Chapter I: Period of Authentic Discovery and Exploration, From 1492 to 1607 (9)

========================+========================+========================
=Name of Battle; Approx-| =Contesting Nations | =Results and Marked
imate Location; Date= | or Parties= |Features of the Contest=
------------------------+------------------------+------------------------
=Abensberg= (_ä´bens- |=French and Bavarians= |About 90,000 engaged on
berg_), Bavaria, April |vs. Austrians |each side.
20, 1809 | |
| |
=Aboukir= (_ä-bōō- |=English= vs. French |Nelson cut off
kêr´_), =Battle of the | |Napoleon’s return to
Nile=, Egypt, August 1,| |Europe.
1798 | |
| |
=Aboukir=, Egypt, July |=French= vs. Turks |Two-thirds of Turkish
25, 1799 | |troops killed.
| |
†=Abydos= (_ȧ-bī´dos_), |=Athenians= vs. |...
Hellespont, B. C. 411 |Peloponnesians |
| |
=Acragas= (_ak´ra- |=Carthaginians= vs. |The citizens evacuated
gas_), =Siege of=, |Greeks |the fortress.
Sicily, B. C. 406 | |
| |
=Acre= (_ä´ker_ or |=Christians= vs. |Richard the Lion Hearted
_ā´ker_), =Siege of=, |Saracens |won renown by this
Syria, 1189-1191 | |siege.
| |
=Acre, Siege of=, |=Turks= vs. French |...
Syria, March 17, 1799 | |
| |
†=Actium= (_ak´shi-um_),|=Augustus= vs. Antony |At the critical moment
Greece, September 2, | |Antony and Cleopatra
B. C. 31 | |sail away.
| |
=Adowa= (_ä´dō-wä_), |=Ethiopians= vs. |Italians routed with
Northeast Africa, March|Italians |enormous loss.
1, 1896 | |
| |
=Adrianople= (_ad-ri- |=Constantine= vs. |Constantine gained
an-ō´pl_), Thrace, July|Licinius |empire.
3, 323 | |
| |
=Adrianople=, Thrace, |=Visigoths= vs. Romans |Emperor Valens defeated
378 | |and slain.
| |
=Adwalton= (_ad´wal- |=Royalists= vs. |...
ton_) =Moor=, England, |Parliamentarians |
January 30, 1643 | |
| |
=Ægadian Islands= (_ē- |=Romans= vs. |This victory put an end
gā´di-an_), Sicily, |Carthaginians |to the first Punic war.
B. C. 241 | |
| |
†=Ægospotami= (_ē-gos- |=Spartans= vs. Athenians|Virtually ended
pot´a-mī_), Thrace, | |Peloponnesian war.
B. C. 405 | |
| |
=Aghrim= (_ô´grim_), |=William III.= vs. |Irish savagely
Ireland, July 12, 1691 |James II. |slaughtered.
| |
=Agincourt= (_ȧ-zhan- |=English= vs. French |Great victory for Henry
kōōr_); E. (_aj´in- | |V.
kört_), France, October| |
25, 1415 | |
| |
=Agnadello= (_ä-nyä- |=French= vs. Venetians |One of the most
del´lō_), Italy, May | |disastrous battles in
14, 1509 | |the history of Venice.
| |
=Agrigentum= (_ag-ri- |=Romans= vs. |...
jen´tum_), =Siege of=, |Carthaginians |
Sicily, B. C. 262 | |
| |
=Alamo= (_ä´lȧ-mō_), |=Mexicans= vs. Texans |Survivors put to the
=Storming of the=, | |sword.
Texas, U. S., February | |
22, 1836 | |
| |
=Albuera= (_äl-bwā´ |=British= vs. French |Heavy losses on both
rā_), Spain, May 16, | |sides.
1811 | |
| |
=Aleppo= (_ä-lep´ō_), |=Moslems= vs. Syrians |Last serious resistance
Syria, 638 | |in Syria to the invading
| |Moslems.
| |
=Alexandria= (_ä-leks- |=Moslems= vs. Egyptians |Left Moslems masters of
än´dri-ä_), =Siege of=,| |Egypt.
Egypt, 638 | |
| |
=Alexandria, |=English= vs. Arabi |Forts totally destroyed.
Bombardment of=, Egypt,|Pasha |English occupy Egypt.
July 11-12, 1882 | |
| |
=Algiers= (_al-jērz´_),|=English and Dutch= vs. |Dey agreed to total
=Bombardment of=, |Dey of Algeria |abolition of Christian
Algeria, 1816 | |slavery in his dominion.
| |
=Allia= (_al´i-ä_), |=Brennus and his Gauls= |Rome left defenseless.
Italy, B. C. 390 |vs. Romans |
| |
=Alma= (_äl´ma_), |=English and French= vs.|British carried heights
Crimea, September 20, |Russians |at the point of the
1854 | |bayonet.
| |
=Almansa= (_äl-män´ |=French= vs. British and|Spain lost to the
sä_), Spain, April 25, |Portuguese |allies.
1707 | |
| |
=Amphipolis= (_am-fip´ |=Spartans= vs. Athenians|Both Brasidas and Cleon
ō-lis_), =Siege of=, | |fell.
Thrace, B. C. 422 | |
| |
=Anaquito= (_ä-nä-kē´ |=Pizarro= vs. Viceroy |Government of Peru fell
tō_), Peru, 1546 |Menez |into Pizzaro’s hands.
| |
=Angora= (_an-gō´rȧ_), |=Tartars= vs. Turks |Tamerlane said to have
Asia Minor, 1402 | |had eight hundred
| |thousand men.
| |
=Antietam= (_an-tē´ |*=Confederates= vs. |Heavy losses on both
tam_), Maryland, U. S.,|U. S. |sides. Lee’s army
September 17, 1862 | |greatly outnumbered.
| |
=Antioch, Siege of=, |=Crusaders= vs. Saracens|Defenders massacred.
Syria, 1097-1098 | |
| |
=Antwerp= (_ant´wirp_),|=Spaniards= vs. Walloons|Massacre of inhabitants
Belgium, 1576 | |known as the “Spanish
| |Fury.”
| |
=Appomattox= (_ap-pō- |=U. S.= vs. Confederates|Marked the close of the
mat´oks_), Virginia, | |American Civil war, and
U. S., April 9, 1865 | |surrender of General
| |Lee.
| |
=Aquae Sextiae= (_ā´ |=Romans= vs. Teutons |Caius Marius annihilates
kwe seks´ti-ē_) Gaul, | |the barbarian army.
B. C. 102 | |
| |
=Arbela= (_är-bē´lä_), |=Macedonians= vs. |This victory made
Persia, B. C. 331 |Persians |Alexander master of
| |Asia.
| |
=Arcola= (_är´kō-lā_), |=French under Napoleon= |Napoleon prevented the
Italy, November 15-17, |vs. Austrians |junction of two Austrian
1796 | |armies.
| |
=Arcot= (_är-kot´_), |=English and Sepoys= vs.|Robert Clive held out
=Siege of=, India, |French |ten weeks against a far
August 31- November 15,| |superior force before
1751 | |being relieved.
| |
†=Arginusae= (_är-ji-nū´|=Athenians= vs. |Command of the sea
sē_), Asia Minor, B. C.|Peloponnesians |temporarily restored to
406 | |Athens.
| |
†=Armada= (_är-mä´dä_), |=English= vs. Spanish |Beginning of English
=The Invincible=, | |sea-power.
English Channel, July, | |
1588 | |
| |
=Arsuf= (_ar-suf_), |=English Crusaders= vs. |Great victory of Richard
Syria, September 7, |Saracens |the Lion Hearted over
1191 | |Saladin.
| |
†=Artemisium= (_ār-te- |*=Persians= vs. Greeks |Fought at the same time
mish´um_), Eubœa, B. C.| |as the battle of
480 | |Thermopylæ.
| |
=Ascalon= (_as´ka- |=Crusaders= vs. Saracens|Moslem resistance to
lon_), Syria, 1099 | |Christians ended for a
| |time.
| |
=Asculum= (_as´ku- |=Pyrrhus= vs. Romans |Pyrrhus, though
lum_), Italy, B. C. 279| |victorious, suffered
| |great loss.
| |
=Aspern= (_äs´pern_), |*=Austrians= vs. French |Napoleon retired. Each
Austria, May 21-22, | |side lost about 20,000
1809 | |men.
| |
=Assaye= (_ä-sī´_), |=English= vs. East |Sir Arthur Wellesley
India, September 23, |Indians |(later duke of
1803 | |Wellington) defeated
| |forces almost ten times
| |as numerous.
| |
=Austerlitz= (_ous´ter-|=French= vs. Russians, |The Battle of the Three
lits_), Austria, |Austrians |Emperors: Napoleon,
December 2, 1805 | |Alexander I., Francis I.
| |
†=Azores= (_ȧ-zōrz´_), |=Spanish= vs. English |Gallant fight made by
Atlantic Ocean, 1591 | |Sir Richard Grenville in
| |the _Revenge_.
| |
=Balaclava= (_bäl-ä- |=Russians= vs. English |“Charge of the Light
klä´vä_), Crimea, | |Brigade” celebrated by
October 25, 1854 | |Tennyson.
| |
=Bannockburn= (_ban´ok-|=Scots= vs. English |Bruce drives back
burn_), Scotland, June | |English invaders with
24, 1314 | |great slaughter.
| |
=Barnet= (_bär´net_), |=Yorkists= vs. |Earl of Warwick (“King-
England, April 4, 1471 |Lancastrians |maker”) slain.
| |
=Bautzen= (_bout´sen_),|=French= vs. Prussians, |The allies lost 15,000
Germany, May 20-21, |Russians |killed and wounded.
1813 | |
| |
†=Beachy Head=, England,|=French= vs. English, |The French had been sent
June 30, 1690 |Dutch |to create a diversion in
| |favor of James II. in
| |Ireland.
| |
=Belgrade= (_bel- |=Hungarians= vs. Turks |John Hunyady’s last
grād´_), =Siege of=, | |exploit.
Servia, April, 1456 | |
| |
=Beneventum= (_ben-e- |=Romans= vs. Pyrrhus |Pyrrhus’ last serious
ven´tum_), Italy, B. C.| |attack against the
275 | |Romans.
| |
=Beresina= (_ber-yā´zē-|=Russians= vs. French |A most terrible disaster
nä_), =Crossing of | |on the retreat from
the=, Russia, November | |Moscow.
28, 1812 | |
| |
=Bergen-op-Zoom= |=French= vs. English, |French lost heavily in
(_berch´en-op-zōm´_), |Dutch |this siege.
