Chapter 382: , Laws of 1889, to read as follows (16)

Several by-elections for the Reichstag and elections to the
diets of Saxony and Baden in these months showed somewhat
startling gains for the Socialists. In the Saxon Diet they won
25 seats, whereas in the late chamber, elected in 1907, they
had held but 1. Both the Conservatives and the National
Liberals were losers in the contest, the former most heavily.
The Radicals shared a few of the gains. In the Baden Diet the
Socialist gain was 8. At a by-election in one of the
Brandenburg divisions the Socialists increased their vote by
more than a thousand.

The Reichstag was reopened by the Emperor on the 30th of
November. On the organization of the House, Dr. Herman S.
Paasche, National Liberal, declined election as Second
Vice-President, stating that the National-Liberal party had
decided unanimously not to accept office in the reorganization
of the House. The Imperial party, or free Conservatives, also
declined to take part in the organization, while the Radicals
went so far as to decide that they would cast blank votes.
These three parties are determined to place the full
responsibility for the coming legislation upon the German
Conservatives and Clericals.

{298}

This new attitude of parties, as one side of the sequence to
the dissolution of the bloc of the past two years, and to the
retirement of Chancellor Bülow, was responded to most
appositely on the side of the Government by the new Imperial
Chancellor, Dr. von Bethmann Hollweg, when he made his first
speech in that capacity to the Reichstag, December 9th. In not
many words he made it plain that the Imperial Government’s
policy now was "to stand aloof from parties and groups of
parties; in short, that the government of Germany was not a
government by party. Governmental measures would be submitted
to the Reichstag for adoption, but he was not disposed to
define the constellation of parties which, he thought, would
support these measures. The recent political crisis over the
taxation bill had made no change in German institutions, he
continued. Radicalism strove to divide all Germany into two
political camps, but the existence of such a dualism was a
fiction devised for party objects. It could not contribute to
the sound development of the country for every proposal to be
classified as either radical or reactionary. Germany, the
chancellor affirmed, needed continuous and steady policies,
both at home and abroad, to satisfy the people to the end that
their work, either material or intellectual, might be
undisturbed by disorders or experiments." His words in part
were as follows:

"As decidedly as the separate parties have ever refused, and
still refuse, to be Government parties—and I personally can
thoroughly understand it—so little will a Government in
Germany ever be able to be a party Government. With the
difficulties which arise from this fact every German statesman
has had to fight, and in this relation of things, which is
historic and based upon the peculiarity of our party life and
of our State institutions, the last crisis has altered nothing
whatever. I do not shut my eyes," continued the Chancellor,
"to the excitement of party politics which pervades the
country." But he believed that there were wide circles of the
German people who did not wish to live permanently on
political excitement and recrimination. "What our people
desires in the first place is not to be disturbed in its
actual work, whether economic or intellectual, either at home
or abroad, in the markets of the world, by unrest or
experiments. It wishes to be supported and encouraged by a
policy of continuity and stability at home and abroad." As in
the past there had never been a single party which had given
its stamp to German policy, so all parties must work together
in the future. The question was not one of "actual
collaboration" or of nervous anxiety about the creation of a
temporary Parliamentary majority, but of the conviction that
there was an obligation to work imposed by the community upon
each of its representatives, and the certainty that this
obligation would survive the present turmoil.

It is an interesting experiment which the new Chancellor is
venturing on; but it seems to require a Bismarck in the
Chancellor’s shoes.

GERMANY: A. D. 1909 (December).
The Mannesmann Concession Question.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1909.

GERMANY: A. D. 1910 (March).
Demand of the Reichstag for Ministerial Responsibility.

On the 15th of March, 1910, it was reported from Berlin that
the Reichstag had adopted a motion, made by a Socialist
member, demanding the introduction of a bill making the
chancellor responsible to the Reichstag for his official acts
and also extending his responsibility to cover all of the acts
and documents made by the Emperor, for which responsibility he
shall be answerable in a court of law.

[Transcriber's note: The First World War was fought from
July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918, between the Allies
(France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States,
Italy, and Japan) and the Central Powers (Germany,
Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria).]

----------GERMANY: End--------

GHENT: A. D. 1900.
Municipal organization of Insurance against Unemployment.

See (in this Volume)
POVERTY, PROBLEMS OF: UNEMPLOYMENT.

GHOSE, Dr. Rash Bihari.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1907-1909.

GIBBONEY, D. Clarence.

See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: PHILADELPHIA.

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
Of Andrew Carnegie:

To Building for the Bureau of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS, BUREAU OF.

For Court House and Library for Permanent Court of
Arbitration at The Hague.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1903.

To Foundation for the Improvement of Teaching.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1908.

To Hero Funds.

See (in this Volume)
CARNEGIE HERO FUNDS.

To Institute at Pittsburg.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1907.

To Institution of Washington.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION: CARNEGIE INSTITUTION.

To Scottish Universities.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: SCOTLAND: A. D. 1901.

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
Of George Crocker for Cancer Research.

See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH: CANCER RESEARCH.

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
Of Edwin Ginn to Fund for the Peace Propaganda.

See (in this Volume)
War, The Revolt against: A. D. 1909.

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
Of Mrs. Harriman and others to the State of New York for
a State Park on the Hudson.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK STATE: A. D. 1909-1910.

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
Of Miss Anna T. Jeanes to Schools for Southern Negroes.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1907.

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
Of Mr. John Stewart Kennedy.

