Chapter XCV: Appendix: Courses for Study or Reading (2)
V. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2768-2769 (2694-2695).
J. A. Froude:
Cæsar,
2770-2771 (2696-2697).
Goldwin Smith:
Last Republicans of Rome,
2771 (2697).
16. THE TRIUMVIRATES; RISE OF THE EMPIRE
(B. C. 44-31):
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
2772-2773 (2698).
W. W. Capes:
The Early Empire,
2773-2775 (2699-2701).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2775 (2701).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
355 (345).
17. CONQUEST OF THE WORLD:
G. Long:
Decline of Roman Republic,
3053 (2973).
J. Cæsar:
Gallic War,
1444-1445 (1411-1412).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1641 (1603).
P. Smith:
History of the World,
2961-2963 (2884-2886).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2236-2237 (2192-2193).
A. Hirtius:
The Alexandrian War,
46 (39).
J. Cæsar:
Gallic War,
329 (319).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
329-331, 1463-1464 (319-321, 1430-1431).
STUDY XII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
1. TRANSITION FROM THE REPUBLIC TO THE EMPIRE:
W. W. Capes:
The Early Empire,
2773-2775 (2699-2701).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
196, 355 (189, 345).
W. Ramsay:
Roman Antiquities,
196 (189).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1032 (1004).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2773 (2699).
2. THE RISING INFLUENCE OF THE PRÆTORIAN GUARDS:
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2040 (1996).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2040 (1996).
W. Ramsay:
Roman Antiquities,
2655 (2583).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2655 (2583).
B. G. Niebuhr:
History of Rome,
2776 (2702).
3. THE JULIAN AND CHRISTIAN ERA:
Sir H. Nicholas:
Chronology of History,
357-358 (347-348)
W. Hales:
Analysis of Chronology,
358, 1011 (348, 984).
T. Keim:
Jesus of Nazara,
1960-1961 (1919-1920).
4. THE JULIAN LINE
(B. C. 31-A. D. 70):
T. De Quincey:
The Cæsars,
2782 (2708).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of the Roman Empire,
1975 (1934).
B. G. Niebuhr:
History of Rome,
2775-2776 (2701-2702).
Suetonius:
Lives of the Twelve Cæsars,
2776-2777 (2702-2703).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2777-2779 (2703-2705).
T. Keightley:
Roman Empire,
2779-2780 (2705-2706).
5. NERO; THE BURNING OF ROME AND PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS
(A. D. 64-68):
T. De Quincey:
The Cæsars,
2780-2781 (2706-2707).
F. W. Farrar:
Early Days of Christianity,
2781-2782 (2707-2708).
6. THE FLAVIAN LINE
(A. D. 69-192):
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of the Roman Empire,
1159 (1129).
(a) Vespasian-Domitian (69-96):
Y. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2783-2785 (2709-2711).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
1962-1963 (1921-1922).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1963 (1922).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2632-2633 (2560-2561).
E. Edwards:
Memoirs of Libraries,
2049-2050 (2005-2006).
(b) Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian
(A. D. 96-138).
R. W. Browne:
History of Rome,
2785-2787 (2713).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1963-1964 (1922-1923).
(c) The Antonines (138-192).
F. W. Farrar:
Seekers after God,
2787-2788 (2714).
E. Renan:
English Conferences,
2788 (2714).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2788-2789 (2714-2715).
"If a man were called to fix the period in the history of the
world during which the condition of the human race was most
happy and prosperous, he would, without hesitation, name that
which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of
Commodus. The vast extent of the Roman Empire was governed by
absolute power, under the guidance of virtue and wisdom. The
armies were restrained by the firm but gentle hand of four
successive Emperors whose characters and authority commanded
involuntary respect."
E. GIBBON.
7. COMMODUS TO CONSTANTINE
(A. D. 192-305):
T. Keightley:
Outlines of History,
2789-2790 (2716).
J. C. Robertson:
History of Christian Church,
2790 (2716).
W.C. Taylor:
Ancient History,
2790-2791 (2716-2717).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2472-2473 (2413-2414).
B. F. Westcott:
History of Religious Thought,
454 (440).
G. Uhlhorn:
Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,
456 (442).
8. THE CONSTANTINES
(A. D. 305-361):
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2793-2794, 2795-2796 (2719-2720, 2721-2722).
Eusebius:
Ecclesiastical History,
2794 (2720).
E. L. Cutts:
Constantine the Great,
2795 (2721).
9. CHRISTIANITY BECOMES THE STATE RELIGION
(A. D. 323-):
E. L. Cutts:
Constantine the Great,
2794-1795 (2720-2721).
A. Neander:
History of Christian Religion.
2795 (2721).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2795 (2721).
G. P. Fisher:
The Christian Church,
465 (451).
A. Carr:
Christianity and Roman Empire,
465-466 (451-2).
H. H. Milman:
History of Christianity,
467 (453).
J. N. Lamed:
Europe,
1035-1036 (1007-1008).
"Shortly after the beginning of the fourth century there
occurred an event which, had it been predicted in the days of
Nero or even of Decius, would have been deemed a wild fancy.
It was nothing less than the conversion of the Roman Emperor
to the Christian faith. It was an event of momentous
importance in the history of the Christian religion. The Roman
Empire, from being the enemy and persecutor of the Church,
thenceforward became its protector and patron. The Church
entered into an alliance with the State, which was to prove
fruitful of consequences, both good and evil, in the
subsequent history of Europe. Christianity was now to reap the
advantages and incur the dangers arising from the friendship
of earthly rulers, and from a close connection with the civil
authority."
G. P. FISHER.
{747}
"This important crisis in the history of Christianity almost
forcibly arrests attention to contemplate the change wrought
in Christianity by its advancement into a dominant power in
the State. By ceasing to exist as a separate community, and by
advancing its pretensions to influence the general government
of mankind, Christianity, to a certain extent, forfeited its
independence. It was no longer a republic, governed
exclusively—as far, at least, as its religious concerns—by
its own internal policy. The interference of the civil power
in some of its most, private affairs, the promulgation of its
canons and even, in some cases, the election of its bishops,
by the State, was the price which it must inevitably pay for
its association with the ruling power."
H. H. MILMAN.
10. THE NEW CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE
(A. D. 330):
E. L. Cutts:
Constantine the Great,
519 (505).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
520-521 (506-507).
G. Finlay:
Greece under Romans,
521 (507).
11. JULIAN, TO THE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE
(A. D. 361-395):
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2796 (2722).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1445 (1412).
G. Rawlinson:
Seventh Oriental Monarchy,
2582 (2515).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2799 (2724-2725).
T. Hodgkin:
Dynasty of Theodosius,
2799-2800 (2725-2726).
12. REVIVAL AND FINAL OVERTHROW OF PAGANISM
(A. D. 361-395):
G. Uhlhorn:
Conflict of Christianity and Heathenism,
2796-2798 (2722-2724).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2800-2801 (2726-2727).
J. B. Carwithen:
History of Christian Church,
2801 (2727).
13. THE DIVIDED EMPIRE
(A. D. 395-):
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2801 (2727).
R. H. Wrightson:
Respublica Romana,
2801-2802 (2727-2728).
G. Finlay:
Greece under the Romans,
2803-2804 (2729-2730).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1037 (1009).
14. THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS
(A. D. 400-):
W. Smith:
Note to Decline and Fall,
1591-1592 (1553-1554).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1592 (1554).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
3714-3715 (3594-3595).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1592-1593 (1554-1555).
