Chapter I: The Anglo-Saxon Period, 449-1066 (13)

The price being $4.35 per 100 pounds and as in 8740 pounds there are 87.40 hundredweight, four decimal places are pointed off. _Ans._ $380.19.

Find the cost of 2864 feet of lumber, at $17-1/4 per 1000 feet.

Price being dollars per 1000, point off three places. (2.864 × 17-1/4 = 49.404.) _Ans._ $49.40.

To find the value of articles sold by the ton (2000 pounds).

RULE.--Multiply the weight by the price and take half of the product.

Find the cost of 2680 pounds of hay, at $11-1/2 per ton.

Point off three places, when price is dollars; five if dollars and cents. (2680 × 11-1/2 = 30820; 30820 ÷ 2 = 15.410.) _Ans._ $15.41.

When the long ton of 2240 pounds is used.

RULE.--Multiply the weight by the price and divide the product by 2.240.

Find the cost of 4800 pounds coal, at $6-3/4 per long ton. (4800 × 6-3/4) ÷ 2.24 = $14.46, _Ans._

To find the cost of grain, when the price per bushel and weight is given.

RULE.--Reduce the weight to bushels, and multiply by the price.

Find the cost of 3570 pounds of shelled corn, at 36c per bushel.

56)3570(63.75 bu.
.36
------
_Ans._ $22.9500

To reduce pounds of shelled corn to bushels, divide by 56. At 36c per bushel, 63.75 bushels come to $22.95.

Find cost of 2900 pounds of wheat, at 57c per bushel.

To reduce pounds of wheat to bushels divide by 60. 2900 ÷ 60 = 48-1/3 bushels; 48-1/3 × .57 = $27.55, _Ans._

In computing the value of grain, the operation can often be abbreviated by cancellation.

RULE.--Write the weight and price per bushel, on the right of a vertical line, and the number of pounds to the bushel on the left. Then cancel common factors, as explained above.

Find the cost of 3230 bushels of wheat, at 72c per bushel.

60 ¦ 3230
¦ 72 12
323 × 12 = 38.76

Here we cancel the 0’s on both sides; then, 6 and 72, which leaves 323 and 12. Their product being the answer.

At 28c per bushel, what will 4080 pounds of oats cost?

32 ¦ 4080 510
4 ¦ 28 7
------
_Ans._ $35.70

Oats, 32 pounds to the bushel. See table, page 861. Cancel 32 and 4080, then, 4 and 28, leaving the factors 510 and 7.

Other short cuts for computing cost of merchandise, produce, etc.

Find cost of 26-1/2 dozen eggs, at 18-1/2c a dozen.

26 × 18 = 4.68
1/2 of 44 = .22
---------
1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4 4.90-1/4
_Ans._ $4.90.

When both fractions are 1/2. To product of the whole numbers, add 1/2 of their sum, and annex 1/4 to answer.

Of 53-3/4 pounds of butter, at 28-3/4c per pound.

53 × .28 = 14.84
3/4 of 81 = .60-3/4
---------
3/4 × 3/4 = 9/16 15.45
_Ans._ $15.45-9/16.

To the product of the whole numbers, add 3/4 of their sum, plus the square of 3/4.

Of 13-1/4 yards of flannel, at 31-1/4c per yard.

13 × .31 = 4.03 + .11 = 4.14, _Ans._

To 4.03 add .11, 1/4 of 44 (13 + 31). The 1/16 (1/4 × 1/4) is disregarded.

DENOMINATE NUMBERS

_Simple denominate numbers._--When we speak of measures, whether they are of money, extension, time, or weight, we use terms like 5 dollars, 4 yards, 3 hours, or 10 pounds to express the quantity we are talking about.

Sometimes we use two or more terms or names to express the measure, as 3 hours, 15 minutes, 10 seconds; 4 gallons, 3 quarts, 1 pint. _These are compound denominate numbers._

The chief differences between compound numbers and simple numbers is, that with the exceptions of United States money, and the metric system of weights and measures, the denominations of compound numbers do not increase or decrease by the scale of ten.

REDUCTION.--Reduction of Compound Numbers is the process of changing them from one denomination to another without altering their value.

_Reduction Descending_ is changing the denomination of a number to another that is lower, as: 2 hours = 120 minutes; 2 feet = 24 inches.

_Reduction Ascending_ is changing the denomination of a number to another that is higher, as: 120 minutes = 2 hours; 24 inches = 2 feet.

RULES FOR ADDITION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS

First.--Write the names of the different units to be used in addition, placing them in a horizontal row, the largest to the left.

Next.--Write the numbers of each unit to be added, below the names of the units, each in its proper place.

Then.--Add and place each sum below the column added.

EXAMPLE: Add 7 hours 15 minutes 30 seconds, 9 hours 30 minutes 40 seconds, and 11 hours 40 minutes 32 seconds.

WORK:

hours minutes seconds
7 15 30
9 30 40
11 40 32
---------------------------
28 26 42

EXPLANATION: 32 seconds + 40 seconds + 30 seconds = 102 seconds. But, 102 seconds = 1 minute 42 seconds. Write the 42 below and carry the 1 minute. 1 minute (carried) + 15 minutes + 30 minutes + 40 minutes = 86 minutes. But, 86 minutes = 1 hour 26 minutes. Write the 26 and carry the 1 hour. 1 hour + 11 hours + 9 hours + 7 hours = 28 hours. Result = 28 hours 26 minutes 42 seconds.

SUBTRACTION OF DENOMINATE QUANTITIES

EXAMPLE: Subtract 6 tons 12 cwt. 9 pounds 10 ounces from 15 tons 7 cwt. 13 pounds 9 ounces.

WORK:

Tons Cwt. Pounds Ounces
15 7 13 9
6 12 9 10
--------------------------------
8 15 3 15

EXPLANATION: (1) Place as in addition of denominate quantities. 10 ounces cannot be taken from 9 ounces, so we must take 1 pound from the 13 pounds and add it to the nine ounces. 16 ounces + 9 ounces = 25 ounces. 25 - 10 = 15. Write the 15 below.

(2) Now there are only 12 pounds left to take the 9 from. 12 - 9 = 3. Write the 3 below.

(3) 12 is larger than 7. 1 ton + 7 cwt. = 27 cwt. 27 - 12 = 15. Write the 15 below.

(4) 14 - 6 = 8. Write the 8 below.

(5) Result = 8 tons 15 cwt. 3 pounds 15 ounces.