=Siege of=, Nether- | |
lands, 1747 | |
| |
=Bibracte= (_bi-brak´ |=Romans= vs. Helvetians |A defeat would have
tē_), Gaul, B. C. 58 | |meant destruction to
| |Cæsar.
| |
=Blenheim= (_blen´im_),|=British and Imperi- |Brilliant victory of
Bavaria, August 13, |alists= vs. French and |Marlborough and Prince
1704 |Bavarians |Eugene.
| |
=Borodino= (_bor-o-dyē-|*=French= vs. Russians |One of the most bloody
nô´_) commonly Angli- | |battles on record.
cized, (_bor-ō-dē´nō_) | |
| |
=Bosworth Field=, |=Lancastrians= vs. |Richard III. slain;
England, August, 1485 |Yorkists |Henry Tudor becomes
| |Henry VII. of England.
| |
=Bouvines= (_bö-vēn´_) |=French= vs. Flemish, |Secures the position of
Flanders, 1214 |English and Germans |Philip Augustus on the
| |throne of France.
| |
=Bovianum= (_bö-vi-ä´ |=Romans= vs. Samnites |End of second Samnite
num_), =Siege of=, | |war.
Italy, B. C. 305 | |
| |
=Boyne= (_boin_) |=William III.= vs. |Irish under James II.
=river=, Ireland, July |James II. |totally defeated.
1, 1690 | |
| |
=Breitenfeld= (_brīt´ |=Swedes and Saxons= vs. |Brilliant victory of
en-felt_), Germany, |Imperialists |Gustavus Adolphus over
September 7, 1631 | |Tilly.
| |
=Breitenfeld=, Germany,|=Swedes= vs. |Victory of Tortenson
1642 |Imperialists |over Piccolomini.
| |
=Brill, Seizure of=, |=Netherlanders= vs. |The first success of the
Holland, 1572 |Spanish |Netherlanders.
| |
=Buena Vista= (_bwā´nä |=Americans= vs. Mexicans|General Zachary Taylor
vēs´tä_), Mexico, | |victorious over much
February 22-23, 1847 | |larger force.
| |
=Bull Run=, Virginia, |=Confederates= vs. |The first important
U. S. A., July 21, 1861|Federals |battle of the Civil war.
| |
=Bunker’s Hill=, |=British= vs. Americans |Though dislodged from
Massachusetts, | |their position, the
U. S. A., June 17, 1775| |Americans won a
| |practical victory.
| |
=Byzantium= (_bi-zan´ |=Constantine= vs. |Byzantium refounded as
shi-um_), =Siege of=, |Licinius |Constantinople, the
Thrace, 323 | |capital of the empire.
| |
†=Cadiz= (_kā´diz_, Sp. |=English= vs. Spanish |Here Drake “singed the
_kä´dēth_), Spain, 1587| |King of Spain’s beard.”
| |
=Calais= (Fr. _kȧ- |=English= vs. French |Calais remained in
lä´_), =Siege of=, | |English possession until
France, 1346-1347 | |1558.
| |
†=Camperdown= (_kam-per-|=British= vs. Dutch |The Dutch fleet, allied
doun´_), Holland, | |with France, was
October 11, 1797 | |practically destroyed.
| |
=Cannæ= (_kan´ē_), |=Carthaginians= vs. |Hannibal inflicts one of
Italy, B. C. 216 |Romans |the most disastrous
| |defeats the Romans ever
| |suffered.
| |
†=Cape St. Vincent=, |=British= vs. Spanish |Spanish fleet, allied
Portugal, February 14, | |with France, beaten by
1797 | |Admiral Jervis.
| |
=Capua= (_kap´ū-a_; It.|=Romans= vs. Capuans and|Hannibal was unable to
_kä´pŏŏ-ä_), =Siege |Carthaginians |break through Roman
of=, Italy, B. C. 211 | |lines and relieve the
| |city.
| |
=Carrhæ= (_kar´ē_), |=Parthians= vs. Romans |Crassus, one of the
Mesopotamia, B. C. 53 | |triumvirs, defeated and
| |shortly after slain.
| |
=Carthage= (_kär´ |=Romans= vs. |Carthage razed to the
thij_), =Siege of=, |Carthaginians |ground.
North Africa, B. C. 146| |
| |
=Castillon= (_käs-te- |=French= vs. English |This victory ended the
yôn´_), France, July | |Hundred Years’ war.
17, 1453 | |
| |
†=Catana= (_kä-tän´ä_), |=Carthaginians= vs. |Syracusans utterly
Sicily, B. C. 387 |Syracusans |routed. Carthaginians
| |besieged Syracuse.
| |
=Caudine= (_kâ´din_) |=Samnites= vs. Romans |The whole Roman army was
=Forks=, Italy, B. C. | |“sent under the yoke.”
321 | |
| |
=Cawnpore= (_kân´pōr_),|=British= vs. Mutineers |Sir Colin Campbell routs
India, December 6, 1857| |mutineers.
| |
=Chæronea= (_ker-ō- |=Macedonians= vs. |Philip of Macedon wins
nēȧ_), Greece, B. C. |Athenians and Thebans |hegemony of Greece.
338 | |
| |
=Chalons= (_shä-lôn´_),|=Romans and Visigoths= |Attila retreated and
France, 451 |vs. Huns |western Europe was saved
| |from the Huns.
| |
=Chattanooga= (_chat-ȧ-|=Federals= vs. |The “Battle above the
nōō´gȧ_) Tennessee, |Confederates |Clouds” fought on
U. S. A., November 24- | |Lookout Mountain.
27, 1863 | |
| |
=Chickamauga= (_chik-ȧ-|=Confederates= vs. |Federal losses 16,000;
mô´-gȧ_), Tennessee, |Federals |Confederate about
U. S. A., Sept. 19-20, | |12,000.
1863 | |
| |
=Chioggia= (_kyod´jā_),|=Venetians= vs. Genoese |Loss of this city broke
=Blockade of=, Venetia,| |the power of the Genoese
January to June, 1380 | |republic for many years.
| |
=Chotusitz= (_chō´tö- |=Prussians= vs. |This victory led Austria
zits_) (=Caslau=), |Austrians |to sign the peace of
Bohemia, May 17, 1742 | |Breslau, June 11, 1742.
| |
=Clusium= (_klōō´shi- |=Gauls= vs. Romans |Romans said to have lost
um_), Italy, B. C. 225 | |25,000.
| |
†=Cnidus= (_nī´dus_), |=Athenians and Persians=|Sparta lost her recently
Asia Minor, B. C. 394 |vs. Spartans |gained maritime
| |ascendency.
| |
=Colenso= (_kō-len´ |=Boers= vs. British |First action in Buller’s
sō_), South Africa, | |campaign for the relief
December 15, 1899 | |of Ladysmith.
| |
=Colline= (_kol´in_) |=Optimates= vs. |Sulla’s victory ended
=Gate=, Rome, B. C. 82 |Democrates and Samnites |the Roman civil war.
| |
†=Constantinople= (_kon-|=Crusaders and |Baldwin of Flanders
stan-ti-nō´pl_), =Siege|Venetians= vs. Greek |becomes Latin emperor of
of=, Thrace, 1204 |Empire |the East.
| |
=Constantinople, Siege |=Turks= vs. Greeks |Final overthrow of Greek
of=, Thrace, April 26- | |Empire.
May 29, 1453 | |
| |
=Copenhagen= (_kō-pen- |=British= vs. Danish |England forces surrender
hā´gen_), =Bombardment | |of Danish fleet to save
of=, Denmark, 1807 | |it from Napoleon.
| |
=Coronea= (_kor-ŏ-nē´ |=Sparta= vs. Thebes, |Agesilaus, Spartan king,
ȧ_), Greece, B. C. 394 |Corinth, Argos and |compelled to evacuate
|Athens |Bœotia.
| |
=Corunna= (_kō-run´ȧ_),|=British= vs. French |Sir John Moore killed.
Spain, January 16, 1809| |French kept at bay while
| |British embarked.
| |
=Courtral= (_kŏŏ- |=Flemish= vs. French |“Battle of the Spurs.”
trā´_), Flanders, July | |Great carnage among
11, 1302 | |French knighthood.
| |
=Crécy= (_krā´sē_), |=English= vs. French |Victory due to English
France, August 26, 1346| |archers.
| |
=Crimisus= (_kri-mī´ |=Sicilians= vs. |Secured Greek towns of
sus_), =the river=, |Carthaginians |Sicily peace for many
Sicily, B. C. 340 | |years.
| |
=Culloden= (_ku-lō´den_|=British= vs. Scots |Last attempt of the
or _-lod´en_), Scot- |under Young Pretender |Stuarts to recover
land, April 16, 1746 | |British throne.
| |
=Cunaxa= (_kū-nak´sȧ_),|=Cyrus and the “Ten |Cyrus was slain and the
Babylonia, B. C. 401 |Thousand”= vs. Persians |Greeks made the
| |“Anabasis” to the sea.
| |
=Custozza= (_kös-tōd´ |=Austrians= vs. Italians|Though defeated, the
zā_), Italy, June 24, | |Italians gained Venetia
1866 | |through Prussia.
| |
=Cynoscephalae= (_sī- |=Romans= vs. Macedonians|Philip V. forced to
nō-sef´ȧ-lē_ or _sin- | |abandon the hegemony of
ō_), Greece, B. C. 197 | |Greece.
| |
†=Cyzicus= (_siz´i- |=Athenians= vs. |Alcibiades surprised and
kus_), Propontis, B. C.|=Peloponnesians= |practically annihilated
410 | |the Peloponnesian fleet.
| |
=Dardanelles= (_där-dȧ-|=Turks= vs. British and |British and French with-
nelz´_) =Campaign=, |French |drew after a loss of
Turkey, March 18, 1915,| |115,000, killed, wounded
to January 9, 1916 | |or prisoners.
| |
=Delhi= (_del´i_), |=British= vs. Mutineers |Delhi was the real
=Siege of=, India, June| |center of the Indian
8 to September 20, 1857| |mutiny.
| |
=Delium= (_dē´li-um_), |=Bœotians= vs. Athenians|Decisive and disastrous
Greece, B. C. 424 | |defeat for Athenians.
| |
=Dennewitz= (_den´ne- |=Russians, Prussians, |Victory of Bernadotte
vits_), Germany, |Austrians and Swedes, |(afterward Charles XIV.
September 6, 1813 |Allies=, vs. French |of Sweden) over Ney.
| |
=Deorham= (_de-or´ |=West Saxons= vs. Welsh |Wessex extended to
häm_), England, 577 | |Bristol channel,
| |severing Welsh into two
| |parts.
| |
=Dessau= (_des´ou_), |=Imperialists= vs. |Wallenstein totally
Germany, 1626 |Protestants |routed Mansfeld.
| |
=Dettingen= (_det´ing- |=British= vs. French |Last battle in which a
en_), Germany, June 27,| |British sovereign
1743 | |engaged in person.
| |
=Douro= (_dō´rŏŏ_, |=British= vs. French |French driven out of
Span. _dwā´rō_), =the | |Oporto.
river=, Portugal, May | |
12, 1809 | |
| |
†=Downs, The=, North |*=Dutch= vs. English |English fleet took
Sea, June 11-14, 1666 | |shelter in the Thames;
| |Dutch too crippled to
| |pursue.
| |
†=Drepana= (_drep´a- |=Carthaginians= vs. |This and other defeats
nä_), Sicily, B. C. |Romans |led Romans to abandon
249 | |the sea temporarily.
| |
=Dresden= (_drez´den_; |=French= vs. Russians, |Napoleon’s last great
Ger. _drās´den_), |Prussians, and Austrians|victory on German soil.
