The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers

Chapter XV: From the Founding of the German Empire to the Close of the European (14)

Text size

=====+======================+======================+======================
DATE | STATE OR TERRITORY | SETTLEMENT | CAPITALS AND
OF | ORIGIN AND | WHERE, WHEN, BY WHOM | POPULATIONS
AD- | MEANING OF NAME | |
MIS- | | ORIGINAL TERRITORY | CHIEF PRODUCTIONS
SION | AREA AND POPULATION | FROM WHICH DERIVED | OF STATE
INTO | | |
UNION| MOTTO AND MEANING | |
-----+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------
1819|=Alabama= (Indian-- |Mobile Bay, 1702, by |Montgomery: Pop.
|Here we rest). |the French. |38,136.
|51,998 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana, |Corn, oats, wheat,
|2,138,093. |Georgia, Mississippi |rice, cotton, sugar,
|Motto: _Here we rest._|and Alabama territo- |iron, lumber, manufac-
| |ries. |tures, potatoes.
| | |
1867|‡=Alaska= (_Al-ay- |Three Saints, 1784, by|Juneau: Pop. 1,864.
|eska_, meaning “the |the Russians. |Seals, salmon, gold,
|great country”). |Purchased from Russia |copper, silver,
|590,884 sq. miles. |in 1867 for |lumber, tin, lead,
|No motto. |$7,200,000. |coal.
| | |
1911|=Arizona= (Indian-- |Tucson, 1580, by the |Phoenix: Pop. 11,134.
|Sand Hills). |Spanish. |Copper, gold, silver,
|113,956 sq. miles. |From New Mexico terri-|alfalfa, fruits, live
|Pop. 204,354. |tory. |stock, wheat, barley.
|Motto: _Ditat deus_ | |
|(Founded by God). | |
| | |
1836|=Arkansas= (From a |Arkansas Post, 1685, |Little Rock: Pop.
|tribe of Indians). |by the French. |45,941.
|53,335 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana, |Cotton, lumber, corn,
|1,574,449. |Missouri and Arkansas |oats, wheat, fruits,
|Motto: _Regnat populi_|territories. |wool, coal, tobacco.
|(The people rule). | |
| | |
1850|=California= (From an |San Diego, 1768, by |Sacramento: Pop.
|old Spanish romance). |the Spanish. |44,696.
|158,297 sq. miles. |From New Albion, Upper|Gold, silver, copper,
|Pop. 2,377,549. |California. |lead, petroleum,
|Motto: _Eureka_ (I | |borax, lumber, fruits,
|have found it). | |wine, olives, beet
| | |sugar.
| | |
1876|=Colorado= (Spanish-- |Auroria, 1859, by the |Denver: Pop. 213,381.
|Red, or Ruddy). |Americans. |Gold, silver, coal,
|103,948 sq. miles. |From Louisiana and |copper, vegetables,
|Pop. 799,024. |Mexican cession. |fruits, live stock,
|Motto: _Nil sine |Colorado territory. |wheat, beet sugar,
|numine_ (Nothing with-| |oats, corn.
|out providence). | |
| | |
*1788|=Connecticut= (Indian |Windsor, 1636, by the |Hartford: Pop. 98,915.
|--Long River). |English. |Manufactures, woolen,
|4,965 sq. miles. Pop. |From North Virginia, |cotton, notions;
|1,114,756. |New England. |tobacco, iron,
|Motto: _Qui transtulit| |granite, cereals.
|sustinet_ (He who | |
|transplanted still | |
|sustains). | |
| | |
*1787|=Delaware= (In honor |Wilmington, 1637, by |Dover: Pop. 3,720.
|of Lord De La Warr). |the Swedes. |Corn, wheat, tomatoes,
|2,370 sq. miles. Pop. |From New Sweden, New |fruits, manufactures,
|202,322. |Netherlands, three |leather, iron, steel,
|Motto: _Liberty and |lower counties on the |machinery.
|independence._ |Delaware. |
| | |
1791|=District of Columbia=|Rome, 1663, by the |Washington: Pop.
|(In honor of Colum- |English. |331,069.
|bus). |Ceded to government by|Flour mills,
|70 sq. miles. Pop. |Maryland and Virginia.|manufactures.
|331,069. | |
|Motto: _Justitia | |
|omnibus_ (Justice to | |
|all). | |
| | |
1845|=Florida= (Spanish-- |St. Augustine, 1565, |Tallahassee: Pop.
|Blooming). |by the Spanish. |5,018.
|58,666 sq. miles. Pop.|From Florida territo- |Fruits, vegetables,
|752,619. |ry. |tobacco, rice, cotton,
|Motto: _In God is our | |lumber, turpentine,
|trust._ | |resin, fish, phos-
| | |phate.
| | |
*1788|=Georgia= (In honor of|Savannah, 1733, by the|Atlanta: Pop. 154,839.
|George II.). |English. |Cotton, corn, rice,
|59,265 sq. miles. Pop.|One of the original |oats, tobacco,
|2,609,121. Motto: Ob- |thirteen states. |oysters, peaches,
|verse: _Wisdom, | |melons, marble, clay;
|justice, moderation._ | |cotton goods, lumber,
|Reverse: _Agriculture | |fertilizers, tar.
|and commerce._ | |
| | |
----|‡=Hawaii= (From the |Honolulu, 1820, by the|Honolulu: Pop. 52,183.
|native Owhyhee). |Americans. |Sugar, fruits, rice,
|6,449 sq. miles. |From Sandwich Islands.|coffee, hides, wool,
|No motto. | |honey, sisal.
| | |
1890|=Idaho= (Indian--Gem |Coeur d’Alene, 1842, |Boise City: Pop.
|of the Mountains). |by the Americans. |17,358.
