Chapter IX: From the Treaty of Verdun to the Signing of Magna Charta by King

JOHN, 843-1215 A. D.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 900-1000: Norse ravages and conquests
continue; also private wars. 1000-1100: Increasing and beneficent
power of the church exerted in the direction of order. Normans in
Italy and Sicily. The Norman conquest of England; which as regards
good government far surpasses all other countries. Quarrels between
popes and emperors begin. 1100-1200: Quarrels between popes and
emperors continue; zenith of papal power; Criticism revived. Private
wars lessen; advance in power of kings and of towns at expense of
the feudal baronage. The Crusades. 1200-1300: Rise of universities
and of mendicant Friars. Quarrels between popes and emperors still
continue. Last Crusades. English liberties recognized by the crown.
Magna Charta.

+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =Spain= |=Eastern Empire=| =Saracens= | =China, Japan, |
| | | | | India= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| =850= | | | | |
| | | | |859. Japan: |
| |864-1131. King- | | |Powerful Seiwa |
| |dom of Barcelo- |867-1057. East- | |family arises. |
| |na. |ern emperors of |870-892. | |
| =875= | |the Macedonian |Muattemed re- | |
| |885-1512. King- |line. |establishes the | |
| |dom of Navarre. | |capital at | |
| | |886-911. Leo |Bagdad. | |
| =900= | |VI., the Philos-| | |
| | |opher. | |907-960. China: |
| |912-961. | | |Period of five |
| |Abderrahman III.|917. The Bul- | |dynasties. |
| =925= |_The greatest |garians besiege | | |
| |Arab prince of |Constantinople. | | |
| |Spain; splendid | | | |
| |edifices built; |941. Russian ex-| | |
| |learning en- |pedition against| | |
| |couraged; com- |Constantinople, | | |
| |merce flou- |under Igor. | | |
| =950= |rishes._ | | | |
| | |956. Armenia and| | |
| | |the provinces | | |
| | |between the | | |
| | |Black and the | | |
| | |Caspian Sea, re-| | |
| | |covered from the| | |
| | |Saracens. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |959-963. Romanus| | |
| | |II. | |960. China: Tai |
| | | | |Tsoo founder of |
| | |964-975. Cyprus,| |later Sung |
| | |Cilicia and |969. The |dynasty. |
| | |Antioch are cap-|FATIMITES become| |
| | |tured by Nice- |masters of | |
| | |phorus; Syria is|Egypt, with | |
| | |overrun, and, |Cairo as the | |
| | |under Zimisces, |capital. | |
| | |the Greeks pene-| | |
| | |trate to the | | |
| | |Tigris. | | |
| =975= | | | | |
| | |976-1025. Basil | | |
| | |II. |980. Seljuk, a | |
| =1000=|1000-1035. | |Turk officer of |1000-1186. |
| |Sancho III., the|1018. Bulgaria |the khan of |India: Supremacy|
| |Great, King of |again reduced to|Tartary, becomes|of Ghazni. |
| |Navarre and |a Grecian pro- |a Mohammedan, | |
| |Castile. There |vince. |and settles in | |
| |existed hence- | |Samarcand. | |
| =1025=|forward three |1025-1028. | |_Golden Age of |
| |Christian king- |Constantine IX. | |Rajput civiliza-|
| |doms in Spain: | | |tion in India._ |
| |1, Castile-Leon;|_Culmination | | |
| |2, Navarre; 3, |point of Byzan- | | |
| |Aragon. _Golden |tine greatness. | | |
| |age of Arabian |Greeks greatest | | |
| |literature in |merchants and | | |
| |Spain._ |capitalists of | | |
| | |the world during| | |
| |1026. Hixem III.|this century._ | | |
| | | | | |
| |1030. With him | | | |
| |ends the Cali- | |1042. Turks in- | |