Germany, August 26, 27,| |
1813 | |
| |
=Drogheda= (_drô´he-dȧ_|=British and |Cromwell put the
or _drô´e-dȧ_), =Storm |Parliamentarians= vs. |garrison to the sword.
of=, Ireland, Sept. 12,|Royalists |
1649 | |
| |
=Dunbar= (_dun-bär´_), |=Parliamentarians= vs. |Cromwell’s victory
Scotland, Sept. 3, 1650|Scottish Royalists |followed by the
| |surrender of Edinburgh
| |and Glasgow.
| |
=Ebersberg= (_ā´bers- |=French= vs. Austrians |A horrible combat in
berg_), =Storm of=, | |which thousands were
Bavaria, May 3, 1809 | |burned in the ruined
| |village.
| |
†=Ecnomus= (_ek´no- |=Romans= vs. |Romans laid waste
mus_), Sicily, B. C. |Carthaginians |Carthaginian territory
256 | |in Africa.
| |
=Edgehill=, England, |*=Royalists= vs. |The first battle of the
October 23, 1642 |Parliamentarians |Civil war. Royalists
| |march on London.
| |
=El Caney= (_el kä- |=Americans= vs. |The chief battle of the
nā´_), Cuba, July 1, |Spaniards |war in Cuba.
1898 | |
| |
=Ellandun= (_el´lan- |=West Saxons= vs. |The West Saxon Egbert
dön_), England, 825 |Mercians |becomes overlord of all
| |the English.
| |
=Evesham= (_ēvz´ham_), |=Prince Edward= vs. |This defeat ended the
England, August 4, 1265|Simon Montfort |war. Simon de Montfort
| |fell.
| |
=Eylau= (_ī´lau_), |*=Russians and |The bloodiest and most
Prussia, February 8, |Prussians= vs. French |desperate battle of a
1807 | |century.
| |
=Falkirk= (_fôl´kerk_; |=English= vs. Scotch |Edward I. utterly routed
Scot., _fô´kerk_), | |Wallace.
Scotland, July 22, 1298| |
| |
=Fehrbellin= (_fār-bel-|=Brandenburgers= vs. |The first great victory
lēn´_), Brandenburg, |Swedes |of Brandenburg, Prussia.
June 18, 1675 | |
| |
=Flodden= (_flod´n_), |=English= vs. Scots |The Scottish king
England, September 9, | |perished, with the
1513 | |bravest of his nobility.
| |
=Fontanet= (_fôn-tän- |=Louis and Charles= vs. |Followed by the famous
ā´_), France, June 20, |Lothaire (Grandsons of |Partition of Verdun
841 |Charlemagne) |(843).
| |
=Fontenoy= (_fôn-t´- |=French= vs. British, |Last great victory of
nwä´_), Belgium, May |Dutch and Austrians |France under the Old
11, 1745 | |Regime.
| |
=Fornovo= (_for-no´ |=French= vs. Italians |Charles VIII. enabled to
vō_), Italy, July 6, | |continue his retreat
1495 | |following his conquest
| |of Naples.
| |
=Friedland= (_frēt´ |=French= vs. Russians |This defeat induced the
länt_ or _frēd´länt_), | |Czar to conclude the
Prussia, June 14, 1807 | |peace of Tilsit.
| |
=Gettysburg= (_get´iz- |=Federals= vs. |One of the bloodiest
bûrg_), Pennsylvania, |Confederates |battles of the war,
U. S. A., July 1-3, | |forcing Lee from
1863 | |northern soil.
| |
=Gibraltar= (_ji-brâl´ |=British= vs. French and|The last formidable
tär_), =Siege of=, |Spanish |attack upon Gibraltar
Spain, 1779-1782 | |(British since 1704).
| |
=Granada= (_grä-nä´dä_;|=Spaniards= vs. Moors |Completes the overthrow
Sp. _grä-nä´thä_), | |of the Moorish power in
=Capitulation of=, | |Spain.
Spain, January 2, 1492 | |
| |
=Granicus= (_grä-nī´ |=Alexander the Great= |Destroyed the only army
kus_) =River=, Asia |vs. Persians and Greek |opposed to Alexander in
Minor, B. C. 334 |Mercenaries |Asia Minor.
| |
=Granson= (_gran-sôn´_)|=Swiss= vs. Burgundians |First of the three great
Switzerland, March 2, | |victories of the Swiss
1476 | |over Charles the Bold.
| |
=Gravelotte= (_gräv- |=Prussians= vs. French |The first great victory
lot´_), Lorraine, | |of the Prussians in the
August 18, 1870 | |war.
| |
=Guinegate= (_gēn- |=English and |Called the “Battle of
gȧt´_), France, August |Imperialists= vs. French|the Spurs” from the
16, 1513 | |French haste in flight.
| |
=Haarlem= (_här´lem_), |=Spaniards= vs. Dutch |30,000 Spaniards against
=Siege of=, Holland, | |4,000 Dutch; 2,000 Dutch
Dec. 9-July 14, 1572- | |massacred.
1573 | |
| |
=Halidon= (_hal´i-dn_),|=Edward III. of England=|Won by combination of
=Hill=, England, July |vs. Scots |archers and dismounted
19, 1333 | |men-at-arms.
| |
†=Hampton= (_hämp´tn_) |=Monitor= (=Federal=) |After this wooden ships
=Roads=, Virginia, |vs. Merrimac |give way to ironclads in
U. S. A., March 8, 1862|(Confederate) |naval warfare.
| |
=Hastenbeck=, Germany, |=French= vs. |Followed by the
July 26, 1757 |Hanoverians |convention of Closter-
| |Zeven, which George II.
| |repudiated.
| |
=Hastings= (_hās´ |=Normans= vs. English |Harold fell; William the
tingz_), England, | |Conqueror became king of
October 14, 1066 | |England.
| |
=Heraclea= (_her-ȧ-klē´|=King Pyrrhus= vs. |“One more such victory
ȧ_ or _-klī´ȧ_), Italy,|Romans |and I shall be ruined.”
B. C. 280 | |--Pyrrhus.
| |
=Hexham= (_hek´sam_), |=Yorkists= vs. |The Lancastrian cause
England, May 15, 1464 |Lancastrians |was completely crushed
| |by this defeat.
| |
=Himera= (_him´er-ȧ_), |=Syracuse and |Hamilcar slain.
Sicily, B. C. 480 |Agrigentum= vs. |Carthaginians purchased
|Carthaginians |peace for 2,000 talents.
| |
=Himera, Siege of=, |=Carthaginians= vs. |Town sacked and
Sicily, B. C. 409 |Sicilian Greeks |prisoners sacrificed to
| |the shade of Hamilcar.
| |
=Höchst= (_hûkst_), |=Imperialists= vs. |Practically ends the
Germany, June 20, 1622 |Palatinate troops |Bohemian-Palatinate
| |phase of the Thirty
| |Years’ war.
| |
=Hohenfriedburg= (_hō´ |=Prussians= vs. |One of Frederick the
ēn-frēd´-berg_), |Austrians and Saxons |Great’s victories; due
Germany, June, 1745 | |partly to Austrian
| |overconfidence.
| |
=Hohenlinden= (_hō-en- |=French= vs. Austrians |The crowning event of
lin´den_), Bavaria, | |the winter campaign; won
December 3, 1800 | |by Moreau.
| |
=Hohkirchen= (_hō´ |=Austrians= vs. |Frederick the Great,
kirch-en_), Germany, |Prussians |though surprised by a
October 14, 1758 | |night attack, made good
| |his retreat.
| |
=Homildon= (_hom´l- |=English= vs. Scots |Another great victory
dn_), =Hill=, England, | |due to the prowess of
September 14, 1402 | |the English longbowmen.
| |
=Hydaspes= (_hī-das´ |=Greeks= vs. Asiatics |The last important
pēz_) =River=, India, | |battle in the eastward
B. C. 326 | |advance of Alexander the
| |Great.
| |
=Inkermann= (_ing-ker- |=British and French= vs.|A series of hand-to-hand
män´_), Crimea, |Russians |combats fought in a
November 5, 1854 | |dense fog.
| |
=Inverlochy= (_in-ver- |=Royalist Highlanders= |Power of the Campbells
lock´i_), Scotland, |vs. Campbells and |in the Highlands broken
February 2, 1645 |Lowland Covenanters |for many years.
| |
=Ipsus= (_ip´sus_), |=Seleucus= vs. Antigonus|Chief battle between
Asia Minor, B. C. 301 | |Alexander’s generals
| |over the partition of
| |his empire.
| |
=Issus= (_is´us_), Asia|=Macedonians= vs. |Alexander’s brilliant
Minor, B. C. 333 |Asiatics |victory over an immense
| |horde of Persians.
| |
=Ivry= (_ēv-rē´_), |=Huguenots= vs. |Henry IV. gained a
France, March 14, 1590 |Catholics |complete victory and
| |invested Paris, his
| |capital.
| |
=Jarnac= (_zhär-nak´_),|=Catholics= vs. |Prince de Condé slain.
France, March 13, 1569 |Huguenots |
| |
=Jemmapes= (_zhe- |=French= vs. Austrians |Followed by annexation
mäp´_), Belgium, | |of the Austrian
November 6, 1792 | |Netherlands to France.
| |
=Jena= (_yā´nä_), |=French= vs. Prussians |Napoleon advanced thence
Germany, October 14, | |to Berlin and issued the
1806 | |decree for a continental
| |blockade.
| |
=Jerusalem= (_jē-rōō´ |=Jews= vs. Romans |Titus destroyed the city
sȧ-lem_) =Siege of=, | |and massacred or sold
Syria, 70 | |into slavery its
| |inhabitants.
| |
=Jerusalem, Storm of=, |=Crusaders= vs. Moslems |A terrible massacre;
Syria, July 15, 1099 | |feudal kingdom
| |established under
| |Godfrey of Bouillon.
| |
†=Jutland=, Baltic Sea, |=Germans= vs. British |British admitted the
May 31, 1916 | |loss of six large
| |cruisers and destroyers,
| |the Germans a battle-
| |ship, a cruiser, four
| |light cruisers and five
| |destroyers. The loss of
| |life totaled 9,500 and
| |the battle ended with
| |the withdrawal of the
| |German fleet.
| |
=Kappel= (_käp´pel_), |=Swiss Catholic Cantons=|Zwingli, the Swiss
Switzerland, October |vs. Zurichers |Protestant reformer,
11, 1531 | |fell in this battle.
| |
=Kars= (_kärs_), =Storm|=Russians= vs. Turks |Russian success caused
of=, Armenia, November | |angry negotiations
17-18, 1877 | |between England and
| |Russia.
| |
=Katzbach= (_käts´ |=Prussians= vs. French |A decisive victory of
ba_K), Germany, August | |Blücher over one of
26, 1813 | |Napoleon’s marshals.
| |
=Khartoum= (_kär- |=Mahdi= vs. Gordon |“Chinese” Gordon killed;
töm´_), =Siege of=, | |the Soudan evacuated by
Soudan, March 12- | |the Anglo-Egyptian
January 26, 1884-1885 | |government.
| |
=Killiecrankie= (_kil- |=Highland Jacobites= vs.|The Jacobite victory was
i-krang´ki_), Scotland,|Royalists |nullified by the fall of
July 17, 1689 | |their leader, Dundee.
| |
=Kimberley= (_kim´ber- |=British= vs. Boers |The brilliant defense of
li_), =Siege of=, South| |Kimberley was a notable
Africa, October 15, | |feature of the war.