|84,313 sq. miles. Pop.|From Oregon, Washing- |Gold, silver, copper,
|325,594. |ton and Idaho territo-|lead, lumber, flour,
|Motto: _Salve_ (Hail).|ries. |wheat, oats, barley,
| | |live stock.
| | |
1818|=Illinois= (Indian-- |Kaskaskia, 1682, by |Springfield: Pop.
|The Men). |the French. |51,678.
|56,665 sq. miles. Pop.|From Northwest, Indian|Corn, wheat, oats,
|5,638,591. |and Illinois territo- |potatoes, hay, live
|Motto: _National |ries. |stock, wool, meat,
|union, state sover- | |manufactures.
|eignty._ | |
| | |
1816|=Indiana= (Indian’s |Vincennes, 1702, by |Indianapolis: Pop.
|Ground). |the French. |233,650.
|36,354 sq. miles. Pop.|From Northwest and |Corn, wheat, tobacco,
|2,700,876. |Indiana territories. |vegetables, fruits,
|No motto. | |wool, coal, clay,
| | |flour, machinery.
| | |
1846|=Iowa= (Indian--Drowsy|Dubuque, 1833, by the |Des Moines: Pop.
|Ones). |Americans. |86,368.
|56,147 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana, |Corn, wheat, oats,
|2,224,771. |Missouri, Michigan, |potatoes, hay, live
|Motto: _Our liberties |Wisconsin and Iowa |stock, butter, coal,
|we prize and our |territories. |lumber, poultry.
|rights we will main- | |
|tain._ | |
| | |
1861|=Kansas= (Indian-- |Leavenworth, 1854, by |Topeka: Pop. 43,684.
|Smoky Water). |the Americans. |Corn, wheat, hay, live
|82,158 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana, Kansas|stock, fruits, coal,
|1,690,949. |territory. |petroleum, salt,
|Motto: _Ad astra per | |meats, Kaffir corn.
|aspera_ (To the stars | |
|through difficulties).| |
| | |
1792|=Kentucky= (Indian-- |Boonesboro, 1769, by |Frankfort: Pop.
|Dark and Bloody |the English. |10,465.
|Ground). |From Virginia. |Tobacco, hemp, wheat,
|40,598 sq. miles. Pop.| |cotton, live stock,
|2,289,905. | |lumber, coal, sorghum,
|Motto: _United we | |flour.
|stand, divided we | |
|fall._ | |
| | |
1812|=Louisiana= (In honor |New Orleans, 1718, by |Baton Rouge: Pop.
|of Louis XIV.). |the French. |14,897.
|48,506 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana, Terri-|Cotton, corn, rice,
|1,656,388. |tory of Orleans. |sugar, lumber,
|Motto: _Union, jus- | |oysters, salt,
|tice, and confidence._| |sulphur.
| | |
1820|=Maine= (The Main |Saco, 1623, by the |Augusta: Pop. 13,211.
|Land). |English. |Hay, grains, dairying,
|33,040 sq. miles. Pop.|From New England, |potatoes, wool,
|742,371. |Laconia and Massa- |granite, ice, lumber,
|Motto: _Dirigo_ (I |chusetts. |apples, paper.
|direct). | |
| | |
*1788|=Maryland= (In honor |St. Mary’s, 1632, by |Annapolis: Pop. 8,609.
|of Queen Henriette |the English. |Wheat, hay, corn,
|Maria). |From one of the |vegetables, fruits,
|12,327 sq. miles. Pop.|original states. |oysters, coal, wool,
|1,295,346. | |canned fruits,
|Motto: _Fatti maschii,| |vegetables.
|parole femine_ (Manly | |
|deeds, womanly words).| |
| | |
*1788|=Massachusetts= (The |Plymouth, 1620, by the|Boston: Pop. 670,585.
|Place of Great Hills).|English. |Manufactures (woolen,
|8,266 sq. miles. Pop. |From North Virginia, |cotton), boots, shoes,
|3,366,416. |New England, Massa- |fish, tobacco,
|Motto: _Ense petit |chusetts Bay. |granite, marble.
|placidam sub liberate | |
|quietem_ (With the | |
|sword she seeks calm | |
|peace under liberty). | |
| | |
1837|=Michigan= (Indian-- |Sault Ste. Marie, |Lansing: Pop. 31,229.
|Great Lake). |1668, by the French. |Corn, wheat, oats,
|57,980 sq. miles. Pop.|From Northwest, |hay, fruits, vege-
|2,810,173. |Indiana and Michigan |tables, iron, copper,
|Motto: _Si quaeris |territories. |clay, lumber, manu-
|peninsulam amoenam, | |factures.
|circumspice_ (If you | |
|seek a beautiful pen- | |
|insula, behold it | |
|here). | |
| | |
1858|=Minnesota= (Indian-- |St. Paul, 1838, by the|St. Paul: Pop.
|Cloudy Water). |Americans. |214,744.
|84,682 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana and |Corn, wheat, oats,
|2,075,708. |Northwest and |barley, flaxseed,
|Motto: _L’étoile du |Minnesota territories.|wool, live stock,
|nord_ (The star of the| |flour, iron,
|north). | |lumber, dairying.
| | |
1817|=Mississippi= (Indian |Biloxi, 1699, by the |Jackson: Pop. 21,262.
|--Great River, or |French. |Cotton, corn, wheat,
|Father of Waters). |From Louisiana and |oats, potatoes, rice,
|46,865 sq. miles. Pop.|Georgia, Mississippi |tobacco, oysters,
|1,797,114. |territory. |shrimps.
|No motto. | |
| | |
1821|=Missouri= (Indian-- |St. Genevieve, 1755, |Jefferson City: Pop.
|Great Muddy). |by the French. |11,850.