Nearly $30,000,000, out of an estate valued close to
$60,000,000, was left to public institutions by John Stewart
Kennedy, banker and railroad builder, who died early in
November, 1909. The remainder of the estate was bequeathed to
relatives and employés. The larger bequests to religious,
educational, and benevolent institutions were the following:

Board of Foreign Missions of the
Presbyterian Church in the United States $2,250,000

Board of Home Missions of the
Presbyterian Church in the United States 2,250,000

Board of Church Erection Fund of the
General Assembly of the Presbyterian
Church in the United States 2,250,000

Presbyterian Hospital in New York City 2,250,000

New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox,
and Tilden Foundations 2,250,000

Metropolitan Museum of Art 2,250,000

Columbia University 2,250,000

Church Extension Committee of the
Presbytery of New York 1.500,000

Trustees of Robert College,
Constantinople, Turkey 1,500,000

University of the City of New York 750,000

{299}

American Bible Society 750,000

Presbyterian Board of Aid for Colleges 750,000

Charity Organization Society of the City
of New York for its School of Philanthrophy,
"to which I have already given an endowment
of $250,000, or to the said school if the
same be separately incorporated at the time
of my death," 750,000

United Charities, a corporation of
the State of New York 1,500,000

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
Of Letchworth Park to the State of New York.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK STATE; A. D. 1907.

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
Of Rhodes Scholarships.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS.

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
Of John D. Rockefeller to the General Education Board.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1909.

GIFTS AND BEQUESTS, Notable:
The Russell Sage Foundation.

See (in this Volume)
SOCIAL BETTERMENT. UNITED STATES: A. D. 1907.

From Mrs. Russell Sage to Yale University.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1910.

Of Mrs. Russell Sage to the U. S. Government.

See (in this Volume)
Constitution Island.

GINN, EDWIN:
Great Gift to Fund for the Peace Propaganda.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.

GIOLITTI, SIGNOR GIOVANNI:
Minister of the Interior and then Premier of
the Italian Government.

See (in this Volume)
ITALY: A. D. 1901, 1903, and after.

GIORGIS, GENERAL DE:
Command of Gendarmerie in Macedonia.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1903-1904.

GLADSTONE, HERBERT J.:
Secretary of State for Home Affairs.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1905-1906.

First Governor-General of United South Africa.

See (in this Volume)
SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1908-1909.

GOBAT, ALBERT.

See (in this Volume)
Nobel Prizes.

GOETHALS, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL GEORGE W.:
Chief Engineer of the Panama Canal.

See (in this Volume)
PANAMA CANAL: A. D. 1905-1909.

GOLGI, CAMILLO.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

GOLUCHOWSKI, Count.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1905-1906.

GOMEZ, José Miguel:
President of Cuba.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1906-1909.

GOMEZ, General Maximo:
Military head of the last Cuban Rising against Spain.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1902.

GOMEZ, General:
Acting President of Venezuela.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1905-1906, and 1907-1909.

GOMPERS, Samuel:
Sentence for alleged Violation of an Injunction.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908-1909.

GORDON MEMORIAL COLLEGE, at Khartoum.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: EGYPT.

GOREMYKIN, Ivan Logginovich.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1906.

GORGAS, Dr. W. C., United States of America:
In charge of the Sanitation of the Panama Canal Zone.

See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH: PANAMA CANAL.

GOVERNORS’ CONFERENCE, on Conservation of Natural Resources.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: UNITED STATES.

"GRAFT," so called, in Municipal Government.

See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC RAILWAY PROJECT.

See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1903.

GRAY, Justice George:
On the Anthracite Coal Strike Arbitration Commission.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1903.

GREAT BRITAIN.

See (in this Volume and Volume II)
ENGLAND.

GREECE: A. D. 1905.
Assassination of Prime Minister Delyannis.
His successors.

Theodoros Delyannis, the Premier of Greece, was assassinated
on the 13th of June, 1905, by a revengeful gambler whose place
had been closed by the police. A new Ministry formed by M.
Ralli conducted the Government until December, when its defeat
in the election of a president of the representative assembly
forced a resignation. It was succeeded by a Cabinet formed
under M. Theotokis, the leader of the Opposition.

GREECE: A. D. 1905-1908.
Barbarities of Greek bands in Macedonia.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1905-1908.

GREECE: A. D. 1905-1906.
Insurrection in Crete.
Demand for Union with "her Mother Greece."
Investigation by the Powers.
Resignation of Prince George.
Appointment of M. Zaimis.

See (in this Volume)
CRETE; A. D. 1905-1906.

GREECE: A. D. 1907-1909.
The Cretan Situation as dealt with by the
Four Protecting Powers.

See (in this Volume)
CRETE: A. D. 1907-1909.

GREECE: A. D. 1909 (July).
Destructive Earthquake in Ellis.

See (in this Volume)
EARTHQUAKES: GREECE.

GREECE: A. D. 1909.
The Government dominated by a Military League.
Its submission to the Dictatorship.

Whatever vitality may previously have animated the forms of
constitutional government in Greece was extinguished suddenly
in July, 1909, by a demonstration of power on the part of a
league of army officers to give orders to it. The Military
League was backed, evidently, by a strong popular feeling
against the Government, partly well founded, perhaps, but
largely due to an unreasoning desire for rash undertakings to
secure the annexation of Crete. The revolution in Turkey had
stimulated this by seeming to open opportunities for breaking
the island away from the claimed sovereignty of the Turks.
What Bulgaria had been able to do in the situation for
herself, and what Austria had done in annexing Bosnia and
Herzegovina, it must be that the Powers which held Crete in
commission, so to speak, could do for Greece, in the present
state of things, if Greece had a competent Government to deal
with affairs. This seems to have been the feeling, to a large
extent, which produced the Military League and the popular
threatenings whereby the Ministry of M. Theotoki was impelled
to resign office on the 17th of July. The new Cabinet
constructed by the King, under M. Ralli, held the semblance of
power a little more than a month, and then had to choose
between dropping it and taking orders from the League.
{300}
When it hesitated, and ventured an arrest of several leaders
of the military combination, the latter, in a body, to the
number of over 500, with about 2000 of the men of their
commands, took possession of a hill outside of Athens, on the
27th of August, and established there a menacing camp. Parley
was then opened with them and they submitted a programme of
demands which M. Ralli declined to accept, and resigned.