C. A. Scott:
Ulfilas,
1594 (1556).
J. C. L. de Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1595 (1557).
W. C. Perry:
The Franks,
1431 (1397-1398).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1431 (1398).
J. B. Bury:
Later Roman Empire,
2805 (2731).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2805-2806 (2731-2732).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
2806 (2732).
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
2806-2807 (2732-2733).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2807-2808, 2808-2809 (2733-2734, 2734-2735).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2808 (2734).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of Middle Ages,
2809 (2735).
J. Bryce:
Holy Roman Empire,
2809-2810 (2735-2736).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1038-1040 (1010-1012).
15. CAUSES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE:
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during Middle Ages,
2807 (2733).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of Middle Ages,
2810 (2736).
J. R. Seeley:
Roman Imperialism,
2810-2811 (2736-2737).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2811-2812 (2738).
A. Thierry:
Merovingian Era,
2812 (2738).
W. Stewart:
The Church in Fourth Century,
470-471 (456-457).
C. Merivale:
Epochs of Church History,
471 (457).
E. Hatch:
Organization of Christian Churches,
471 (457).
16. CIVILIZATION OF THE LATER REPUBLIC AND EMPIRE:
(a) Education.
J. J. I. Döllinger:
Gentile and Jew,
708-709 (685-686).
E. Kirkpatrick:
Development of Superior Education,
709-710 (686-687).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
710-711 (688).
E. Edwards:
Memoirs of Libraries,
2048-2049 (2005).
Guhl and Koner:
Life of Greeks and Romans,
2049 (2005).
T. H. Horne:
Study of Bibliography,
2050 (2006).
Historic Researches regarding Library of Alexandria,
2047-2048 (2003-2004).
(b) Religion.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
195 (188).
W. Ramsay:
Roman Antiquities,
196-197 (189-190).
(c) Law.
E. Reich:
Græco-Roman Institutions,
2726-2727, 2728-2729 (2652-2653, 2655).
Sir F. Pollock:
Oxford Lectures,
2728 (2654).
T. W. Dwight:
Introduction to Maine’s Ancient Law,
www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22910
2727 (2653).
J. Austin:
Lectures on Jurisprudence,
2728-2729 (2654-2655).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2727-2728 (2653-2654).
J. Hadley:
Introduction to Roman Law,
673 (650).
(d) Trade and Commerce.
C. Merivale:
History of Rome,
3211-3213 (3702).
H. Pigeonneau:
History of French Commerce,
3213-3215 (3702-3704).
H. Fox Bourne:
Romance of Trade,
2245-2246 (2201-2202).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2248 (2204).
(e) Medical Science.
Pliny:
Natural History,
2171-2172 (2127-2128).
W. Whewell:
Inductive Sciences,
2172-2173 (2129).
Roswell Park:
History of Medicine,
2173(2129).
(f) Slavery.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2753-2754 (2680).
W. R. Brownlow:
Slavery and Serfdom,
2990 (2912).
STUDY XIII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
FROM THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS TO CHARLEMAGNE (A. D. 400-800).
1. ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE BARBARIC NATIONS:
C. F. Keary:
Dawn of Civilization,
144-145 (137-138).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
42, 483 (35, 469).
T. Smith:
Arminius,
1464-1465 (1431-1432).
Appendix A.,
3793-3796 (End of Volume I.).
2. GAUL AND THE GAULS:
J. Rhys:
Celtic Britain,
412 (402).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
1448-1449 (1416).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2743 (2669).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2746-2747 (2672-2673).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1449 (1416).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1442 (1409).
J. Cæsar:
Gallic Wars,
1444-1445 (1411-1412).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1445, 1448 (1412, 1415).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1445-1446 (1412-1413).
H. Pigeonneau:
History of French Commerce,
3213-3215 (3702-3704).
{748}
3. THE GOTHS:
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and her Invaders.
1592 (1554).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1592-1593 (1554-1555).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1593 (1555).
C. A. A. Scott:
Ulfilas,
1594 (1556).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of the Roman Empire,
1595-1596 (1557-1558).
G. Finlay:
Greece under the Romans,
1596-1597 (1558-1559).
(a.) The Ostrogoths and Theodoric.
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
1594 (1556).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome.
1728 (1689).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1598 (1560).
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
1598-1599 (1560-1561).
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
2812-2813 (2738-2739).
V. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2813 (2739).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2814-2815 (2740-2741).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
1600 (1562).
(b) The Visigoths and Alaric.
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1594-1595 (1556-1557).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1594, 1595 (1556, 1557).
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
1597 (1559).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2807-2808 (2733-2734).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1597 (1559).
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
1598, 1599 (1560, 1561).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1598 (1560).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of Middle Ages,
1599-1600 (1561-1562).
4. BREAKING OF THE RHINE BARRIER
(A. D. 406-500):
J. B. Bury:
Later Roman Empire,
2805 (2731).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2805-2806 (2731-2732)
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
2806 (2732).
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
2806-2807 (2732-2733).
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during Middle Ages,
2807 (2733).
5. THE HUNS AND ATTILA:
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1726 (1687).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1594-1595 (1556-1557).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1726 (1687).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1727 (1688).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
1727 (1688).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1727 (1688).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1727-1728 (1689)
Sir E. Creasy:
Fifteen Decisive Battles,
1728 (1689).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1728-1729 (1689-1690).
6. THE VANDALS AND GENSERIC:
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
3714-3715 (3594-3595).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1445-1446, 3053-3054, 3715 (1412-1413, 2973-2974, 3595).
G. Finlay:
Greece under the Romans,
3716 (3596).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
3716 (3596).
7. THE FRANKS AND CLOVIS:
W. C. Perry:
The Franks,
1430-1431 (1397-1398).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1431 (1398).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1445 (1412).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
3207 (3121).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
French under the Merovingians,
1432 (1399).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
42-43 (35-36).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of Middle Ages,
1432 (1399).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1433 (1400).
S. Baring Gould:
The Church in Germany,
472 (458).
8. THE REIGN OF JUSTINIAN
(A. D. 527-565):
G. Finlay:
Greece Under the Romans,
2814 (2740).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2814-2415 (2740-2701).
J. Hadley:
Introduction to Roman Law,
637-638 (614-615).
9. THE MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY
(A. D. 448-752):
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The French under the Merovingians,
1432 (1399).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1432 (1399).
W. C. Perry:
The Franks,
202, 1432-1433 (195, 1399-1400).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
202 (195).
T. Smith:
Arminius,
1465-1466 (1432-1435).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1466 (1435).
A. Thierry:
The Merovingian Era,
1446 (1413).
10. THE LOMBARDS:
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
2076 (2032).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2077 (2033).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2077 (2033).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2077-2078 (2033-2034).
11. CIVILIZATION AT BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES:
(a) Political and Social.
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
2224 (2180).
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during the Middle Ages,
2224-2225 (2180-2181).
B. Bosanquet:
Civilization of Christendom,
2225 (2181).
A. Thierry:
Formation of the Tiers État,
1446-1448 (1413-1415).
W. Robertson:
Charles the Fifth,
2990-2991 (2913).
(i) Religion.
W. Stewart:
Church of the Fifth Century,
470-471 (456-457).
C. Merivale:
Early Church History,
471 (457).
E. Hatch:
Organization of Christian Churches,
471 (457).
G. Stokes:
The Celtic Church,
472 (458).
M. Creighton:
The Papacy,
2818 (2744).
I. Gregory Smith:
Christian Monasticism,
2239-2240 (2195-2196).