MULTIPLICATION OF DENOMINATE QUANTITIES

EXAMPLE: Multiply 21 yards 2 feet 11 inches by 6.

WORK:

Yards Feet Inches
21 2 11
6
---------------------
131 2 6

EXPLANATION: (1) 6 × 11 inches = 66 inches = 5 feet 6 inches. Write the 6 below and carry the 5.

(2) 6 × 2 feet = 12 feet. 12 feet + 5 feet (carried) = 17 feet, or 5 yards 2 feet. Write the 2 below and carry the 5.

(3) 6 × 21 yards = 126 yards. 126 yards + 5 yards = 131 yards.

(4) Result = 131 yards 2 feet 6 inches.

DIVISION OF DENOMINATE QUANTITIES

PROBLEM: Divide 3 years 9 months 4 days by 12.

WORK

Years Months Days Hours
12)3 9 4 0
---------------------------------
0 3 22 20

EXPLANATION: (1) We cannot divide 3 by 12, so we reduce 3 years to months. 3 years = 36 months. 36 months + 9 months = 45 months. 45 ÷ 12 = 3, and a remainder 9. Write the 3 and carry the remainder 9.

(2) 9 months (carried) = 270 days. 270 days + 4 days = 274 days. 274 ÷ 12 = 22, and a remainder 10. Write the 22 and carry the 10.

(3) 10 days = 240 hours. 240 ÷ 12 = 20. Write the 20.

(4) Result = 3 months 22 days 20 hours.

REDUCTION ASCENDING

RULES: 1. Divide the given denomination by the number which will reduce it to the next higher denomination. Divide the quotient in the same manner, and continue the operation until the entire quantity is reduced.

2. To the last quotient annex the several remainders in their proper order. The result will be the answer.

EXAMPLE: Reduce 201458 inches to higher denominations.

WORK: SOLUTION:
12 | 201458 inches 201458 inches = 16788 feet 2 inches.
+-------------------------
3 | 16788 feet 2 inches 16788 feet 2 inches = 5596 yards 2
+------------------------- inches.
5-1/2| 5596 yards 5596 yards 2 inches = 1017 rods 2
2 | 2 yards 1 foot 8 inches.
-------+-------------------------
11 | 11192 half yards
+-------------------------
320 | 1017 rods 5 half yards 1017 rods 2 yards 1 foot 8 inches =
+----------------\/------- 3 miles 57 rods 2 yards 1 foot 8
|3 miles 57 rods || inches.
+----------------/\-------
| 2 yds. 1 ft. 6 in.

201458 inches = 3 miles 57 rods 2 yards 1 foot 8 inches.

REDUCTION DESCENDING

RULES: 1. Write the given quantity in the order of its denominations, beginning with the highest, and supply vacant denominations with ciphers.

2. Multiply the highest denomination by the number which will reduce it to the next lower denomination, and add to the product the units of the lower denomination, if there be any.

3. Proceed in the same manner until the entire quantity is reduced to the required denomination.

EXAMPLE: Reduce 10 yards 8 feet 10 inches to inches.

WORK: SOLUTION:
Yards Feet Inches
10 8 10 10 yards = 10 × 3 feet = 30 feet. 30 feet and 8
3 feet are 38 feet.
---
38 38 feet = 38 × 12 inches, or 456 inches. 456
12 inches + 10 inches = 466 inches.
---
456
10
---
466

Note.--To prove the above work, use reduction ascending, beginning with the result.

LONG OR LINEAR MEASURE

Long or linear measure is used in measuring lines and distances.

There are two systems in use in the United States, the _English System_ and the _French System_. The English system is the one commonly used, while the French system is used in making scientific measurements. (See under Metric System.)

TABLE OF LONG MEASURE

12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)
3 feet = 1 yard (yd.)
5-1/2 yards, or 16-1/2 feet = 1 rod (rd.)
320 rods, or 5280 feet = 1 mile (mi.)
1760 yards = 1 mile

mi. rd. yd. ft. in.
1 = 320 = 1760 = 5280 = 63360

Architects, carpenters, and mechanics frequently write ′ for foot, and ′′ for inch. Thus 8′ 7′′ means 8 feet 7 inches.

Other measures of length are:

1 hand = 4 in. Used in measuring the height of horses.
1 fathom = 6 ft. Used in measuring depths at sea.
1 knot, nautical or geographical mile = 1.1526-2/3 miles or 6086 feet.

The knot is used in measuring distances at sea. It is equivalent to 1 minute of longitude at the equator.

SURVEYORS’ LINEAR MEASURE

7.92 inches = 1 link (l.)
25 links = 1 rod (rd.)
4 rods or 100 links = 1 chain (ch.)
80 chains = 1 mile (mi.)

mi. ch. rd. l. in.
1 = 80 = 320 = 8000 = 63360

The linear unit commonly employed by surveyors is Gunter’s chain, which is 4 rods or 66 feet.

An engineers’ Chain, used by civil engineers, is 100 feet long, and consists of 100 links.

MEASURES OF LENGTH

The following measures of length are also used:

3 barleycorns = 1 inch. Used by shoemakers.
4 inches = 1 hand. Used to measure the height of
horses.
6 feet = 1 fathom. Used to measure depths at sea.
3 feet = 1 pace. } Used in pacing distances.
5 paces = 1 rod. }
8 furlongs = 1 mile.
1.15 statute miles = 1 geographical, or nautical mile.
3 geographical miles = 1 league.

60 geographical miles} {of Latitude on a Meridian,
} = 1 degree {or of Longitude
69.16 statute miles } {on the Equator.

The length of a degree of latitude varies. 69.16 miles is the average length, and is that adopted by the United States Coast Survey.

The standard unit of length is identical with the imperial yard of Great Britain.

The standard yard, under William IV., was declared to be fixed by dividing a pendulum which vibrates seconds in a vacuum, at the level of the sea, at 62 degrees Fahrenheit, in the latitude of London, into 391,393 equal parts, and taking 360,000 of these parts for the yard.

The following denominations also occur: The span = 9 inches; 1 common cubit (the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger) = 18 inches; 1 sacred cubit = 21.888 inches.

SURFACE MEASURES

Square Measure, used in measuring surfaces, such as cloth, ceilings, floors, etc.; paving, glazing, and stone-cutting, by the square foot; roofing, flooring, and slating by the square of 100 feet.

A surface has two dimensions, length and breadth.

A square is a figure that has four equal sides and four right angles.