According to a manifesto published by the League on the 27th,
its demands, summarized in a letter from Athens, were as
follows: "The officers belonging to the Military League
respectfully ask the King and the Government to carry out
radical reforms, and especially to proceed with the
reorganization of the army and navy, in order that Greece
might not in the future have to undergo any more humiliations
such as she had had to tolerate in the past. The commands held
by the Royal Princes in the army and navy are considered by
the league to be prejudicial to their own prestige and to the
accomplishment of their duties. The officers consequently
insist that the Crown Prince, who is commander-in-chief of the
army, and the other Royal Princes, should not hold any command
in the army. They demand that the army shall be controlled by
a council composed of the commanders of the three divisions
under the presidency of the eldest of them, and the
superintendence of the Crown Prince. They further ask that the
two War Ministries should be invariably entrusted to the best
officers in the army and navy and not to civilians. Among the
detailed features of their programme they ask that four
classes of the reserve should be called to the colours
annually for manoeuvres, that a battleship of not less than
10,000 tons, and eight destroyers of not less than 150 tons
each, should be constructed, that the existing three cruisers
should be repaired, that all the useless small ships should be
sold, including the Royal yachts, with the exception of one
for the King, that a war school should be established, that a
foreign general with some officers should be called in to
organize a Staff service and to look after the theoretical and
practical training of the army and navy, and that a more
efficient corps of _Gendarmerie_ should be organized. In
order to provide the necessary funds to carry out these
reforms the league suggests that large retrenchments should be
made in the general Budget."

The King found a compliant premier, M. Mavromichalis, who
submitted to these dictations in principle, amnestied the
whole League, and took one of its leaders, Colonel
Lapathiotis, into his Cabinet, as Minister of War. Since that
day the actual Government of Greece has been transferred from
the King, his Constitutional Ministers and the "Boule," or
Legislative Chamber, to the Military League. The nominal
Government turned a cheerful face to the world by publishing a
semi-official explanation which began as follows:

"Now that the situation has become clearer it becomes plain
that the sole object of the military movement was the
reorganization of the army and the reform and improvement of
the Administration. The movement was at no time directed
against the King or the dynasty, nor had it as its object the
diminution of the rights and privileges of the Crown or the
violation of the Constitution. The request of the Military
Committee that the Crown Prince and the Royal Princes should
be relieved of their high commands in the army was only
formulated in their Highnesses’ interests, and with a view to
relieve them of grave responsibilities likely to injure their
prestige and in order to avert the discord and hatred which
personal favoritism and the sympathies of the Princes would
inevitably have engendered among the officers serving under
them."

That the League had strong backing in the country was shown by
popular demonstrations, one of which, at Athens, on the 27th
of September, brought 50,000 people, it was said, to the Champ
de Mars, to pass a resolution and to convey it to the King.
"The resolution began by expressing profound satisfaction at
the initiation of the struggle by the Military League against
the mischievous influence of parties on State affairs, and
against the misuse of interest in the army and navy, and …
concluded by declaring the determination of the people to
exercise constant supervision over the Government and the
Chamber until their demands had been completely fulfilled.

"The demonstrators then marched to the Royal Palace, where the
committee were received by the King and handed his Majesty the
resolution. The King, after congratulating them upon the
orderly and lawful way in which the people had made known
their wishes, expressed his conviction that his Government and
the Chamber would consider them and would vote the requisite
laws."

The Chamber, however, was less compliant, and showed marked
signs of refusing legislation for the removal of the royal
Princes from active service in the army. This angered the
military dictators, and fresh trouble was threatened. It was
averted by the resignation of the Princes, and by the speedy
adoption of the whole series of measures demanded by the
League, no less than twenty-three bills being enacted within
the space of an hour.

The dictatorial work of the League, however, had not gone far
enough to satisfy one of its chiefs, a Lieutenant Typaldos,
commander of a fleet of torpedo-boats and submarines, who
suddenly set on foot a naval revolt of his own, withdrawing,
with a few other officers and men, to Salamis and seizing the
arsenal there. But, having the League against him, Typaldos
was easily put to flight, and was captured eventually in
ignominious disguise. For a time after this all went smoothly,
and the Government was credited with a number of good
measures, which its military masters permitted it to adopt.
The situation was ruffled again toward the end of December by
some offensive words in the Chamber from the Minister of War,
Colonel Lapathiotis, which a large part of the deputies
resented. These gave notice that they would not enter the
Chamber again while the Colonel remained in the Ministry.
Fortunately, just at this time, the obnoxious Minister gave
offense to his associates of the League, by promoting several
officers without consulting them, and they were willing that
he should be dismissed.

{301}

GREECE: A. D. 1910.
Agreements for a restored Constitutional Regime.