Count de Montalembert:
Monks of the West,
2240-2241 (2196-2197).
(c) Education.
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
710 (687).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
710-711 (687-688).
A. T. Drane:
Christian Schools,
711-712 (688-689).
12. THE RISE OF FEUDALISM:
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
1145-1146 (1117-1118).
E. Emerton:
The Middle Ages,
1146 (1118).
Schröder:
Deutsehen Rechtsgeschichte,
1146-1147.
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1047-1048 (1019-1020).
A. Thierry:
Formation of the Tiers État,
1446-1448 (1413-1415).
{749}
STUDY XIV.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE RISE OF THE MODERN NATIONS.
1. THE FRANKS:
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1432 (1399).
T. Smith:
Arminius,
1465-1466 (1432-1435).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1466 (1435).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization.
2163 (2119).
W. C. Perry:
The Franks,
1432-1433 (1399-1400).
S. Baring Gould:
The Church in Germany,
472 (458).
E. L. Cutts:
Charlemagne,
472-473 (458-459).
2. THE BURGUNDIANS:
J. G. Sheppard:
The Fall of Rome,
3714-3715 (3594-3495).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
338 (328).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The French under the Merovingians,
339 (329).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
339 (329).
3. THE SAXONS:
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
2884-2885 (2809-2810).
R. G. Latham:
The Germany of Tacitus,
2885 (2810).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2885 (2810).
4. THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE
(A. D. 800-814):
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
1467-1468 (1436-1437).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1434 (1401).
E. Emerton:
Study of the Middle Ages,
1434-1435 (1401-1402).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1435 (1402)
Sir J. Stephen:
History of France,
1436 (1403).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1468 (1437).
A. T. Drane:
Christian Schools and Scholars,
712 (689).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
2911 (2836).
Eginhard:
Life of Charlemagne,
474 (460).
J. B. Mullinger:
Schools of Charles the Great,
474 (460).
"Gibbon has remarked, that of all the heroes to whom the title
of ‘The Great’ has been given, Charlemagne alone has retained
it as a permanent addition to his name. The reason may perhaps
be that in no other man were ever united, in so large a
measure, and in such perfect harmony, the qualities, which, in
their combination, constitute the heroic character,—such as
energy, or love of action; ambition, or the love of power;
curiosity, or the love of knowledge; and sensibility, or the
love of pleasure. Not, indeed, the love of forbidden,
unhallowed, or of enervating pleasure, but the keen relish for
those blameless delights by which the burdened mind and jaded
spirits recruit and renovate their powers. … His lofty
stature, his open countenance, his large and brilliant eyes,
and the dome-like structure of his head, imparted, as we learn
from Eginhard, to all his attitudes the dignity which becomes
a King, relieved by the graceful activity of a practised
warrior. … Whether he was engaged in a frolic or a
chase—composed verses or listened to homilies—fought or
negotiated—cast down thrones or built them up—studied,
conversed, or legislated, it seemed as if he, and he alone,
were the one wakeful and really living agent in the midst of
an inert, visionary, and somnolent generation."
SIR JAMES STEPHEN.
5. THE BEGINNINGS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History,
3245 (3129).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1726 (1687).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1594-1595 (1556-1557).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1728-1729 (1689-1690).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
242-243 (235-236).
G. P. R. James:
History of Charlemagne,
243 (236).
L. Leger:
History of Austro-Hungary,
205 (198).
6. DISSOLUTION OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE
(A. D. 814-877):
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1436-1438 (1403-1405).
H. H. Milman:
History of Latin Christianity,
1468 (1437).
S. Menzies:
History of Europe,
1468-1469 (1437-1438).
7. THE TREATY OF VERDUN
(A. D. 843):
P. Godwin:
History of France,
3735 (3615).
H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
3736 (3616).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
1469 (1438).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1436-1438 (1403-1405).
8. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN EUROPEAN NATIONS
(A. D. 843-1000):
(a) France.
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1187 (1157).
E. A. Freeman:
The Franks and Gauls,
1187 (1157).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1187-1188 (1157-1158).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1188 (1158).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1436-1438 (1403-1405).
E. A. Freeman:
The Franks and Gauls,
1438 (1405).
Sir F. Palgrave:
History of Normandy and England,
1188 (1158).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1188-1189 (1158-1159).
E. de Bonnechose:
History of France,
1189 (1159).
E. A. Freeman:
The Franks and Gauls,
1189 (1159).
E. Lavisse:
Political History of Europe,
1189 (1159).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
3274 (3158).
(b) Germany.
T. Smith:
Arminius,
1464-1465 (1431-1432).
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
1467-1468 (1436-1437).
R. W. Church:
Beginnings of Middle Ages,
1434 (1401).
E. Emerton:
Study of Middle Ages,
1434 (1401).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1436-1438 (1403-1405).
E. A. Freeman:
Franks and Gauls,
1438 (1405).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
1469 (1438).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1470 (1439).
A. W. Grübe:
Heroes of History,
1470 (1439).
C. W. Koch:
The Revolutions of Europe,
1470-1471 (1439-1440).
L. Ranke:
History of Reformation,
1471-1472 (1440-1441).
(c) Italy.
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2816 (2742).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
2076 (2032).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2077 (2033).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2077 (2033).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2077-2078 (2033-2034).
S. Menzies:
History of Europe,
1468-1469 (1437-1438).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1847-1848 (1807-1808).
A. F. Villemain:
Life of Gregory VII.,
2820 (2746).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1848 (1808).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1848 (1808).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
1849 (1809).
{750}
STUDY XV.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
GERMANY TO THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES
(A. D. 1000-1450).
1. GENERAL CONDITIONS AT CLOSE OF THE TENTH CENTURY:
J. I. von Döllinger:
European History,
2820-2821 (2746-2747).
Cardinal J. H. Newman:
Essays,
2485-2486 (2426-2427).
W. B. Boyce:
Introduction to the Study of History,
1472-1473 (1441-1442).
S. A. Dunham:
History of the Germanic Empire,
2730 (2656).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
2730 (2656).
J. H. Allen:
Christian History,
1473 (1442).
2. BEGINNING OF THE CONTEST BETWEEN THE EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY:
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during the Middle Ages,
1473-1474 (1442-1443).
Count de Montalembert:
Monks of the West,
2486-2487 (2427-2428).
J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
2487 (2428).
Hinschius:
Investiturstrcit,
2488-2489 (3794-3796).
W. R. W. Stephens:
Hildebrand,
396-397 (386-387).
C. T. Lewis:
History of Germany,
2887 (2812).
J. H. Allen:
Christian History,
1474 (1443).
J. J. I. Döllinger:
History of the Church,
1474-1475 (1443-1444).
3. RISE OF THE COLLEGE OF ELECTORS
(A. D. 1125-1272):
K. Lamprecht:
History of Germany,
1475-1476 (3759-3760).
T. Carlyle:
Frederick the Great,
1476-1477 (1445).
T. Carlyle:
Frederick the Great,
316-317 (306).
4. THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE EMPIRE:
J. Jastrow:
Deutschen Einheitstraum,
1477-1478 (3761-3672).
C. Beard:
Martin Luther,
487 (473).
W. J. Wyatt:
History of Prussia,
487-488 (473-474).
5. RISE OF THE HOHENSTAUFEN; THE GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES:
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1478 (1445).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1652 (1614).
P. M. Thornton:
The Brunswick Accession,
1652-1653 (1614-1615).
A. Gallenga:
Italy,
1014-1015 (986-987).