| =1050=|fate of the | |vade and conquer| |
| |West. |1057-1185. East-|Persia. | |
| | |ern emperors of | | |
| |1072. Alfonso |the houses of |The kingdom of | |
| |VI. of Castile, |the Ducas and |Ghizni declines | |
| |enlarges his |the Comnenes. |after 1032, and | |
| |dominions by |Southern Italy |is confined to | |
| |conquests from |lost to the |India; falls | |
| |the Mohammedans.|Normans. |1183. | |
| =1075=| | | | |
| | | |1076. Jerusalem | |
| | | |captured by | |
| | | |Turks. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1084. Seljuks in| |
| |1085. The Cid. | |Asia Minor. | |
| |Toledo is taken | | | |
| |by Alfonso VI. | | | |
| |after a three | | | |
| |years’ siege. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1086. The battle| | | |
| |of Zalaca. | |1092. The Seljuk| |
| | | |Empire falls | |
| | | |apart into a | |
| | | |number of smal- | |
| | | |ler states. | |
| | | |Iconium or Roum,| |
| | | |Damascus, | |
| | | |Aleppo, Kerman | |
| | | |and Iran. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1095-1270. =The | |
| | | |First Crusade.= | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1099. Foundation| |
| =1100=| | |of the Kingdom | |
| =1125=| | |of Jerusalem. | |
| | | |Godfrey of |1127. China: |
| |1139. Kingdom of| |Bouillon, |Kaou Tsung, Emp-|
| |Portugal. | |elected king by |eror. |
| | | |the army. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1146. =The | |
| =1150=| | |Second Crusade.=| |
| | | | |1156. Japan: War|
| | | |_The power of |between the fa- |
| | | |the crusaders |milies of _Gen_ |
| | | |declines._ |and _Hei_. |
| | | | | |
| | | |1171-1193. | |
| =1175=| | |Saladin becomes | |
| | |1185-1204. |Sultan of Egypt.| |
| | |Dynasty of |Extends his |1186-1206. |
| | |Angelus. |dominions in |India: The |
| | | |Egypt, conquers |Afghans of Ghor |
| | | |Syria, Assyria, |rule. |
| | | |Mesopotamia and | |
| | | |Arabia. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1189. =The Third| |
| | | |Crusade.= | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1193. Saladin | |
| |1195. Battle of | |dies; his do- | |
| =1200=|Alarcon in which| |minions divided.| |
| |the Christians | | | |
| |are defeated. | |1202. =The | |
| | |1204. New revo- |Fourth Crusade.=| |
| | |lution. The Cru-| | |
| | |saders return, | | |
| | |again take | | |
| | |Constantinople. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1204-1261. Latin| | |
| | |Empire. | |1206. GENGHIS |
| |1212. Battle of | | |KHAN becomes |
| |Navas de Tolosa;| | |emperor of the |
| |a victory for | | |Mongols. |
| |the Christians. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1213-1276. James| | | |
| |I., the Conquer-| | | |
| |or in Aragon. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1214-1217. Henry| | | |
| |I., King in | | | |
| |Castile. | | | |
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+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =Britain= | =France= | =Germany= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| =850= | | | |
| | |855. Kingdom divided. Louis II., Emperor, |
| |866. Invasion of the |obtains Italy and Rhætia till 875. Charles,|
| |Danes. |Provence, till 863. |
| | | | |
| |871-900. ALFRED THE | | |
| =875= |GREAT. | | |
| | |876. Kingdom divided:| |
| | |Charles the Fat ob- |Louis the Younger, |
| | |tains Suabia and |Saxony and Thuringia |