The dismissal of Colonel Lapathiotis emboldened the party in
the Chamber which follows the lead of ex-Premier Rallis to
make some show of an independent opposition, and provoked
thereby the most arrogant reminder yet given of the
dictatorial power of the Military League. On the 2d of January
two officers from the League appeared in the Chamber, bearing
letters addressed to the Prime Minister and to the two leaders
of Opposition parties, M. Rallis and M. Theotokis, requiring
the Chamber to pass twenty-seven specified measures, besides
the pending budget, and requiring the Government to recall its
diplomatic representatives from Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and
Rome. The messengers announced that they would return at 2 p.
M. for a reply, and when they did so they were assured that
the commands received would be obeyed. A few hours later the
Premier received a fresh mandate to dismiss his Minister of
the Interior. On this, he and his colleagues attempted to
resign, but were so entreated by the King to remain and submit
to the humiliating situation, rather than bring the country to
a state of complete political wreck, that they did so,
excepting the Minister of the Interior, who withdrew.

In the succeeding four weeks, negotiations appear to have
been effected between the League and the leaders of political
parties, with the result announced as follows in a telegram
from Athens to the American Press, January 28:

"An agreement was reached to-day by the Theotokis party, the
Rallis party, and the Military League to convoke the National
Assembly for a revision of the Constitution, with the
condition that the league shall first be dissolved. The powers
of the National Assembly will be limited as to the sections of
the Constitution to be revised, and no interference with the
royal prerogatives will be permitted."

King George assented to the proposed convocation of a National
Assembly for the revision of the Constitution, though the
existing Constitution would be violated by the method of
procedure to be taken, since the choice seemed to lie between
this and a complete wreckage of constitutional government. A
Cretan leader, M. Venezelo, of high reputation for political
sagacity, came to Athens on invitation and conducted a
settlement of the affair with apparent success. The
Mavromichalis Ministry gave way to another, formed under M.
Dragoumis; a programme of constitutional changes to be laid
before the contemplated National Assembly was agreed upon; the
election of the Assembly was appointed for August next and its
meeting for September, and the dissolution of the Military
League was pledged. Such was the situation in the later days
of March, 1910.

GREEN HILLS, Capture of.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (MAY-JANUARY).

GREY, ALBERT HENRY GEORGE, EARL:
Governor-General of Canada.

See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1904.

GREY, SIR EDWARD:
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1905 (December), 1905-1906; and
TURKEY: A. D. 1905-1908.

GREY, SIR EDWARD:
Correspondence on American Fishing Rights
in Newfoundland waters.

See (in this Volume)
NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1905-1909.

GREY, SIR EDWARD:
On the Changed Conditions in Europe that make for Peace.

See EUROPE: A. D. 1909.

GREY, SIR EDWARD:
On the Budget of 1909 and the House of Lords.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1909 (April-December).

GROCERS’ ASSOCIATION, Dissolution of the.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1906.

GROSSCUP, JUDGE PETER S.:
Decision in the Case of the
United States v. Swift & Co., et al.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

GROSSCUP, JUDGE PETER S.:
Opinion in Standard Oil Case.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL, &c.:
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1904-1909.

GRUITCH, GENERAL:
Head of Radical Servian Ministry.

See (in this Volume)
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: SERVIA: A. D. 1903.

GUANTANAMO:
Coaling and Naval Station leased to the United States.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1903.

GUATEMALA.

See (in this Volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA.

GUERRA, COLONEL PINO:
Leader of Insurrection in Cuba.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1906 (AUGUST-OCTOBER).

GUIANA, BRITISH: A. D. 1904.
Settlement of Brazilian boundary dispute.

See (in this Volume)
BRAZIL: A. D. 1904.

GULLY, W. C.:
Resignation of the Speakership of House of Commons.
Elevation to the Peerage.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1905 (JUNE).

GUMMERÉ, S. R.:
American Delegate to the Alegeciras Conference
on the Morocco Question.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906.

GUTHRIE, GEORGE W.:
Mayor of Pittsburg.

See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

H.

HAAKON VII., King of Norway.

See (in this Volume )
NORWAY: A. D. 1902-1905.

HABIBULLAH, Ameer of Afghanistan.

See (in this Volume)
AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1901-1904.

HAECKEL, Ernst Heinrich.
Eminent German scientist, retired from his Professorship
at Jena University on his 75th birthday, February 10, 1909.

HAGEN-HAGEN, LIEUTENANT:
Tragically ended Greenland Coast Survey.

See (in this Volume)
POLAR EXPLORATION.

HAGOPIAN, H.:
On the Turkish Revolution.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

HAGUE TRIBUNAL, The: A. D. 1902.
Decision of the Pious Fund Question between Mexico and
the United States.

See (in this Volume)
MEXICO: A. D. 1902 (MAY).

HAGUE TRIBUNAL, The: A. D. 1903.
Decision on Venezuela Question.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D 1902-1903.

HAGUE TRIBUNAL, The:
Carnegie Gift to it of a Court House and Library.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1903.

HAGUE, The: A. D. 1907.
The Second Peace Conference.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1907.

HAICHENG, RUSSIAN EVACUATION OF.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

HAKKI BEY: Grand Vizier.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (MAY-DECEMBER).

{302}

HALDANE, Richard B.:
Secretary of State for War.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1905-1906.

HALE vs. HENKEL, The case of.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1906.

HAMID EDDIN, Sheik of the Hadramaut:
His claims to the Caliphate, against the Sultan.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1903-1905.

HAMLIN, Reverend Dr. Cyrus.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: TURKEY, &c.

HANKAU-SZE-CHUAN RAILWAY LOAN.
The question of American participation.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1904-1909.

HANSEN, Ole.

See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1901.

HARBIN, KHARBIN: A. D. 1905. Opened to all commerce.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1905 (DECEMBER).

HARCOURT, VERNON.

See VERNON-HARCOURT.

HARDEN, Maximilian:
The Trials of.

See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1907-1908.