Sir A. Halliday:
Annals of the House of Hanover,
2888 (2813).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1857-1858 (1817-1818).
6. THE TWO GREAT FREDERICKS:
(a) Frederick I., Barbarossa (A. D. 1152-1190).
O. Browning:
Guelphs and Ghibellines,
1478-1479 (1445-1446).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1851-1852 (1811-1812).
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1852 (1812).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1852 (1812).
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1852-1853 (1812-1813).
W. Menzel:
History of Germany,
1853 (1813).
M. Creighton:
History of the Papacy,
2492-2493 (2432-2433).
The Republic of Venice,
3726 (3606).
(b) Frederick the Second
(A. D. 1220-1250).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
1480 (1447).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1854 (1814).
A. B. Pennington:
Emperor Frederick II.,
1854-1855 (1814-1815).
T. L. Kington:
Frederick the Second,
1855-1856 (1815-1816).
G. Procter:
History of the Crusades,
657, first column, (634).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
1926, second column, (1885).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1481-1482 (1448-1449).
"We have seen the Roman Empire revived in A. D. 800, by a
prince whose vast dominions gave ground to his claim of
universal monarchy; again erected, in A. D. 962, on the
narrower but firmer basis of the German Kingdom. We have seen
Otto the Great and his successors during the three following
centuries, a line of monarchs of unrivalled vigor and
abilities, strain every nerve to make good the pretensions of
their office against the rebels in Italy and the
ecclesiastical power. The Roman Empire might, and, so far as
practical utility was concerned, ought now to have been
suffered to expire; nor could it have ended more gloriously
than with the last of the Hohenstaufen. That it did not so
expire, but lived on 600 years more, till it became a piece of
antiquarianism hardly more venerable than ridiculous,—till, as
Voltaire said, all that could be said about it was that it was
neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire,—was owing partly
indeed to the belief, still unshaken, that it was a necessary
part of the world’s order, yet chiefly to its connection,
which was by this time indissoluble, with the German Kingdom.
The Germans had confounded the two characters of their
sovereign so long, and had grown so fond of the style and
pretensions of a dignity whose possession appeared to exalt
them above the other peoples of Europe, that it was now too
late for them to separate the local from the universal
monarch."
JAMES BRYCE.
7. THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE
(ABOUT A. D. 1250):
History of the Hanseatic League,
1663 (1626).
R. Schröder:
Der Deutschen Rechtsgeschichte,
1663-1664.
K. Lamprecht:
Deutsche Geschichte,
1664-1665.
8. THE RISE OF THE HAPSBURGS:
Sir R. Comyn:
History of the Western Empire,
1482-1483 (1449-1450).
W. Coxe:
History of the House of Austria,
206 (199).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1481-1482 (1448-1449).
Sir R. Comyn:
The Western Empire,
206-207 (199-200).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
1710 (1671).
The Legend of Tell and Rütli,
3127, first column, (3043).
9. A CENTURY OF CONFUSION:
C. T. Lewis:
History of Germany,
1484 (1451).
S. A. Dunham:
The Germanic Empire,
1484-1485 (1451-1452).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1485-1486 (1452-1543).
L. von Ranke:
The Reformation in Germany,
1486 (1453).
10. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE:
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1435 and 2725 (1402 and 2652).
L. von Ranke:
History of the World,
2725-2726.
W. von Giesebrecht:
The German Empire,
2726.
F. A. Gregorovius:
History of Rome,
2726.
C. W. Koch:
Revolutions of Europe,
1471, second column, (1440).
L. von Ranke:
History of the Reformation,
1471-1472 (1440-1441).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1481-1482 (1448-1449).
L. von Ranke:
History of the Reformation,
1486 (1453).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1541 (1507).
{751}
"On August 1, the French Envoy at Regensburg announced to the
Diet that his master, who had consented to become Protector of
the Confederate princes, no longer recognized the existence of
the Empire. Francis II. resolved at once to anticipate this
new Odoacer, and by a declaration, dated August 6, 1800,
resigned the imperial dignity. … Throughout, the term German
Empire (deutsches Reich) is employed. But it was the crown of
Augustus, of Constantine, of Charles, of Maximilian, that
Francis of Hapsburg laid down, and a new era in the world’s
history was marked by the fall of its most venerable
institution. One thousand and six years after Leo, the Pope,
had crowned the Frankish King, eighteen hundred and
fifty-eight years after Cæsar had conquered at Pharsalia, the
Holy Roman Empire came to its end."
JAMES BRYCE.
STUDY XVI.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
FRANCE TO THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES (A. D. 1000-1453).
1. GENERAL CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD
(ABOUT A. D. 1000):
E. de Bounechose:
History of France,
1189 (1159).
E. A. Freeman:
The Franks and the Gauls,
1189 (1159).
E. Lavisse:
Political History of Europe,
1189 (1159).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
France under the Feudal System,
1189-1190 (1159-1160).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1190 (1161).
M. Arnold:
Schools and Universities,
717-718 (694-695).
2. THE RISE OF FREE CITIES AND OF THE COMMUNES:
Achille Luchaire:
The French Communes,
1190-1193 (3748-3750).
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
505-506 (491-492).
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
506 (492).
3. CONSOLIDATION AND EXPANSION OF THE KINGDOM
(A. D. 1100-1225):
C. M. Yonge:
History of France,
1193 (1162).
Mrs. J. R. Green:
Henry the Second,
826 (799).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1193-1194 (1162).
E. Smedley:
History of France,
2551 (2485).
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
828 (801).
See Maps between pages 1200-1201 (1168-1169).
4. THE NOTABLE REIGN OF SAINT LOUIS, LOUIS IX.
(1226-1270):
G. Masson:
St. Louis,
1194 (1163).
A. L. la Marche:
France under Saint Louis,
1194-1196 (3750-3753).
Saint Louis of France,
1196 (1164).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1197 (1165).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
1197 (1165).
F. P. Guizot;
History of France,
657-658 and 658-659 (634-635 and 635-636).
Origin of the Houses of Valois and Bourbon,
1197, 3714 (1165, 3594).
Duc d’Aumale:
The House of Condé,
314 (304).
"St. Louis struck at the spirit of the Middle Age, and therein
insured the downfall of its forms and whole embodiment. … He
undermined Feudalism, because he hated injustice; he warred
with the Middle Age, because he could not tolerate its
disregard of human rights; and he paved the way for
Philip-le-Bel’s struggle with the Papacy, because he looked
upon religion and the Church as instruments for man’s
salvation, not as tools for worldly aggrandizement. The first
calm, deliberate, consistent opposition to the centralizing
power of the great See was that offered by its truest friend
and honest ally, Louis of France. … He is perhaps the only
monarch on record who failed in most of what he undertook of
active enterprise, who was under the control of the prejudices
of his age, who was a true conservative, who never dreamed of
effecting great social changes,—and who yet, by his mere
virtues, his sense of duty, his power of conscience, made the
most mighty and vital reforms."
5. PHILIP IV. AND THE STRUGGLE WITH THE PAPACY
(A. D. 1285-1314):
G. M. Bussey:
History of France,
1198 (1166).
G. Trevor:
Fall of the Western Empire,
2494-2495 (2434-2435).
A. R. Pennington:
The Church in Italy,
2495 (2435).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
3177 (3092).
6. THE PARLIAMENT OF PARIS AND THE STATES GENERAL:
Sir James Stephen:
History of France,
2554-2555 (2488-2489).
Lord Brougham:
History of England and France,
2555 (2489).
