1905-1909; AND 1909 (MARCH).

WILSON, General John M.:
On the Anthracite Coal Strike Arbitration Commission.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1903.

WILSON, Woodrow:
President of Princeton University.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1909.

WINE-GROWERS’ REVOLT, IN FRANCE.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1907 (MAY-JULY).

WINNIPEG: A. D. 1909.
Meeting of British Association for the Advancement of Science.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: PHYSICAL.

WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.

See (in this Volume and in Volume VI.)
SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.

WISCONSIN: A. D. 1900-1909.
Governor and Senator La Follette.

The recognized "new movement" in American politics which has
been putting a distinctive mark on the last decade, directed
towards the emancipation of parties from a selfishly organized
system, or "machine," had nowhere in the West a more vigorous
starting than in Wisconsin; and nobody can doubt that the
initial force given to it there came mostly from the energy of
the leader it found in Robert Marion La Follette. He had
entered politics when he entered the profession of law, in
1880. From 1889 to 1901 he was a representative in Congress.
At the end of that period he had been elected Governor of his
State, and he held the office for three terms, resigning it in
1905 to accept a seat in the Senate of the United States,
where he exercises a degree of independence not common in that
assembly. All this advancement in public service has gone with
a personal leadership in politics, resisted unavailingly by
the old party organization.

WISCONSIN: A. D. 1907.
Enactment of Public Utilities Law.

See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC UTILITIES.

WISCONSIN STATE UNIVERSITY:
Its Legislative Reference Department and Municipal
Reference Bureau.

See (in this Volume).
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

WITBOIS, THE.

See (in this Volume)
Africa: A. D. 1904-1905,
and
GERMANY: A. D. 1906-1907.

WITTE, Sergius Yulievitch:
As Russian Finance Minister and practically as Premier.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1901-1904, and 1904-1905.

WITTE, Sergius Yulievitch:
Withdrawal from Premiership.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1906.

WITTE, Sergius Yulievitch:
Memorial to the Tsar on Religious Liberty and the Bondage
of the Church to the State.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1905 (APRIL-AUGUST).

WITTE, Sergius Yulievitch:
Russian Plenipotentiary for negotiating Treaty of Peace
with Japan.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1905 (JUNE-OCTOBER).

WOLF’S HILL, The Capture of.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (MAY-JANUARY).

WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.

WOMEN, International Council of: A. D. 1909.
Proceedings at Toronto.

The International Council of Women was assembled at Toronto,
Canada, in June, 1909, being then in the twenty-fifth year of
its existence. Its large gatherings are undertaken but once in
five years, executive meetings being held in years between.
The Toronto session was opened on the 17th of June, and was
prolonged interestingly for ten days. The delegates attending
numbered 160, from all parts of Europe, America and
Australasia, Great Britain sending the largest number. Germany
comes next with 19, Sweden sends 7, Denmark 4, Italy 3,
Austria-Hungary 5, Norway 10, Belgium 4, Greece 3, the
Netherlands 11, Australasia 11, the United States 16, and
Canada 11.

Lady Aberdeen, the President of the Council, in her opening
remarks, indicated the breadth of the ideas of service to the
world which this international organization contemplates, when
she said: "Having proved that we are truly representative of
the women workers of the world and that within our various
councils we have gathered organizations of women of all races,
creeds, classes, and parties, what is the outcome?
{729}
What do we stand for? What practical contribution can we offer
to the world’s welfare?" Turning to the Canadian delegates,
she answered these questions by alluding to the sympathy that
the National Council of Canada had created between the women
of the different provinces and the way in which it had made
them recognize their true relationship to their country and
the world. From this Lady Aberdeen went on to say:

"Our International Council must indeed be of necessity the
strongest peace society that can exist, for if the homes of
the different countries of the world are brought in touch with
one another and understand and believe in one another, there
can be no more war. Again, the health movement which our
national councils’ reports show us is going on in all
countries of the world is one that has within itself
potentialities far beyond the immediate objects it aims at.
What are these medical and scientific congresses, these
international conferences on tuberculosis, infant mortality,
school hygiene, temperance, and the like doing? Are they not
bringing the world’s thinkers and workers into line for the
preservation of life, for the furtherance of a high and
vigorous type of life based on knowledge, principle, and
self-control, for international action in the interests of the
world’s health? Here is work which concerns all women in all
countries, and in which every society has an interest. … But …
the keynote of our success and influence must always lie in
the fact that we lay stress in being more than doing, in the
spirit of our work more than the work itself, in the motive
underlying our union, rather than in our actual federation."