HARDIE, KEIR.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1905-1906;
LABOR ORGANIZATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1903; and
SOCIALISM: ENGLAND.

HARRIMAN, Edward H.:
His extraordinary Accumulation and Organization of
Railway Properties.
His death.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1909.

HARRIMAN, Mrs. E. H.
Gift of land to New York for a State Park.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK STATE: A. D. 1909-1910.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY:
Interchanges of Professors with French and German Universities.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: INTERNATIONAL INTERCHANGES.

HASSAN FEHMI EFFENDI,
Assassination of.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

HATSUSE,
Sinking of the.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-AUGUST).

HATTI HUMAYUN, The Turkish.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER).

HAUSA LAND.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1903 (NIGERIA).

HAVANA: A. D. 1907.
Population.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1907.

HAY, John:
Secretary of State.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905, and 1905-1909.

HAY, John:
Negotiation of the Hay-Bond Reciprocity Treaty.

See NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1902-1905.

HAY, John:
Negotiation of Treaty with China to open two new Ports
to Foreign Trade.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1903 (MAY-OCTOBER).

HAY, John:
Honorary President of Second International Conference
of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

HAY, John:
Proclamation of his death.

See UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905 (JULY).

HAY-PAUNCEFOTE CANAL TREATY, Interoceanic.

See (in this Volume)
PANAMA CANAL: A. D. 1901-1902.

HAITI: A. D. 1901-1902.
Participation in Second International Conference of
American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

HAITI: A. D. 1902.
Revolution and Civil War produced by a Blunder of Law.
Resignation of President Sam.
Election of General Nord Alexis.

An outbreak of revolution in Haiti occurred under singular
circumstances on the 12th of May, 1902. As related in a
despatch of a few days later by Mr. W F. Powell, United States
Minister to Haiti, the circumstances were these: When, in
April, 1896. General Theresias Simon Sam was elected President
of the Republic (see, under HAYTI, in Volume VI. of this
work), on the sudden death of President Hypolite, "Congress
enacted a law requiring him to enter upon the duties of the
Presidential office at once, and to remain in office until May
15, 1903. This law, it seems now," wrote Mr. Powell, "was not
constitutional, as the constitution states: ‘That upon the
death, resignation, malfeasance in office, or removal
therefrom of the President before the 15th of May (in any
year) the cabinet or council of ministers is charged with
these functions until the 15th of May, when the newly elected
President shall assume the duties of the Presidency; but if a
President should accept office or enter upon the duties of the
same prior to this time (15th of May), then his term of office
must expire on the 15th of May of the year preceding the time
that it actually expired, thus not allowing the incumbent to
remain in office the full seven years, the time for which he
was elected.’

"For some reason this provision of the constitution was not
thought of, or else forgotten, at the time General Sam was
elected. No mention was made of this section until about a
year ago, when the question was launched upon the public view
by the enemies of the Government. The more this question was
discussed the more potent it became, until it occupied the
attention of all classes to the exclusion of all other
matters. … The several political arrests and the exile of many
persons within the past two years have been on account of this
discussion, they demanding that this article of the
constitution should be literally followed, the Government, on
its part, believing that in the arrest and exile of all such
persons all discussions and agitation of this matter would
cease. But this rigor on the part of the Government produced,
instead of friends, enemies, who were daily gaining strength.

"At the several interviews I had with the President up to the
time I left for Santo Domingo (February 10) he stated that it
was his intention to remain in office until he had finished
his term (to May 15, 1903) and that he would not resign or
cease to be President prior to that time. He had also
impressed this fact upon the members of his cabinet up to May
1 of the present year, when it was learned that it was his
intention to resign at an early day." This announcement
brought a number of candidates into the field, and Mr. Powell,
on returning to Port au Prince on the 11th of May, found a
precarious situation there. He secured an interview with
President Sam the following morning, and "was informed that he
had determined to resign, that his resignation was ready to be
sent to Congress, that he was tired of this constant
agitation, and that he would leave by the French steamer then
in port for France, where he would pass the remainder of his
life in quietness and peace; that since it was the wish of the
people to have a new President he would not oppose them, but
would abide by article 93 of the national constitution, and if
the chambers did not elect a President to-day, Monday, the
country would be without a President."

{303}

One of the candidates, General Leconte, a member of the
Government about to be dissolved, "felt certain that he would
be elected, as he had sufficient votes pledged in both houses
to elect him. This news spread rapidly, the streets became
full of armed citizens wending their way toward the chambers
to prevent, forcibly if necessary, his election. At first it
was difficult to get the members together. The streets in the
neighborhood of the legislative halls were thronged with
people and the Government troops, the latter to protect the
members in case of violence. Several secret meetings of the
members were held. At last the doors were opened, and as soon
as opened every available space not occupied by the two houses
was filled by the friends and foes of General Leconte. As the
balloting was about to commence some one in the chambers fired
his revolver. In an instant shooting commenced from all parts
of the room. One or two were killed and the same number
wounded. The members all sought shelter in the most available
places they could find—under benches or desks. Others forgot
the way they entered and sought exit by means of the windows.
By this means the populace prevented the election of General
Leconte, forcibly adjourned the chambers without date, and
dispersed the members of both chambers. The Government troops
immediately retired to the palace, the arsenal, the barracks,
or the arrondissement, as it was thought that an attack would
be immediately made on each place.

"A committee of safety was at once formed to safeguard the
interests of the city, and as the news reached the other
cities of the Republic similar committees were named with like
duties. The next object was to secure the palace, arsenal, and
the Government buildings. A concerted attack was made on each
of the above places at 10 p. m., lasting about twenty minutes,
in which the Government troops were the victors. It is
supposed that in these engagements about one hundred persons
were either killed or wounded."

