Chapter LIII: Section 4: provides that ‘Any difficulty or disagreement (4)

The seriousness of the situation was set forth by Secretary
Root in a memorandum to the President. Between forty and fifty
thousand civilized negroes, for the most part descendants of
the original colonists from the United States, occupy a
territory comprising 43,000 square miles, in which there are
also over a million and a half members of uncivilized native
tribes. The civilized part of the population have been to a
great degree cut off from any intimate relation with the rest
of the civilized world for two-thirds of a century. They began
with little education, with no acquired skill in the art of
government, and they have had little opportunity to improve
through intercourse with other and more advanced communities.
They find it especially difficult to control the native
tribes, or to conduct their own government in accordance with
modern requirements.

The British colony of Sierra Leone to the north and the French
possessions closing in their hinterland to the east are almost
continuously complaining of the failure of Liberia to maintain
order upon the border. "Notwithstanding the very kindly
disposition on the part of Great Britain, and the similar
disposition on the part of France, there is imminent danger
that the republic, unless it receives outside assistance, will
not be able to maintain itself very long," said Secretary
Root.

The Commission to visit Liberia was appointed in the following
April, and was conveyed soon afterward to Monrovia by a
squadron of three cruiser scouts. It was composed of three
members, Mr. W. Morgan Shuster, who had been for a number of
years in the Philippine service of the United States, Dr.
George Sale, and Mr. Emmett J. Scott, private Secretary of Dr.
Booker Washington. These Commissioners were accompanied by
Captain Sydney A. Cloman, as Military Attache, and by Major
Percy W. Ashburn, of the United States Of America Medical
Department, who would study the sanitary conditions in
Liberia.

Early in October the Commission returned, but its report to
the State Department was not transmitted to Congress until the
25th of March, 1910. It recommended an extension of prompt and
effective aid to the Liberian Government, in the refunding of
its debt, the reform of its finances, the settlement of its
boundary disputes, and the organizing of a competent
constabulary force. Also that the United States establish in
Liberia a naval coaling station and a research station.

{416}

LICENSE LAWS.

See (in this Volume)
ALCOHOL PROBLEM.

LIFE INSURANCE.

See (in this Volume)
INSURANCE.

LILIENTHAL, Otto.

See (in this Volume)
Science and Invention: Aeronautics.

LIMA, WENCESLAO DE.

See (in this Volume)
PORTUGAL: A. D. 1906-1909.

LINCOLN, ABRAHAM.

February 12, 1909, the 100th anniversary of his birth, was
made a legal holiday by act of Congress. The same bill
appropriated $50,000 for making a highway from Washington to
Gettysburg, to be known as the Lincoln Way.

LINDSEY, JUDGE BEN D.:
His Juvenile Court at Denver.

See (in this Volume)
CHILDREN, UNDER THE LAW; AS OFFENDERS.

LINEVITCH, General.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (SEPTEMBER-MARCH).

LIPPMAN, GABRIEL.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

LIQUOR QUESTION.

See (in this Volume)
ALCOHOL PROBLEM.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:
President of the Board of Trade.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1905-1906.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:
Address at the Imperial Conference of 1907
on Preferential Trade.

See (in this Volume)
BRITISH EMPIRE: A. D. 1907.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:
Success in arranging for the Pacific Settlement
of Labor Disputes in the English Railway Service.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1907-1909.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:
Chancellor of the Exchequer.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1908 (APRIL).

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:
On the Working of the Old Age Pensions Act and
its Disclosures of Poverty.

See (in this Volume)
POVERTY, PROBLEMS OF: PENSIONS.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:
On the Development of the Natural Resources of Great Britain.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: GREAT BRITAIN.

LLOYD-GEORGE, David:
His Budget of 1909.
His speech on it.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

LOCAL OPTION:
Progress in the United States.

See (in this Volume)
ALCOHOL PROBLEM: UNITED STATES.

LOCKOUTS.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION.

LODGE, SIR OLIVER.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.

LODZ, Disturbances in.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905.

LOEB, WILLIAM, JR.:
Collector of Customs at New York.
His unearthing of Corruptions.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

LOISY, ABBÉ:
Appointment to be Professor of the History of Religions
in the College de France.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

LONDON, ENGLAND: A. D. 1907-1909.
Control of the London County Council lost by the Progressives.
Defeat in Borough Councils Elections of 1909.

The local party of Progressives, so called, who had controlled
the London County Council since 1889, lost their majority in
the elections of the spring of 1907, and the Conservatives, or
Moderates, or Reformers, as they are variedly styled, were
brought into power, electing 120 members, against 85. The
Progressives, in their eighteen years of ascendancy, had
wrought immense changes in the great city, widening congested
streets, such as the Strand, opening great new thoroughfares
and new parks, electrifying the street railways, remodelling
antiquated public institutions, and the like. The cost of
their works had been heavy, and ratepayers had become
persuaded that there was extravagance in the progressiveness
of the party. It had antagonized many powerful interests in
the city, moreover, and the wonder seems to be that it had
been permitted to conduct the City Government so long.

Again, in elections to the borough councils, in 1909, the
Progressives lost heavily, and the Conservatives, who have
taken the name of Municipal Reformers, are strongly entrenched
in most of the boroughs. Several women were elected, 61 of
their sex having been candidates.

LONDON, ENGLAND: A. D. 1908.
Statistics of Elementary Schools.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1909.

LONDON, ENGLAND: A. D. 1908-1909.
International Naval Conference.

See (in this Volume)
War, The Revolt against: A. D. 1907
(appended to account of Second Peace Conference at The Hague).

LONG, John D.:
Secretary of the Navy.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905.

LOPUKHIN, M.:
His exposure of the Police Spy, Azeff,
to the Russian Revolutionists.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-JULY).