Peace and Arbitration, Woman Suffrage (favored by a majority
of the delegates in attendance), the "White Slave Traffic,"
so-called, Public Health, Education, Immigration, cheapened
International Postage, were among the principal subjects of
discussion taken up on successive days.

The next quinquennial council was appointed to be held at
Rome, in 1914, with executive meetings in Sweden in 1911 and
in the Netherlands in 1913. Lady Aberdeen was reelected
President.

WOMEN WORKERS:
Legal Regulation of Hours and Conditions.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR PROTECTION: HOURS OF LABOR.

WOOD, GENERAL LEONARD:
Military Governor of Cuba.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1901-1902.

WOODWARD, Dr. Robert S.:
President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION: CARNEGIE INSTITUTION.

WORKMEN.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION.

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ACT, BRITISH.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR PROTECTION.

WORLD MOVEMENTS:
Fichte’s Prophecy of a World Commonwealth.
The Progress of a Century toward its Fulfilment.

"Fichte says: ‘It is the vocation of our race to unite itself
into one single body, all the parts of which shall be
thoroughly known to each other, and all possessed of similar
culture. Nature, and even the passions and vices of men have,
from the beginning, tended towards this end: a great part of
the way towards it is already passed, and we may surely
calculate that this end, which is the condition of all further
progress, will in time be attained. … Until the existing
culture of every age shall have been diffused over the whole
inhabited globe, and our race become capable of the most
unlimited inter-communication with itself, one nation or one
continent must pause on the great common path of progress, and
wait for the advance of the others; and each must bring as an
offering to the universal commonwealth, for the sake of which
alone it exists, its ages of apparent immobility, or
retrogression. When that first point shall have been attained,
when every useful discovery made at one end of the earth shall
be at once made known and communicated to all the rest, then,
without further interruption, without halt or regress, with
united strength and equal step, humanity shall move onward to
a higher culture, of which we can at present form no
conception.’

"This was an end-of-the-eighteenth-century utterance, and
events have followed it as if it were a resistless fiat
compelling its own fulfilment, rather than the dictum of a
philosopher. The nations have striven fiercely to carry
forward the work which the great Seer pointed to as the
essential condition of the higher progress. Inspired by varied
aims, and carried forward by diverse means, the end has been
ever the same. The missionary with his religious mandate, the
devil-may-care adventurer seeking excitement, the restless
military caste craving advancement, the trader thirsting for
gain, all promote the ‘Divine plan.’ …

"The pride of independent nationality must gradually give way
to the pride of being members of the great confederations. The
transition from Nationalism to internationalism will be
brought about by a threefold pressure, and will be rendered
easy by the system we have evolved with our great Colonies.
There will be the pressure of the higher organisation on the
lower, the larger upon the less; there will be racial
pressure, as yellow and black begin to feel their power; and
there will be commercial pressure. This irresistible pressure
will be gradually recognised as a benevolent despotism forcing
the practical recognition of the brotherhood of man.

"With regard to commercial pressure. A glance ahead will show
that the Western nations, in forcing their trade on yellow and
black races, are educating the latter into formidable
competitors. Like the Japs they will better the instruction,
and, with their more favourable economic conditions, will
flood the Western world with commodities at prices it cannot
compete with. To avoid being dragged down to their lower level
of subsistence the great world powers will be compelled to
draw a ring-fence of tariffs round their possessions. In our
case the British Empire contains nearly all climates and
resources that will enable it to be entirely self-contained
and self-supporting. The comparative free trade within the
fence will starve isolated countries to come in.