| | |Alsace till 887. |till 882. |
| | | | |
| | |884. Charles the Fat reunites the monarchy |
| | |of the Franks. |
| | | | |
| =900= | |Rollo, the Dane, | |
| |901-924. Edward the |forces Charles to | |
| |Elder, the first |confer on him the | |
| |prince who takes the |province of Normandy | |
| |title of King of |and becomes: | |
| |England. | | |
| | |912. Robert, Duke of | |
| | |Normandy; capital |919-1024. Kings and |
| | |Rouen. |Emperors of the Saxon|
| | | |house. |
| | |_France is now divi- | |
| | |ded among the power- |919-936. Henry I., |
| | |ful barons, who exer-|the Fowler, a great |
| | |cise sovereign power |prince, consolidates |
| | |in their respective |the empire. |
| =925= | |domains._ | |
| | | |936-973. OTHO the |
| | | |GREAT. |
| =950= | | | |
| | | |955. Decisive victory|
| | | |over the Huns, which |
| | | |leads to the consoli-|
| | | |dation of the margra-|
| | | |vate of Austria. |
| | | | |
| | | |961-965. Otho’s |
| | | |second expedition |
| | | |into Italy; he de- |
| | | |thrones Berenger; is |
| | | |crowned king, and |
| | | |emperor. |
| | | | |
| | | |962. Makes Rome his |
| | | |capital. |
| | | | |
| | | |967. Otho II. crowned|
| | | |emperor. |
| =975= | | | |
| |978-1016. Ethelred | | |
| |the Unready. | | |
| |New invasion of the | | |
| |Danes. | | |
| | | =House of Capet= | |
| | | | |
| | |987-996. HUGH CAPET. | |
| =1000=| |France, for a long | |
| | |period before and |1002-1024. Henry, |
| |1016-1035. Canute the|after the accession |Duke of Bavaria, a |
| |Great, King of |of the Capets, has no|just and pious king. |
| |Denmark. |national history; the|Continual wars with |
| | |royal authority is |the Poles and Italy. |
| |1017-1041. Danish |now restricted to the| |
| |kings. |city in which the | =House of |
| | |court resides. | Franconia= |
| | | | |
| | | |1024-1039. Conrad |
| =1025=| | |II., the Salic. |
| | | | |
| | | |1039-1056. HENRY III.|
| | | |He defeats the Bohe- |
| | | |mians and Hungarians |
| | | |and makes both tribu-|
| | | |tary. _The imperial |
| | | |power at its highest |
| | | |point._ |
| |1042. The Saxon line | | |
| |restored. | | |
| | | | |
| |1042-1066. Edward the| | |
| =1050=|Confessor. French | | |
| |Normans become a new | |1056-1106. Henry IV. |
| |source of trouble. | | |
| | | |1059. =Quarrels be- |
| | |1060-1108. Philip I. |tween the Popes and |
| | | |German Emperors |
| |1066. Harold elected |1066. William, Duke |respecting investi- |
| |king, but is defeated|of Normandy, invades |tures and nomination |
| |and slain in the |England. |to the Holy See.= |
| |battle of =Hastings=,| | |
| |which gives England | | |
| |to William. | | |
| | | | |
| |1066-1154. =Norman | | |
| |Kings.= | | |
| | | | |
| |1066-1087. WILLIAM | | |
| |THE CONQUEROR. | | |
| =1075=| | | |
| |1087-1100. William | | |
| |II., Rufus. _Revolt |1096. =The First | |
| |of the Norman nobles.|Crusade.= Peter the | |
| |The feudal system |Hermit and Walter the| |
| |established in |Penniless. | |
| |England._ | | |
| | | | |
| =1100=|1100-1135. HENRY I., | | |
| |Beauclerc. | | |
| | | | |
| |1101. Robert, Duke of| | |
| |Normandy, invades | | |
| |England. | | |
| | | | |
| |1103-1106. Henry in- | | |
| |vades and conquers | |1106-1125. Henry V., |
| |Normandy. | |Emperor of Germany |
| | | |and King of Italy. |
| =1125=| | | |
| |=Wars between the French and English, and | =House of |