1899 to February 15, | |
1900 | |
| |
=Kin-chau= (_kin- |=Japanese= vs. Russians |General Oku opened the
chow´_), Manchuria, May| |way for the land in-
26, 1904 | |vestment of Port Arthur.
| |
=Koniggrätz= (_kû´nich-|=Prussians= vs. |This victory gave the
gräts´_), (=or | |supremacy in Germany to
Sadowa=), Germany, July| |Prussia, unity to North
3, 1866 | |Germany.
| |
=Kolin= (_kō-lēn´_), |=Austrians= vs. |Following this defeat,
Bohemia, June 18, 1757 |Prussians |Frederick the Great
| |evacuated Bohemia.
| |
=Kossova= (_kos´ō-vō_),|=Turks= vs. Christian |A battle famed in the
Servia, June 15, 1389 |Slavs |history, legend and
| |literature of Servia.
| |
=Kossova=, Servia, |=Turks= vs. Christians |The hero, John Hunyady,
October 17-19, 1448 | |overcome at the cost of
| |40,000 Turkish lives.
| |
=Kotzim= (_cho-tem´_), |=Poles= vs. Turks |John Sobieski, by sheer
Russia, November 11, | |personal ascendency,
1673 | |stems tide of Turkish
| |advance.
| |
=Kulm= (_kōōlm_), |=Austrians, Russians and|7,000 French capitulate;
Germany, August 29-30, |Prussians= vs. Napoleon |“The Caudine Forks of
1813 | |modern war.” Conduces to
| |the defeat at Leipzig.
| |
=Kunersdorf= (_kōō´ |=Austrians and Russians=|Inactivity of the allies
ners-dorf_), Germany, |vs. Prussians |saved Frederick the
August 12, 1759 | |Great from annihilation.
| |
†=Lade= (_lā´dē_), Asia |=Persians= vs. Ionian |This defeat put an end
Minor, B. C. 494 |Greeks |to the Ionian revolt.
| |
=Ladysmith= (_lā´di- |=British= vs. Boers |Like the siege of
smith_), =Siege of=, | |Kimberley, a notable
South Africa, November | |incident of the war.
2, 1899 to February, | |
1900 | |
| |
†=La Hogue= (_lä hōg_), |=English and Dutch= vs. |Overthrew the hopes of
Northwestern France, |French |James II. of recovering
May 10-20, 1692 | |his throne.
| |
†=Lake Erie=, Lake Erie,|=Americans= vs. British |“We have met the enemy
September 10, 1813 | |and they are ours.”--
| |Perry.
| |
†=La Rochelle= (_lä rō- |=French and Spaniards= |Control of the sea
shel´_), France, June |vs. English |passes for a time to the
22-23, 1372 | |side of the French.
| |
=La Rochelle, Siege |=Richelieu= vs. |Huguenots no longer an
of=, France, November |Huguenots and English |armed political party
1, 1627 to October 28, | |but a tolerated sect.
1628 | |
| |
=Lechfeld= (_lech´ |=Otto I.= vs. Hungarians|A crushing defeat
feld_), Germany, August| |inflicted on the waning
10, 955 | |power of the Hungarians.
| |
=Lech= (_lech_), =the |=Gustavus Adolphus= vs. |Tilly mortally wounded.
river=, Germany, April |German Catholic League |
15, 1632 | |
| |
=Legnano= (_len-yä´ |=Lombard League= vs. |In the peace of
nō_), Italy, May 29, |Frederick Barbarossa |Constance (1183),
1176 | |Frederick renounced all
| |regal privileges over
| |the cities.
| |
=Leipzig= (_līp´sik_), |=Swedes and Saxons= vs. |Brilliant victory of
Saxony, September 17, |Catholic Imperialists |Gustavus Adolphus saves
1631 | |Protestant cause.
| |
=Leipzig=, Saxony, |=Allies= vs. Napoleon |This disaster lost
October 16, 18-19, 1813| |Germany to Napoleon.
| |
=Le Mans= (_le mon´_), |=Prussians= vs. French |French army almost
France, January 6-12, | |annihilated.
1871 | |
| |
†=Lepanto= (_le-pan´ |=Don John of Austria= |One of the most splendid
tō_), Gulf of Corinth, |vs. Turks |naval victories ever
October 7, 1751 | |achieved.
| |
=Leuctura= (_lūk´tra_),|=Thebans= vs. Spartans |Epaminondas’ overthrow
Greece, B. C. 371 | |of Sparta gives Thebes
| |the hegemony in Greece.
| |
=Leuthen= (_loi´ten_), |=Prussians= vs. |This battle “would alone
Germany, December 5, |Austrians |make Frederick immortal
1757 | |and rank him among the
| |greatest generals.”--
| |Napoleon.
| |
=Lewes= (_lū´is_), |=Simon de Montfort= vs. |Simon de Montfort’s
England, May 14, 1264 |Henry III. and Prince |victory followed by
|Edward |Parliament, the first to
| |which borough represen-
| |tatives were called
| |(1265).
| |
=Leyden= (_lī´den_), |=Dutch= vs. Spaniards |Prince of Orange cut the
=Siege of=, Holland, | |dikes to bring the fleet
May 26 to October 3, | |to the relief of the
1574 | |city.
| |
=Liegnitz= (_lēch´ |=Prussians= vs. |Frederick prevented the
nits_), Germany, August|Austrians |union of the Austrians
15, 1760 | |and Russians.
| |
=Ligny= (_lēn-yē´_), |=Napoleon= vs. Blücher |Napoleon’s last victory;
Belgium, June 16, 1815 | |Blücher joined
| |Wellington at Waterloo
| |on the 18th.
| |
=Lille= (_lēl_), =Siege|=Imperialists= vs. |France now lay open to
of=, France, August 12 |French |the advance of the
to October 22, 1708 | |allies.
| |
=Lilybæum= (_lil-i-bē´ |=Carthaginian= vs. |One of the most
um_), =Siege of=, |Romans |protracted sieges in
Sicily, B. C. 250-241 | |history, surrendered
| |only with Sicily at
| |close of war.
| |
=Linkoping= (_lēn´chû- |=Swedes= vs. Poles under|Led to perpetual
ping_), Sweden, |King Sigismund |hostility between Sweden
September 25, 1598 | |and Poland in
| |seventeenth century.
| |
†=Lissa= (_lis´a_), |=Austrians= vs. Italians|The only battle between
Adriatic, July 20, 1866| |ironclads fought in
| |European waters.
| |
=Lobositz= (_lō´bō- |*=Prussians= vs. |18,000 Saxons besieged
zits_), Bohemia, |Austrians |at Pirna were now forced
October 1, 1756 | |into the Prussian army.
| |
=Lodi= (_lō´dē_), |=Napoleon Bonaparte= vs.|This success gave the
=Bridge of=, Italy, May|Austrians |whole of Lombardy to the
10, 1796 | |French.
| |
=Loigny-Poupry= (_lwän-|=Prussians= vs. French |Prevented the French
ye´ poo-pree´_), | |from relieving Orleans.
France, December 2, | |
1870 | |
| |
=Louisburg= (_lö´ē- |=British= vs. French |Destruction of one of
berg_), =Siege of=, | |the strongest fortresses
Canada, June 8 to July | |in North America.
27, 1758 | |
| |
=Lucknow= (_luk´nou_), |=British= vs. Sepoy |The turning of the tide;
=Siege of=, India, |mutineers |next year the mutiny was
March 19, 1857 to July | |totally quelled.
1, 1858 | |
| |
=Lutter= (_löt´ter_), |=Catholics and |Christian of Denmark,
Germany, August 26, |Imperialists= vs. Danes |severely defeated,
1626 |and Protestant Germans |retires into Holstein
| |and Mecklenburg.
| |
=Lützen= (_lüt´sen_), |=Swedes and Protestant |Gustavus Adolphus slain
Saxony, November 16, |Germans= vs. Catholics |in winning his third
1632 |and Imperialists |great victory.
| |
=Lützen=, Saxony, May |=Napoleon= vs. Allies |The first battle in the
2, 1813 | |great German War of
| |Liberation.
| |
=Luzzara= (_löt-sä´ |*=French= vs. |Followed by French
rä_), Italy, August 15,|Imperialists |ascendency in Italy
1702 | |until 1706.
| |
=Macalo= (_mäk-ä´lo_), |=Venice= vs. Milan |Carmagnola gained a
Italy, October 11, 1427| |brilliant victory over
| |the famous condottieri,
| |Sforza, Piccinino and
| |Malatesta.
| |
=Madras= (_mä-dras´_), |=English= vs. French |Failure to take Madras
=Siege of=, India, Dec.| |was a great blow to
12, 1758 to Feb. 16, | |French power in India.
1759 | |
| |
=Maestricht= (_mäs´ |=Spaniards= vs. |Inhabitants and garrison
tricht_), =Siege of=, |Netherlanders |massacred.
Belgium, March 12 to | |
June 29, 1579 | |
| |
=Mafeking= (_maf´e- |=British= vs. Boers |Baden Powell’s
king_), =Siege of=, | |resistance aroused
South Africa, Oct., | |world-wide enthusiasm.
1899 to May 17, 1900 | |
| |
=Magdeburg= (_mäg´de- |=Catholics and |The sack of Magdeburg is
bŏŏrch_), =Storm of=, |Imperialists= vs. |one of the darkest spots
Germany, May 20, 1631 |inhabitants |on the pages of history.
| |
=Magenta= (_mä-jen´ |=French and Piedmontese=|Napoleon III. and Victor
tä_), Italy, June 4, |vs. Austrians |Emmanuel entered Milan.
1859 | |
| |
=Magnesia= (_mag-nē´ |=Romans= vs. Antiochus |The kingdom of the
shȧ_), Asia Minor, |the Great |Seleucidæ dismembered.
B. C. 190 | |
| |
=Malaga= (_mä´lä-gä_), |=Spaniards= vs. Moors |The inhabitants were
Spain, May 8 to August | |sold into slavery.