{730}

"There is no reason why an Empire such as ours should not be
much more truly happy and prosperous than it has yet been, if
we organise it scientifically. The loss of our abnormal
position in foreign trade will be a blessing if we exercise
foresight. In the furtherance of the World-purpose it was
necessary that the progressive nations should for a time
worship foreign trade as a fetich, and as the chief means of
prosperity. Nothing else would have given them the needed
stimulus, and forced them to such Herculean efforts to conquer
and keep foreign markets. But when all foreign markets have
been opened up, and we have unintentionally educated other
races, not only to supply their own wants, but to swamp us
with their manufactures, then we must readjust our ideas, and
adopt less one-sided aims. In our ambition to be the Cheap
John of the world, we have developed some of our resources
abnormally, and neglected others. To foster foreign trade we
converted a large part of our island home into black country,
we have been prodigally wasteful of our mineral resources, and
have neglected our agriculture. In striving for foreign
markets we have neglected the best market in the world—the
Home market—and have left ourselves miserably dependent on the
foreigner. This is really incipient heart disease of the
Empire.

"It was providential that we adopted ‘free trade’ when we did,
as it gives a moral justification for our annexations which no
protective nation can show; but as the other great Powers
extend their sway, and their tariff barriers, we shall cease
to need our free trade justification. Then we can reconsider
the case."

_E. W. Cook,
The Organisation of Mankind
(Contemporary Review, September, 1901)._

WORLD MOVEMENTS:
The Making of a World Constitution and the development
of World Legislation.

"In the relations of nations to one another, as proved by
their treaties and code of international law, certain truths
are recognized which involve the very nature of mankind as a
created whole. That is, there is a world-constitution,
unwritten, not called by that name, but existing as truly as
the animal creation existed before it was named by man, and as
independent of his recognition and his naming as the animal
creation was independent of human recognition. Though that
world-constitution has remained obscure and unrecognized, yet
world progress toward its formal expression has been
wonderfully rapid in recent years.

"In the first place that constitution is bringing about the
formal existence of an organ for the use and for the
expression of the intelligence and the will of the world.
Nations, repeatedly, in separate congresses, upon special
subjects, have expressed their intelligence and their will,
and have entrusted to the nations severally the duty of
carrying out that will, as is most perfectly illustrated in
the case of the Universal Postal Union. That is, the nations
are creating a world legislative department.

"In the next place, the establishment of the Hague Court of
Arbitration is doubtless the beginning of the establishment of
a judicial department which will include other duties than the
settlement of causes dangerous to the peace of nations.
Lastly, the formal establishment of some world-executive will
not long lag behind the creation of the legislative and
judicial departments. The world is moving rapidly toward
political organization as one body, and the situation must
soon reveal itself to present doubters."

_R. L. Bridgman,
World-Organization secures World-Peace
(Atlantic Monthly, September, 1904)._

"At the session of the Massachusetts Legislature of 1902 a
petition was presented in favor of a world-legislature. That
petition was referred to the Legislature of 1903 in order that
the subject might receive further public consideration, and
the chairman of the committee which heard the petitioners
said, in each branch respectively, that the proposal was
meritorious. According to the report, the petition is pending
before the Legislature of 1903, with hundreds of signers,
including some of the best citizens. The American Peace
Society, by vote of its directors, signed the petition, while
it also presented another petition of its own, asking for a
movement for a world-conference or congress, with
recommendatory powers, to meet at stated intervals, say once
in seven years. Thus the proposal of world-organization is
formally before the public.

"Since the first petition was presented repeated instances
have occurred to support the main argument for it,—that
business exigencies of the world were becoming so urgent that
world-organization, as a necessity, would precede the efforts
of pure philanthropy or statesmanship for the same end. Early
in the year came the Pan-American Congress. Among its
proposals, suited for a world-scale, were these: a
Pan-American bank; a custom-house congress, and an
international customs commission; a statistical bureau of
international scope; an international copyright law; an
international commission to codify international law;
international regulations to cover inventions and trademarks;
a common treaty of extradition and protection against anarchy;
international regulations for the world-wide practice of the
liberal professions; an international archaeological
commission; an international office as depositary of the
archives of international conferences; an international
regulation granting equal rights to all foreigners from any of
the signatory countries, and some minor plans.