|69,420 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana and |Corn, wheat, oats,
|3,293,335. |Louisiana and Missouri|rye, cotton, swine,
|Motto: _Salus populi |territories. |honey, zinc, lead,
|suprema lex esto_ (The| |tobacco, meats.
|welfare of the people | |
|is the supreme law). | |
| | |
1889|=Montana= (Spanish--A |Yellowstone River, |Helena: Pop. 39,165.
|Mountain). |1809, by the Ameri- |Wheat, wool, live
|146,572 sq. miles. |cans. |stock, fruit, oats,
|Pop. 375,053. |From Louisiana and |barley, lumber,
|Motto: _Oro y plata_ |Nebraska, Idaho, |copper, lead, silver,
|(Gold and silver). |Dakota and Montana |coal.
| |territories. |
| | |
1867|=Nebraska= (Indian-- |Bellevue, 1847, by the|Lincoln: Pop. 43,973.
|Shallow Water). |Americans. |Corn, wheat, oats,
|77,520 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana, |live stock, hay,
|1,192,214. |Nebraska territory. |chicory, sugar beets,
|Motto: _Equality be- | |fruits, potatoes.
|fore the law._ | |
| | |
1864|=Nevada= (Spanish-- |Genoa, 1850, by the |Carson City: Pop.
|Snow-covered). |Americans. |2,466.
|110,690 sq. miles. |From Upper California |Gold, silver, copper,
|Pop. 81,875. |and Utah and Nevada |zinc, wool, live
|Motto: _All for our |territories. |stock, lumber, borax.
|country._ | |
| | |
*1788|=New Hampshire= |Portsmouth, 1623, by |Concord: Pop. 21,497.
|(Hampshire, England). |the English. |Hay, corn, potatoes,
|9,341 sq. miles. Pop. |From North Virginia, |oats, apples, granite,
|430,572. |New England, Laconia. |mica, manufactures.
|No motto. | |
| | |
*1787|=New Jersey= (In honor|Elizabethtown, 1617, |Trenton: Pop. 96,815.
|of governor of Jersey |by the Dutch. |Market garden crops,
|Island). |From New Netherland. |cereals, fruits,
|8,224 sq. miles. Pop. | |fisheries, manufac-
|2,537,167. | |tures, textiles,
|No motto. | |machinery.
| | |
1911|=New Mexico= (From Old|... |Santa Fe: Pop. 5,072.
|Mexico). | |Gold, silver, fruits,
|122,634 sq. miles. | |vegetables, live
|Pop. 327,301. | |stock, wool, lumber,
|Motto: _Crescit eundo_| |copper, coal,
|(It increases by | |turquoise.
|going). | |
| | |
*1788|=New York= (In honor |New York, 1614, by the|Albany: Pop. 100,253.
|of Duke of York). |Dutch. |Market garden crops,
|49,204 sq. miles. Pop.|From New Netherland. |fruits, corn, wheat,
|9,113,614. | |dairying, manufac-
|Motto: _Excelsior_ | |tures, clothing,
|(Higher). | |textiles, books,
| | |magazines, papers.
| | |
*1789|=North Carolina= (In |Albemarle Sound, 1653,|Raleigh: Pop. 19,218.
|honor of Charles II.).|by the English. |Cotton, corn, tobacco,
|52,426 sq. miles. Pop.|From Albemarle colony.|wheat, shad, oysters,
|2,206,287. | |lumber, mining.
|Motto: _Esse quam | |
|videri_ (To be, rather| |
|than to seem). | |
| | |
1889|=North Dakota= (Indian|Pembino, 1859, by the |Bismarck: Pop. 5,443.
|--Allied). |Americans. |Wheat, oats, barley,
|70,837 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana, |flaxseed, live stock,
|577,056. |Minnesota and Nebraska|wool, minerals.
|Motto: _Liberty and |and Dakota territo- |
|union, now and for- |ries. |
|ever, one and in- | |
|separable._ | |
| | |
1803|=Ohio= (Indian-- |Marietta, 1788, by the|Columbus: Pop.
|Beautiful River). |Americans. |181,548.
|41,040 sq. miles. Pop.|From Northwest terri- |Corn, wheat, oats,
|4,767,121. |tory. |hay, potatoes, fruits,
|No motto. | |tobacco, live stock,
| | |wool, dairying, coal,
| | |petroleum, salt, iron,
| | |steel, machinery,
| | |flour.
| | |
1907|=Oklahoma= (Indian-- |Guthrie, 1890, by the |Oklahoma City: Pop.
|Beautiful Land). |Americans. |64,205.
|70,057 sq. miles. Pop.|From Indian and |Corn, wheat, oats,
|1,657,155. |Oklahoma territories. |cotton, flax, live
|Motto: _Labor omnia | |stock, petroleum,
|vincit_ (Labor con- | |minerals.
|quers everything). | |
| | |
1859|=Oregon= (Spanish-- |Astoria, 1811, by the |Salem: Pop. 14,094.
|Wild Marjoram). |Americans. |Lumber, live stock,
|96,699 sq. miles. Pop.|From Oregon territory.|wheat, hay, fruits,
|672,765. | |hops, wool, salmon,
|Motto: _The union._ | |gold, silver, paper
| | |making.
| | |
*1787|=Pennsylvania= (Latin |Chester, 1638, by the |Harrisburg: Pop.
|--Penn’s Woods). |Swedes. |64,186.
|45,126 sq. miles. Pop.|From original state. |Manufactures, steel,
|7,665,111. | |machinery, textiles,
|Motto: _Virtue, liber-| |coal, coke, petroleum,
|ty and independence._ | |natural gas, iron,
| | |grains, wool, leather.
| | |
----|‡=Philippines= (In |Cebu, 1565, by the |Manila: Pop. 250,000.
|honor of Philip II.). |Spanish. |Cocoa, coffee,