The unit of measure for surfaces is a square, each of whose sides is a linear unit. Thus, a square inch is a square, each of whose sides is one inch long; a square foot is a square, each of whose sides is one foot long, etc.

The area of a square is the product of two of its sides. Thus, the area of a surface 3 feet square is 3 × 3 = 9 square feet.

Hence, to find the area of a rectangle:

RULE.--Multiply the length by the breadth expressed in units of the same denomination.

As the area of a rectangle is found by taking the product of the numbers representing its length and breadth, it is evident that if the area be divided by either of those numbers, the quotient will be the other number. Hence, to find either side of a rectangle when its area and the other side are given:

RULE.--Divide the area by the given side. The quotient will be the required side.

Table of Square Measure

144 square inches (sq. in.) = 1 square foot (sq. ft.)
9 square feet = 1 square yard (sq. yd.)
30-1/4 square yards = 1 square rod (sq. rd.)
160 square rods = 1 acre (A.)
640 acres = 1 square mile (sq. mi.)

Sq. ′ and sq. ′′ are frequently used for square foot and square inch. Thus, 15 sq.′ 6 sq.′′ means 15 square feet 6 square inches.

A square is 100 square feet. It is used in measuring roofing.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SQUARE MEASURE

PAPERING

Facts about Wall Paper:

(1) Wall paper in this country is 1/2 yard wide, and comes in rolls 8 yards long, or in double rolls, 16 yards long.

(2) It is sold by the roll only.

(3) Bordering is sold by the linear yard.

(4) Make liberal allowances for waste in matching figures.

(5) If the border is wide, the strips need not extend to the ceiling.

Rules for Measuring:

(1) Measure the distance around the room in feet.

(2) Deduct the width of doors and windows.

(3) Divide the difference by 1-1/2, and the quotient will be the number of strips needed.

(4) Multiply the number of strips by the number of yards in a strip, and the product is the _number of yards needed_, approximately.

(5) Divide the number of yards by 8, and the result is the _number of single rolls needed_.

EXAMPLE: A room of ordinary height, 16 feet by 24 feet, has three windows and 2 doors, each 4 feet wide. How many rolls of paper are needed to paper the sides?

SOLUTION:

Distance around the room = 80 feet

Width of doors and windows = 20 feet
-------
After deducting for doors and windows 60 feet 60 ÷ 7 = 8-4/7, or 9
double rolls.

CARPETING

Facts about Carpets:

(1) Carpets are usually 3/4 yard wide and are sold by the linear yard.

(2) Always draw a diagram of the floor or stairs to be covered.

(3) The number of yards required depends on which way the strips run--whether lengthwise or across the room. Sometimes by running the strips lengthwise, there is less waste in matching the pattern.

(4) The part cut off in matching patterns is charged to the purchaser.

Rules for Estimating:

The number of yards required will be the number of yards in a strip (including the waste for matching), multiplied by the number of strips.

EXAMPLE: What is the cost of carpeting a room 16 feet by 24 feet at 85c per yard? The carpet is 2-1/4 feet wide and the strips run lengthwise.

SOLUTION:

16 ÷ 2-1/4 = 7-1/9. Hence, I must buy 8 strips.

24 ÷ 3 = 8, which is the number of yards in a strip.

8 × 8 yards = 64 yards.

64 yards will cost 64 × 85c, or $54.40.

To this must be added the cost of sewing, the laying of the carpet, and the waste in matching the pattern.

LAND MEASURE

RULE.--To find the number of acres in a tract of land, divide the number of square rods by 160, or number of square chains by 10.

EXAMPLE: (1) How many square rods, also acres, in a field 80 rods long and 62-1/2 rods wide?

80 × 62-1/2 = 5000 square rods; 5000 ÷ 160 = 31-1/4 acres.

_Ans._ 31-1/4 acres.

(2) In tract, 79 chains 84 links (79.84 chains) by 41 chains 25 links (41.25 chains)?

79.84 × 41.25 = 3293.4 square chains; 3293.4 ÷10 = 329.34 acres. _Ans._ 329.34 acres.

Table showing one side of a Square Tract or Lot containing

1 acre = 208.7 feet = 43,560 square feet
1-1/2 acres = 255.6 feet = 65,340 square feet
2 acres = 295.2 feet = 87,120 square feet
2-1/2 acres = 330 feet = 108,900 square feet
3 acres = 361.5 feet = 130,680 square feet
5 acres = 466.7 feet = 217,800 square feet
10 acres = 660 feet = 435,600 square feet
1/10 acre = 66 feet = 4,356 square feet
1/8 acre = 73.8 feet = 5,445 square feet
1/6 acre = 85.2 feet = 7,260 square feet
1/4 acre = 104.4 feet = 10,890 square feet
1/3 acre = 120.5 feet = 14,520 square feet
1/2 acre = 147.6 feet = 21,780 square feet
3/4 acre = 180.8 feet = 32,670 square feet

TABLE OF SURVEYORS’ SQUARE MEASURE

272-1/2 square feet = 1 square rod
16 square rods = 1 square chain
160 square rods, or 10 square chains = 1 acre
640 acres = 1 square mile, or section
36 square miles, or 36 sections = 1 township

TEXAS LAND MEASURE

(Also used in Mexico, New Mexico, Arizona, and California)

26,000,000 square varas (square of 5,099 varas)
= 1 league and 1 labor
= 4,605.5 acres
1,000,000 square varas (square of 1,000 varas)
= 1 labor
= 177.136 acres
25,000,000 square varas (square of 5,000 varas)
= 1 league
= 4,428.4 acres
12,500,000 square varas (square of 3,535.5 varas)
= 1/2 league
= 2,214.2 acres
8,333,333 square varas (square of 2,886.7 varas)
= 1/3 league
= 1,476.13 acres
6,250,000 square varas (square of 2,500 varas)
= 1/4 league
= 1,107.1 acres
7,225,600 square varas (square of 2,688 varas)
= 1,280 acres
3,612,800 square varas (square of 1,900.8 varas)
= 1 section
= 640 acres
1,806,400 square varas (square of 1,344 varas)
= 1/2 section
= 320 acres
903,200 square varas (square of 950.44 varas)
= 1/4 section
= 160 acres
451,600 square varas (square of 672 varas)
= 1/8 section
= 80 acres
225,800 square varas (square of 475 varas)
= 1/16 section
= 40 acres
5,645.376 square varas (square of 75.137 varas)
= 4,840 square yards
= 1 acre

To find the number of acres in any number of square varas, multiply the latter by 177 (or to be more exact, by 177-1/8), and cut off six decimals.