The next day, on the ex-President’s request, Mr. Powell, as
dean of the diplomatic corps, arranged with his associates to
escort General and Mrs. Sam, together with General Leconte, to
the steamer on which they wished to embark, and their
departure was undisturbed.

On the 26th of May a Provisional Government, with General
Boisrond Canal for its President, was established by delegates
sent from "the several sections of the Republic." Elections
for a new Chamber of Deputies were appointed to be held early
in July; though the Constitution had declared that such
elections "must occur during the first weeks in the month of
January." This gave a fine opening for future troubles.
Meantime, irregular skirmishing, preliminary to positive civil
war, was bringing all business to an end. On the 26th of July
Mr. Powell reported to Washington that civil war had been
declared. The contest for the Presidency seemed narrowed to
two candidates. General Nord Alexis, Minister of War and
Marine in the Provisional Government, and Mr. A. Firmin, whose
cause was supported by the Haytian navy, of two gunboats,
commanded by Admiral Killick. It is needless to give details
of the hostilities that ensued.

The elections were determined and the Chamber of Deputies was
organized about the 20th of August. The Deputies had then to
choose the Senatorial body, and the strife of factions among
them prevented that election until late in the year, when the
forces of the Provisional Government had achieved successes
which brought the civil war practically to an end. General
Nord Alexis, who had been campaigning for months, returned
triumphantly with his army to Port au Prince on the 14th of
December; was acclaimed President by the Army on the 17th, and
was formally elected by the National Assembly on the 21st. He
was then reported to be 85 years old.

HAITI: A. D. 1908.
Revolution once more.
Overthrow and expulsion of President Nord Alexis.
General Antoine Simon his elected successor.

The Government under President Nord Alexis was maintained for
six years, by its own unsparing use of power, it would seem,
rather than by the good will of the country. Revolutionary
projects had been crushed with prompt vigor before they had
much chance of development, until November, 1908, when one,
led by a displaced military commander, General Antoine Simon,
ran so rapid a course that it arrived at complete success on
the 2d of the following month. The aged but indomitable Nord
Alexis strove hard to resist it, even to the last inch of
fighting in his own palace; but Port au Prince rose against
him; his partisans fell away; his soldiers deserted; and
finally, on the afternoon of December 2d, he consented to be
taken on board a French training-ship, then in port. In doing
this there was difficulty in saving him from an angry city
mob. The escape of the fallen President was described in a
Port au Prince despatch to the Associated Press as follows:

"So serious was the situation that the French minister, M.
Carteron, and other foreign representatives, with members of a
specially appointed committee, forced themselves upon the
President, who finally consented to withdraw. Shouts greeted
him as he stepped to his carriage. M. Carteron, carrying the
French tri-color, threw the folds of the flag over the
shoulders of the de posed president to protect him. All along
the route the people who lined the streets shouted, jeered and
cursed the fallen President, but when the landing stage was
reached, the mob lost all restraint. The scene was tragic and
shameful. Infuriated women broke through the cordon of troops
and shrieked the coarsest insults into the very face of the
President, who strove bravely to appear undismayed. They
hurled themselves, fighting with hands and feet, against the
soldiers, who found difficulty in forcing them back. One woman
with a murderous knife, got to the President’s side and made a
sweep at his body, but the blow fell short, and, before she
could follow it with another, she was seized by a soldier. A
man struck the President a glancing blow with his fist on the
neck. Alexis, shaking his head, so, turned to M. Carteron and
said: ‘I told you your excellency.’

{304}

"To clear space, the troops fired several volleys over the
heads of the mob. For a moment, they gave way, and Alexis,
with the French colors draped about him, was bustled into a
skiff, in tow of a steam launch, his disordered suite tumbling
in after him. As the launch drew away, three Haytian gunboats
and the American warships in the harbor fired a salute to the
fallen President.

"A trunk which was left behind on the precipitate departure of
the President and his party from the wharf, was seized upon by
the rioters and broken open. It was found to contain some
$10,000 in gold and 20,000 Haytian gourdes. The specie was
scattered about and promptly pillaged."

According to a despatch of the next day, "riot and pillage
swept through the night following the flight of the fallen
President, Nord Alexis. The populace, maddened by a taste of
revolt, gave themselves over to absolute license, They looted
stores and residences and then fought among themselves over
the booty until an armed force, hastily gathered together by
General Poitevin, fired a volley into the mob and finally
drove them into hiding. In all, twelve persons were killed and
many wounded before order was restored. …

"Past 90 years of age—how many years beyond nobody knows—Nord
Alexis had faced his foes with the strength and determination
of a man in the very prime of life. To-day he said: ‘The
courageous conduct of M. Carteron (the French minister) saved
my life.’ … The President was broken-hearted over the attitude
of his people, of whose hostility he was entirely ignorant.
‘They always cheered me when I appealed in the streets,’ he
said mournfully, ‘and I have always labored for their good.’

"He protested against the ‘legend’ that he ever had shown any
enmity toward the whites, and, for the first time, expressed
his views with regard to the summary executions which took
place on March 15th last, when many men were shot to death by
order of General Leconte. He had always been convinced, he
said, that the men had been killed during an attack upon the
palace. His officials and those upon whom he depended had kept
back the truth from him.

"With regard to his destination, Nord Alexis said that he
would wait until he could be transported to Jamaica, Saint
Thomas or Martinique."

General Simon and his victorious army of rebellion entered the
capital on the 5th. Some degree of order had been restored by
a Committee of Safety, under ex-President Legitime, but fresh
strifes were imminent between rival candidates for the vacant
presidency. Simon, with his military following, brushed them
aside, and obtained a unanimous election by the Haitian
Congress on the 17th, assuming office as President on the
20th.