LORDS, British House of:
Decision in case of the Free Church of Scotland.

See (in this Volume)
SCOTLAND: A. D. 1904.

LORDS, British House of:
Defeat of Education Bill, 1906.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1906.

LORDS, British House of:
Menaced Limitation of its Legislative Powers
by the House of Commons.
Its own proposals of Constitutional Change.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1906 (APRIL-DECEMBER); 1907-1908;
1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER), and 1910.

LORDS, British House of:
Rejection of Licensing Bill.

See (in this Volume)
ALCOHOL PROBLEM: ENGLAND: A. D. 1908.

LORDS, British House of:
Rejection of Budget of 1909.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

LORENTZ, HENRIK ANTON.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA:
Recent Rapid Growth of the City.

"The advance of this city to the important position of
metropolis of Southern California falls into two quite
distinct periods, each, however, beginning with the advent of
a transcontinental railroad. The first period opened with the
completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad as a through line
from San Francisco to the East, in 1881, and saw the
transformation of Los Angeles from a sleepy, half-Spanish town
of about 12,000 souls into a bustling progressive city of
70,000 population. The second period of advance began with the
entrance of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in
1885. This improved communication with the States east of the
Rocky Mountains gave an impetus to tourist travel, especially
in the winter season, and the fame of the city and of near-by
localities as places of winter resort spread far and wide. The
people of Los Angeles were quick to recognize the opportunity
for gain and the whole community joined in methods of
advertising of the most systematic character. By the aid of
its local press and through the agency of an energetic Chamber
of Commerce Los Angeles has become one of the best known
cities of North America.

{417}

"Since 1900, railroad communication has been further improved
by the opening of an additional road to San Francisco by way
of the ocean shore and the Salinas and Santa Clara Valleys.
This line, known as the Southern Pacific ‘Coast Line,’ avoids
the heavy grades of the Tehachapi Mountains and greatly
shortens the running time between Los Angeles and San
Francisco. The opening of the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt
Lake Railroad eastward of Los Angeles in 1903 gave the city
direct connection with the central Rocky Mountain region.

"Two other important influences within the past decade
contributed to the city’s remarkable advance in wealth and
population. These are the building of a vast system of
suburban electric railways making a large region of fertile
attractive land, now densely populated, directly tributary to
Los Angeles, and secondly, the introduction of cheap fuel
through the discovery of local supplies of oil. The net-work
of suburban electric railways of which Los Angeles is the
center is one of the most perfect in the world. These lines
reach out in every direction through distances of from 10 to
50 miles, and connect Los Angeles with the many rapidly
growing cities of Los Angeles County and its neighbor, Orange
County.

"Manufacturing in Los Angeles was for a long time handicapped
by the high cost of fuel. This difficulty has been removed by
the introduction of crude oil as fuel, and the city now has
over 1500 manufacturing establishments, employing over 12,000
people, with an annual output of over $40,000,000. These
include rolling mills, brass-works, paper-box factories,
manufactories of mining machinery, pumps, glass, etc. Los
Angeles is becoming a manufacturing center for the mining and
agricultural lands of Utah, Southern Nevada, Arizona, New
Mexico and the Northern parts of Mexico, as well as Southern
California itself.

"The steady expansion of Los Angeles has been maintained by a
policy of annexation of suburbs. The latest event in this line
of growth has elevated the city into the rank of a sea-port.
The city has long enjoyed abundant means of ocean traffic by
way of Santa Monica, Redondo and San Pedro, but by the
annexation of San Pedro and Wilmington, in 1906, with a
connecting strip of territory 19 miles long by ½ mile in
width, Los Angeles itself becomes a sea-port with the control
of traffic on San Pedro Bay. The city thus achieves an extreme
length from north to south of 33 miles."

_Frederick H. Clark, Head of History Department,
Lowell High School, San Francisco._

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA:
Experiments and Experiences in Municipal Government.

See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA: A. D. 1905-1909.
Water Supply.
The Owens River Aqueduct.

"The present water supply of the city of Los Angeles is taken
from the flow of the Los Angeles River, supplemented by the
underground flow of the San Fernando Valley in which the river
lies. The demand for water within the city is supplemented by
the need for water for irrigation purposes in the surrounding
country. Some years ago it became evident that an increased
supply must be obtained, or the further development of the
city and its environs be brought to a standstill. Extensive
investigations resulted in the decision that Owens River
offered the best source of supply. This river, the principal
drainage of the Owens Valley region, at the base of the Sierra
Nevada Mountains, has a large number of tributaries, and
empties into Owens Lake, from which the waters escape by
evaporation only. The Los Angeles authorities adopted the plan
of an aqueduct to conduct the waters of this river along the
mountain slopes, over the Mojave Desert, and, by tunnel,
through the San Fernando Mountains, to their city,--a total
distance of 217½ miles. On the 7th of September, 1905, an
election was held at which the voters of Los Angeles, by a
majority of about fourteen to one, declared in favor of a bond
issue of $23,000,000 for the undertaking. Besides the
construction of the conduit, the project includes the building
of a large reservoir in Long Valley, above the Owens Valley
proper, for the storage of flood waters; also the construction
of a system of additional reservoirs along the line of the
aqueduct for the regulation of flow as well as for storage;
and a terminal reservoir from which the distributing system
proceeds. All of this work is well under way at this date
(1909), and according to the last published report of the
Aqueduct Bureau the chief engineer confidently expects that
this great project will be brought to completion within the
estimated period of five years--and within the estimated cost
of $23,000,000.

"Outside of the above estimates, the City also plans to build
a great electric power plant which will utilize the drop of
1500 feet where the aqueduct emerges from the San Fernando
Mountains. This plant is estimated to cost from $4,500,000 to
$5,000,000, and through the sale of electric power will become
the source of very considerable revenue to the City. Taken
altogether this Owens River Aqueduct is the greatest municipal
undertaking in California at the present time, and one of the
most important engineering achievements of recent years."