Sir James Stephen:
History of France,
3108-3109 3026-3027).
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
3109 (3027).
A. Thierry:
The Tiers État,
1202-1203 (1170-1171).
7. THE ACCESSION OF PHILIP OF VALOIS, PHILIP VI.
(A. D. 1328):
J. Michelet:
History of France.
1200 (1168).
E. de Bonnechose:
History of France,
1200 (1168).
J. Michelet:
History of France,
1200 (1168).
8. THE ONE HUNDRED YEARS WAR
(A. D. 1327-1435):
(a) The First Period (1327-1380).
J. Froissart:
Chronicles,
1200-1201 (1168-1169).
H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
1201 (1169).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
2868 (2794).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
2868 (2794).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
2868 (2794).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1201 (1169).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1201 (1169).
J. Michelet:
History of France,
1201-1202 (1169-1170).
A. Thierry:
The Tiers État,
1202-1203 (1170-1171).
Professor de Vericour:
The Jacquerie,
1204 (1172).
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
1204 (1172).
E. Bonnechose:
History of France,
1205 (1173).
(b) The Second Period
(1415-1435).
A. J. Church:
Henry the Fifth,
1205-1206 (1173-1174).
C. M. Yonge:
English History,
1206 (1174).
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
1207 (1175).
9. MISSION OF THE MAID OF ORLEANS
(A. D. 1429-1431);
A. de Lamartine:
Joan of Arc,
1207-1208 (1175-1176).
S. Luce:
Jeanne d’Arc,
1208 (3755).
A. de Lamartine:
Joan of Arc,
1208-1209 (1175-1176).
Lord Mahon:
Historical Essays,
1209 (1177).
J. O’Hagan:
Joan of Arc,
1209 (1177).
T. de Quincey:
Joan of Arc,
1209-1210 (1177-1178).
"Her ways and habits during the year she was in arms are
attested by a multitude of witnesses. Dunois and the Duke of
Alençon bear testimony to what they term her extraordinary
talents for war, and to her perfect fearlessness in action;
but in all other things she was the most simple of creatures.
She wept when she first saw men slain in battle, to think that
they should have died without confession. She wept at the
abominable epithets which the English heaped upon her; but she
was without a trace of vindictiveness. … In her diet she was
abstemious in the extreme, rarely eating until evening, and
then for the most part, of bread and water, sometimes mixed
with wine. In the field, she slept in her armor; but when she
came into a city, she always sought out some honorable matron,
under whose protection she placed herself; and there is
wonderful evidence of the atmosphere of purity which she
diffused around her, her very presence banishing from men’s
hearts all evil thoughts and wishes. Her conversation, when
not of war, was entirely of religion. She confessed often, and
received communion twice in the week."
J. O’HAGAN.
{752}
10. THE EFFECTS OF THE ONE HUNDRED YEARS WAR:
E. E. Crowe:
History of France,
1210 (1178).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1211 (1179).
C. W. Oman:
Warwick the King-Maker,
846-847 (819-820).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1065-1068 (1037-1040).
11. THE PRAGMATIC SANCTION OF CHARLES VII.
(A. D. 1438):
R. C. Trench:
Church History,
2500 (2440).
M. Creighton:
History of the Papacy,
1210-1211 (1178-1179).
"Such were the chief reforms of its own special grievances
which France wished to establish. It was the first step in the
assertion of the rights of National Churches to arrange for
themselves the details of their own ecclesiastical
organizations."
M. CREIGHTON.
STUDY XVII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
ITALY TO THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES (A. D. 1000-1450).
1. GENERAL CONDITIONS AT THE CLOSE OF THE TENTH CENTURY:
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1848 (1808).
A. F. Villemain:
Life of Gregory VII.,
2820 (2746).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
2820 (2746).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1848 (1808).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1848-1849 (1808-1809).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
2725 (2652).
L. von Ranke:
History of the World,
2725-2726.
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2078, first column, (2034).
2. THE NORMAN SETTLEMENTS
(A. D. 1000-1100):
A. Thierry:
Conquest of England,
2418 (2366).
Sir F. Palgrave:
History of Normandy, etc.,
2419-2420 (2367-2368).
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
2421-2422 (2369-2370).
Sir F. Palgrave:
History of Normandy,
2422 (2370).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2981-2982 (2903-2904).
E. A. Freeman:
Story of Sicily,
2983 (2905).
G. Finlay:
The Byzantine Empire,
2984 (2906).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2984 (2906).
J. Michelet:
History of France,
1849 (1809).
G. Procter:
History of Italy,
1849-1850 (1809-1810).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
2821 (2747).
A. H. Johnson:
The Normans in Europe,
1850-1851 (1810-1811).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1051 (1023).
3. RISE OF THE FREE CITIES:
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2077-2078 (2033-2034).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1850 (1810).
Hinschius:
Investiturstreit,
2488-2489 (3794-3796).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
3273 (3157).
(a) Milan.
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2746-2747 (2672-2673).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2226 (2182).
G. B. Testa:
War of Frederick I. against Lombardy,
2226 (2182).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2226-2227 (2182-2183).
(b) Florence.
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
1160 (1130).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1160-1161 (1130-1131).
B. Duffy:
The Tuscan Republics,
1161 (1131).
(c) Pavia.
G. B Niebuhr:
History of Rome,
2070 (2026).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2077 (2033).
(d) Pisa.
L. Pignotti:
History of Tuscany,
2605-2606 (2537-2538).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
2606-2607 (2538-2539).
(e) Venice.
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
3722 (3602).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
3722 (3602).
G. Finlay:
Byzantine Empire,
3722-3723 (3602-3603).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
3724-3725 (3604-3605).
4. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATES OF THE CHURCH:
J. N. Murphy:
The Chair of Peter,
2492 (2432).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
3273 (3157).
M. Creighton:
History of the Papacy,
2493 (2433).
5. CONDITIONS IN ROME.
J. I. Döllinger:
European History,
2821 (2747).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
2821 (2747).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2822 (2748).
6. STRUGGLE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS WITH THE EMPERORS:
(a) With Frederick I., Barbarossa (A. D. 1154-1183).
O. Browning:
Guelphs and Ghibellines,
1478-1479 (1445-1446).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1851-1852 (1811-1812).
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1852 (1812).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1852 (1812).
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1852-1853 (1812-1813).
W. Menzel:
History of Germany,
1853 (1813).
(b) With Frederick the Second
(A. D. 1220-1250).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1854 (1814).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1137-1138 (1109-1110).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
1479 (1446).
E. A. Freeman:
Frederick the Second,
1480, first column (1447).
J. A. Symonds:
The Revival of Learning,
720 (697).
(c) The Results of the Contest.
J. Burckhardt:
The Renaissance in Italy,
1856-1857 (1816-1817).
O. Browning:
Guelfs and Ghibellines,
1856 (1816).
E. Smedley:
History of France,
1858-1859 (1818-1819).
J. A. Symonds:
Florence and the Medici,
1163 (1133).
7. THE GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES:
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1478 (1445).
H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
1652 (1614).
Sir A. Halliday:
Annals of House of Hanover,
1652 (1614).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1857-1858 (1817-1818).
R. W. Church:
Dante,
1858 (1818).
N. Machiavelli:
History of Florence,
1161-1162 (1131-1132).
{753}
O. Browning:
Guelphs and Ghibellines,
1162 (1132).
T. A. Trollope:
The Commonwealth of Florence,
1162-1163 (1132-1133).