|115,026 sq. miles. |From Archipelago de |tobacco, cotton, hemp,
| |San Lazaro. | cocoanuts, corn,
| | |sugar, rice, timber,
| | |dyewoods.
| | |
----|=Porto Rico= (Spanish |San Juan, 1510, by the|San Juan: Pop. 50,000.
|--Rich Port). |Spanish. |Coffee, sugar,
|3,435 sq. miles. |Ceded by Spain. |tobacco, cotton,
| | |citrus fruits,
| | |bananas, pineapples,
| | |salt.
| | |
*1790|=Rhode Island= |Providence, 1636, by |Providence: Pop.
|(Rhodes, an island in |the English. |224,326.
|the Ægean Sea). |From Providence and |Manufactures, worsted,
|1,248 sq. miles. Pop. |Rhode Island planta- |cotton, jewelry,
|542,610. |tions. |machinery, rubber,
|Motto: _Hope._ | |minerals.
| | |
*1788|=South Carolina= (In |Ashley River, 1670, by|Columbia: Pop. 26,319.
|honor of Charles II.).|the English. |Cotton, wheat, corn,
|30,989 sq. miles. Pop.|From Carteret colony. |oats, tobacco, rice,
|1,515,400. | |oysters, turpentine,
|Motto: _Dum spiro, | |lumber, phosphates.
|spero. Spes_ (While I | |
|breathe, I hope. | |
|Hope). | |
| | |
1889|=South Dakota= (Indian|Southeast part, 1859, |Pierre: Pop. 3,656.
|--Allied). |by the Americans. |Corn, wheat, oats,
|77,615 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana, |flax, potatoes, live
|583,888. |Minnesota and Nebraska|stock, wool, gold,
|Motto: _Under God the |and Dakota territo- |silver, tin, dairying.
|people rule._ |ries. |
| | |
1796|=Tennessee= (Indian-- |Fort Loudon, 1757, by |Nashville: Pop.
|River with the Great |the English. |110,364.
|Bend). |From North Carolina, |Corn, wheat, cotton,
|42,022 sq. miles. Pop.|territory south of the|potatoes, tobacco,
|2,184,789. |Ohio River. |live stock, coal,
|Motto: _Agriculture, | |iron, marble, lumber.
|commerce._ | |
| | |
1845|=Texas= (From tribe of|San Antonio, 1692, by |Austin: Pop. 29,860.
|Indians). |the Spanish. |Cotton, corn, oats,
|265,896 sq. miles. |From Mexican cession. |wheat, rice, sugar,
|Pop. 3,896,542. | |live stock, wool,
|No motto. | |fruits, lumber,
| | |petroleum, coal.
| | |
1896|=Utah= (Indian-- |Salt Lake City, 1847, |Salt Lake City: Pop.
|Mountain Dwellers). |by the Americans. |92,777.
|84,990 sq. miles. Pop.|From Mexican cession, |Gold, silver, copper,
|373,351. |Utah territory. |lead, coal, vege-
|Motto: _Industry._ | |tables, fruits, sugar,
| | |wheat, oats, live
| | |stock, wool.
| | |
1791|=Vermont= (French-- |Fort Dummer, 1724, by |Montpelier: Pop.
|Green Mountain). |the English. |7,856.
|9,564 sq. miles. Pop. |From New Netherland, |Hay, cereals,
|355,956. |New Hampshire grants. |potatoes, lumber,
|Motto: _Freedom and | |marble, dairying,
|unity._ | |maple sugar, manufac-
| | |tures, wood pulp.
| | |
*1788|=Virginia= (In honor |Jamestown, 1607, by |Richmond: Pop.
|of Elizabeth, the |the English. |127,628.
|virgin queen). |From South Virginia. |Corn, wheat, oats,
|42,627 sq. miles. Pop.| |tobacco, potatoes,
|2,061,212. | |cotton, oysters, coal,
|Motto: Obverse; _Sic | |iron, cotton, manu-
|semper tyrannis_ (Ever| |factures.
|so to tyrants). Re- | |
|verse: _Perseverando_ | |
|(By perseverance). | |
| | |
1889|=Washington= (After |Columbia River, 1811, |Olympia: Pop. 6,996.
|George Washington, |by the English. |Lumber, coal, wheat,
|first president). |From Oregon and |barley, oats, fruits,
|69,127 sq. miles. Pop.|Washington territo- |salmon, live stock,
|1,141,990. |ries. |minerals.
|Motto: _Al-Ki_ (Bye- | |
|bye). | |
| | |
1863|=West Virginia= (From |Berkeley County, 1726,|Charleston: Pop.
|Virginia). |by the Americans. |22,996.
|24,170 sq. miles. Pop.|From Virginia. |Corn, oats, hay,
|1,221,119. | |wheat, fruits, cattle,
|Motto: Obverse: | |sheep, lumber, coal,
|_Montani semper | |petroleum, natural
|liberi_ (Mountaineers | |gas, mining.
|are always free men). | |
|Reverse: _Libertas et | |
|fidelitas_ (Liberty | |
|and fidelity). | |
| | |
1848|=Wisconsin= (Indian-- |Green Bay, 1745, by |Madison: Pop. 25,531.
|Wild Rushing Channel).|the French. |Corn, oats, barley,
|56,066 sq. miles. Pop.|From Northwest, |wheat, hay, potatoes,
|2,333,860. |Illinois, Michigan and|fruits, beet sugar,
|Motto: _Forward._ |Wisconsin territories.|dairying, iron,
| | |lumber.
| | |
1890|=Wyoming= (Indian-- |Cheyenne, 1867, by the|Cheyenne: Pop. 11,320.
|Extensive Plain). |Americans. |Wool, lumber, coal,
|97,914 sq. miles. Pop.|From Louisiana (chief-|copper, petroleum,
|145,965. |ly), Nebraska, Dakota,|minerals.
|Motto: _Equal rights._|Idaho, and Wyoming |
| |territories. |
-----+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------