_Frederick H. Clark, Head of History Department,
Lowell High School, San Francisco._

LOUBET, Emile:
President of France.

See (in Volume VI.)
FRANCE: A. D. 1899 (FEBRUARY-JUNE).

LOUBET, Emile:
Visit to the King of Italy.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1905-1906.

LOUBET, Emile:
Expiration of term as President of the French Republic.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1906.

LOUISIANA: A. D. 1908.
Enactment against Race-track Gambling.

See (in this Volume)
GAMBLING.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

See (in this Volume)
ST. LOUIS: A. D. 1904.

LOW, Seth:
Mayor of New York.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1901-1903.

LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE:
President of Harvard University.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1909.

LOWTHER, JAMES WILLIAM:
Elected Speaker of the House of Commons.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1905 (JUNE).

LUBIN, DAVID:
Originator of International Institute of Agriculture.

See (in this Volume)
AGRICULTURE.

{418}

LUIZ FELIPE, CROWN PRINCE OF PORTUGAL:
His assassination.

See (in this Volume)
PORTUGAL: A. D. 1906-1909.

"LUSITANIA,"
The Turbine Steamship.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: TURBINE ENGINE.

LUZURIAGA, JOSÉ.

See (in this Volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901.

M.

McADOO, WILLIAM GIBBS.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1900-1909.

McANENY, GEORGE:
President of the Borough of Manhattan.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1909.

McCALL, JOHN A.:
President of New York Life Insurance Company.

See (in this Volume)
INSURANCE, LIFE.

McCLELLAN, GEORGE B.:
Mayor of New York.

See (in this Volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1901-1903, and 1905.

McCURDY, RICHARD A.:
President of Mutual Life Insurance Company.

See (in this Volume)
INSURANCE, LIFE.

MACDONALD COLLEGE, The Founding of.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: CANADA: A. D. 1907.

MACEDONIA:
The recent use of the Name.

As employed very commonly at the present time, the name
Macedonia simply signifies that part of the small remainder of
the Turkish Empire in Europe which coincides nearly with the
original Macedonia of ancient history. It is applied to the
three Turkish vilayets or provinces of Salonika, Monastir and
Kossovo, which have been the scene for years of conditions of
strife and misery that are worse, perhaps, than can be found
elsewhere in the world. Whether the wretched inhabitants have
suffered more from their political masters, the Turks, than
from their Bulgarian and Greek neighbors, who covet the ground
they occupy, seems to be much of a question. For some account
of the Macedonian troubles of late years.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY.

MCKENNA, REGINALD: First Lord of the British Admiralty.
Speech on the Navy Estimates, 1909.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR: NAVAL.

MACKENZIE BASIN, Report on the.

See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1909.

MCKINLEY, WILLIAM:
President of the United States.
His assassination.

See (in this Volume)
BUFFALO: A. D. 1901, and
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901 (SEPTEMBER).

MCKINLEY, WILLIAM:
Last public utterance.

See (in this Volume)
TARIFFS: UNITED STATES.

MACLAURIN, RICHARD C.:
President of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1909.

MACLEAN, Kaid Sir Harry:
Capture by Raisuli and ransom.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1904-1909.

MACVEAGH, FRANKLIN:
Secretary of the Treasury.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

MACVEAGH, FRANKLIN:
On the corruptions in the United States Customs Service.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

MADAGASCAR:
Agreement of England and France concerning matters in.

See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1904 (APRIL).

MADRIZ, Dr.: President of Nicaragua.

See (in this Volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1909.

MAGHRABI, AMINA HAFIZ.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: EGYPT.

MAGHREB EL-AKSA.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO.

MAGOON, CHARLES E.:
Governor of the Panama Canal Zone.

See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH: PANAMA CANAL.

MAGOON, CHARLES E.:
Provisional Governor of Cuba.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1906 (AUGUST-OCTOBER), and 1906-1909.

MAHDI, THE MOORISH: BU HAMARA.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1903-1904.

MAHDI, A New:
His summary destruction.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1903 (SUDAN).

MAHMUD SHEVKET PASHA:
Commander of the Turkish Constitutional Forces.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

MAHOMET and MAHOMETAN.

See (in this Volume)
MOHAMMED and MOHAMMEDAN.

MAKAROFF, Admiral.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-AUGUST).

MALARIA.

See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH: MALARIA.

MALAY PENINSULA: A. D. 1909.
Cession of Three States to Great Britain.

See (in this Volume)
SIAM: A. D. 1909.

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1901-1904.
Persistent occupation by the Russians.
Remonstrances by the Japanese.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1901.

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1903.
Treaty opening two new Ports to Foreign Trade.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1903 (MAY-OCTOBER).

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1904.
The Russo-Japanese War.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY), and after.

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1905.
Treaty between China and Japan.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1905 (DECEMBER).

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1908-1909.
The question of Municipalities on the line of the Chinese
Eastern Railway.
New Russo-Chinese Agreement.

See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1909 (MAY).

MANICKTOLLAH GARDEN, The.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1907-1908.

MANIKALAND.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA.

MANILLA: A. D. 1900-1902.
The Stamping Out of the Bubonic Plague.

See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH.

MANITOBA: A. D. 1901-1902.
Census.
Increased Representation in Parliament.

See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1901-1902.

MANNESMANN CONCESSION, The.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1909.

MANUEL II.: King of Portugal.

See (in this Volume)
PORTUGAL.

MARCONI, Guglielmo.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.
See, also,
NOBEL PRIZES.

MARISCAL, Ignacio:
Honorary President of Second International Conference of
American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

MARRAKESH (Morocco City), Events at.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1907-1909.