18, 1487 | |
| |
†=Malaga=, Spain, August|*=English and Dutch= vs.|French fleet prevented
24, 1704 |French |from uniting with
| |Spanish which was
| |besieging Gibraltar.
| |
=Malakoff= (_mä-lä´ |=French= vs. Russians |Loss of this and other
kof_), =Storm of=, | |earthworks led that
Crimea, September 8, | |night to the evacuation
1855 | |of Sebastopol.
| |
=Malo-Jaroslavitz= |*=Russians= vs. French |Napoleon was obliged to
(_mä´lō yä-rō-slä´ | |abandon southerly line
vets_), Russia, October| |of retreat from Moscow.
24, 1812 | |
| |
=Malplaquet= (_mȧl-plȧ-|=British and |Bloodiest battle of this
kā´_), France, |Imperialists= vs. French|war; “carnage, not a
September 11, 1709 | |battle.”
| |
†=Manila= (_mȧ-nil´ȧ_) |=Americans= vs. |Admiral Dewey totally
=Bay=, Philippines, May|Spaniards |destroyed the Spanish
1, 1898 | |fleet.
| |
=Mansurah= (_män-sōō´ |*=French Crusaders= vs. |The last of the great
rä_), Egypt, April 8, |Saracens |pitched battles of the
1250 | |crusaders. Shortly after
| |Louis IX. was captured
| |and ruinously ransomed.
| |
=Mantineia= (_man-ti- |=Spartans= vs. Athenians|The Spartans regained
nē´ȧ_), Greece, B. C. |and Argives |their supremacy in
418 | |Peloponnesus.
| |
=Mantineia=, Greece, |=Thebans= vs. Spartans |The death of Epaminondas
B. C. 362 | |in this battle ends
| |Theban supremacy.
| |
=Mantua= (_man´tū-ȧ_), |=French= vs. Austrians |The close of Napoleon’s
=Siege of=, Italy, | |marvelous first Italian
June, 1796, to February| |campaign.
2, 1797 | |
| |
=Marathon= (_mär´ȧ- |=Athenians and |Miltiades’ victory
thon_), Greece, B. C. |Plataeans= vs. Persians |causes Persians to
490 | |abandon their first ex-
| |pedition against Greece.
| |
=Mardia= (_mär´di-ä_), |=Licinius= vs. |Licinius lost all his
Thrace, 315 |Constantine the Great |European territory
| |except Thrace.
| |
=Marengo= (_mä-reng´ |=French= vs. Austrians |Won for Napoleon largely
gō_), Italy, June 14, | |by General Desaix.
1800 | |
| |
=Marignano= (_ma-rēn- |=French= vs. Swiss |Francis I. reconquered
yä´nō_), Italy, | |Milan by this brilliant
September 13, 14, 1515 | |victory.
| |
=Marne= (_märn_), a |=Allies= vs. Germans |Germans forced to
river in France, | |retreat and capture of
September 5-7, 1914 | |Paris averted.
| |
=Marsaglia= (_mär-säl´ |=French= vs. Duke of |French infantry with
yä_), Italy, October 4,|Savoy |bayonets charged the
1693 | |cavalry, a new maneuver.
| |
=Marston Moor=, |=Parliamentarians= vs. |This victory, due to
England, July 2, 1644 |Royalists |Cromwell’s Ironsides,
| |gave the north to
| |parliament.
| |
=Maserfield= (_mä´ser- |=Mercians= vs. |Mercia becomes a
feld_), England, 642 |Northumbrians |competitor with
| |Northumbria for English
| |hegemony.
| |
=Maxen= (_mäks´en_), |=Austrians= vs. |The capitulation of
Germany, November 20, |Prussians |Finck with 12,000
1759 | |Prussian soldiers
| |disastrous to Frederick.
| |
=Maypu= (_mä´pö_), |=Chilians= vs. Spaniards|Established the
Chili, April 5, 1818 | |independence of Chili.
| |
=Medellin= (_mā-tnel- |=French= vs. Spaniards |Spaniards mercilessly
yēn´_), Spain, March | |sabered in the pursuit,
28, 1809 | |losing 18,000.
| |
=Megalopolis= (_meg-ȧ- |=Macedonians= vs. |Antipater, in absence of
lop´ō-lis_), Greece, |Spartans |Alexander, puts down
B. C. 331 | |revolted Spartans in a
| |bloody battle.
| |
=Mentana= (_men-tä´ |=Garibaldians= vs. |Garibaldians routed
nä_), Italy, November |French and Papal troops |after defeating papal
3, 1867 | |forces.
| |
†=Messina= (_mes-sē´ |=Sicilians and |Charles of Anjou
nä_), Sicily, September|Aragonese= vs. French |evacuated Sicily, which
28, 1282 | |his descendants never
| |recovered.
| |
=Metaurus= (_mā-tau´ |=Romans= vs. |Italy saved by pre-
rus_), Italy, B. C. 207|Carthaginians |venting the junction of
| |Hasdrubal with Hannibal.
| |
=Metz= (_mets_), =Siege|=Prussians= vs. French |The release of the
of=, Lorraine, August | |besieging army for
19 to October 27, 1870 | |service elsewhere was
| |fatal to the French
| |cause.
| |
=Milazzo= (_mē-lät´ |=Garibaldians= vs. |This completes the
sō_), Sicily, July 20, |Neapolitans |expulsion of the
1860 | |Neapolitans from Sicily.
| |
=Minden= (_min´den_), |=English, Hessians and |The French were
Prussia, August 1, 1759|Hanoverians= vs. French |decisively beaten and
| |driven from Hesse.
| |
=Miraflores= (_mē-rä- |=Chilians= vs. Peruvians|Practically ended the
flō´res_), Argentina, | |war of the Pacific
January 13 and 15, 1883| |(1879-1884) between
| |Chili, and Bolivia and
| |Peru.
| |
=Missolonghi= (_mis-ō- |=Turks= vs. Greeks |Greek heroism excited
long´gē_), =Siege of=, | |sympathy throughout
Greece, April 27, 1825 | |Europe. (Byron died
to April 22-23, 1826 | |here, 1824.)
| |
=Mitylene= (_mit-i-lē´ |=Athenians= vs. Revolted|Prisoners killed, walls
nē_), =Siege of=, |inhabitants |pulled down, fleet
Lesbos, B. C. 428-427 | |forfeited, annual
| |tribute imposed.
| |
=Modder= (_mod´er_) |=British= vs. Boers |Lord Methuen drives
=River=, South Africa, | |Cronje from his
November 28, 1899 | |intrenchments after a
| |fierce fight.
| |
=Mohacs= (_mō´häch_), |=Turks= vs. Hungarians |“Never was a single
Hungary, August 29, | |battle so disastrous to
1526 | |a people.”
| |
=Mollwitz= (_mōl´ |=Prussians= vs. |Frederick’s victory
vitz_), Germany, April |Austrians |forces Europe to
10, 1741 | |recognize in Prussia a
| |new power.
| |
=Montaperti= (_mon-tä- |=Florentine Ghibellines,|Secured the triumph of
per´tē_), Italy, |Siennese= vs. Guelphs of|the Ghibellines over all
September 4, 1260 |Florence |Tuscany.
| |
=Monterey= (_mon-te- |=Americans= vs. Mexicans|Followed by the
rā´_), Mexico, | |occupation of the whole
September 21-23, 1846 | |of northern Mexico.
| |
=Montreal= (_mont-ri- |=British= vs. French |Completes the British
ôl´_), Canada, | |conquest of Canada from
September 8, 1760 | |France.
| |
=Mook= (_mōk_), |=Spaniards= vs. Dutch |The battle terminated in
Holland, April 14, 1574| |a horrible butchery of
| |the patriot army.
| |
=Morgarten= (_mōr´gār- |=Swiss= vs. Austrians |The first battle fought
ten_), Switzerland, | |for Swiss independence.
November 15, 1315 | |
| |
=Mortimer’s= (_môr´ti- |=Yorkists= vs. |The Yorkist prince
mer_) =Cross=, England,|Lancastrians |advanced to London and
February 2, 1461 | |was proclaimed king as
| |Edward IV.
| |
=Mukden= (_mŏŏk-den´_),|=Japanese= vs. Russians |Release of Japanese from
Manchuria, February 24 | |before Port Arthur
to March 10, 1905 | |enables Oyama to crush
| |Kuropatkin.
| |
=Mühlberg= (_mül´ |=Charles V. and Prince |Maurice in 1552
berg_), Saxony, April |Maurice= vs. Saxony and |retrieves his treason to
24, 1547 |Hesse |Protestantism by driving
| |Charles V. from Germany.
| |
=Muhldorf= (_mül´ |=Louis of Bavaria= vs. |The disputed imperial
dorf_), Bavaria, |Frederick of Austria |election, over which
September 28, 1322 | |this battle was fought,
| |began a new struggle be-
| |tween empire and papacy.
| |
=Munda= (_mun´dä_), |=Julius Cæsar= vs. |Cæsar’s last battle; it
Spain, B. C. 45 |Pompeians |put an end to armed
| |resistance.
| |
=Muret= (_mü-rā´_), |=Crusaders= vs. |Practically ends the
France, September 12, |Albigenses and Aragonese|Albigensian crusade;
1213 | |Toulousean territories
| |pass ultimately to the
| |French crown.
| |
=Mycale= (_mik´ȧ-lē_), |=Greeks= vs. Persians |This battle and that of
Asia Minor, B. C. 479 | |Platæa end the Persian
| |wars against Greece.
| |
†=Mylæ= (_mī´lē_), |=Romans= vs. |First naval victory of
Sicily, B. C. 260 |Carthaginians |Romans; due to boarding
| |bridges.
| |
=Näfels= (_nā´fels_), |=Swiss= vs. Austrians |Hapsburgs renounced all
Switzerland, April 9, | |feudal claims over the
1388 | |Swiss cantons (1389).
| |
=Nancy= (_nän-sē´_), |=Swiss= vs. Charles the |Charles was slain,
Lorraine, January 5, |Bold |leaving his motley
1477 | |territories a prey to
| |neighboring princes.
| |
=Narva= (_när´vä_), |=Swedes= vs. Russians |Charles XII. won a
Russia, November 30, | |brilliant victory over
1700 | |the much larger army of
| |Peter the Great.
| |
=Naseby= (_näz´bi_), |=Parliamentarians= vs. |Complete defeat of
England, June 14, 1645 |Royalists |Charles I., followed by
| |the general ruin of his
| |cause.
| |
†=Naupactus= (_nô-pak´ |=Athenians= vs. |Victory wrested from
tus_), Gulf of Corinth,|Peloponnesians |defeat by the genius of
B. C. 429 | |Phormio, the Athenian
| |commander.
| |
†=Navarino= (_nā-vā-rē´ |=English, French and |Destruction of Turkish
nō_), Greece, October |Russians= vs. Turks |naval power; Ibrahim
20, 1827 | |retreats from Morea.
| |
=Navas de Tolosa= (_nā´|=Spaniards= vs. Moors |Secured forever the
väs dā-tō-lō´sä_), | |preponderance of
Spain, July 16, 1212 | |Christianity in Spain.
| |
=Neerwinden= (_nār´vin-|=French= vs. English |The French won a
den_), Belgium, July | |brilliant but barren
24, 1693 | |victory over William
| |III.
| |
=Neville’s= (_nev´ilz_)|=English= vs. Scots |Scots crushed at home,
=Cross=, England, | |while Edward III. was
October 17, 1346 | |winning Crécy.
| |
=New Orleans= (_ôr´li- |=Americans= vs. British |Owing to slowness of
anz_), Louisiana, | |communication, Jackson
U. S. A., January 8, | |fought this battle after
1815 | |peace had been made.
| |
=Nicæa= (_nī-sē´ȧ_), |=Crusaders= vs. Turks |First conquest of
=Siege of=, Asia Minor,| |crusaders in the East.