| |rise of rivalry between these two nations, | Hohenstaufen= |
| |which lasts for three centuries and a | |
| |half.= |1138-1152. Conrad I.,|
| | |1147. =The Second |elected emperor. |
| | |Crusade= preached by | |
| | |St. Bernard and |_Rise of the factions|
| | |joined by the Emperor|of Guelfs and |
| | |Conrad and Louis VII.|Ghibelines._ |
| =1150=| |of France. | |
| | | |1152-1190. Frederic |
| |1154-1399. | |I., Barbarossa, |
| |=Plantagenets.= | |Emperor and King, one|
| | | |of the most heroic |
| |1154-1189. Henry II.,| |figures of the Middle|
| |Plantagenet. | |Age. |
| | | | |
| |1159. War between France and England. | |
| | | |1166. Frederic in |
| | |_The French language |Italy. League of the |
| |1171-1172. Conquest |cultivated._ |Italian cities, 1167,|
| |of Ireland. | |to preserve their |
| =1175=| | |liberties. |
| | |1180-1223. Philip | |
| | |II., the greatest |1183. Peace of |
| |1189-1199. Richard |prince since |Constance re- |
| |I., the Lion-hearted.|Charlemagne. |establishes the inde-|
| |Dreadful massacre of | |pendence of the |
| |the Jews at his | |Italian Republics. |
| |coronation. | | |
| | | | |
| |1189. =Third Crusade= led by Philip Augustus, of France; Richard,|
| |of England; and Frederic Barbarossa. |
| | | | |
| | | |1190-1198. Henry VI.,|
| | | |Emperor and King of |
| | | |Italy and the |
| | | |Sicilies. |
| | | | |
| | | |1198. Philip of |
| |1199-1216. John | |Suabia and Otho of |
| |usurps over Arthur, | |Saxony, dispute the |
| |the son of his elder | |crown; the former |
| |brother, Geoffrey. | |supported by the |
| =1200=| | |Ghibelines, the |
| |1201-1206. War with France; Philip espouses|latter by the Guelfs.|
| |the cause of Prince Arthur. | |
| | | | |
| | |1202. The =Fourth | |
| | |Crusade= under |1212-1250. Frederic |
| |1213-1215. War with |Boniface of |II. becomes emperor |
| |France; the English |Montferrat. |and king of the two |
| |lose Vermandois and | |Sicilies. |
| |Valois. | | |
| | | | |
| |1215. Insurrection of| | |
| |the barons. | | |
| |=Magna Charta= signed| | |
| |at Runnymede. | | |
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+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =Italy= | =Church= | =Scandinavia and |
| | | | Slavs= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| =850= | | | |
| |855. Kingdom divided.| | |
| |Louis II., Emperor, |860. =Separation of | |
| |obtains Italy and |the Greek and Latin |862. Russia: Rurik, |
| |Rhætia till 875. |Churches.= |first grand prince. |
| |Charles, Provence, | | |
| |till 863. | |863-1030. Norway: |
| | |867. Pope Hadrian |Harold Harfargar to |
| | |II., Photius, |St. Olaf. |
| | |Patriarch of | |
| | |Constantinople, de- | |
| | |posed. | |
| | | | |
| | |872. Pope John VIII. | |
| =875= | | | |
| |Carloman, Bavaria, | | |
| |etc. till 879; be- | |895. Hungary: Magyars|
| |comes King of Italy, | |under Arpad enter the|
| |877. | |Kingdom. |
| =900= | | | |
| | |911. The Northmen in | |
| |919-1024. Kings and |France embrace | |
| |Emperors of the Saxon|Christianity. | |
| |house. | | |
| =925= | | | |
| | |927. Odo, abbot of | |
| | |Cluny, establishes | |
| | |celebrated code of | |
| | |discipline. | |
| =950= |950-961. Berenger | | |
| |II., submitted to |959. St. Dunstan be- | |
| |Otto as his suzerain.|comes Archbishop of | |
| | |Canterbury and | |
| |961-965. Otho’s |attempts to reform | |