1 vara = 33-1/3 inches

1,900.8 varas = 1 mile.

THE MEASURE OF SOLIDS, OR CUBIC MEASURE

Just as the rectangle is the chief surface considered in arithmetic, so the rectangular solid is the chief solid body.

A rectangular solid is bounded by six rectangular surfaces, each opposite pair of rectangles being equal and parallel to each other.

A rectangular solid thus has three dimensions--length, breadth, and thickness.

If the length, breadth, and thickness are all equal to one another, the solid is called a cube. Hence, a cubic foot, the unit of volume, is a solid body whose length, breadth, and thickness are each a linear foot. Similarly, a cubic inch measures one linear inch in length, breadth, and thickness; and a cubic yard measures one linear yard in length, breadth, and thickness.

The number of cubic feet (or inches, or yards) in the volume of a rectangular solid is equal to the number of linear feet (or inches, or yards) in the length, multiplied by the number of linear feet (or inches, or yards) in the breadth, multiplied by the number of linear feet (or inches, or yards) in the thickness.

This is usually abbreviated into

Length × breadth × thickness = volume, or cubic content.

For example, suppose the solid in the diagram is 10 feet in length, 8 feet in breadth, and 5 feet in thickness. It is clear that the solid can be cut into five slices, each 1 foot thick, by planes parallel to the bottom. But, the bottom contains 10×8 square feet and above each square foot there is a cubic foot. Thus, each slice contains 10×8 cubic feet. Therefore, since there are five slices, the whole solid contains 10×8×5, or 400 cubic feet.

Since length × breadth × thickness = cubic content, it follows that, if we know any three of these four quantities, we can find the fourth.

The student should remember that

(a) A cubic foot of water weighs 1000 ounces (avoirdupois) approximately.

(b) A gallon of pure water weighs 10 pounds (avoirdupois).

We have thus a relation between weight, capacity, and cubic content.

TABLE OF CUBIC MEASURE

1728 cubic inches (cu. in.) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft.)
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd.)
128 cubic feet = 1 cord (C.)

Cubic Cubic Cubic
Yard Feet Inches
1 = 27 = 46656

A _cord_ of wood or stone is a pile 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high.

A pile of wood 4 feet high, 4 feet wide and 1 foot long makes a _cord foot_. 8 cord feet = 1 cord.

A _perch_ of stone or masonry is 16-1/2 feet long, 1-1/2 feet thick, and 1 foot high, and contains 24-3/4 cubic feet.

A _cubic yard_ of earth is considered a _load_.

Brick work is commonly estimated by the thousand bricks.

Bricklayers, masons, and joiners commonly make a deduction of one half the space occupied by windows and doors in the walls of buildings.

In computing the contents of walls, masons and bricklayers multiply the entire distance around on the outside of the wall by the height and thickness. The corners are thus measured twice.

A cubic foot of distilled water at the maximum density, at the level of the sea, and the barometer at 30 inches, weighs 62-1/2 pounds or 1000 ounces avoirdupois.

By actual measurements, it has been found that a bushel, dry measure, contains about 1-1/4 cubic feet. This makes it easy to estimate about how many bushels any bin will hold.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF CUBIC MEASURE

EXAMPLE: An open tank made of iron 1/4 inch thick, is 4 feet long, 2 feet 6 inches broad, and 2 feet deep, outside measurement. Assuming that iron weighs 7.8 times as much as water, find the weight of the tank.

The external volume of the tank = 2 × 2-1/2 × 4 cubic feet = 20 cubic feet.

Since the iron is 1/4 inch thick, the inside length is 1/2 inch less than the outside, the inside breadth is 1/2 inch less than the outside, and the inside depth is 1/4 inch less than the outside.

Therefore the interior volume

= 29-1/2 × 47-1/2 × 23-3/4 cubic inches

59 × 95 × 95
= ------------ cubic inches
16

= 33279-11/16 cubic inches

Therefore, volume of iron in the tank

= 20 cubic feet - 33279-11/16 cubic inches
= 1280-5/16 cubic inches.

But 1 cubic foot of iron weighs as much as 7.8 cubic feet of water, _i. e._, 7.8 × 1000 ounces, or 7800 ounces.

1280-5/16 × 7800
∴ Weight of tank = ---------------- pounds.
1728 × 16

= 361.199 pounds, _Ans._

EXAMPLE: A wood pile is 8 feet high and 40 feet long. The sticks are 4 feet long. How many cords in it?

SOLUTION: Being 8 feet high, it is 2 cords high. 40 feet in length equal 5 cords in length. Hence, the pile contains 2 × 5 cords, or 10 cords.

To estimate a bin:

(1) Find the number of cubic feet in the bin.

(2) Divide the number of cubic feet by 1-1/4.

(3) The result is the number of bushels.

EXAMPLE: How many bushels will a bin hold, if its inside measurements are, length 20 feet, width 12 feet, depth 8 feet?

SOLUTION: The number of cubic feet in a bin is 8 × 12 × 20, or 1920.

If 1 bushel contains 1-1/4 cubic feet, in 1920 cubic feet there are as many bushels as 1-1/4 is contained times in 1920, or 1536.

WORK:

8 × 12 × 20 = 1920
1920 ÷ 1-1/4 = 1536.

The work may be indicated in this way as well:--

8 × 12 × 20 × 4/5 = 1536.

To get the number of heaped bushels of corn in the ear in a crib:

(1) Multiply the length of the crib in inches by the width in inches.

(2) Multiply the product obtained, by the height of the corn in the crib in inches.

(3) Divide the result by 2748.

EXAMPLE: How much corn in the ear can I put into a crib 12 feet wide, 20 feet long, and 10 feet deep?

SOLUTION: The number of cubic inches in the crib is 144 × 240 × 120, or 4,147,200.

Since 2748 cubic inches hold 1 bushel, 4,147,200 cubic inches hold as many bushels as 2748 is contained times in 4,147,200, or 1509+ bushels.

WORK:

144 × 240 × 120
--------------- = 1509+.
2748

MEASURES OF CAPACITY

Measures used in telling the extent of room in vessels are called _measures of capacity_.

There are two kinds of capacity measures, dry measures and liquid measures.

Dry measures are used to measure grain, seeds, and the like.

Liquid measures are used to measure water, milk, oils, etc.