"Other world-propositions which developed during the year
included (in January) the organization of the International
Banking Corporation, with power, under a Connecticut charter,
of doing business all over the world; (early in the year)
circulation by the Manchester (England) Statistical Society of
a pamphlet advocating an international gold coinage; (in July)
suggestion by Russia of an international conference to protect
the nations against trusts and other private operations of
capital; (in July) another plan for an international bank; (in
August) meeting of the International Congress on Commerce and
Industry; and (in December) the meeting of the International
Sanitary Conference in Washington; to which may be added (in
January, 1903) the meeting in New York of the International
Customs Congress. For one year that is a notable record of
progress toward world-organization in matters of business, not
as matters of theory or of pure philanthropy. These instances
illustrate the truth, which many persons still fail to
realize, that the world is getting together at a rapid rate,
and that, as a matter of self-interest, the nations must soon
have a permanent legislative body as a means of establishing
regulations for the benefit of all.

{731}

"Pertinent to the case is the fact that world-legislation has
occurred repeatedly, though no world-legislature has been
organized. … In the case of the International Postal Union we
have absolute world-legislation. … That is the most
conspicuous and most successful illustration of
world-legislation, because it embraces organized mankind, and
because it is so eminently successful. …

"Mention may be made of the International Conference in
Washington, in 1885, for the establishment of a common prime
meridian, at which twenty-six nations were represented. At the
International Sanitary Conference in Vienna in 1892, fifteen
nations were represented. At the Dresden International
Sanitary Conference in 1893, nineteen nations were
represented."

_R. L. Bridgman,
A World-Legislature
(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1903)._

WORLD MOVEMENTS:
The Passing of the Age of Colonial Dominion.
The Coming of the Epoch of the "Open Door."

The old notions of colonial dominion, which had pricked the
ambition of nations since the sixteenth century, came
practically to the end of their working in the last years of
the nineteenth. The European partitioning of Africa, in the
decade after 1884, the scramble for footings in China between
1897 and the Boxer rising, and the Spanish-American War of
1898, may be looked upon as the expiring operations of
statesmanship on lines of "colonial policy," in the
acquisitive sense. As certainly as anything in politics can be
certain, the epoch of the founding and spreading of colonial
dominions came then to its close.

The colonial policy of that epoch meant colonial dominion
necessarily, for the reason that the commerce-spreading
nations of the West could not think of agreeing to open doors
of trade with the feebler or more backward folk of the East.
Each could make sure of marts in the great orient and oceanic
region only by seizing and walling them in, behind well-locked
doors, to keep the others out. Now, however, they have arrived
at a state of things in the world which compels them to think
of the "open door" for commerce, as a substitute for the
colonial dependency, held under lock and key. Several changes
have worked together in bringing this new situation about.

Principally, of course, it results from the near approach to
an exhaustion of the territory available for easy conquest and
colony-making. Africa and the great archipelagos of the South
Sea have all been divided up. Japan, with China making ready
to stand with her, has undertaken a policing of Eastern Asia,
to stop the staking out of lawless claims there. Moreover,
confidence in the stability as well as belief in the
usefulness of colonial dominion is much shaken of late, by
increasing signs of relaxing bonds in the great British
Empire, without much sign of harm to the prosperity or the
power of the imperial nation itself. Several of the outlying
dependencies of the British crown have grown to so much of
independence that they have taken the doorkeeping of their
commerce into their own hands and the sovereign mother country
makes no objection or complaint.

For many years past the commercial experience of England has
been furnishing proof that trade and dominion, under the
conditions of the present day, have little of necessary
connection with each other; and now the Germans, within later
years, have been adding to that proof. The few colonies they
have laid hands on, in Africa and Oceanica, have been of less
profit than expense to them; but, more rapidly than any other
people, they have pushed their trade in regions where they
have no political influence or control, by sheer energy and
careful learning of the conditions to be met.

The commercial mind, which has always dictated the policies of
government, is being thus compelled to turn its thought to the
"open door," and that, as a commercial aim, will evidently
extinguish colonial undertakings hereafter. It ruled the
settlement of the Chinese troubles of 1900 (thanks to John
Hay); it has gone into the recent treaties of Japan with
England, Russia and France; it gave a practicable solution to
the Morocco problem, at the Algeciras conference; it furnished
the ground in 1907 for an arrangement of long-troubled
relations between England and Russia in Persia, Tibet, and
Afghanistan.

Manifestly, the commercial policy of the future is to be, not
the policy of colonial dependencies, but the policy of open
doors. Even the imperialists and the stand-patters of the
United States will have to accept it; and in due time the
tariff-walled nations, after practicing themselves
sufficiently in the dictatorial opening of other people’s
doors, will be ready to unlock their own.