{419}

MARRIAGE WITH A DECEASED WIFE’S SISTER:
English Act to legalize it.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1907 (AUGUST).

MARSEILLES: A. D. 1902.
Strikes of Dock Laborers, Sailors, and Stokers.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: FRANCE: A. D. 1902.

MARTENS, Frederick de.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

MARTINIQUE:
Volcanic Explosion of Mont Pelée.

See (in this Volume)
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: WEST INDIES.

MARYLAND: A. D. 1909.
Defeat of Disfranchising Amendment to the Constitution.

See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE; UNITED STATES.

MASCHINE, Colonel:
Leader of the Assassins of King Alexander, at Belgrade.

See (in this Volume)
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: SERVIA.

MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1909.
Seeking a Leader for an Educational Revolution.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.

MASSACRES:
In Asia Minor.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (APRIL-DECEMBER).

MASSACRES:
Of "Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905.

MASSACRES:
Of Jews at Kishineff.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1903 (APRIL).

MATOS, Manuel A.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904.

MATSUKATA, Count.

See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1903 (JUNE).

MATTER, New Theory of.

(See in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: PHYSICAL.

MAURA, Señor:
Prime Minister of Spain.

See (in this Volume)
SPAIN: A. D. 1901-1904, and 1907-1909.

"MAURETANIA,"
The Turbine Steamship.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: TURBINE ENGINE.

MAURETANIE, French.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1909.

MAY LAWS, The.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: PRUSSIA: A. D. 1904.

MECCA:
Railway from Damascus.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS (TURKEY, ASIATIC: A. D. 1908).

MEDJLISS MEJLIS: The Persian Parliament or National Assembly.

See (in this Volume)
CONSTITUTION OF PERSIA.
Also
PERSIA: A. D. 1905-1907.

MELILLA:
Spanish hostilities with Moors.

See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1909.

MENDEL, GREGOR, and his Law of Variation in Species.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION: BIOLOGICAL.

MENELEK:
Emperor of Ethiopia.

See (in this Volume)
ABYSSINIA: A. D. 1902.

MERRY DEL VAL, CARDINAL.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1905-1906.

MERSINA:
Moslem attack on Armenians.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

MESSINA:
Its destruction by Earthquake.

See (in this Volume)
EARTHQUAKES: ITALY.

METCALF, VICTOR H.:
Secretary of Commerce and Labor, and Secretary of the Navy.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905, and 1905-1909.

METCHNIKOFF, PROFESSOR ELIE.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: OPSONINS.
See, also,
NOBEL PRIZES.

MEXICO: A. D. 1901-1902.
Invitation and entertainment of Second International
Conference of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

MEXICO: A. D. 1902 (May).
Arbitration of the Pious Fund Question, between
the United States and Mexico.

From 1868 until 1902 a claim of the United States against
Mexico had been in dispute. It related to the right of the
Catholic missions in that part of old California which now
forms the American State of California to a portion of the
income from a certain fund which pious people of Spain and
Mexico, more than two centuries ago, had established for the
support of Catholic missions among the California Indians. In
1767 the Jesuits who held the fund were driven from the
country and the Spanish Government assumed the trust, which in
turn devolved on Mexico when that colony acquired
independence. When upper California was ceded to this country
Mexico ceased to pay to the missions there the portion of the
income due them. Their claim was finally taken up by the
American Government, to be pressed against, the Mexican, and,
after years of diplomatic controversy, was referred, May 22d,
1902, to the Hague Tribunal for arbitration. This has the
distinction of being the first controversy submitted to that
permanent tribunal. The decision of the Tribunal was rendered
on the 14th of October, 1902, in favor of the California
claim, requiring Mexico to pay $1,420,682 (Mexican currency)
of past dues, and $43,051 annually thereafter.

MEXICO: A. D. 1903.
New Legislative Palace, and other Government Buildings.

"The cities and towns of Mexico are improving at a surprising
rate, and the capital city especially is just now in the midst
of the greatest building boom that has ever, perhaps, been
known in any Latin-American city except Buenos Ayres. The
interesting monthly publication entitled Modern Mexico informs
us that the federal government alone is entering upon an
investment approximating $50,000,000 in new buildings in the
City of Mexico.

"The greatest of these buildings is the so-called Legislative
Palace, corresponding to our Capitol building at Washington.
The foundations of this building are now being laid, and it
will cost, perhaps, $20,000,000. The City of Mexico has
adopted the wise European plan of carefully regulating the
height of new buildings, and preventing the construction of
anything that would be inartistic or out of keeping with the
harmony of the city’s architecture. Next to the Legislative
Palace, perhaps the most imposing of the new Mexican buildings
will be the National Pantheon, which is to cost more than
$5,000,000, and is to be at once a memorial to Mexico’s
eminent men and a place for their entombment. Several of the
executive departments are to be housed in the buildings now
approaching completion."

_American Review of Reviews,
October, 1903._

MEXICO: A. D. 1903.
Agreement for Settlement of Claims against Venezuela.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904.

{420}

MEXICO: A. D. 1904-1905.
Arbitration Treaty with the United States.
Reelection of President Diaz for a Seventh Term.
Extension of the Term.
Currency Reform.
End of the Free Zone.