1097 | |
| |
=Nicopolis= (_ni-kop´ō-|=Pompey= vs. Mithradates|Mithridates’ last fight
lis_), Asia Minor, | |against the legions of
B. C. 66 | |Rome.
| |
=Nördlingen= (_nerd´ |=Catholics and |One of the most bloody
ling-en_), Bavaria, |Imperialists= vs. Swedes|and decisive battles of
September 6, 1634 |and German Protestants |the war; followed by the
| |peace of Prague.
| |
=Northampton= (_nôrth- |=Yorkists= vs. |Capture of Henry VI.;
amp´tn_), England, July|Lancastrians |flight of Queen Margaret
10, 1460 | |and her son to Scotland.
| |
=Numantia= (_nū-man´ |=Romans= vs. Celtiberian|City razed by Scipio
shi-ȧ_), =Siege of=, |tribes |Æmilianus and its
Spain, B. C. 142-133 | |inhabitants sold as
| |slaves.
| |
=Obligado= (_ōb-lē-gä´ |=British and French= vs.|Over the opening the
thō_), =Bombardment |Argentines |waters of the Parana to
of=, Argentina, Nov. | |the shipping of all
28, 1845 | |nations.
| |
=Olmutz= (_ol´müts_), |=Austrians= vs. |General Daun forced
=Siege of=, Moravia, |Prussians |Frederick the Great to
May 27 to July 1, 1758 | |raise the siege and
| |retire.
| |
=Orleans= (_or-lā- |=French= vs. English |Joan of Arc saves France
än´_); Eng. (_ôr´li- | |by driving back English
anz_), =Siege of=, | |and crowns Charles VII.
France, October 13, | |at Rheims.
1428, to May 8, 1429 | |
| |
=Ostend= (_ost-end´_), |=Spaniards= vs. Dutch |Scarcely a house in the
=Siege of=, Belgium, |garrison and inhabitants|town left standing;
July, 1601 to | |Spaniards lost 70,000.
September, 1604 | |
| |
=Ostrolenka= (_os-tro- |=Russians= vs. Poles |Poland becomes a
leng´kä_), Poland, May | |province of the Russian
26, 1831 | |Empire (1832).
| |
=Otterburn= (_ot´er- |=Scots= vs. English |The ballad of Chevy
bûrn_), England, August| |Chase deals with this
10, 1388 | |battle.
| |
=Otumba= (_ō-töm´bä_), |=Cortez= vs. Aztecs |Two hundred Spanish
Mexico, July 8, 1520 | |horsemen rout an immense
| |army and make good their
| |retreat.
| |
=Oudenarde= (_ou-de- |=English and |One of the great
när´de_), Belgium, July|Imperialists= vs. French|victories of Marlborough
11, 1708 | |and Prince Eugene over
| |Louis XIV.
| |
=Palmyra= (_pal-mī´ |=Roman= vs. Queen |Palmyra destroyed and
rȧ_), =Siege of=, |Zenobia |Zenobia taken captive to
Syria, 272-273 | |Rome.
| |
=Palo Alto= (_pä´lō-äl´|=Americans= vs. Mexicans|Mexicans completely
tō_), Mexico, May 8, | |routed at small cost to
1846 | |the victors.
| |
=Panormus= (_pa-nôr´ |=Romans= vs. |Brilliant victory re-
mus_), Sicily, B. C. |Carthaginians |stored confidence to
251 | |Romans; demonstrated
| |value of elephants in
| |warfare.
| |
=Paris= (_par´is_), |=Prussians= vs. French |City reduced to
=Siege of=, France, | |desperate conditions
Sept. 19, 1870 to Jan. | |through bombardment,
28, 1871 | |famine and disease.
| |
=Pavia= (_pä-vē´ä_), |=Emperor Charles V.= vs.|The capture of Francis
Italy, 1525 |Francis I. of France |was followed by the
| |peace of Madrid, which,
| |however, was soon
| |repudiated.
| |
=Pharsalus= (_fär-sā´ |=Cæsar= vs. Pompey |The West and the new
lus_), Greece, B. C. 48| |monarchy completely
| |triumphed over the East
| |and the old republic.
| |
=Philippi= (_fi-lip´ |=Antony and Octavius= |Cassius and Brutus
ī_), Thrace, B. C. 42 |vs. Brutus and Cassius |committed suicide
| |following their defeat.
| |
=Pinkie= (_ping´ki_), |=English= vs. Scots |Scots thrown into the
Scotland, September 10,| |arms of France and the
1547 | |little queen, Mary,
| |married to the dauphin.
| |
=Plassey= (_pläs´ē_), |=English= vs. Bengalese |Established English
India, June 23, 1757 | |control in Bengal and
| |ultimately in all India.
| |
=Platæa= (_pla-tē´ȧ_), |=Greeks= vs. Persians |Won by the discipline
Greece, B. C. 479 | |and prowess of the
| |Spartan hoplites.
| |
=Plevna= (_plev´nä_), |=Russians= vs. Turks |Brilliant defense by
=Siege of=, Bulgaria, | |Osman Pasha, who sur-
July 16 to December 10,| |rendered only after four
1877 | |desperate battles.
| |
=Poitiers= (_pwȧ- |=English= vs. French |Brilliant victory by the
tyā´_), France, | |Black Prince over five
September 19, 1356 | |times his numbers.
| |
=Pollentia= (_po-len´ |=Romans= vs. Visigoths |Alaric, attacked by
shi-ä_), Italy, April | |Stilicho on Easter
6, 402 | |Sunday, was driven out
| |of Italy.
| |
=Pondicherry= (_pon-di-|=English= vs. French |Destroyed French power
sher´i_), =Siege of=, | |in India.
India, Aug., 1760 to | |
Jan., 18, 1761 | |
| |
=Port Arthur, Siege |=Japanese= vs. Russians |Port Arthur, the Sea of
of=, Manchuria, Feb. 8,| |Japan and Mukden were
1904 to Jan. 1, 1905 | |turning points in the
| |war.
| |
†=Portland=, English |=English= vs. Dutch |This battle completely
Channel, February 18- | |restored to England the
20, 1653 | |lordship of the seas.
| |
=Potidæa= (_pot-i-dē´ |=Athenians= vs. |Inhabitants and foreign
ȧ_), =Siege of=, |Potidæans and |soldiers were allowed to
Thrace, B. C. 432, |Corinthians |leave the city, which
September 430 | |Athens then colonized.
| |
=Prague= (_prāg_), |=Catholic League= vs. |Frederick proved but a
(=White Hill=), |Frederick V. and |“Winter King” of
Bohemia, November 8, |Bohemian rebels |Bohemia.
1620 | |
| |
=Preston= (_pres´tun_),|=Cromwellians= vs. |This second civil war
England, August 17-19, |Scottish Royalists |determined the army to
1648 | |put Charles I. to death.
| |
=Pultava= (_pōl´tä- |=Russians= vs. Swedes |Russia takes the place
vä_), Russia, July 8, | |of Sweden as the leading
1709 | |power of the North.
| |
=Pydna= (_pid´nä_), |=Romans= vs. Macedonians|Brilliant triumphs of
Macedonia, B. C. 168 | |Paulus Æmilius over the
| |phalanxes of King
| |Perseus.
| |
=Pyramids=, Egypt, July|=French= vs. Mamelukes |The crowning victory of
21, 1798 | |Napoleon in Egypt.
| |
=Pyrenees= (_pir´a- |=British and Spaniards= |Followed by the fall of
nēz_), =Battles of=, |vs. French |San Sebastian and
Spain, July 25 to | |Pampeluna, and expulsion
August 1, 1813 | |of French from Spain.
| |
=Quatre Bras= (_kātr- |=British and Allies= vs.|The allied success here
brä´_), Belgium, June |French |was rendered fruitless
16, 1815 | |by the Prussian reverse
| |at Ligny.
| |
=Quebec= (_kwē-bek´_; |=British= vs. French |Wolfe was slain and
locally often _ki- | |Montcalm mortally
bek´_), =Siege of=, | |wounded in the battle of
Canada, June to | |the Plains of Abraham
September 18, 1759 | |(September 13).
| |
†=Quiberon= (_kē-brôn_),|=British= vs. French |Hawke, with a loss of
=Bay=, France, November| |forty men, captured,
20, 1759 | |burned, or drove on
| |shore most of the French
| |vessels.
| |
=Ramillies= (_rȧ-mē- |=English and Allies= vs.|Followed by French
yē´_), Belgium, May 23,|French |evacuation of the chief
1706 | |towns of the
| |Netherlands.
| |
=Rhe= (_rā_), =Siege |=French= vs. English |An attempt of Buckingham
of=, France, July 20 to| |to prevent the reduction
November 8, 1627 | |of the Huguenot strong-
| |hold of La Rochelle.
| |
=Rhodes= (_rōdz_), or |=Turks= vs. Knights of |Following the loss of
=Rhodos= (_rō´dos_), |Rhodes |Rhodes the Knights
=Siege of=, | |(Hospitallers) retired
Mediterranean, July 28-| |to Malta.