| |second expedition |the church; enforcing| |
| |into Italy; he de- |clerical celibacy. | |
| |thrones Berenger; is | | |
| |crowned king, and |966. Poland receives | |
| |emperor. |Christianity under | |
| | |Miecislas. | |
| =975= | | | |
| | |989. Byzantine | |
| | |Christianity propa- | |
| | |gated in Russia by | |
| | |Vladimir the Great. | |
| | | | |
| | |999. Pope Sylvester | |
| |Venice, Genoa, and |II. | |
| =1000=|Pisa rise in power, | | |
| |opulence and civili- | |1019. Russia: |
| |zation. | |Yaroslaff the Great. |
| =1025=| | | |
| |1029. Settlement of | | |
| |the Normans in South | | |
| |Italy. | | |
| | | | |
| |1041. They conquer | | |
| |Apulia from the | | |
| |Greeks; 1060, | | |
| |Calabria; 1060-1090, | | |
| |Sicily. | | |
| =1050=| | | |
| |1059. =Quarrels between the Popes and | |
| |German Emperors respecting investitures and| |
| |nomination to the Holy See.= | |
| | | | |
| |1060. Robert | | |
| |Guiscard, first duke.| | |
| | | | |
| |1060-1090. Sicily | | |
| |conquered by Count |1073. _POPE GREGORY | |
| |Roger, brother of |VII._ | |
| |Robert. | | |
| |Robert invades the |_Papacy attains great| |
| |Greek Empire and |power._ | |
| =1075=|gains the battle of | | |
| |Durazzo. | |1077. Hungary: |
| | | |Ladislas I., the |
| | | |Saint. |
| | | | |
| | | |1084. Bohemia erected|
| | |1088. Pope Urban II. |into a kingdom by the|
| | | |Emperor Henry IV. |
| | |1099. Pope Pascal II.| |
| =1100=| | |1100-1523. Denmark: |
| | | |Introduction of |
| | | |Feudal system to In- |
| | | |dependence of Sweden.|
| | | | |
| | | |1100-1468. Norway. |
| | | | |
| | | |1100-1448. Sweden. |
| |1106-1125. Henry V., | | |
| |Emperor of Germany |1119. POPE CALIXTUS | |
| |and King of Italy. |II. | |
| =1125=| | | |
| |1139. The two | | |
| =1150=|Sicilies erected into| | |
| |a kingdom under |1154. Pope Hadrian | |
| |Roger. |IV. |1157. Denmark: |
| | | |Waldemar I., the |
| |1158. Venice a great | |Great. |
| |maritime power. |1159. Pope Alexander | |
| | |III. | |
| |1166. Frederic in | | |
| |Italy. League of the |1170. The Waldenses. | |
| =1175=|Italian cities, 1167,| | |
| |to preserve their | |1177. Poland: Casimir|
| |liberties. | |the Just. |
| | | | |
| |1183. Peace of | | |
| |Constance re- | | |
| |establishes the inde-| | |
| |pendence of the | | |
| |Italian Republics. | | |
| | | | |
| |1189. =Third Crusade=| | |
| |led by Philip | | |
| |Augustus, of France; | | |
| |Richard, of England; | | |
| |and Frederic Barba- | | |
| |rossa. | | |
| | | | |
| |1190-1198. Henry VI.,| | |
| |Emperor and King of |1191. Pope Celestine | |
| |Italy and the |III. | |
| |Sicilies. | | |
| | |1198. =Pope Innocent | |
| =1200=| |III.= | |
| | | |1202-1241. Denmark: |
| |1204. Venice ag- |Papal power attains |Waldemar II., the |
| |grandized by the con-|its climax. It is |Conqueror. |
| |quest of |supreme over secular | |
| |Constantinople. |power. | |
| | | | |
| |1210-1212. First war | | |
| |of Venice and Genoa. |_ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI_ (1182-1226) |
| | | | |
| | |1215. Fourth Lateran,| |
| | |and twelfth general |1217-1262. Norway: |
| | |council against the |Haco IV. |
| | |Albigenses and all | |
| | |heretics. The doc- | |
| | |trines of transub- | |
| | |stantiation and auri-| |
| | |cular confession | |
| | |established. | |
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