* Original Thirteen States. ‡ Organized Territories.

=Cities.=--In January, 1917, three cities of the United States, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia, had a population of over one million. St. Louis, Boston, Cleveland, Baltimore, Pittsburgh and Detroit had each over 500,000. Buffalo, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Newark, New Orleans, Washington, Minneapolis and Seattle had over 300,000. Forty-seven others had populations ranging from 100,000 to 300,000; while altogether there were one hundred and ninety-eight above 30,000.

The following table gives the approximate population of all cities in excess of 100,000.

=POPULATION OF CITIES HAVING OVER 100,000 IN 1917=

=Atlanta= (ăt-lăn´tȧ), =Ga.= [The “Gate City”; the name Atlanta was suggested by its geographical position, immediately on the dividing ridge, separating the Gulf and Atlantic waters.]

It is situated at the base of the Blue Ridge, near the Chattahoochee River; has an elevation of over one thousand feet, and a remarkably healthful climate.

Atlanta is laid out in the form of a circle, with the Union Depot as its center. A little to the south of the old Union Station is the State Capitol, which contains a library of about sixty thousand volumes and an interesting geological collection. A little to the northwest is the New Court House; and farther to the north, beyond the railway, are the Custom House and the L. & N. Freight House, an enormous concrete structure. The City Hall, the Chamber of Commerce, the Opera House, the Carnegie Library (of white marble), the Century Building, the Empire Building, the Equitable Building, the Jewish Temple, and the First Methodist Church are notable edifices. Among the chief educational establishments are the Georgia School of Technology, the Atlanta University (for colored students), the Agnes Scott Institute, and the Clark University (colored students). The finest private houses are in Peachtree Street.

Several railroads, converging at Atlanta and leading to other important Southern cities, greatly facilitate the city’s extensive and rapidly increasing trade. It has a large export trade in tobacco, cotton, horses, and mules, its mule market being one of the most important in the United States. Its manufactures include implements, fertilizers, cotton goods, other foundry and machine products.

Atlanta was first settled in 1830. In 1843 it was incorporated as a town, and called Marthasville. In 1845 changed its name to Atlanta, and two years later secured a city charter. It was an important city in the Confederacy and the objective point of General Sherman’s campaign. The battle of Atlanta (July 22, 1864) was fought southeast of the city. In September the city was made a military camp by Sherman, and in November he left the city in flames, and started on his “march to the sea.” The city was almost entirely destroyed, but recovered rapidly after the war, and in 1878 became the capital of Georgia.

=Baltimore= (bôl´tĭ-mōr), =Md.= [The “Monumental City”; named for the proprietor of a large tract of land in Maryland, Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, who settled the province in 1635.]

It is situated on an estuary of the Patapsco River, at the head of navigation, about fourteen miles from Chesapeake Bay, and is on the Baltimore and Ohio, the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and other railroads. A good harbor and fine geographical situation give Baltimore unusual trade advantages, and it has become one of the great export centers of the United States.

The city is roughly divided into two nearly equal parts by a small stream, Jones Falls, which flows entirely through the city. The portion of the city northeast of the stream is called “Old Town.” Baltimore Street is the chief longitudinal thoroughfare.