December 26, 1522 | |
| |
=Rieti= (_ri-ā´tē_), |=Austrians= vs. |The defeat of General
Italy, March 7, 1821 |Neopolitan rebels |Pepe enabled Austria to
| |restore the absolute
| |monarchy.
| |
=Rivoli= (_rē´vō-lē_), |=French= vs. Austrians |Napoleon’s victory,
Italy, January 14-15, | |followed by surrender of
1797 | |Mantua, completed the
| |conquest of Lombardy.
| |
=Rocrol= (_rō-krwä´_), |=French= vs. Spaniards |This victory, won by
France, May 19, 1643 | |Condé, made France the
| |first military power of
| |Europe.
| |
=Rome, Sack of=, Italy,|=Gauls= |Following the battle of
B. C. 390 | |the Allia, the Gauls
| |plundered and destroyed
| |city.
| |
=Rome, Sieges of=, |=Visigoths= vs. Romans |Following the third
Italy, 408, 409, 410 | |siege, Alaric sacked
| |city.
| |
=Rome, Sack of=, Italy,|=Vandals= |For fourteen days
455 | |Genseric’s Vandals
| |plundered Rome.
| |
=Rome, Storm of=, |=Mutinous Army of |Marks the end of the
Italy, May 6, 1527 |Charles V.= vs. Papal |artistic, pleasure-
|troops |loving Rome of the
| |Renaissance.
| |
=Rome, Siege of=, |=French and Papalists= |The republic, founded by
Italy, June 4 to July |vs. Roman Republicans |Mazzini, overthrown and
3, 1849 | |Pope Pius IX. restored.
| |
=Roncesvalles= (_rōn- |=Basques= vs. Franks |Death of Charlemagne’s
thes-väl´yes_), Spain, | |paladin, Roland (Chanson
778 | |de Roland).
| |
=Roosebek= (_rös´bek_),|=French= vs. Flemings |A great triumph for the
Flanders, November 27, | |nobles against the
1382 | |cities.
| |
=Rossbach= (_ros´bak_),|=Prussians= vs. French |Makes Frederick the
Saxony, November 5, |and Austrians |Great a national hero of
1757 | |Germany.
| |
=Rouen= (_rŏŏ-än´_), |=English= vs. French |Because of its desperate
=Siege of=, France, | |resistance, Henry V.
June, 1418 to Jan, 1419| |granted the city
| |honorable capitulation.
| |
=Sacriportis= (_sak-ri-|=Optimates= vs. |Followed by Sulla’s
pōr´tus_), Italy, B. C.|Democrates |reign of terror.
82 | |
| |
=Saguntum= (_sa-gun´ |=Carthaginians= vs. |Capture of this city by
tum_), =Siege of=, |Inhabitants |Hannibal the chief cause
Spain, B. C. 219 | |of the second Punic war.
| |
=St. Albans= (_sānt ôl´|=Yorkists= vs. |The first battle of the
banz_), England, May |Lancastrians |wars of the Roses;
22, 1455 | |Yorkists defeated here
| |in a second battle
| |(1460).
| |
=Salamanca= (_sal-ȧ- |=British= vs. French |This rout of the French
mang´kȧ_), Spain, July | |lost them all southern
22, 1812 | |Spain.
| |
†=Salamis= (_sal´ȧ- |=Greeks= vs. Persians |Themistocles’ great
mis_), Greece, | |victory followed by
September 20, B. C. 480| |Xerxes’ withdrawal to
| |Asia.
| |
=San Jacinto= (_san jȧ-|=Texan Rebels= vs. |Santa Anna captured by
sin´tō_), Texas, |Mexicans |General Houston.
U. S. A., April 2, 1836| |
| |
†=Santiago= (_sän-tē-ä´ |=Americans= vs. |Fleet of Admiral Cervera
gō_), Cuba, July 3, |Spaniards |totally destroyed.
1898 | |
| |
=Saragossa= (_sä-rä- |=British= vs. French |An important success
gos´ȧ_), =Siege of=, | |which broke the spell of
Spain, Dec., 1808 to | |French invincibility.
Feb. 21, 1809 | |
| |
=Saratoga= (_sar-a-tō´ |=Americans= vs. British |Followed (October 17) by
gä_), New York, | |the surrender of
U. S. A., October 7, | |Burgoyne, which was the
1777 | |turning point of the
| |war.
| |
†=Sea of Japan=, Sea of |=Japanese= vs. Russians |Russia’s naval power
Japan, May 27-29, 1905 | |destroyed.
| |
=Sebastopol= (_se-bȧs´ |=French, British and |Brought to a close the
tō-pōl_), =Siege of=, |Sardinians= vs. Russians|active operations of
Crimea, September 26, | |Crimean war.
1854, 59 September 9, | |
1855 | |
| |
=Sedan= (_sē-dan´_), |=Prussians= vs. French |Followed by the
France, September 1, | |surrender of Napoleon
1870 | |III. with an army of
| |84,000 men.
| |
=Shipka= (_ship´kȧ_), |=Russians= vs. Turks |Russians hold this
=Pass=, Bulgaria, | |strategic position
August 20-23, 1877 | |against blindfold
| |violence of the Turks.
| |
=Sempach= (_zem´pä_K), |=Swiss= vs. Austrians |Celebrated for the
Switzerland, July 9, | |heroic devotion of
1386 | |Arnold von Winkelried.
| |
=Sentinum= (_sen-tī´ |=Romans= vs. Samnites |Failure of the coalition
num_), Italy, B. C. 295|and Gauls |to crush Rome from the
| |north.
| |
=Seringapatam= (_ser- |=British= vs. Tippoo |With Bonaparte’s failure
ing´ga-pa-tam´_), |Sahib |in Egypt, this battle
=Siege of=, India, | |foils French designs on
April 24, to May 4, | |India.
1799 | |
| |
=Shiloh= (_shī´lō_), |=Federals= vs. |Defeated in the first
Tennessee, U. S. A., |Confederates |day’s fighting, Grant
April 6 and 7, 1862 | |turned the tables the
| |next day.
| |
=Shrewsbury= (_shrŏŏz´ |=Henry IV.= vs. Percies |Hotspur defeated and
ber-i_), England, July | |slain.
21, 1403 | |
| |
=Silistria= (_si-lis´ |=Turks= vs. Russians |A brilliant defense
tri-ȧ_), =Siege of=, | |conducted by the Turks
Bulgaria, March 28 to | |under three English
June 22, 1854 | |officers.
| |
†=Sinope= (_si-nō´pē_), |=Russians= vs. Turks |Turkish fleet destroyed
Black Sea, November 30,| |and crews massacred.
1853 | |
| |
=Slivnitza= (_slēv-nēt´|=Bulgarians= vs. |The decisive action in
sä_), Bulgaria, |Servians |the Servo-Bulgarian war.
November 17, 18, 19, | |
1885 | |
| |
†=Sluys= (_slois_), |=English= vs. French |Gave English control of
Flanders, June 22, 1340| |the sea for thirty
| |years, enabling them to
| |land troops in France at
| |will.
| |
=Smolensk= (_smol- |=French= vs. Russians |First stand of the
yensk´_), Russia, | |retreating Russians
August 17-18, 1812 | |before Napoleon’s
| |advance on Moscow.
| |
=Soissons= (_swä- |=Franks= vs. Romans |The first military
sôn´_), France, 486 |under Syagrius |exploit of Clovis.
| |
=Solferino= (_sōl-fā- |=French and Piedmontese=|The horrors of this
rē´nō_), Italy, June |vs. Austrians |battle and Prussia’s
24, 1859 | |threatening attitude
| |caused Napoleon III. to
| |make peace.
| |
=Somme= (_som_), a |*=Germans= vs. Allies |During this period the
river in northern | |Germans were enduring
France, July 1 to Sept.| |terrific attacks from
15, 1916 | |the Allies, but lost
| |little ground.
| |
†=Southwold= (_south´ |=English and French= vs.|A victory gained by the
wōld_) =Bay=, North |Dutch |duke of York over De
Sea, May 28, 1672 | |Ruyter’s superior
| |numbers.
| |
=Sphacteria= (_sfak-tē´|=Athenians= vs. Spartans|To the amazement of the
ri-ä_), Greece, B. C. | |Greek world, 292 Spartan
425 | |hoplites surrendered.
| |
=Spicheren= (_spich´er-|=Prussians= vs. French |Reveals great
en_), Palatinate, | |superiority of Prussians
August 6, 1870 | |from the outset of the
| |war.
| |
=Stamford= (_stam´ |=English= vs. Danes |This diversion of Harold
ferd_) =Bridge=, | |to the North left
England, September 25, | |William to land in
1066 | |England undisturbed.
| |
=Standard, Battle of |=English= vs. Scots |For 200 years saved
the= (=or | |Yorkshire from Scottish
Northallerton=), | |invasion.
England, August 22, | |
1138 | |
| |
=Steenkerke= (_stān´ |=French= vs. English and|Five English regiments
kerk´e_), Netherlands, |Allies |utterly cut to pieces.
July 24, 1692 | |
| |
=Sterling=, Scotland, |=Scots= vs. English |Before the end of the
1297 | |year all Scotland threw
| |off the English yoke.
| |
=Stralsund= (_shträl´ |=Protestant Inhabitants=|Wallenstein fails to
zŏŏnt_), =Siege of=, |vs. Catholic |secure this important
Germany, March, August |Imperialists |Baltic port.
3, 1628 | |
| |
=Syracuse= (_sir´a- |=Syracusans and |The weakening of
kūs_), =Siege of=, |Spartans= vs. Athenians |Athenian resources in
Sicily, B. C. 415-413 | |this siege was the
| |final cause of their
| |failure in the
| |Peloponnesian war.
| |
=Syracuse, Siege of=, |=Greeks= vs. |The Syracusan tyrant,
Sicily, B. C. 387 |Carthaginians |Dionysius, connives at
| |the escape of the
| |Carthaginian Himilco.
| |
=Syracuse, Siege of=, |=Romans= vs. |Syracuse captured and
Sicily, B. C. 214-212 |Carthaginians and |plundered by the Romans.
|Syracusans |
| |
=Talavera= (_tä-lä-vā´ |=British and Spaniards= |After this first great
rä_), Spain, July 28, |vs. French |pitched battle in the
1809 | |Peninsular campaign
| |Wellesley became
| |commander-in-chief of
| |all the English troops.
| |
=Tanagra= (_tan´ȧ- |=Spartans and Bœotians= |The Spartans failing to
grȧ_), Greece, B. C. |vs. Athenians |follow up their victory,
457 | |Athens conquered Bœotia
| |the following year.
| |
=Tarentum= (_tȧ-ren´ |=Romans= vs. Tarentines |Tarentum, deprived of
tum_), =Siege of=, |and Epirots |her army, her ships and
Italy, B. C. 274-272 | |her walls, retained the
| |right of local self-
| |government.
| |
=Tauss= (_tous_), |=Bohemian Hussites= vs. |At Procop’s approach the
Bohemia, August 14, |Catholic Imperialists |Imperialists fled in
1431 | |confusion; this was the
| |last effort to crush the
| |Hussites by force of
| |arms.
| |
=Telamon= (_tel´ȧ- |=Romans= vs. Gauls |The annihilation of the
mon_), Italy, B. C. | |Gallic army was followed
225 | |by the Roman invasion
| |and conquest of
| |Cisalpine Gaul.
| |
=Tel-el-Kebir= (_tel´ |=British= vs. Egyptian |Arabi Pasha’s army
el-kā-bēr´_), Egypt, |Rebels |completely broken up;
September 13, 1882 | |the British entered
| |Cairo the next day.
| |
=Temesvar= (_tem´esh- |=Austrians= vs. |The last stand made by
vär_), Hungary, August |Hungarians |the Hungarians in the
9, 1849 | |war; their army was
| |totally routed and
| |dispersed.