8. THE AGE OF THE DESPOTS
(A. D. 1250-1500):
J. Burckhardt:
The Renaissance in Italy,
1856-1857 (1816-1817).
T. A. Trollope:
The Commonwealth of Florence,
1857-1858 (1817-1818).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
1859 (1819).
J. A. Symonds:
The Renaissance in Italy,
1859 (1819).
J. Yeats:
Growth of Commerce,
2249, second column, (2205).
A. von Reumont:
Lorenzo de’ Medici,
2250 (2206).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
2250 (2206).
J. A. Symonds:
The Renaissance,
2463-2464.
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1074-1045 (1046-1047).
9. CONTINUED CONTESTS BETWEEN THE GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES:
W. Hunt:
History of Italy,
1860-1861 (1820-1821).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
1861 (1821).
G. Procter:
History of Italy,
1862-1863 (1822-1823).
10. RIENZI; THE LAST OF THE TRIBUNES
(A. D. 1347-1354):
Professor de Vericour:
Rienzi, 2822-2824 (2748-2750).
W. W. Story:
The Castle of St. Angelo,
2824-2825 (2750-2751).
11. THE INFAMOUS "FREE COMPANIES"
(ABOUT A. D. 1340-1390):
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1865-1866 (1825-1826).
W. P. Urquhart:
Life of F. Sforza,
1866 (1826).
Sir John Hawkwood,
1866 (1826).
12. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY PRINCIPALITIES:
(a) Florence.
(1) The Passing of the Republic.
J. A. Symonds:
Florence and the Medici,
1163 (1133).
C. Balbo:
Life of Dante,
1164 (1134).
W. P. Urquhart:
Life of F. Sforza,
1165 (1135).
T. B. Macaulay:
Machiavelli,
1166 (1136).
G. Boccaccio:
The Decameron,
1166 (1136).
J. E. T. Rogers:
History of Agriculture,
292-293 (283-284).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1166-1167 (1136-1137).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
1167 (1137).
(2) The Medici.
J. A. Symonds:
Florence and the Medici,
1167-1168 (1137-1138).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1168-1169 (1138-1139).
W. B. Scaife:
Florentine Life,
1169 (1139).
W. Hunt:
History of Italy,
1169 (1139).
A. von Reumont:
Lorenzo de’ Medici,
1169-1170 (1139-1140).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1170-1171 (1140-1141).
P. Villari:
Machiavelli,
1171-1172 (1141-1142).
Mrs. Oliphant:
Makers of Florence,
1172 (1142).
H. A. Taine:
Italy, Florence, and Venice,
1172-1173 (1142-1143).
(3) Savonarola.
O. T. Hill:
Savonarola’s Triumph of the Cross,
1173-1175 (1143-1145).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
1176 (1146).
J. A. Symonds:
Studies in Italy,
1176-1177 (1146-1147).
Mrs. Oliphant:
Makers of Florence,
1172 (1142).
"Florence was as near a pagan city as it was possible for its
rulers to make it. … Society had never been more dissolute,
more selfish, or more utterly deprived of any higher aim.
Barren scholarship, busy over grammatical questions, and
elegant philosophy, snipping and piecing its logical systems,
formed the top-dressing to that half-brutal,
hall-superstitious ignorance of the poor. The dilettante world
dreamed hazily of a restoration of the worship of the pagan
gods; Cardinal Bembo bade his friend beware of reading St.
Paul’s Epistles, lest their barbarous style should corrupt his
taste. … Thus limited intellectually, the age of Lorenzo was
still more hopeless morally, full of debauchery, cruelty and
corruption, violating oaths, betraying trusts, believing in
nothing but Greek manuscripts, coins, and statues, caring for
nothing but pleasure. This was the world in which Savonarola
found himself."
MRS. OLIPHANT.
(b) Milan.
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1851, second column, (1811).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
1852, second column, (1812).
J. A. Symonds:
Age of Despots,
2227-2228 (2183-2184).
W. Robertson:
Charles the Fifth,
2228 (2184).
A. von Reumont:
Lorenzo de’ Medici,
2228-2229 (2184-2185).
(c) Pisa.
J. T. Bent:
Genoa,
2606-2607 (2538-2539).
J. A. Symonds:
Studies in Italy,
50-51 (43-44).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
522-523 (508-509).
G. Procter:
History of Italy,
1862-1863 (1822-1823).
W. Hunt:
History of Italy,
1868 (1828).
J. N. Murphy:
The Chair of St. Peter,
2498 (2438).
(d) Genoa.
J. T. Bent:
Genoa,
1452-1453, 2606-2607 (1419-1420, 2538-2539).
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
2227, second column, (2183).
J. T. Bent:
Genoa,
1454, 2251-2252 (1421, 2207-2208).
G. B. Malleson:
Genoese History,
1454 (1421).
J. N. Larned:
Venice and Genoa,
3220 (3709).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1454 (1421).
(e) Venice.
G. Finlay:
Byzantine and Greek Empires,
3726 (3606).
The Republic of Venice,
3726 (3606).
E. Pears:
The Fall of Constantinople,
3726 (3606).
W. C. Hazlitt:
The Venetian Republic,
3727 (3607).
J. Yeats:
The Growth of Commerce,
3727 (3607).
G. Finlay:
Byzantine and Greek Empires,
523-524 (509-510).
F. A. Parker:
Fleets of the World,
3728 (3608).
J. T. Bent:
Genoa,
3729 (3609).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1869 (1829).
STUDY XVIII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH: FROM PENTECOST TO GREGORY THE GREAT (A. D. 30(?)-600).
1. JUDÆA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA:
E. de Pressensé:
Jesus Christ,
1961-1962 (1920-1921).
E. Schürer:
The Jewish People,
1678 (1639).
A. Edersheim:
Life of Jesus,
446 (432).
H. W. Hulbert:
Historical Geography,
446 (432).
{754}
2. HEROD AND THE HERODIANS
(B. C. 40-A. D. 44):
T. Keim:
Jesus of Nazara,
1958-1959 (1917-1918).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1960 (1919).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1960 (1919).
3. THE BIRTH OF JESUS:
T. Keim:
Jesus of Nazara,
1960-1961 (1919-1920).
W. Hales:
Analysis of Chronology,
1011 (984).
4. PENTECOST, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST CHURCHES:
G. Y. Lechler:
The Apostolic Times,
447 (433).
A. Sabatier:
The Apostle Paul,
447 (433).
J. B. Lightfoot:
The Apostolic Age,
448 (434).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
448 (434).
J. E. Wiltsch:
Statistics of the Church,
448 (434).
J. B. Lightfoot:
The Apostolic Age,
449 (435).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
449 (435).
5. THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD (A. D. 30(?)-100):
(a) The Church at Antioch.
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2107, 2960 (2063, 2883).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
448 (434).
J. J. von Döllinger:
European History,
449 (435).
W. M. Ramsay:
The Church in the Roman Empire,
449 (435).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
449 (435).
B. Weiss:
Introduction to the New Testament,
450 (436).
G. B. Brown:
From Schola to Cathedral,
450 (436).
(b) The Missions of St. Paul.
G. P. Fisher:
The Christian Church,
450 (436).
A. Sabatier;
The Apostle Paul,
450-451 (436-437).
A. Sabatier;
The Apostle Paul,
451, second column, (437).
J. B. Lightfoot:
Biblical Essays,
451 (437).
W. M. Ramsay:
The Church in the Roman Empire,
451 (437).
C. T. Cruttwell:
Literary History of Early Christianity,
191-192 (184-185).
(c) The Church at Rome.
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
453 (439).