"Mexico was one of the countries with which the United States
government negotiated an arbitration treaty early in the year
[1905], a treaty which was dropped, like its fellows, by the
Washington administration, because of the Senate amendments. …
Though the tentative arbitration treaty between the United
States and Mexico … fell through, another very practical and
useful arbitration convention was concluded between the two
nations during the year. This was the convention agreed to in
principle during the Pan-American Conference in the city of
Mexico in the winter of 1901-1902, which provides for the
settlement by arbitration of all international questions
growing out of pecuniary claims. The representatives of
several of the nations taking part in that conference affixed
their signatures to this preliminary compact, and it has since
become operative among a number of them. It was ratified by
the Mexican Senate during its spring sessions. As pecuniary
claims have in point of fact been one of the most fruitful
sources of difficulty between the United States and the other
nations of the western hemisphere, the conclusion of an
agreement, in a binding form, to dispose by arbitration of any
such cases as may arise in the future, is a distinct gain for
the cause of the rational adjustment of international
controversies, and is a guarantee, not indeed absolute, but
most substantial, of lasting peace among the nations of this
continent. …

"There were no striking developments in the political
situation in Mexico. On December 1 of the previous year (1904)
President Diaz had entered on his sixth consecutive term and
his seventh term in all. By a constitutional amendment, a
regular vice-president of the republic, for the first time
since the early days of Mexico’s history, took the oath of
office at the same time as the president, on December 1, 1904.
The gentleman previously elected, and now occupying the
position of vice-president, is the Honorable Ramon Corral,
formerly governor of the state of Sonora. By virtue of another
constitutional amendment, the present and future presidential
terms will be six years, instead of four as formerly. …

"A measure of vital importance to the economic well-being of
the nation was promulgated on March 25, 1905. This was the
decree for the reform of the currency, issued by the Executive
under an enabling Act of Congress, approved on December 9,
1904. The new monetary system, due to the initiative of the
very able finance minister Señor José Yves Limantour, went
into effect on the first of May, but the free coinage of
silver ceased on April 16. Broadly speaking, the new system
gives Mexico a fifty-cent dollar. It declares that the
theoretical unit of the monetary system of the United Mexican
States is represented by seventy-five centigrams of pure gold,
and is denominated a peso. …

"On July 1 that time-honored institution known as the Free
Zone ceased to exist."

_F. R. Guernsey,
The Year in Mexico
(Atlantic Monthly, February, 1906)._

MEXICO: A. D. 1906.
Celebration of the Centenary of Benito Juarez.
His relation to the Secularizing Movement a generation ago.
Present Pacific Relations between Church and State.

"Though Juarez is generally credited with the paternity of the
laws generically known as the Reform Laws, and although he
undoubtedly was the life and soul of the secularizing movement
of his day, it is worthy of note that he had no formal
participation in the chief measures framed against the Church.
… He was not a signatory of the Constitution of 1857, which
first attacked the existence of the religious orders; the law
for the confiscation of church property was framed by Miguel
Lerdo de Tejada, the Finance Minister of President Comoufort
(1856); and the constitutional amendments which definitely
established the separation of Church and State, instituted
civil marriage, placed monastic communities outside the pale
of the law, and forbade open-air religious services, were not
enacted until 1873 and 1874, after the death of Juarez, and
during the presidency of Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada.

"March 21, 1906, was, by a decree of Congress, observed as a
general holiday in Mexico. Pilgrimages to the tomb of Juarez
took place in the morning; commemorative tablets were unveiled
in the afternoon, and at night General Diaz, surrounded by his
cabinet, presided in the Arbeu Theatre at an apotheosis of
Juarez, during which the career and character of the reforming
president were extolled in an eloquent oration by Honorable
Justo Sierra, Minister of Public Instruction. On the stage
with the President during these exercises were the son and
other surviving descendants of Juarez, who are numerous.

"Curiously enough, a question involving the interpretation of
the Reform Laws arose soon after the celebration of the Juarez
centenary. The ministers of all denominations in Mexico had
been accustomed to conduct a service at the graveside in
connection with the burial of the dead. It was generally held
that this practice did not conflict with Article 5 of the Law
of December 14, 1874, forbidding all forms of religious
service other than those held inside the churches. But in May,
1906, the Interior Department issued a circular declaring
open-air burial services conducted in the cemeteries to be
illegal. This rule has led to the erection of mortuary chapels
in the cemeteries which previously were unprovided with them,
and the burial services are held inside these chapels.

"While this episode shows that there is no intention on the
part of the governmental authorities of Mexico to relax one
iota of the laws which curtailed the power of the Church, it
is worthy of note that there is no serious religious conflict
in Mexico at the present time; and, under laws which are
probably as restrictive as those recently enacted in France,
which have so agitated that country, Church and State in the
Mexican Republic move smoothly in their separate orbits, with
conciliatory if not cordial sentiments toward each other."

_F. R. Guernsey,
The Year in Mexico
(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1907)._

MEXICO: A. D. 1906.
Joint Action with the United States
in Central American Mediation.

See (in this Volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA.

{421}

MEXICO: A. D. 1906.
Participation in Third International Conference
of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

MEXICO: A. D. 1906.
Nationalizing the Railway System.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: MEXICO.

MEXICO: A. D. 1909.
Extended Governmental Control of Railways.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: MEXICO.

MEXICO: A. D. 1909.
The Last Year of the Sixth Consecutive Term of Porfirio Diaz
in the Presidency.
His long practical Autocracy, and its effects on the Nation.
A Mexican View.

Since Napoleon remodeled a French republic into an empire
there has been nothing of its kind in political workmanship to
equal the masterpiece of practical autocracy which Porfirio
Diaz has erected in Mexico, on a basis of nominal democracy,
within the last 30 years. He has not throned or crowned
himself, as Napoleon did, which saves his work from the
vulgarity that the Corsican could not resist; but he has
exercised more than the sovereignty that imperial seats and
trappings could invest him with.