HAITI: A. D. 1909.
The Haitian People.
The splendid industry of the Women.
The curse of the country in its Military Government.

"Four-fifths of the Haitians—the peasantry of the country,
that is to say—are hard working, peaceable country people.
These four-fifths of 3,000,000 are entirely negro in race, and
probably represent a mingling of West African types from
Senegambia, Dahomé, and the Congo. It is a race which
exhibits, away from the towns, a fine physical development;
its skin colour is much darker and the negro type more
pronounced than in the United States. … The women are the best
part of the nation They are splendid, unremitting toilers. In
the face of all discouragements with, which a bad Government
clouds their existence the women of Haiti almost remind one of
certain patient types of ant or termite, who, as fast as you
destroy their labour of months or days, hasten to repair it
with unslacking energy.

"The curse of Haiti from the day she established her
independence in 1804 to the present time is the tyrannical and
wasteful Government of the military party. … Scarcely a
President in the history of Haiti has not been a military man
and the favourite leader, for the time being, of the major
portion of the army. … That President Antoine Simon will
follow in the bloody footsteps of all his Presidential
predecessors is improbable. He is a man of obviously kindly
nature, with a record of 22 years’ essentially clement
government of the great southern province of Haiti; but he is
an old man of imperfect education, and though he may turn out
a complete surprise, yet so far he has done nothing to improve
the conditions of political elections. The whole power of the
country is still entirely based on the soldiers."

_Sir Harry Johnston,
in The London Times, April 13, 1909._

HEARST, William R.:
Candidacy for Mayor of New York.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1905 and 1909.

HEARST, William R.:
Candidacy for Governor of New York State.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK STATE: A. D. 1906-1910.

HEDERVARY MINISTRY.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1902-1903.

HENEY, FRANCIS J.

See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: SAN FRANCISCO,
and UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

HENRIQUES, CAMPOS.

See (in this Volume)
PORTUGAL: A. D. 1906-1909.

HENRY PHIPPS INSTITUTE.

See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH: TUBERCULOSIS.

HENRY, Prince of Prussia:
Visit to the United States.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902 (FEBRUARY-MARCH).

HEPBURN ACT.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1870-1908, and 1906-1909.

HERMANN, BINGER:
U. S. Commissioner of the Land Office, involved in Land Frauds.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

HERO FUNDS.

See (in this Volume)
CARNEGIE HERO FUNDS.

HERREROS, The.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1904-1905, and
GERMANY: A. D. 1906-1907.

HERRING, A. M.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: AERONAUTICS.

HERVÉ, Gustave:
Apostle of Anti-Militarism in France.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.

HERZEGOVINA.

See (in this Volume)
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

HETCH HETCHY PROJECT, The.

See (in this Volume)
SAN FRANCISCO: A. D. 1901-1909.

HICKS-BEACH, SIR MICHAEL:
Retirement from the English Chancellorship of the Exchequer.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1902 (JULY).

HIGHBINDER ASSOCIATIONS, CHINESE.

See (in this Volume)
SAN FRANCISCO: A. D. 1902.

{305}

HILL, David Jayne:
Commissioner Plenipotentiary to the Second Peace Conference.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1907.

HILL, James J.:
His connection with the Northern Securities Case.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905.

HILMI PASHA.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1902-1903; 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER), and after.

HINDU DISAFFECTION.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1907-1909.

HINDU IMMIGRATION:
The Resistance to in South Africa, Australia, and elsewhere.

See (in this Volume)
RACE PROBLEMS.

HISGEN, Thomas L.:
Nominated for President of the United States.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908 (APRIL-NOVEMBER).

HITCHCOCK, Ethan Allen:
Secretary of the Interior.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905, 1903-1906, and 1905-1909.

HITCHCOCK, Frank H.:
Postmaster-General.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

HOFF, JACOBUS HENRICUS VAN’T.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

HOHENLOHE, Prince.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1905-1906.

"HOLDING COMPANY," The:
Decision of its Illegality as a method of Combination
between Corporations.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905.

HOLLAND.

See (in this Volume and Volume III)
NETHERLANDS.

HOLSTEIN, Herr von:
On the German "Navy Fever."

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1907-1909.

HOLSTEIN-LEDREBORG MINISTRY.

See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1905-1909.

HOLY SEE.

See (in this Volume and Volume IV)
PAPACY.

"HOLY WAR," IN ARABIA.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1903-1905.

HOMEL, JEWISH MASSACRE AT.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1901-1904.

HONDURAS.

See (in this Volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA.

HORUP, M.

See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1901.

HOTTENTOTS, REVOLT OF THE.

See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1906-1907.

HOURS OF LABOR.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902;
GERMANY: A. D. 1908.
Also,
LABOR PROTECTION: HOURS OF LABOR; and
LABOR REMUNERATION: WAGES AND COST OF LIVING.

HOUSING AND TOWN-PLANNING ACT.

See (in this Volume)
SOCIAL BETTERMENT: ENGLAND: A. D. 1909.

HSIHOYEN, BATTLE OF.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

HSUAN-TUNG:
Child-Emperor of China.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1908 (NOVEMBER).

HUDSON BAY REGION: A. D. 1903-1904.
Canadian measures to establish Sovereignty over Land and Sea.

See (in this Volume )
CANADA: A. D. 1903-1904.

HUDSON BAY REGION:
Projected Railway from the Canadian Northwest.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: CANADA: A. D. 1908-1909.

HUDSON-FULTON COMMEMORATION.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK STATE: A. D. 1909.