G. Salmon:
Infallibility of the Church,
2476 (2417).
J. J. I. Döllinger:
History of the Church,
2476-2477 (2417-2418).
F. W. Farrar:
Early Days of Christianity,
2781-2782 (2707-2708).
J. B. Lightfoot:
The Apostolic Age,
453 (439).
(d) The Church at Alexandria.
R. S. Poole:
The Cities of Egypt,
44 (37).
E. Kirkpatrick:
Development of Superior Education,
708 (685).
A. Neander:
History of the Christian Church,
452 (438).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Alexander’s Empire,
2973 (2896).
(e) The Destruction of Jerusalem.
J. B. Lightfoot:
The Apostolic Age,
449 (435).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
1962 (1921).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
1963 (1922).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1963 (1922).
J. B. Lightfoot:
The Apostolic Age,
461 (447).
(f) St. John, and the Church at Ephesus.
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
146, second column, (139).
J. T. Wood:
Discoveries at Ephesus,
1008-1009 (981-2)
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
1009 (982).
J. B. Lightfoot;
Biblical Essays,
451-452 (437-438).
"For Christians are not distinguished from the rest of mankind
either in locality or in speech, or in customs. … They dwell
in their own countries as the lot of each is cast, but only as
sojourners; they bear their share in all things as citizens,
and they endure all hardships as strangers. Every foreign
country is a fatherland to him and every fatherland is
foreign. … Their existence is on earth, but their citizenship
is in heaven. They obey the established laws, and they surpass
the laws in their own lives. They love all men, and they are
persecuted by all. War is urged against them as aliens by the
Jews, and persecution is carried on against them by the
Greeks, and yet those that hate them cannot tell the reason of
their hostility."
THE EPISTLE TO DIOGNETUS (ABOUT A. D. 150).
6. THE PERIOD OF CHURCH DEVELOPMENT (A. D. 100-312):
G. B. Brown:
From Schola to Cathedral,
455 (441).
B. F. Westcott:
Religious Thought in the West,
453-454, 454 (439-440, 440).
J. F. Hurst:
History of the Christian Church,
454 (440).
G. Uhlhorn:
Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,
454 (440).
W. M. Ramsay:
The Church in the Roman Empire,
455 (441).
J. H. Kurtz:
Church History,
457 (443).
G. A. Jackson:
The Fathers of the Third Century,
457 (443).
See Map between pages 446-7 (432-3),
and Appendix D, 3806-3810 (End of Volume I.).
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY CHURCH AND CHRISTIANS:
G. Uhlhorn:
Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,
454 (440).
J. B. Lightfoot:
Translation Epistle to Diognetus,
454 (440).
R. W. Church:
Gifts of Civilization,
455 (441).
J. B. Lightfoot:
Apostolic Age,
457 (443).
G. P. Fisher:
Christian Church,
459 (445).
W. M. Ramsay:
The Church in the Roman Empire,
456 (442).
H. Hayman:
Diocesan Synods,
456 (442).
W. Moeller:
History of the Christian Church,
457 (443) .
G. A. Jackson:
Fathers of the Third Century,
457 (443).
J. H. Kurtz:
Church History,
459 (445).
8. THE RISE OF ECCLESIASTICISM:
W. D. Killen:
The Old Catholic Church,
458 (444).
J. B. Lightfoot:
The Apostolic Age,
458 (444).
C. Gore:
The Mission of the Church,
458 (444).
A. Neander:
The Christian Religion,
458 (444).
9. GROWTH OF GREAT CHURCH CENTRES:
F. W. Puller:
Primitive Saints,
458 (444).
(a) Alexandria.
C. T. Cruttwell:
Literary History of Early Christianity,
459-460 (445-446).
J. B. Heard:
Alexandrian Theology,
460 (446).
W. Moeller:
Christian Church,
460 (446).
C. Bigg:
The Christian Platonists,
460-461 (446-447).
F. C. Baur:
Church of the First Three Centuries,
1589 (1551).
(b) Rome.
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
462 (448).
R. Lanciani:
Pagan and Christian Rome,
462-463 (448-449).
E. de Pressensé:
Early Years of Christianity,
463 (449).
(c) Carthage.
C. T. Cruttwell:
Literary History of Early Christianity,
461-462 (447-448).
J. I. von Döllinger:
European History,
462 (448).
{755}
10. THE PERSECUTIONS:
G. Uhlhorn:
The Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,
456 (442).
G. B. Brown:
From Schola to Cathedral,
455 (442).
(а) Under Nero
(A. D. 64-68).
F. W. Farrar:
Early Days of Christianity,
2781-2782 (2707-2708).
(b) Under Domitian
(A. D. 93-96).
V. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2784 (2710).
(c) Under Trajan
(A. D. 112-116).
R. W. Browne:
History of Rome,
2786, first column, (2712).
(d) Under Marcus Aurelius
(A. D. 175-178).
F. W. Farrar:
Seekers after God,
2788 (2714).
(e) Under Decius
(about A. D. 250).
J. C. Robertson:
History of Christian Church,
2790 (2716).
(f) Under Diocletian
(A. D. 303-5).
S. Eliot:
History of the Early Christians,
2792-2793 (2718-2719).
The Ante-Nicene Churches,
Appendix D, 3806 (End of Volume I.).
11. THE CHURCH FATHERS:
J. F. Hurst:
History of the Christian Church,
454 (440).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
456-457 (442-443).
J. H. Kurtz:
Church History,
457 (443).
G. A. Jackson:
Fathers of the Third Century,
457 (443).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
460 (446).
A. Plummer:
Church of the Early Fathers,
461 (447).
J. I. von Döllinger:
European History,
462 (448).
E. de Pressensé:
Early Years of Christianity,
463 (449).
W. Stewart:
Church in the Fourth Century,
468 (454).
G. T. Stokes:
The Celtic Church,
472 (458).
W. Stewart:
Church in the Fourth Century,
471 (456-457).
T. W. Allies:
The Holy See,
2482 (2423).
12. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH BECOMES THE CHURCH OF THE EMPIRE
(A. D. 323):
G. P. Fisher:
History of the Christian Church,
465 (451).
A. Carr:
The Church and the Roman Empire,
465-466 (451-452).
Eusebius:
Ecclesiastical History,
2794 (2720).
E. L. Cutts:
Constantine the Great,
2794-2795 (2721).
A. Neander:
History of the Christian Church,
2795 (2721).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of the Roman Empire,
2795 (2721).
H. H. Milman:
History of Christianity,
466-467, 467-468 (452-453, 453-454).
13. THE EASTERN, OR GREEK CHURCH:
E. L. Cutts:
Constantine the Great,
519 (505).
G. Finlay:
Greece under the Romans,
520 (506).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2801 (2727).
H. F. Tozer:
The Church and the Eastern Empire,
468-469 (454-455).
R. W. Church:
The Gifts of Civilization,
469 (455).
J. C. Lees:
The Greek Church,
470 (456).
14. THE ARIAN CONTROVERSY, AND COUNCIL OF NICÆA
(A. D. 325):
The Councils of the Church,
644 (621).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of the Roman Empire,
138 (131).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
138-139 (131-132).
R. W. Bush:
St. Athanasius,
2411 (2359).
W. Moeller:
Christian Church,
466 (452).
T. Hodgkin:
The Dynasty of Theodosius,
2799, second column, (2725).
E. L. Cutts:
Charlemagne,
1150 (1120).
P. Schaff:
History of Christian Church,
1150 (1120).