On the 1st of December, 1909, Diaz entered the last year of
his sixth consecutive term in the presidency—his seventh term
in all—the previous term of four years having now been
lengthened to six. Since 1884 he has held the reins of
Government by what seems to have become sheer mastery,
whatever of free popular election there may have been at the
outset of his official career. If internal and external peace,
general good order, rapid progress on all lines of material
advancement, great gains in public education and a general
uplift of the country in its standing before the world were
sufficient fruits of his government to test its quality by,
then Mexico might well be satisfied with it and with him; for
the beneficence of his autocracy on this side of its working
appears to be beyond dispute. But Mexico appears to have begun
to feel the cost in public character and spirit which
paternalized government must always exact for the superficial
benefits it bestows, and the country is said to be filled with
more than discontent.

A notable Mexican writer, Rafael de Zayes Enriquez, who is
described as a lifelong friend and supporter of Diaz, has been
bold enough to give voice to the existing feeling in a recent
book. The long administration of the masterful president is
recounted and studied with honest friendliness, for the open
purpose of addressing plain truths to the man whose life and
work are discussed. "You have disarmed the judiciary and the
Legislature," he is told, "until they are impotent, and in
reality nothing more than branches of the executive."
"Imitating the high example, almost everyone in Mexico who has
any power abuses it, and the cowed public submits." "Everyone
is permitted to despise the public and to treat it
tyrannically." And the honest friend who thus commands the
attention of Diaz to the evil workings of his dictatorship,
appeals for the ending of it—for the restoration of a
nullified constitution, for free elections, for independent
legislatures and courts; for the averting of otherwise
inevitable storms of revolution, and for the saving of himself
from a verdict of history, that "he created a nation, but
destroyed a people."

On the other hand there are foreign observers in Mexico who
believe that Diaz holds the peace and prosperity of the
country in his hand. A Press correspondent wrote not long
since: "He, Diaz, alone saved us from a disastrous panic last
fall, the effects of which would have reached beyond our
boundaries. The Government compelled the Banco Nacional to
advance ready money to every institution that was in need and
intrinsically sound. The bank was likewise compelled to sell
exchange at a loss, so that the failure to keep silver at a
parity was less apparent. The Government stood this loss.
About January first one of the largest mercantile houses in
Mexico, with many branches, was in serious difficulty. Its
chief went straight to President Diaz, and said that he must
have a million dollars or fail. Recognizing that the failure
of this house would precipitate a panic, the Government let
him have the money. … In my opinion, the most serious menace
to the prosperity of Mexico is the fear that President Diaz is
not as strong physically as is popularly believed. … The least
of the evils which might come from his death, should it occur
soon, would be increase in business stagnation and in popular
unrest. Many politicians seem ready to avail themselves of the
present wide-spread dislike of foreigners. The ferment of
anti-foreign leaven is working among the masses."

Whatever may be the kind and quality of the domination he has
exercised for twenty-five years, Mexico must inevitably be put
to a crucial test when he drops the helm of state.

MEXICO: A. D. 1909.
Meeting of President Diaz with President Taft.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

MEXICO: A. D. 1909 (FEBRUARY).
Participation in a North American Conference on the
Conservation of Natural Resources.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: NORTH AMERICA.

MEYER, GEORGE VON L.:
Postmaster-General.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1909; SECRETARY OF THE NAVY.
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).

MICHELSEN, PROFESSOR ALBERT A.:
Inventor of the Interferometer.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT.
See, also,
NOBEL PRIZES.

MICHELSEN, M.:
Premier of Norway.

See (in this Volume)
NORWAY: A. D. 1902-1905.

MICHIGAN: A. D. 1909.
Legislation giving Home Rule to Cities.

See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: MICHIGAN.

MIDHAT PASHA.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER).

MIGNOT, Bishop.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1905-1906.

MIGUEL, Dom:
Pretender to the Crown of Portugal.

See (in this Volume)
PORTUGAL: A. D. 1909.

MIGUELISTAS.

See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1906-1909.

MILIOUKOV, PROFESSOR PAUL.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1905-1907.

MILLERAND, M.:
Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs
in the Briand Cabinet.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1909 (JULY).

MILNER, Alfred, Lord:
In South Africa.

See (in this Volume)
SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1901-1902, and after.

MILWAUKEE REFRIGERATOR TRANSIT CASE.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1906.

{422}

MIN, General: Assassination of.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1906.

MINDANAO, Conditions in.

See (in this Volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901-1902.

MINE OWNERS’ ASSOCIATION, WESTERN.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1899-1907.

MINERS AND MINING.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR.

MINING, Wasteful.

See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

MINNESOTA: A. D. 1908.
Organization of Coöperative Stores.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR REMUNERATION: COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION.

MINTO, Gilbert John Murray K. Elliott, Earl of:
Governor-General of Canada.

See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1904.

MINTO, Gilbert John Murray K. Elliott, Earl of:
Viceroy of India.
His initiation of the Reform in Indian Government by
the Indian Councils Bill.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1908-1909.

MIRSKY, Prince Svyatopolk.

See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905.

MISSIONS, Christian:
At Large: Notable Movements of 1910.

"The year 1910 will be notable in the annals of foreign
missions. The Laymen’s Missionary Movement, now holding
meetings in this city, plans an educative campaign covering
over seventy centres and culminating next May in a national
congress in Chicago. The Student Volunteer Movement, which
enrols in its mission study classes over 25,000 collegians,
and which has sent over 4,000 workers to the foreign field,
has just closed a conference at Rochester, where were
assembled nearly 3,000 college men and women. In this month
also is the gathering of medical missionaries at Battle Creek,
Michigan. Next June the important World Missionary Conference
takes place in Edinburgh. In October the country’s oldest
foreign missionary organization, the American Board,
celebrates its centennial in connection with the National
Congregational Council at Boston."

_New York Evening Post,
January 10, 1910._

MISSIONS, Christian: China: A. D. 1906-1907.