The natural center for the visitor is Mt. Vernon Place, a small square, prettily laid out and suggesting Paris in its tasteful monuments and surrounding buildings. In the middle rises the Washington Monument, a column one hundred and thirty feet high, surmounted by a colossal statue of George Washington.

At the northeast corner of the square is the handsome Mt. Vernon Methodist Episcopal Church; at the southeast corner, Peabody Institute, for the encouragement of science, art, and general knowledge.

On the south side of the square is the house of Henry Walters, connected by an overhead bridge with a new picture-gallery containing the celebrated Walters Collection, one of the finest private collections of art in America.

Charles Street, one of the chief thoroughfares of the city, leads to the north from the Washington Monument past the Union Station, near which, at the north end of the B. & O. tunnel, is the Mt. Royal Station. Following Charles Street to the south we pass (right) the First Unitarian Church and the back of the Roman Catholic Cathedral, which faces Cathedral Street. The latter is surmounted by a dome one hundred and twenty-five feet high, and contains some interesting paintings. Adjacent is the residence of the Cardinal.

Farther on Charles Street passes the Masonic Temple, intersects Baltimore Street, the chief business street of the city, and is continued to South Baltimore. In East Fayette Street, to the left, is the Court House, a handsome white marble building, and the Post Office, in front of which rises the Battle Monument, erected in 1815 in memory of the struggles of the war of 1812-1814. The interior of the Court House is adorned with admirable mural paintings. To the east of the Post Office is the City Hall, a large and handsome building, with a dome two hundred and sixty feet high.

To the south of the City Hall, in Gay Street, between Water and Lombard Streets, is the imposing new Custom House, which was damaged by the fire of 1904, but has since been repaired and completed.

A little to the west of Mt. Vernon Place, between Howard St. and Eutaw St., are the unpretentious buildings formerly occupied by Johns Hopkins University, one of the foremost institutions of learning in the country. It was endowed with over three million five hundred thousand dollars by Johns Hopkins, a Quaker. In 1902 a suburban site about two miles north of the Washington Monument was secured for this famous university, and the first of a fine group of buildings was occupied by it in 1914.

The Johns Hopkins Hospital, opened in 1889, is also due to the liberality of Mr. Hopkins, who bequeathed over three million dollars for its foundation.

Both as a scientific and charitable institution, this hospital is an important adjunct to the University; and in the completeness of its equipment and excellence of its system, it ranks with the foremost hospitals in the world. The buildings of the Medical School of Johns Hopkins University adjoin the hospital.

Druid Hill Park, a pleasure-ground of about seven hundred acres, owes its beauty in great part to the fact that is has been preserved as a private park for one hundred years before passing into the hands of the city. Its hills afford beautiful views. Druid Lake, one-half mile long, is one of the reservoirs of the city waterworks.

Baltimore is an important center of the traffic in breadstuffs, and is also the seat of extensive and varied industries--cotton and woolen goods, flour, tobacco and cigars, beer, glassware, boots and shoes, iron and steel (including machinery, car-wheels, iron bridges, stoves, furnaces, etc.), clothing, pianos, organs, and the canning of oysters. Shipbuilding has become an important development, and Sparrows Point, with its immense Bessemer steel plant, is a place of great industrial activity.

The construction of the first important line of railway in the United States was begun at Baltimore in 1828 and carried on by private enterprise, and the first telegraph line was constructed to, and the first message received in, Baltimore. In 1904 Baltimore was visited by a fire which consumed fifty million dollars’ worth of property.

THE CHARLES RIVER EMBANKMENT]

=Boston= (_bôs´ton_), =Mass.= [Called the “Hub” and “Athens of America”; name is derived from Boston, a seaport in England, originally called Botalf, or Botolph’s town.]

The capital of Massachusetts, the chief town of New England, Boston is one of the oldest and most interesting cities of the United States. Whether considered from the point of view of its educational and charitable institutions, its trade, manufactures and public buildings, its influence upon the intellectual life and literary culture of the nation, or its historic part as an inspirational center of political liberty and social reform, its record and position command attention.

In no other American city are the civic and other public buildings more closely associated with events of national importance.

Boston is situated at the head of Massachusetts Bay, about two hundred miles northeast of New York, and occupies a peninsula between the Charles River and the arm of the bay known as Boston Harbor. Originally the town was founded on three hills, Beacon, Copp’s and Fort, which, however, have been materially cut down. The metropolitan area now includes also East Boston, on Noddle’s or Maverick Island, on the other side of the harbor; South Boston, separated from the old city by an arm of the harbor; Charlestown, on the other side of the river; and the suburban districts of Brighton, Roxbury (or Boston Highlands), West Roxbury (including Jamaica Plain), and Dorchester. Boston is connected with the city of Cambridge by several bridges across the Charles. The old town is cramped and irregular, and its streets are narrow and crooked; but the new parts, especially the so-called Back Bay, formed by filling in the tide-water flats on the Charles, are laid out on a very spacious scale.

The chief retail business streets of Boston are Washington Street and Tremont Street. Among the finest residence streets are Commonwealth Avenue, Beacon Street, Marlborough Street, Mt. Vernon Street, and Bay State Road.

COPLEY-PLAZA HOTEL]

Boston Common, a park of forty-eight acres in the heart of the city, shaded by fine elms and other trees and crossed by many pleasant walks, has been reserved for public use since 1634 and is carefully guarded for this purpose in the charter of 1822. Just across Charles from the Common is the fine Public Garden, reclaimed from what was low-lying waste land.