COMMON LIQUID MEASURE TABLE

4 gills (gi.) = 1 pint (pt.)
2 pints = 1 quart (qt.)
4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal.)
31-1/2 gallons = 1 barrel (bbl.)
2 barrels = 1 hogshead (hhd.)

Gallon Quarts Pints Gills
1 = 4 = 8 = 32

A pint, quart, or gallon, dry measure, is more than the same quantity, liquid measure; for a quart, dry measure, is 1/32 of a bushel, or 1/32 of 2150.4 cubic inches, which is about 67-1/5 cubic inches, while a quart liquid measure is 1/4 of 231 cubic inches, or 57-3/4 cubic inches.

Cu. In. Cu. In. Cu. In. Cu. In.
in 1 Gal. in 1 Qt. in 1 Pt. in 1 Gi.
Liquid measure 231 57-3/4 28-7/8 7-7/32
Dry measure 268-4/5 67-1/5 33-3/5 8-2/5

In determining the capacity of cisterns, reservoirs, etc., 31-1/2 gallons are considered a barrel (bbl.), and 2 barrels, or 63 gallons, a hogshead (hhd.). In commerce, however, the barrel and hogshead are not fixed measures.

Casks of large size, called tierces, pipes, butts, tuns, etc., do not hold any fixed quantity. Their capacity is usually marked upon them.

The standard gallon of the United States contains 231 cubic inches, and will hold a little over 8-1/3 pounds of distilled water. The imperial gallon, now adopted by Great Britain, contains 277.274 cubic inches, or 10 pounds of distilled water, temperature 62 degrees Fahrenheit, the barometer standing at 30 inches.

TABLE OF APOTHECARIES’ LIQUID MEASURE

These measures are used in mixing medicines.

60 minims (m) = 1 fluid dram (_f_ʒ)
8 fluid drams = 1 fluid ounce (_f_℥)
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint (_O._)
8 pints = 1 gallon (_Cong._)

A minim is about 1 drop.

TABLE OF DRY MEASURE

2 pints (pt.) = 1 quart (qt.)
8 quarts = 1 peck (pk.)
4 pecks = 1 bushel (bu.)

Bushel Pecks Quarts Pints
1 = 4 = 32 = 64

A common Winchester bushel (the standard of the United States) contains 2150.42 cubic inches.

A dry quart contains 67.2 cubic inches.

A liquid quart contains 57.75 cubic inches.

EXAMPLE 1: Reduce 5 bushels 2 pecks 4 quarts 1 pint to pints.

OPERATION:

4 8 2
bu. pk. qt. pts.
5 2 4 1
4
---
22 pk.
8
---
180 qt.
2
---
361 pt.

EXPLANATION: As there are 4 pecks in 1 bushel, any number of bushels is equal to 4 times that number of pecks. Then, 5 bushels = 20 pecks, and 2 pecks added make 22 pecks. As there are 8 quarts in 1 peck, any number of pecks is equal to 8 times that number of quarts. Then 22 pecks = 176 quarts, and 4 quarts added make 180 quarts. As there are 2 pints in 1 quart, any number of quarts is equal to 2 times that number of pints. Then, 180 quarts = 360 pints, and 1 pint added make 361 pints. Hence, 5 bushels 2 pecks 4 quarts 1 pint = 361 pints.

EXAMPLE 2: Reduce 361 pints to bushels.

OPERATION:
2 |361 pt.
+---
8 |180 qt. + 1 pt.
+---
4 | 22 pk. + 4 qt.
+---
| 5 bu. + 2 pk.

EXPLANATION: As there are 2 pints in 1 quart, 361 pints are equal to one-half that number of quarts = 180 quarts, with a remainder of 1 pint. Also, 180 quarts are equal to one-eighth of that number of pecks = 22 pecks, with a remainder of 4 quarts. Finally, 22 pecks are equal to one-fourth of that number of bushels = 5 bushels, with a remainder of 2 pecks. Hence, 361 pints are equal to 5 bushels 2 pecks 4 quarts 1 pint.

MEASURES OF WEIGHT

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT

Avoirdupois Weight is used for weighing heavy articles as grain, groceries, coarse metals, etc.

16 ounces (oz.) = 1 pound (lb.)
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt.)
20 hundredweight = 1 ton (T.)

Hundred-
Ton weight Pounds Ounces
1 = 20 = 2000 = 32000

Scale.--20, 100, 16.

In weighing coal at the mines and in levying duties at the United States Custom House, the long ton of 2240 pounds is sometimes used.

The ounce is considered as 16 drams.

The unit is the pound. It contains 7000 grains.

The following denominations are also used:

14 pounds = 1 stone
100 pounds butter = 1 firkin
100 pound grain or flour = 1 cental
100 pounds dried fish = 1 quintal
100 pounds nails = 1 keg
196 pounds flour = 1 barrel
200 pounds pork or beef = 1 barrel
280 pounds salt at N. Y. works = 1 barrel

TROY WEIGHT

Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver, and jewels.

TABLE

24 grains (gr.) = 1 pennyweight (pwt.)
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz.)
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb.)

Penny-
Pounds Ounces weights Grains
1 = 12 = 240 = 5760

In weighing diamonds, pearls, and other jewels, the unit commonly employed is the _carat_, which is equal to 4 carat grains, or 3.168 Troy grains.

The term _carat_ is also used to express the fineness of gold, and means 1/24 part. Thus, gold that is 18 carats fine is 18/24 gold, and 6/24 alloy.

The _standard unit_ of weight is the _Troy pound_. It is equal to the weight of 22.7944 cubic inches of distilled water at its maximum density, the barometer being at 30 inches. It is identical with the Troy pound of Great Britain.