WORLD MOVEMENTS:
For and against War.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR,
and
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST.

World’s Prohibition Confederation.

See (in this Volume)
ALCOHOL PROBLEM; INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS.

WOS Y GIL, GENERAL:
Revolutionary President of San Domingo.

See (in this Volume)
SAN DOMINGO: A. D. 1904-1907

WRIGHT, DR. A. E., WRIGHT, DR. DOUGLAS; The Discoverers of Opsonins.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT. OPSONINS.

WRIGHT, Carroll D.:
On the Anthracite Coal Strike Arbitration Commission.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES; A. D. 1902-1903.

WRIGHT, GENERAL LUKE E.:
Secretary of War.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1909.

WRIGHT, ORVILLE AND WILBUR.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: AERONAUTICS.

WURTEMBERG: A. D. 1906.
Displacement of Privileged Members from the Parliament.

See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: GERMANY: A. D. 1906.

WYNDHAM, G.:
Chief Secretary for Ireland.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1902 (JULY).

WYNNE, Robert J.:
Postmaster-General.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905.

{732}

Y.

YALU, BATTLES AT THE.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY).

YAMAGATA, Prince Aritomo.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1903 (JUNE) and 1909 (OCTOBER).

YANGTZULING, BATTLE OF.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

YASHIMA, SINKING OF THE.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-AUGUST).

YASS-CANBERRA.
Chosen Site of the Capital of Australia.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1905-1906.

YELLOW FEVER.

See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH.

YOUNG EGYPT.

See (in this Volume)
EGYPT. A. D. 1909 (SEPTEMBER).

YOUNG FINNS:

See (in this Volume)
FINLAND: A. D. 1908-1909.

YOUNG TURKS.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER), and after.

YOUNGHUSBAND, COLONEL GEORGE J.:
Mission to Tibet.

See (in this Volume)
TIBET: A. D. 1902-1904.

YOUSSUF IZEDDIN.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

YUAN SHIH-KAI:
His abrupt Dismissal from Office.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY).

YUKON DISTRICT, THE:
Census, 1901.

See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1901-1902.

YUSHIN-KAI.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1909.

ZAHLE MINISTRY.

See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1905-1909.

ZAIMIS, M.,
High Commissioner of Crete.

See (in this Volume)
CRETE: A. D. 1905-1906.

ZAMENHOF, DR.:
Inventor of Esperanto.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: ESPERANTO.

ZANARDELLI, Giuseppe:
Premier of Italy.

See (in this Volume)
ITALY: A. D. 1901 and 1903.

ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1903.
Practical Ending of Slavery.

The following remarks are from reports made by British
consular officers in 1903. By decree of the Sultan of Zanzibar
the legal status of slavery was annulled in 1897: "As I have
anticipated in my former Reports, the number of slaves who
have thought fit to present themselves for freedom to the
Zanzibar Government has been very small. … It is as well known
as ever throughout the Island of Zanzibar that a slave has
only to appear and ask for freedom and it is immediately
granted. But the slaves have long since discovered that
freedom is not such ‘a bed of roses’ as was anticipated. They
have learnt that practically they lose far more than they gain
by leaving their owners to get freedom, and then having to
find a new home and support themselves."

"The slavery question may be said to be at an end in Pemba.
Those slaves who still remain in a state of servitude are
slaves only in name, and they continue to be so of their own
free will, for there is not a man or a woman at this time in
the island unaware of the fact that any slave can obtain
manumission for the asking. A small number of slaves do apply
for and obtain their freedom month by month, but the bulk of
the servile population in Pemba appear to be content with
their existing status."

ZASULICH, General.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY).

ZAYISTAS.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1906-1909.

ZEEMAN, Peter.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

ZELAYA, JOSE CANTOS:
President of Nicaragua.

See (in this Volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA: NICARAGUA: A. D. 1909.

ZEMSTVOS, RUSSIAN.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905, and 1905-1907.

ZEPPELIN, Count.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: AERONAUTICS.

ZICHY, Count.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1904; 1905-1906.

ZIEGLER ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS.

See (in this Volume)
POLAR EXPLORATION.

ZIL-ES-SULTAN.

See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1907-1908 (SEPTEMBER-JUNE).