STATE HOUSE

BOSTON COMMON

TREMONT STREET]

That part of the Common adjoining Tremont Street and known as the Tremont Street Mall is now occupied by eight small buildings, covering the entrances to the stations of the Boston Subway, a wonderful piece of engineering that facilitates traffic by an underground system of electric cars. The subway was, in part, constructed in 1895-1898, at a cost of about four million one hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars, and since greatly extended by the expenditure of many millions more.

Near the northeast angle of the Common, on Beacon Hill, stands the State House, an imposing building surmounted by a huge gilded dome, and preceded by a Corinthian portico and a flight of steps. On the terrace in front are statues of Daniel Webster and Horace Mann. The dome is illuminated at night.

In Beacon Street, opposite the State House, is the beautiful Shaw Monument, by Saint-Gaudens, erected in honor of Colonel Shaw and his regiment, the first colored regiment raised during the Civil war.

In Pemberton Square is the new County Court House, a massive granite building in the German Renaissance style, with an imposing central hall adorned with emblematic figures. In School Street, to the left, is the City Hall, behind which is the Old Court House. In front of the City Hall are statues of Franklin and Josiah Quincy.

School Street ends at the large Old South Building in Washington Street, the most crowded thoroughfare in Boston, with many of the best shops. Following Washington Street (“Newspaper Row”) to the left, we soon reach, at the corner of State Street, the Old State House, dating from 1748 and restored as far as possible to its original appearance, even to the figures of the British lion and unicorn on the roof.

State Street, the center of financial life, leads to the east, past the Exchange Building (with the Stock Exchange) and other large office buildings, to the Custom House, a massive granite building in the shape of a Greek cross, with lofty tower.

Change Alley (now inappropriately styled “Avenue”), diverging to the left from State Street leads to Faneuil Hall, the “cradle of American liberty,” originally presented to the city in 1742, by Peter Faneuil, a Huguenot merchant, but rebuilt after a fire in 1761 and reconstructed on the original plan in 1898.

Devonshire Street leads to the right from State Street to the Government Building, a huge edifice occupying the entire block between Milk Street, Devonshire Street, Water Street and Post Office Square. The Post Office occupies the ground floor, the basement, and part of the first floor, while the rest of the building is devoted to the United States Sub-Treasury and the United States Courts.

At the corner of Washington Street stands the Old South Meeting House, built in 1729 on the site of an earlier church of wood, which lay near Governor Winthrop’s house.

Boylston Street, another important thoroughfare, diverging from Washington Street to the right, skirts the Common and Public Garden and leads to the Back Bay. At the corner of Berkeley Street (right) stands the Museum of Natural History, with a library of thirty thousand volumes and good zoological, ornithological, entomological and mineralogical collections. Opposite is the Berkeley Building, a structure of a fine commercial type. Adjacent are old buildings of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, one of the leading institutions of the kind in the world. It now occupies a magnificent group of buildings on the Cambridge side of the Charles River, erected at a cost of ten million dollars.

Boylston Street now reaches Copley Square, which offers perhaps the finest architectural group in Boston, including Trinity Church, the Copley-Plaza Hotel, the Public Library, the New Old South Church, and a number of imposing business structures. (See illustrations.)

Trinity Church, on the east side of the square, the masterpiece of H. H. Richardson and a typical example of “Richardsonian” architecture, is deservedly regarded as one of the finest buildings in America. Its style may be described as a free treatment of the Romanesque of Central France.

The Public Library, on the west side of the square, designed by McKim, Mead & White, and erected in 1888-1895, is a dignified, simple and scholarly edifice which forms a worthy mate to the Trinity Church. Its style is that of the Roman Renaissance.

The New Old South Church, so called as the successor of the Old South Church, is a fine building in the Italian Gothic style, with a tower two hundred and forty-eight feet in height. The marbles and ornamental stone work are very fine.

Huntington Avenue, which diverges to the left from Boylston Street at Copley Square, contains many important buildings. This thoroughfare, and the district known as the Back Bay Fens, is celebrated for its cultural institutions. Among them are Mechanics Hall, Horticultural Hall, the imposing Symphony Hall, the New England Conservatory of Music, and the new Opera House--all in Huntington Avenue. Just beyond this is the New Museum of Fine Arts, a large granite edifice by Guy Lowell, admirably adapted for its ends. Farther out, at the corner of Longwood Avenue, are the extensive new buildings of the Harvard Medical School, erected at a cost of five million dollars, and equipped in the most complete and up-to-date manner.

Commonwealth Avenue, which runs parallel with Boylston Street, is one of the finest residence streets in America, with rows of trees and handsome houses. It is two hundred and forty feet wide and adorned with statues.

Beacon Street, beginning on Beacon Hill, skirting the north side of the Common, and then running parallel with Commonwealth Avenue is the aristocratic street of Boston. Its back-windows command a fine view of the Charles River.

The Back Bay, the fashionable west end district traversed by the above-named streets, was at the beginning of the nineteenth century occupied by dreary mud-flats, salt-marshes and water.