"In view of the recent remarkable awakening in China, and the
strong desire on the part of the Chinese for a knowledge of
Western civilisation and science, an influential Committee,
‘The China Missions Emergency Committee,’ was appointed last
year, including in its membership an equal number of prominent
representatives of the Anglican Church as well as of the Free
Churches of Great Britain, to consider in what ways it might
assist the missionary societies and their representatives in
China in adjusting and extending their existing operations, so
that the momentous demands now made upon them by the
surprising changes of thought and policy that have so suddenly
emerged, may be adequately met. …

"It appointed as its representatives the Reverend Lord William
and Lady Florence Gascoyne-Cecil, of Hatfield; Sir Alexander
R. Simpson, of Edinburgh; Professor Alexander Macalister, of
Cambridge; and Mr. Francis William Fox, of London, to attend
the Missionary Conference held at Shanghai from April 26th to
May 7th last, and also to pay a series of visits to
missionaries and mission stations, for the purpose of learning
from the most experienced missionaries what measures should be
adopted to meet the new demands that had arisen."

"We found everywhere throughout the Chinese Empire that
greater religious liberty is enjoyed than is the case in many
other parts of the world, and that, so long as the laws of the
country are observed, there is, theoretically, no interference
with the conscientious opinions of individuals, with, however,
the exceptions that Chinese officials are required
occasionally to perform certain ceremonies of an idolatrous
character. …

"In the year 1906, as before stated, there were approximately
3,750 Foreign Protestant Missionaries residing in China. Of
these, 1,950 were British, 1,457 American, and some 343
Continental and Independent Workers.

The number of Bible Women:
In 1876, 90;
in 1889, 180;
in 1906, 894.

Number of Boys’ and Girls’ Day Schools:
In 1878, 289;
in 1906, 385.

Number of Scholars in Day Schools:
In 1876, 4,909;
in 1889, 16,836;
in 1906, 42,546.

Number of Intermediate, High Schools and Colleges:
In 1906, 389.

Number of Students in Colleges, etc. (male and female):
In 1906, 15,137.

Total number of Scholars and Students:
In 1906, 57,683.

"By the commencement of 1908 it is estimated that the total
number of Foreign Protestant Missionaries in China will be at
least 4,000. The number of Mission Stations (including the sub
or smaller ones) is about 5,750. The ordained Chinese Pastors
and other Chinese Preachers are now about 6,000. The number of
recognized Protestant Church (full) Members and Catechumens is
estimated as 250,000, which, with the addition of children and
others not regarded as in full connection, represents a total
of about 1,000,000 persons who are more or less closely
connected with the Protestant Christian Churches of China."

_F. W. Fox, A. Macalister, and A. R. Simpson,
Christian Missions in China
(Contemporary Review, February, 1908)._

See, also, (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: CHINA.

MISSIONS, Christian: India and Korea:
American Mission Schools.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: INDIA, AND KOREA.

MISSIONS, Christian: Japan.

"Viscount Aoki, a former Minister for Foreign Affairs, is a
Christian, and so is Viscount Okabé, Minister of Justice in
the present Cabinet. There are 10 Christian members of the
Imperial Diet, all men of high character and enjoying the
respect of their fellow-countrymen, for there is no
constituency in Japan which would elect a Christian qua
Christian. It is perhaps among the commercial class that
Christianity is gaining most ground, and at Osaka, the great
industrial city of Japan, there are churches with Japanese
ministers, supported entirely by Japanese congregations, who
have at heart to remove the popular reproach that Christianity
is a foreign creed which cannot live without foreign subsidies.
Missionary activity has always had a free field in Japan, and
its philanthropic aspects have never received wider
recognition than of recent years. The Emperor himself has
frequently marked by handsome contributions his personal
interest in orphanages and hospitals conducted under
missionary auspices. But if Christianity should ever become
the national faith of Japan it will probably be in some new
national form impressed upon it by Japanese teachers rather
than in any sectarian form borrowed from the West.
{423}
What is meanwhile unquestionably increasing very steadily is
the influence of Christian ethics. … To quote a missionary:
‘If there are less than 200,000 professing Christians in
Japan, there are more than a million educated Japanese who
think in terms of Christian ethics, and who try to live up to
them more truly than many millions of professing Christians in
the West.’"

_Correspondent of The Times, London._

In April, 1907, a great international mission conference was
assembled at Tokyo, Japan, of which _The Outlook_ gave
the following account the next month:

"Over six hundred delegates, representing organizations in
twenty-five countries, assembled last month in Tokyo. They
constituted the seventh Conference of the World’s Student
Christian Federation. The body represented is a federation of
various national associations of Christian students. Some of
them are Young Men’s Christian Associations, organized in the
colleges; some of them are student organizations, not
affiliated with the Young Men’s Christian Association. The
delegates received many messages of greeting from officials of
high station; among these were messages from Viscount Hayashi,
the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs; Marquis Ito, who
sent a letter from Korea accompanied with a gift of five
thousand dollars; Count Okuma, Elder Statesman; the President
of the United States, the King of England, and the King of
Norway.

"The meetings were thronged by ten thousand students, mainly
Japanese and Chinese. The Conference was of course
distinctively Christian in character; it had a definite
purpose of proclaiming a Christian message: it advocated
ethical and intellectual progress by means of the Christian
religion; it assembled in a non-Christian land; yet its
existence, so far from arousing resentment or opposition,
evoked rather the warmest expression of appreciation and even
gratitude. That it stimulated emulation is not surprising. A
Buddhist Conference, for example, was summoned in the same
city at the same time; but at that Conference resolutions
expressing its ‘profound respect’ to the gathering of
Christians were passed, and a deputation to convey these
resolutions was chosen. Similarly, a Conference of Shinto
priests sent a letter to the Christian Conference expressing
their sense of the honor which the Federation had shown to
Japan by convening in Tokyo, and, in lieu of a reception which
could not be arranged for lack of time, presented material
‘mementoes and tokens of esteem,’ in order, to use their own
words, ‘to express our deep appreciation of your coming, and
to commemorate this bright event in Japan’s history.’ The
press of Japan was emphatic in its expression of good will."