15. THE REVIVAL OF PAGANISM, AND FORMAL ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRISTIANITY (A. D. 361-395):
G. Uhlhorn:
Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,
2796-2798 (2722-2724).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of the Roman Empire,
2798, first column, (2724).
J. B. S. Carwithen:
History of the Christian Church,
2801 (2727).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2800-2801 (2726-2727).
16. THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE PROVINCES:
E. de Pressensé:
Early Years of Christianity,
463 (449).
C. A. A. Scott:
Ulfilas,
464, 1594 (450, 1556).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1432 (1399).
S. Baring-Gould;
The Church in Germany,
472 (458).
C. Merivale:
Church History,
464 (450).
R. W. Church:
Gifts of Civilization,
465 (451).
A. Plummer:
Church of the Early Fathers,
464 (450).
Appendix D, 3807-3810 (End of Volume I.).
17. THE FALL OF IMPERIAL, RISE OF ECCLESIASTICAL ROME:
J. Watt:
The Latin Church,
471 (457).
C. Merivale:
Early Church History,
471 (457).
E. Hatch:
Organization of the Christian Churches,
471 (457).
G. T. Stokes:
The Celtic Church,
472 (458).
J. J. I. von Döllinger:
History of the Church,
2481 (2421-2482).
C. Gore:
Leo the Great,
2481 (2422).
STUDY XIX.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH OF THE PAPACY.
1. THE ROMAN CHURCH CLAIM OF DESCENT FROM ST. PETER:
G. Salmon:
Infallibility of the Church,
2476 (2417).
J. J. I. von Döllinger;
History of the Church,
2476-2477 (2417-2418).
Cardinal Gibbons:
The Faith of Our Fathers,
2477-2478 (2418-2419).
Abbé Guettée:
The Papacy,
2478-2479 (2419-2420).
S. Cheetham:
History of the Church,
2480 (2421).
G. F. Seymour:
Christian Unity,
2480 (2421).
E. de Pressensé:
Early Years of Christianity.
463 (449).
2. THE RISE OF THE EPISCOPATE:
W. D. Killen:
The Old Catholic Church,
458 (444).
C. Gore:
Mission of the Church,
458 (444).
J. B. Lightfoot;
The Apostolic Age, 458 (444).
A. Neander:
The Christian Religion,
458 (444).
E. Hatch:
Organization of the Christian Churches,
471 (457).
C. Gore:
Leo the Great,
2481 (2422).
{756}
3. The PATRIARCHATES:
J. H. Egar:
Christendom; Ecclesiastical and Political,
466 (452).
J. E. T. Wiltsch:
Statistics of the Church,
466 (452).
J. C. Lees:
The Greek Church,
470, first column, (456).
C. Merivale:
Early Church History,
471 (457).
4. THE EARLY BISHOPS OF ROME
(A. D. 42-600):
J. J. I. von Döllinger:
History of the Church,
2480-2481 (2421-2422).
C. Gore:
Leo the Great,
2481 (2422).
J. H. Egar:
Ecclesiastical and Political Christendom,
476 (462).
V. Duruy:
Middle Ages,
476 (462).
5. ORIGIN OF THE PAPAL TITLE:
A. P. Stanley:
The Eastern Church,
2480 (2421).
R. W. Bush:
St. Athanasius,
2411 (2359).
6. CAUSES THAT LED TO THE SUPREMACY OF THE ROMAN CHURCH:
J. Watt:
The Latin Church,
471 (457).
C. Merivale:
Church History,
471 (457).
E. Hatch:
The Christian Churches,
471 (457).
C. Gore:
Leo the Great,
2481 (2422).
S. Cheetham:
The Christian Church,
2479, last column, 2480 (2421).
J. N. Larned:
Europe, 1045 (1017).
7. GREGORY THE GREAT
(A. D. 590-604):
V. Duruy:
The Middle Ages,
475-476 (461-462).
J. Barmby:
Gregory the Great,
2481-2482 (2422-2423).
T. W. Allies:
The Holy See,
2482 (2423).
M. Creighton:
History of the Papacy,
2818 (2744).
C. Merivale:
Early Church History,
476 (462).
V. Duruy:
The Middle Ages,
476-477 (462-463).
J. F. Rowbotham:
History of Music,
2280-2281.
8. FROM GREGORY TO CHARLEMAGNE
(A. D. 600-800):
The Succession of Popes,
2482-2483 (2423-2424).
(a) The Rise of Papal Sovereignty at Rome.
G. Finlay:
The Byzantine Empire,
2483 (2424).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2483 (2424).
J. E. Darras:
History of the Catholic Church,
2483 (2424).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2483 (2424).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
2483 (2424).
C. J. Stillé;
Mediæval History,
1467, second column, (1436).
(b) The Iconoclastic Controversy.
J. L. von Mosheim:
Ecclesiastical History,
1732 (1692-1693).
J. C. Lees:
The Greek Church,
470 (456).
(c) The Forged Donation of Constantine, and False Decretals.
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2484 (2425).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
2484 (2425).
J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
2484 (2425).
J. E. Riddle:
History of the Papacy,
2485 (2426).
9. THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND THE FRANKS:
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire
(1846-1806). [sic]
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1846-1847 (1806-1807).
C. J. Stillé:
Studies in Mediaeval History,
1467-1468 (1436-1437).
E.Emerton:
The Middle Ages,
1434-1435 (1401-1402).
10. FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO HILDEBRAND; DEGRADATION OF THE HOLY SEE
(A. D. 300-1073):
Cardinal J. H. Newman:
Essays,
2485-2486 (2426-2427).
A. F. Villemain:
Life of Gregory VII.,
2820 (2746).
Abbé J. E. Darras:
The Catholic Church,
2820 (2746).
C. W. Koch:
The Revolutions of Europe,
1471 (1439-1440).
J. I. von Döllinger:
European History,
2820-2821 (2746-2747).
J. H. Allen:
Christian History,
1473 (1442).
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during Middle Ages,
1473-1474 (1442-1443).
E. L. Cutts:
Charlemagne,
1150 (1120).
P. Schaff;
History of the Christian Church,
1150 (1120).
"Such are a few of the most prominent features of the
ecclesiastical history of these dreadful times, when, in the
words of St. Bruno, 'the world lay in wickedness, holiness had
disappeared, justice had perished, and truth had been buried;
Simon Magus lording it over the Church, whose bishops and
priests were given to luxury and fornication.’ Had we lived in
such deplorable times … we should have felt for certain, that
if it was possible to retrieve the Church, it must be by some
external power; she was helpless and resourceless; and the
civil power must interfere, or there was no hope."
CARDINAL J. H. NEWMAN.
11. HILDEBRAND AND REFORM
(A. D. 1073-1086):
Count de Montalembert:
Monks of the West,
2486-2487 (2427-2428).
J. Alzog:
Manual of History,
2487-2488 (2428).
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during Middle Ages,
1473-1474 (1442-1443).
J. N. Murphy:
The Chair of Peter,
2492 (2432).
(а) Papal Elections.
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
2491-2492 (2431-2432).
(b) Celibacy.
Sir James Stephen:
Hildebrand,
2488 (2429).
(c) Investitures.
Hinschius:
Investiturstreit,
2488-2489 (3794-3796).
(d) At Canossa.
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
2490 (2430).
W. R. W. Stephens:
Hildebrand and His Times,
396-397 (386-387).
Comments
Log in to leave a comment.
History for ready reference, Volume 7Chapter XCV: Appendix: Courses for Study or Reading (2)
0%26 min left in chapter