HUDSON TUNNELS.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1900-1909.

HUGHES, Charles Evans:
Counsel of the Legislative Joint Committee to Investigate
Life Insurance Companies in New York.

See (in this Volume)
INSURANCE, LIFE.

HUGHES, Charles Evans:
Governor of the State of New York.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK STATE: A. D. 1906-1910.
Also,
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: UNITED STATES, and PUBLIC UTILITIES.

HUGHES, Charles Evans:
On the Proposed Income Tax Amendment to the Constitution
of the United States.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (JULY).

HUMPHREY, Judge:
Immunity Decision in "Beef Trust" Case.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

HUNGARY.

See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

HYDE, Dr. Douglas:
Founder of Gaelic League.

See (in this Volume)
IRELAND: A. D. 1893-1907.

HYDE, HENRY B.:
Founder of the Equitable Life Assurance Society.

See (in this Volume)
INSURANCE, LIFE.

HYDE, James Hazen:
Relations to the Equitable Life Assurance Society.

See (in this Volume)
INSURANCE, LIFE.

I.

ICELAND:
Its Ancient Claims to Nationality.

Within the last few years the Icelanders have been asserting
their ancient right to a national life of their own so
seriously that the King of Denmark has exerted himself to
soothe their discontent with but partial success. For many
historical reasons Iceland ought to have an independent
standing among the European states. For some of those reasons
its people seem fairly entitled to recognition as the foremost
representatives of the old Norse or Scandinavian race. Their
ancestors were men of the best blood of Norway, who quitted
that country in the ninth century and took possession of the
arctic island, because they would not submit to the despotism
established by Harold the Fairhaired. That they took with them
the best culture of their race and time is proved by the fact
that almost everything we know of the old Norse literature,
and of the mythology and history embedded in it, was preserved
by their pens. Learning was cherished and cultivated among
them from the first: and they had the capacity and the spirit
for self-government from the first. Before the end of the
tenth century they had adopted a republican constitution and
founded a commonwealth which endured for about 300 years. This
antedated the rise of the city republics of Italy and the free
cantons of the Swiss by one or two centuries at the least.

The Icelandic republic was destroyed at last by feuds among
its leading families, which invited Norwegian intervention
from time to time, and subjected the island to the parent
kingdom in the end. Late in the fourteenth century the three
Scandinavian kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark were
joined in a union which did not endure.
{306}
Its dissolution left Norway, with Iceland as a dependency,
attached to Denmark, and that connection was maintained till
1814. Norway was then transferred from the Danish to the
Swedish crown; but Iceland was still kept as a part of the
dominion of the Danish King. Norway regained national
distinctness and independence in 1905, and now it is to be
hoped that Iceland will have its just turn.

The island has never been governed as a mere province of
Denmark, but always under its own laws. Its old representative
assembly, the Althing, was suspended during most of the first
half of the last century, but revived in 1845 as a merely
consultative assembly. As such it voiced very steadily the
claim of the Icelanders to more of autonomy and political
distinctness than their Danish lord was willing to yield. In
1874, however, at the 1,000th anniversary of the Icelandic
settlement, he granted a constitution which reinvested the
Althing with legislative powers, and met the wishes of the
island in other important ways; but not so far as to produce
content.

IDAHO: A. D. 1905-1907.
Murder of ex-Governor Steunenberg.
Trial and acquittal of Haywood.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1899-1907.

IDE, HENRY CLAY:
Governor-General of the Philippine Islands.

See (in this Volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1906-1907.

IGNATIEFF, COUNT ALEXEI:
Assassination.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1906.

ILLINOIS: A. D. 1899.
Enactment of the first Juvenile Court Law.

See (in this Volume)
CHILDREN, UNDER THE LAW: AS OFFENDERS.

IMAM, ALI.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1907-1909.

----------IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION: Start--------

IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION: Australia: A. D. 1909.
The needs of the country.
The attitude of the people toward Immigration.
The difficulties.

Speaking at a dinner in his honor, given in London, after his
return from five years of service as Governor-General of
Australia, Lord Northcote touched on what he described as "the
Aaron’s rod of all political questions in Australia, which, if
it does not swallow up the others, at all events the others
depend upon it,"—meaning the increase of Australia’s
population. As to the attitude of Australia to the immigration
question he said: "No doubt, from time to time certain
over-zealous officials have made mistakes which have
prejudiced Australia in the eyes of the British public, but I
do not believe that anything in the nature of a fixed desire
to keep out men who are able to sustain themselves by their
labour has ever existed. Of course, Australia has her number
of unemployables, and is not prepared to import more from the
old country. Then I come to the very important question of
coloured immigration, and that is a question we should look at
from an Australian as well as from a British point of view. …

"Suppose Australia or Canada confronted by the presence of a
large number of Asiatics, men of ability enough to hold their
own, men who, if they come there, come to stay, and it is
quite conceivable from an Australian point of view that if
they do not rigidly secure themselves against the possibility
of being swamped by Asiatic labour, they may be presented with
a problem even more serious than is the great negro question
in the United States. I say this to show that there is more to
be said for the Australian point of view than some people are
inclined to suppose. Of course a great deal depends upon
whether the huge northern territory can be populated by white
men. Upon that I hesitate to pronounce a definite opinion. I
believe it is possible for a white man, if he is steady,
sober, and careful, to colonize for a time this great tropical
land; but it is a very serious matter how far the climate is
suitable for women and children, and whether we can hope from
generation to generation that a healthy and virile race can
continue to live and breed in that climate. The territory is
over half a million square miles in extent, and the white
population is well under 2,000 people. …