The following are approximate avoirdupois weights of certain articles of produce according to the laws of the United States, and in the majority of States:

=Table I. UNITED STATES LEGAL WEIGHTS= (_in pounds_) =PER BUSHEL=

=Prepared by the United States Bureau of Standards=

================+============+====+=============+=====+=====+=====+======
STATE OR | APPLES | | BEANS | | | |
TERRITORY +-----+------+ +-----+-------+ | | |
|Apple| Dried|BAR-|Beans| Castor|BEETS|BLUE-|BRAN*|BROOM-
| * |Apples| LEY| * | Beans,| |GRASS| | CORN
| | | | |Shelled| | SEED| | SEED
----------------+-----+------+----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+------
=United States= | ...| ...| 48| 60| 50| ...| ...| ...| ...
+-----+------+----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+------
=Alabama= | ...| 24| 47| 60| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Arizona= | ...| ...| 45|_a_55| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Arkansas= |_b_50| 24| 48|_a_60| ...| ...| 14| 20| 48
=California= | ...| ...| 50| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Colorado= | ...| ...| 48| 60| ...| ...| 14| ...| ...
=Connecticut= | 48| 25| 48| 60| ...|_c_60| ...| 20| ...
=Delaware= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Florida= |_b_48| 24| 48|_d_60| 48| ...| ...| 20| ...
=Georgia= | ...| 24| 47|_e_60| ...| ...| 14|_f_20| ...
=Hawaii= | ...| ...| 48| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Idaho= | ...| 28| 48| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Illinois= | ...| 24| 48|_e_60| 46| ...| 14| 20| ...
=Indiana= | ...| 25| 48| 60| 46| ...| 14| ...| ...
=Iowa= | 48| 24| 48| 60| 46| 56| 14| 20| 50
=Kansas= |_b_48| 24| 48| 60| 46| 56|_h_14| 20| ...
=Kentucky= | ...| 24| 47|_e_60| *45| ...| 14| 20| ...
=Louisiana= | ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Maine= | 44| ...| 48| 60| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...
=Maryland= | ...| 28| ...| ...| 50| ...| 14| 20| ...
=Massachusetts= | 48| 25| 48|_k_60| ...| 60| ...| 20| ...
=Michigan= | 48| 22| 48| 60| 46| ...| 14| ...| ...
=Minnesota= |_b_50| 28| 48| 60| ...| 50| 14| ...| 57
=Mississippi= | ...| 26| 48|_e_60| _m_46| ...| 14| 20| ...
=Missouri= | 48| 24| 48|_m_60| 46| ...| 14| 20| ...
=Montana= | 45| ...| 48| 60| ...| 50| 14| 20| ...
=Nebraska= | 48| 24| 48|_e_60| 46| ...| 14| 20| ...
=Nevada= |_b_48| 24| 48| 60| 46| 56| _h_| 20| ...
=New Hampshire= | 48| 25| 48| 62| ...| 60| ...| 20| ...
=New Jersey= | 50| 25| 48| 60| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...
=New York= | 48| 25| 48| 60| ...| ...| ...| 20| ...
=North Carolina=| 48| ...| 48| ...| *46| ...| 14| ...| 46
=North Dakota= | 50| ...| 48| 60| ...| 60| ...| 20| 30
=Ohio= | 50| 24| 48| 60| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...
=Oklahoma= | 48| 24| 48| 60| ...| 60| 14| 20| 30
=Oregon= | 45| 28| 46| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Pennsylvania= | ...| ...| 47| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Rhode Island= | 48| 25| 48| 60| 46| 50| ...| 20| ...
=South Carolina=| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=South Dakota= | ...| ...| 48| 60| ...| 60| ...| 20| 30
=Tennessee= |_b_50| 24| 48|_p_60| 46| 50| 14| 20| 42
=Texas= | 45| 28| 48|_e_60| ...| ...| ...| 20| ...
=Vermont= | 46| ...| 48| 62| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...
=Virginia= | 45| 28| 48|_e_60| ...| ...| 14| ...| ...
=Washington= |_b_45| 28| 48| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=West Virginia= | ...| 25| 48| 60| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Wisconsin= | 50| 25| 48| 60| ...| 50| ...| 20| ...
----------------+-----+------+----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+------

================+=====+====+=====+=====+====+=============+====
STATE OR | | | | | | CORN |
TERRITORY | | | | | +-----+-------+
|BUCK-|CAR-| CLO-| COAL|COKE|Corn |Shelled|CORN
|WHEAT|ROTS| VER | | | in | Corn |MEAL
| | | SEED| | | Ear | | *
----------------+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-----+-------+----
=United States= | 48| ...| ...| 80| ...| ...| ...| ...
+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-----+-------+----
=Alabama= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 70| 56| ...
=Arizona= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Arkansas= | 52| ...| 60| ...| ...| 70| 56| 48
=California= | 40| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Colorado= | 52| ...| 60| 80| ...| 70| ...| 50
=Connecticut= | 48| 50| 60| 80| ...| ...| ...| 50
=Delaware= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Florida= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 70| 56| 48
=Georgia= | 52| ...| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| 48
=Hawaii= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Idaho= | 42| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...
=Illinois= | 52| ...| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| 48
=Indiana= | 50| ...| 60| 80| ...|_g_68| 56| 50
=Iowa= | 52| 50| 60| 80| 38| 70| 56| 50
=Kansas= | 50| 50| 60| 80| ...| 70| _i_56| ...
=Kentucky= | 56| ...| 60| 76| ...|_j_70| 56| 50
=Louisiana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Maine= | 48| 50| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 50
=Maryland= | ...| 50| 60| 80| ...| ...| 56| 48
=Massachusetts= | 48| 50| 60| ...| ...| ...| _l_56| 50
=Michigan= | 48| ...| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| 50
=Minnesota= | 50| 45| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| ...
=Mississippi= | 48| ...| 60| 80| ...| 72| 56| 48
=Missouri= | 52| 50| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| 50
=Montana= | 52| 50| 60| 76| ...| 70| 56| 50
=Nebraska= | 52| ...| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| 50
=Nevada= | 50| 50| 60| ...| ...| 70| 56| 48
=New Hampshire= | 48| 50| 60| ...| ...|_e_50| ...| 50
=New Jersey= | 50| 50| 64| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=New York= | 48| 50| 60| ...| ...| ...| ...| 50
=North Carolina=| 50| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...| ...| 48
=North Dakota= | 42| ...| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| ...
=Ohio= | 50| 50| 60|_n_80| 40| 68| 56| ...
=Oklahoma= | 52| 50| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| 50
=Oregon= | 42| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Pennsylvania= | 48| ...| 60|_o_76| 40| ...| ...| ...
=Rhode Island= | 48| 50| 60| 80| 40| 70| 56| 50
=South Carolina=| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 48
=South Dakota= | 42| ...| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| ...
=Tennessee= | 50| 50|_q_60| 80| 40| 70| 56| ...
=Texas= | 42| ...| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| ...
=Vermont= | 48| 50| 60| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Virginia= | 52| ...| 60| 80| ...| 70| 56| 50
=Washington= | 42| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=West Virginia= | 52| ...| 60| 80| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Wisconsin= | 50| 50| 60| ...| ...| ...| ...| 50
----------------+-----+----+-----+-----+----+-----+-------+----