MISSIONS, Christian: Turkey and the Near East:
American Mission Schools.

See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: TURKEY.

MISSOURI: A. D. 1906-1909.
Successful Prosecution of the Waters-Pierce and
Standard Oil Companies.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1904-1909.

MISSOURI RIVER RATE CASE.

See (in this Volume)
RAILWAYS: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908-1909.

MISTRAL, Frederic.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

MITCHELL, JOHN:
President of the United Mine Workers of America.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1903.

MITCHELL, JOHN:
Resignation on account of ill health.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.

MITCHELL, JOHN:
Chairman of Trades Agreements Department
of National Civic Federation.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908.

MITCHELL, JOHN:
Sentence for alleged Violation of an Injunction.

See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1908-1909.

MITCHELL, John H.:
United States Senator, involved in Land Frauds.

See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1906.

MODERATE-REPUBLICANS.

See (in this Volume)
FRANCE. A. D. 1909 (JANUARY).

MODERNISM, Papal Encyclical against.

See (in this Volume)
PAPACY: A. D. 1907.
Also,
TYRREL, FATHER GEORGE.

MODUS VIVENDI:
On American Fishing in Newfoundland waters.

See (in this Volume)
NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1905-1909.

MOHAMMED ALI:
Lately deposed Shah of Persia.

See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1907 (JANUARY-SEPTEMBER).

MOHAMMEDAN CONFERENCE.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1907 (DECEMBER).

MOHAMMEDANS OF INDIA:
Their present Feeling.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1907-1909, and 1908-1909.

MOHAMID EL AMIN, a new Mahdi.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1903 (SUDAN).

MOHAMMID RESCHAD EFFENDI:
Made Sultan of Turkey as Mohammid V.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).

MOHONK (LAKE) PEACE CONFERENCE.

See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.

MOISSAN, H.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

MOLTKE, COUNT KUNO VON:
His Libel Suit against Maximilien Harden.

See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1907-1908.

MOMMSEN, THEODOR.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

MONASTIR:
Beginnings of the Turkish Revolution.

See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER).

MONETA, ERNESTO T.

See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.

MONEY. See (in this Volume) Finance and

MONO-RAIL SYSTEM.

See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION: RAILWAYS.

MONOPOLIES.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL.

MONROE DOCTRINE:
Interpreted relatively to German Claims and Complaints
against Venezuela.
Its Recognition by Germany.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1901, and
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1903.

MONROE DOCTRINE:
Impliedly recognized by the Hague Tribunal.

See (in this Volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1902-1904.

MONROE DOCTRINE:
In the case of San Domingo.

See (in this Volume)
SAN DOMINGO: A. D. 1904-1905.

MONROE DOCTRINE:
Stated as an All-America Doctrine by Secretary Root, at the
Third International Conference of American Republics,
at Rio de Janeiro, in 1906.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

{424}

MONROE PALACE, The.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS: THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE.

MONTAGUE, A. J.:
Delegate to Third International Conference
of American Republics.

See (in this Volume)
AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

MONTENEGRO.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

MONTES, I.:
President of Bolivia.

See (in this Volume)
ACRE DISPUTES.

MONT PELÉE, Volcanic explosion of.

See (in this Volume)
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: WEST INDIES.

MONTT, Pedro:
President of Chile.

See (in this Volume)
CHILE: A. D. 1906.

MOODY, William H.:
Secretary of the Navy, Attorney-General and Justice of the
Supreme Court.

See (in this Volume)

UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905, and 1905-1909.

MOOR, F. R.:
Premier of Natal.
At the Imperial Conference of 1907.

See (in this Volume)
BRITISH EMPIRE: A. D. 1907.

MORALES, President Carlos F.

See (in this Volume)
SAN DOMINGO: A. D. 1904-1907.

MORENGA, Chief of Hereros.

See (in this Volume)
AFRICA: GERMAN COLONIES.

MORET Y PRENDERGAST:
Premier of Spain.

See (in this Volume)
SPAIN: A. D. 1907-1909.

MORGAN, J. Pierpont:
His Intervention in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902.

See (in this Volume)
labor organization: united states: A. D. 1902-1903.

MORGAN, J. Pierpont:
His organization of the International
Mercantile Marine Company.

See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL: INTERNATIONAL.

MORGAN, J. Pierpont:
Enlarged Control of Banking Interests.

See (in this Volume)
FINANCE AND TRADE: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909-1910.

MORLEY, John, Viscount:
Secretary of State for India.

See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1905-1906.

MORLEY, John, Viscount:
On the Indian Councils Bill.

See (in this Volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1908-1909.

MOROCCO (Maghreb el-Aksa):
The Name.

Maroc or Morocco, the name given by Europeans to the empire of
the Moorish Sultan as a whole, is not so applied by the
natives of the country. According to them, the Maroc or
country of Marrakech, the Marruecos of the Spaniards, is only
one of three States submissive to the authority of the
Sultan-Shereef. At the north the kingdom of Fez, at the
southwest the oasis of Tafilet, make up his real empire.
Beyond these, vast territories occupied by numerous
independent tribes, stretch over the space that is marked on
our maps with the name Morocco. Its inhabitants have no common
name for it as a whole. Their country, indicated in a general
manner, with no precise delimitation, is the Maghreb
el-Aksa,—that is to say, "The Extreme West."

_Élisée Reclus,
Nouvelle Geographic Universelle,
Volume 11, page 653._

MOROCCO: A. D. 1896-1906.
The Creeping of the French Algerian Boundary
into Moroccan Territory.
A Justification of the Encroachment.