ZULUS, The:
Their revolt in 1906.

See (in this Volume)
South Africa.

{733}

COURSES FOR STUDY OR READING

PREPARED by C. W. CHASE

As an aid to those possessors of this work who may wish to
pursue in it regular courses of reading or study, the
following directory, as it may be called, has been prepared by
a gentleman whose acquaintance with the contents of the
Volumes and with their arrangement is very thorough, and whose
equipment of historical knowledge is large. This responds to a
great number of requests and suggestions that have been coming
to the publishers of "History for Ready Reference," ever since
it began to make itself known as the best of compilations for
"Topical Reading" in history, as well as for "Ready
Reference," because drawn from the best historical writers in
their own exact words.

Those who make use of these "Studies" should bear in mind that
the first five Volumes of "History for Ready Reference" cover
all times, from the earliest, down to its publication in 1895,
and are under one comprehensive arrangement, for which reason
the numbering of pages in those Volumes is consecutive from
the first to the last; whereas Volumes VI. and VII. deal with
two succeeding periods, of Recent History, and have separately
numbered pages. Hence reference in the "Studies" to pages in
the first five Volumes is without mention of the number of the
Volume.

On revision of the original five-Volume work in 1901 some
rearrangement of matter occurred which changed the page
numbers. This necessitates the giving of both new and old
numbers in the reference to every matter within those Volumes.
For copies of the work purchased before 1901 the numbers are
in parenthesis, and those for the later edition precede them.

The following is a subject index to the "Studies" appended:

ALEXANDER’S CONQUESTS:
Study X.

AMERICA:
Study XXIII.

(See, also, UNITED STATES, CANADA, and SPANISH AMERICA.)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:
Studies
XIV.,
XV.,
XXVII.,
XXXIV.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.

BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA:
Study IV.

CANADA:
Study XLIX.

CHINA:
Studies
VII., LI.

CHRISTIANITY:
Studies
XVIII.,
XIX.,
XX.,
XXIV.

CRUSADES:
Study XXV.

EGYPT, ANCIENT:
Study V.

ENGLAND:
Studies
XXVIII.,
XXIX.,
XXX.,
XXXI.,
XXXII.,
XXXIII.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.,
XLII.,
XLVIII.

EUROPE AT LARGE:
Studies
XII.,
XIII.,
XIV.,
XVIII.,
XIX.,
XX.,
XXII.,
XXIII.,
XXIV.,
XXV.,
XXVII.,
XXXIV.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.

FRANCE:
Studies
XIII.,
XIV.,
XVI.,
XXIII.,
XXIV.,
XXV.,
XXXIV.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.,
XLIII.

FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON:
Studies
XXXV
XXXVI.

GERMANY:
Studies
XIII.,
XIV.,
XV.,
XXIII.,
XXIV.,
XXVII.,
XXXIV.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.,
XLIV.

GREAT BRITAIN.

See ENGLAND.

GREECE, ANCIENT:
Studies
VIII.,
IX.,
X.

HISTORY AND ITS STUDY:
Study I.

INDIA, ANCIENT:
Study VII.

ITALY, MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN:
Studies
XIV.,
XVII.,
XXIII.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.,
LV.

JAPAN:
Study L.

JEWS:
Study VI.

MIDDLE AGES:
Studies
XIII.,
XIV.,
XV.,
XVI.,
XVII.

MOHAMMEDANISM:
Studies
XXI.,
XXII.

MONASTICISM:
Study XX.

NETHERLANDS:
Study XXVI.

PAPACY:
Study
XIX.,
XXIV.,
XXV.

PRIMITIVE PEOPLES:
Studies
II.,
III.

REFORMATION, PROTESTANT:
Studies
XXIV.,
XXV.

RENAISSANCE:
Study XXIII.

ROME, ANCIENT:
Studies
XI.,
XII.,
XIII.

RUSSIA:
Study LII.

SPAIN:
Studies
XXVI.,
XXXVI.

SPANISH AMERICA:
Study LIV.

(See, also, AMERICA.)

TURKISH EMPIRE:
Study LIII.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
Studies
XXXVII.,
XXXVIII.,
XXXIX.,
XL.,
XLI.,
XLV.,
XLVI.,
XLVII.

{734}