=Table I. UNITED STATES LEGAL WEIGHTS= (_in pounds_) =PER BUSHEL--Continued=

================+======+======+=============+=====+=====+======+=====+=====
STATE OR | | | COTTON SEED | | | | |
TERRITORY | | +------+------+ | | | |
| CORN | CORN |Cotton|Sea- |CRAN-|FLAX-|GOOSE-|PLAS-|HEMP-
| MEAL,| MEAL,| Seed*|Island| BER-| SEED| BER- | TER-| SEED
|BOLTED| UN- | | | RIES|(LIN-| RIES | ING |
| |BOLTED| | | |SEED)| | HAIR|
----------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----
=United States= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...
+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----
=Alabama= | ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Arizona= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Arkansas= | ...| ...|33-1/3| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...
=California= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Colorado= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 44
=Connecticut= | ...| ...| 30| 44| ...| 55| ...| ...| ...
=Delaware= | 44| 48| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Florida= | ...| ...| 32| 46| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Georgia= | ...| ...| 30| ...| ...| 56| ...| 8| 44
=Hawaii= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Idaho= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...
=Illinois= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| 8| 44
=Indiana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 33| ...| ...| ...| 44
=Iowa= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| 40| ...| 44
=Kansas= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| _r_8| 44
=Kentucky= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| 8| 44
=Louisiana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Maine= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 11| ...
=Maryland= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 44
=Massachusetts= | ...| ...| 30| 44| 32| 55| ...| ...| ...
=Michigan= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 40| 56| ...| ...| 44
=Minnesota= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 36| ...| 40| _r_8| 50
=Mississippi= | 44| 48| 32| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 44
=Missouri= | ...| ...| 33| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 44
=Montana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 44
=Nebraska= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| 8| 44
=Nevada= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 48
=New Hampshire= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 32| 56| ...| ...| ...
=New Jersey= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 55| ...| ...| ...
=New York= | ...| ...| 30| 44| ...| 55| ...| ...| ...
=North Carolina=| 48| 48| 30| 44| ...| 55| ...| ...| 44
=North Dakota= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...
=Ohio= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 44
=Oklahoma= | ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 44
=Oregon= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Pennsylvania= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Rhode Island= | ...| ...| 30| 44| ...| 56| ...| ...| 44
=South Carolina=| 48| 48| 30| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=South Dakota= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...
=Tennessee= | 50| 48| 28| ...| ...| 56| 48| 8| 44
=Texas= | ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 44
=Vermont= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Virginia= | ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| 56| ...| 8| 44
=Washington= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...
=West Virginia= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...
=Wisconsin= | ...| ...| 30| 44| ...| 56| ...| 8| 44
----------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----

================+=====+======+====+====+=========+=====+=====+=====+=======
STATE OR | | | | | ONIONS | | | |
TERRITORY | | | | +----+----+ | | |
| HER-| HUN- |MIL-|OATS| On-| On-| OR- |OSAGE|PARS-|PEACHES
| DES |GARIAN| LET| |ions| ion|CHARD| OR- | NIPS|
|GRASS| GRASS| | | * |Sets|GRASS| ANGE| |
| | SEED | | | | | SEED| SEED| |
----------------+-----+------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-------
=United States= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
+-----+------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-------
=Alabama= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Arizona= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Arkansas= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 57| ...| 14| ...| ...| ...
=California= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Colorado= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Connecticut= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| 45| ...
=Delaware= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Florida= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| 54
=Georgia= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Hawaii= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Idaho= | ...| ...| ...| 36| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Illinois= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Indiana= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 48| ...| 14| 33| 55| ...
=Iowa= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| 14| 32| 42| 48
=Kansas= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| 52| 48
=Kentucky= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| 36| 14| ...| ...| ...
=Louisiana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Maine= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| 45| ...
=Maryland= | 45| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| 14| ...| ...| 40
=Massachusetts= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| 45| 48
=Michigan= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 54| ...| 14| 33| ...| ...
=Minnesota= | ...| 48| 48| 32| 52| ...| 14| ...| 42| ...
=Mississippi= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Missouri= | ...| 48| 50| 32| 57| 28| 14| 36| 44| 48
=Montana= | ...| 50| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| 50| ...
=Nebraska= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| 25| ...| 32| ...| ...
=Nevada= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| 50| 48
=New Hampshire= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| 45| 48
=New Jersey= | ...| ...| ...| 30| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| 50
=New York= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=North Carolina=| ...| ...| 50| 32| 57| ...| 14| ...| ...| ...
=North Dakota= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Ohio= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 55| ...| ...| ...| ...| 48
=Oklahoma= | ...| ...| 50| 32| 57| 28| 14| 36| 44| 48
=Oregon= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Pennsylvania= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 50| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Rhode Island= | ...| 50| 50| 32| 50| ...| ...| ...| 50| 48
=South Carolina=| ...| ...| ...| ...| 52| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=South Dakota= | ...| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Tennessee= | ...| 48| 50| 32| 56| 28| 14| 33| 50| 50
=Texas= | ...| 48| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| ...| 50
=Vermont= | 45| ...| ...| 32| 52| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Virginia= | 12| 48| 50| 30| 57| 28| 14| 34| ...| ...
=Washington= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=West Virginia= | ...| ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Wisconsin= | ...| 48| 50| 32| 57| ...| ...| ...| 44| ...
----------------+-----+------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-------