| |
=Testry= (_tes-trē´_), |=Austrasians= vs. |Pippin of Heristal,
France, 687 |Neustrians |mayor of the palace,
| |unites the Frankish
| |territories under one
| |rule.
| |
=Tewkesbury= (_tūks´ |=Yorkists= vs. |Ends armed opposition to
ber-i_), England, May |Lancastrians |Edward IV.; Margaret of
4, 1471 | |Anjou was captured and
| |her son slain.
| |
†=Texel= (_tek´sel_), |=British= vs. Dutch |The command of the sea
North Sea, June 2, 3, | |fell into the hands of
1653 | |the English fleet.
| |
=Thapsus= (_thap´sus_),|=Cæsar= vs. Followers of|The battle of Thapsus
North Africa, February |Pompey |was the death-knell of
6, B. C. 46 | |the Pompeian cause.
| |
=Thermopylæ= (_ther- |=Persians= vs. Spartans |Leonidas, with 300
mop´i-lē_), Greece, |and Thespians |Spartans and 700
B. C. 480 | |Thespians, defended the
| |pass to the last man
| |against overwhelming
| |forces.
| |
=Tiberias= (_tī-bē´ri- |=Saracens= vs. Crusaders|Followed by the conquest
ȧs_), Palestine, 1187 | |of Jerusalem by Saladin,
| |which led to the third
| |crusade.
| |
=Ticinus= (_ti-sī´ |=Carthaginians= vs. |Hannibal’s success
nus_), Italy, B. C. 218|Romans |brought in numerous
| |adhesions from Gallic
| |tribes; followed by the
| |battle on the Trebia.
| |
=Ticonderoga= (_tī-kon-|=French= vs. British and|British and Americans
de-rō´gȧ_), New York, |Americans |displayed in vain prodi-
U. S. A., July 8, 1758 | |gies of valor in the
| |rush on Montcalm’s
| |almost impregnable
| |position.
| |
=Tigranocerta= (_tig- |=Romans= vs. Armenians |Lucullus cut to pieces
rā-no-cer´tä_), | |the huge army of
Armenia, October 6, | |Tigranes and secured
B. C. 69 | |immense booty.
| |
=Tinchebrai= (_tansh- |=English= vs. Normans |Henry I. defeated and
brā_), France, 1106 | |captured his brother
| |Robert and annexed
| |Normandy to the crown of
| |England.
| |
=Tolbiac= (_tol-bī´ |=Franks= vs. Alemanni |Clovis wins lands of the
ak_), Germany, 496 | |Alemanni; he and his
| |followers become Roman
| |Christians in fulfill-
| |ment of a vow taken on
| |the battlefield.
| |
=Torgau= (_tôr´gou_), |=Prussians= vs. |The last pitched battle
Saxony, November 3, |Austrians |of the Seven Years’ war,
1760 | |in which the Austrians
| |are said to have lost
| |20,000 men.
| |
=Torres Vedras= (_tor´ |=British and Portuguese=|Wellington’s defense
resh vā´dräsh_), =Lines|vs. French |permanently arrested
of=, Portugal, October | |Napoleon’s march of
12, 1810 to March 5, | |conquest and was thus
1811 | |the turning point of the
| |Peninsular campaign.
| |
=Toulon= (_tŏŏ-lôn´_), |=French= vs. Garrison of|This siege is memorable
=Siege of=, France, |British, Spaniards, |as the first important
Sept. 18 to Dec. 17, |Italians and French |appearance of Napoleon,
1793 |Royalists |who commanded the
| |artillery.
| |
=Tours= (_tör_), |=Franks= vs. Saracens |Here Charles Martel
France, 732 | |saved western Christen-
| |dom from the Moslem
| |invader.
| |
=Towton= (_tou´ton_), |=Yorkists= vs. |This battle, the most
England, March 28 and |Lancastrians |obstinate and bloody of
29, 1461 | |the war, secured Edward
| |IV. in his possession of
| |the crown.
| |
†=Trafalgar= (_traf-al- |=British= vs. French |Nelson’s last and
gär_), Spain, October | |greatest victory
21, 1805 | |destroyed all possibili-
| |ty of Napoleon’s
| |invading England.
| |
=Trebia= (_trē´bi-ä_), |=Carthaginians= vs. |By this splendid victory
Italy, December, B. C. |Romans |Hannibal justified his
218 | |march into Italy; the
| |way into Etruria was now
| |open to him.
| |
=Tunis= (_tū´nis_), |=Moslems= vs. French |This crusade, in which
=Siege of=, North |Crusaders |Louis IX. lost his life,
Africa, 1270 | |was the last.
| |
=Turin= (_tū´rin_), |=Prince Eugene= vs. |The French were
Italy, September 7, |French |permanently excluded
1706 | |from Italy.
| |
=Tyre= (_tīr_), =Siege |=Macedonians= vs. |The greatest of
of=, Phœnicia, January |Tyrians |Alexander’s triumphs;
to August, B. C. 332 | |Alexandria in Egypt
| |takes the place of Tyre
| |as a commercial
| |metropolis.
| |
†=Ushant= (_ush´ant_), |=British= vs. French |A brilliant victory won
North Atlantic, June 1,| |by Lord Howe.
1794 | |
| |
=Valmy= (_vȧl-mē´_), |=French= vs. Prussians |Goethe said that from
France, September 2, | |Valmy dates a new era.
1792 | |It showed that
| |revolutionary France
| |would and could resist
| |Europe.
| |
=Varna= (_vär´nä_), |=Turks= vs. Hungarians |King Ladislas lost his
Bulgaria, November 10, | |life and his army was
1444 | |scattered to the winds.
| |
=Vercellae= (_ver-sel´ |=Romans= vs. Cimbri |Marius and Catulus
ē_), Italy, July 30, | |utterly destroyed the
B. C. 101 | |vast barbarian horde
| |which had been
| |threatening Italy with
| |invasion.
| |
=Verdun= (_ver-dun´_), |*=Germans= vs. French |The powerful attacks of
=Siege of=, France, | |the Germans for almost a
from February, 1916, on| |year against the
| |fortress of Verdun were
| |without success.
| |
=Vicksburg, Siege of=, |=Federals= vs. |Grant’s success at
Mississippi, U. S. A., |Confederates |Vicksburg, together with
May 19 to July 4, 1863 | |the battle of Gettys-
| |burg, were the turning
| |points of the war.
| |
=Vienna= (_vē-en´ȧ_), |=Austrians= vs. Turks |The besieged were
=Siege of=, Austria, | |reduced to the last
July 14 to September | |extremity when Sobieski
12, 1683 | |intervened and put the
| |invading Turks to
| |flight.
| |
†=Vigo= (_vē´gō_) =Bay=,|=English and Dutch= vs. |The destruction of the
Spain, October 12, 1702|French and Spaniards |Spanish galleons and the
| |protecting French fleet
| |gave a blow to the
| |finances and prestige of
| |the two crowns.
| |
=Vimiero= (_vē-mā´rō_),|=British= vs. French |Wellesley inflicted a
Spain, August 21, 1813 | |signal defeat on the
| |French, but his senior
| |officer made no use of
| |the victory.
| |
=Vittoria= (_vē-tō´ |=British= vs. French |This, the crowning
rē-ä_), Spain, June 21,| |victory of Wellington’s
1813 | |peninsular campaign, won
| |Spain from Napoleon.
| |
=Wagram= (_vā´gräm_), |=French= vs. Austrians |One of the most terrible
Austria, July 6, 1809 | |and least decisive
| |battles of all time.
| |
=Wakefield=, England, |=Lancastrians= vs. |Queen Margaret’s army
December 30, 1460 |Yorkists |completely defeated that
| |of the duke of York, who
| |was slain on the battle-
| |field.
| |
=Wandewash= (_wän-de- |=British= vs. French |Coote’s victory was the
wäsh´_), India, January| |death-blow to French
22, 1760 | |power in India.
| |
=Warsaw= (_wôr´sô_), |=Russians= vs. Poles |The fall of Warsaw ends
=Siege of=, Poland, | |the Polish insurrection
August 19 to September | |and Poland becomes a
7, 1831 | |province of the Russian
| |empire.
| |
=Waterloo= (_wô-ter- |=British and Prussians= |The final overthrow of
lŏŏ´_), Belgium, June |vs. French |Napoleon by Wellington
18, 1815 | |and Blücher. Napoleon
| |was transported to St.
| |Helena, where he died
| |in 1821.
| |
=Wavre= (_vä´vr_), |=French= vs. Prussians |Grouchy’s victory was
Belgium, June 18, 1815 | |useless, while he might
| |have saved the day for
| |Napoleon had he arrived
| |at Waterloo when
| |expected.
| |
=Wei-hai-wei= (_wā´hī´ |=Japanese= vs. Chinese |The Chinese admiral gave
wā_), China, January 30| |up the remnant of his
to February 12, 1894 | |fleet and killed
| |himself; followed by
| |negotiations for peace.
| |
=Worcester= (_wŏŏs´ |=Cromwellians= vs. |Followed by the submis-
ter_), England, |Scottish Royalists |sion of Scotland and
September 3, 1651 | |Charles II.’s adventur-
| |ous escape to France.
| |
=Wörth= (_virt_), |=Prussians= vs. French |A bloody contest and a
Bavaria, August 6, 1870| |decisive victory,
| |followed by the retreat
| |of the French.
| |
=Xeres= (_hā-rās´_), |=Moors= vs. Visigoths |Without having to fight
Spain, July 19, 711 | |any second battle, the
| |Moors under Tarik
| |mastered Spain.
| |
=Yalu= (_yā´lōō_) |=Japanese= vs. Chinese |This action conferred
=River=, Manchuria, | |upon the Japanese the
September 17, 1894 | |full command of the sea
| |and greatly aided the
| |land power.
| |
=Yorktown, Siege of=, |=Americans= vs. British |The surrender of
Virginia, U. S. A., | |Cornwallis at Yorktown
Sept. 30 to Oct. 19, | |practically brought to
1781 | |an end the war of the
| |American Revolution.
| |
=Ypres= (_ē´pr_), |=Allies= vs. Germans |A series of the most
Belgium, October 21-31,| |desperate struggles of
1914 and November 10- | |the war. The German
12, 1914 | |attempt to break through
| |to Calais, France,
| |failed.
| |
=Zama= (_zä´mä_), North|=Romans= vs. |Scipio defeated Hannibal
Africa, B. C. 202 |Carthaginians |and annihilated his
| |army, thus ending the
| |second Punic war.
| |
=Zorndorf= (_tsôrn´ |=Prussians= vs. Russians|A desperate and bloody
dorf_), Prussia, Aug. | |struggle, after which
25, 1758 | |the Russians retired
| |into Poland.
| |
=Zurawno= (_tsu-raw´ |=Poles= vs. Turks |John Sobieski made an
no_), =Siege of=, | |heroic defense against
Austria, 1676 | |numbers and won an
| |honorable peace.
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