=Table I. UNITED STATES LEGAL WEIGHTS= (_in pounds_) =PER BUSHEL--Continued=

================+=======+====+=====+============+====+=====+====+=====
STATE OR | | | | PEAS | | | |
TERRITORY | | | +-------+----+ | | |
| DRIED |PEA-|PEARS| Green |Peas| PO-|SWEET|RED-|ROUGH
|PEACHES|NUTS| * | Peas | * | TA-| PO- |TOP | RICE
|PEELED | | | Un- | |TOES| TA- |SEED|
| | | |shelled| | | TOES| |
----------------+-------+----+-----+-------+----+----+-----+----+-----
=United States= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| ...| ...| ...
+-------+----+-----+-------+----+----+-----+----+-----
=Alabama= | 38| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 55| ...| ...
=Arizona= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Arkansas= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 50| 14| ...
=California= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Colorado= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...
=Connecticut= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| 45
=Delaware= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Florida= | 33| 22| 60| ...| ...| 60| 60| ...| ...
=Georgia= | 38| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 55| ...| 43
=Hawaii= | ...| 25| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Idaho= | ...| ...| 45| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...
=Illinois= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 50| ...| ...
=Indiana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 55| ...| ...
=Iowa= | ...| 20| ...| 50| 60| 60| 46| 14| ...
=Kansas= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 50| ...| ...
=Kentucky= | 39| 24| ...| ...| 60| 60| 55| ...| ...
=Louisiana= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=Maine= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| ...| ...| ...
=Maryland= | ...| 22| ...| ...| 60| 60| 60| 14| ...
=Massachusetts= | 33| 20| 58| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| 45
=Michigan= | 28| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 56| 14| ...
=Minnesota= | 28| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 55| 14| ...
=Mississippi= | 33| 24| ...| ...| 60| 60| 60| ...| ...
=Missouri= | 33| ...| 48| 56| 60| 60| 56| 14| ...
=Montana= | ...| ...| 45| ...| 60| 60| ...| ...| ...
=Nebraska= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 50| ...| ...
=Nevada= | ...| ...| 58| ...| 60| 60| 50| ...| ...
=New Hampshire= | ...| 20| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| ...
=New Jersey= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| ...
=New York= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| 45
=North Carolina=| ...| 22| ...| ...| 60| 60| 56| 14| 44
=North Dakota= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 46| ...| ...
=Ohio= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 50| ...| ...
=Oklahoma= | ...| 22| 48| 56| 60| 60| 55| 14| ...
=Oregon= | 28| ...| 45| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...
=Pennsylvania= | ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...
=Rhode Island= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| ...
=South Carolina=| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=South Dakota= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 46| ...| ...
=Tennessee= | 26| 23| 56| 30| 60| 60| 50| 14| ...
=Texas= | 28| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 55| ...| ...
=Vermont= | ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| ...| ...| ...
=Virginia= | 40| 22| ...| ...| 60| 56| 56| 12| ...
=Washington= | 28| ...| 45| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...
=West Virginia= | 33| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60| ...| ...| ...
=Wisconsin= | 33| ...| ...| ...| 60| 60| 54| ...| 45
----------------+-------+----+-----+-------+----+----+-----+----+-----

================+=====+====+===+======+====+====+====+====+=====
STATE OR | | | | | | | | |
TERRITORY | | | | | | | | |
|RUTA-| RYE|RYE|SHORTS|SOR-| TO-|TIM-|TUR-|WHEAT
|BAGAS|MEAL| | * |GHUM| MA-|OTHY|NIPS|
| | | | |SEED|TOES|SEED| |
| | | | | | | | |
----------------+-----+----+---+------+----+----+----+----+-----
=United States= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
+-----+----+---+------+----+----+----+----+-----
=Alabama= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| 55| 60
=Arizona= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
=Arkansas= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| ...| 60| 57| 60
=California= | ...| ...| 54| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
=Colorado= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| ...| 60
=Connecticut= | 60| 50| 56| 20| ...| ...| ...| 50| 60
=Delaware= | ...| ...|...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
=Florida= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 56| ...| ...| 54| 60
=Georgia= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 55| 60
=Hawaii= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
=Idaho= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
=Illinois= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 55| 60
=Indiana= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 55| 60
=Iowa= | 50| ...| 56| ...| 50| 50| 45| 55| 60
=Kansas= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| 56| 45| 55| 60
=Kentucky= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 60| 60
=Louisiana= | ...| ...| 32| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
=Maine= | 60| 50| 50| ...| ...| ...| ...| 50| 60
=Maryland= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| 60| 45| 50| 60
=Massachusetts= | ...| 50| 56| 20| ...| 56| 45| 55| 60
=Michigan= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 58| 60
=Minnesota= | 52| ...| 56| ...| 57| ...| 45| ...| 60
=Mississippi= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 42| ...| 45| 55| 60
=Missouri= | 50| ...| 56| ...| 42| 45| 45| 42| 60
=Montana= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 50| 60
=Nebraska= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| ...| 45| 55| 60
=Nevada= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| 56| 45| 56| 60
=New Hampshire= | ...| 50| 56| 20| ...| 56| 45| 55| 60
=New Jersey= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| ...| 60
=New York= | ...| 50| 56| 20| ...| ...| 45| ...| 60
=North Carolina=| ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| ...| 45| 50| 60
=North Dakota= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 60| 60
=Ohio= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 56| 45| 60| 60
=Oklahoma= | 50| ...| 56| ...| 50| 45| 45| 60| 60
=Oregon= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
=Pennsylvania= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
=Rhode Island= | ...| 50| 56| 20| ...| 56| 45| 50| 60
=South Carolina=| ...| ...|...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...
=South Dakota= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 42| 60| 60
=Tennessee= | ...| ...| 56| ...| 50| 56| 45| 50| 60
=Texas= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| 55| 45| 55| 60
=Vermont= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 60| 60
=Virginia= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| 55| 60
=Washington= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| ...| ...| 60
=West Virginia= | ...| ...| 56| ...| ...| ...| 45| ...| 60
=Wisconsin= | 56| 50| 56| 20| ...| ...| 45| 42| 60
----------------+-----+----+---+------+----+----+----+----+-----

* Not defined.
_a_ Small white beans, 60 pounds.
_b_ Green apples.
_c_ Sugar beets and mango-wurzels.
_d_ Shelled beans, 60 pounds; velvet beans, 78 pounds.
_e_ White beans.
_f_ Wheat bran.
_g_ Corn in ear, 70 pounds until December 1st next after growth; 68
pounds thereafter.
_h_ English blue-grass seed, 22 pounds; native blue-grass seed, 14
pounds.
_i_ Rice corn.
_j_ Corn in ear from November 1st to May 1st following, 70 pounds; 68
pounds from May 1st to November 1st.
_k_ Soy beans, 58 pounds.
_l_ Cracked corn, 50 pounds.
_m_ Green unshelled beans, 30 pounds.
_n_ Cannel coal, 70 pounds.
_o_ Standard weight in borough of Greensburg, 75 pounds.
_p_ Dried beans; green unshelled beans, 30 pounds.
_q_ Red and white.
_r_ Unwashed plastering hair, 8 pounds; washed plastering hair, 4
pounds.

=Table II. LEGAL WEIGHTS PER BUSHEL FIXED IN BUT ONE OR TWO STATES=