The Back Bay Fens have been skillfully laid out on the site of unsightly swamps and form the first link in the splendid chain of parks and boulevards, of which Franklin Park is the chief ornament. The chief entrances to the Fens are marked by a gateway and a fountain; and at the end of Boylston Street is a fine memorial of John Boyle O’Reilly, by D. C. French.

Fenway Court, the residence of Mrs. John L. Gardner, a building in a Venetian style, enclosing a courtyard and incorporating many original balconies, windows, and other details brought from Italy, contains a choice collection of art, which is open to the public from time to time.

Franklin Park is five hundred and twenty acres in extent and lies in West Roxbury (reached by electric car). It abounds in natural beauty and many of its drives and walks are very attractive.

The Public Park System of Boston, as a whole, is almost unique. The City Park System, with a total area of twenty-four hundred acres, forms an almost unbroken line of parks and parkways from the Public Garden to City Point, in Boston Harbor. The Metropolitan System, forming an outer line of parks, has an area of eleven thousand acres, including two large wooded reservations (Blue Hills, and Middlesex Fells), three beaches (Revere Beach, Nantasket Beach, and Lynn Beach), and the boating section of the Charles River. When completed this system will afford fifty miles of drives.

The North End of Boston, embracing the site of Copp’s Hill, now one of the poorer districts and occupied mainly by foreigners, contains some points of considerable historical interest. The Copp’s Hill Burial Ground, dating from 1660, contains the graves of Increase, Cotton and Samuel Mather. Adjacent, in Salem Street, is Christ Church, the oldest church now standing in the city (1723), on the steeple of which the signal-lanterns of Paul Revere are said to have been displayed on April 18th, 1775, to warn the country of the march of the British troops to Lexington and Concord. North Square is the center of what is known as “Little Italy.” The House of Paul Revere has recently been restored and contains some relics.

Within metropolitan Boston are many famous institutions of learning. At the head of these stand Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Radcliffe College, the greater part of whose schools are in the adjoining city of Cambridge and the remaining in Boston. Among the institutions of higher education are Boston University, with its affiliated colleges, its schools of law, medicine, and theology, and its post-graduate department in philosophy, science, and language; the medical, dental, and agricultural schools of Harvard University; Boston College; the medical and dental schools of Tufts College; Simmons College for Women; the New England Conservatory of Music; the Massachusetts Normal Art School; the Lowell Institute; and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy.

Wellesley College is situated in the beautiful village of Wellesley, about fifteen miles from Boston, on Lake Waban.

Besides Trinity Church, already referred to, there are upward of three hundred other edifices. Chief of these are the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, on the corner of Washington and Malden Streets, the largest and most noteworthy Catholic church in New England; Arlington Street Church, corner of Arlington and Boylston Streets; First Church of Christ, Scientist, on Falmouth Street, corner of Norway; and Fremont Temple, a Free Baptist Church.

The beauty of the parks, squares, and of many public buildings is enhanced by monuments and statues, of which the following are the chief: Bunker Hill Monument in Charlestown, two hundred and twenty feet high, built of granite and commemorative of the resistance and heroism of American patriots at the Battle of Bunker Hill; the equestrian statue of Washington in the Public Garden; the monument to Colonel Shaw; the Soldiers’ Monument in the Common; the Crispus Attucks monument, a memorial of the Boston Massacre of 1770; statues to General Joseph Warren, Edward Everett, Charles Sumner, Alexander Hamilton, Governor Winthrop, William Lloyd Garrison, Benjamin Franklin, Josiah Quincy, Beethoven, Daniel Webster, Horace Mann, Phillips Brooks and many other notable men.

The principal industries of Boston are the manufacture of food preparations, clothing, building, printing, publishing, and book-binding, distilled liquors, machinery, metals and metallic goods, and furniture. Other important manufactures include musical instruments, woolen goods, boots and shoes, rubber goods, tobacco, and drugs and medicines. As a commercial port, Boston ranks next to New York, the value of foreign trade amounting to two hundred million dollars annually. After London, the city is the leading wool market of the world.

Boston was settled in 1630 by a party of Puritans from Salem. A memorable massacre occurred here in 1770, and in 1773 several cargoes of English tea were thrown overboard in the harbor by citizens. The battle of Bunker Hill was fought on Breed’s Hill, within the present city limits, June 17, 1775. The city charter was granted in 1822.

=Cambridge= (_kām´brĭj_), =Mass.= [So named for the English university town of that name. The English name is supposed to mean “the bridge over the river Cam,” the real name of which is the Granta.]

It is virtually a suburb of Boston, from which it is separated by the Charles River, and with which it is connected by several bridges. The city comprises Old Cambridge, the seat of Harvard University, North Cambridge, East Cambridge, Cambridgeport, and Mount Auburn. The streets are broad and shaded with elms, and there are many places of historical and literary interest, among these the Craigie House and “Elmwood,” the homes of Longfellow and Lowell, respectively; and Mount Auburn Cemetery, containing the graves of Longfellow, Lowell, Prescott, Motley, Agassiz, Holmes, and other noted men.

The chief interest of Cambridge, however, lies in its educational institutions, which include Harvard University, Radcliffe College (for women), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Episcopal Theological School, and Andover Theological Seminary. All these institutions are now in close working alliance with Harvard University.

Harvard University, founded in 1636, is not only the oldest but the richest of American universities, and the roster of graduates contains more than twenty thousand names. Massachusetts Hall is the oldest of the present buildings, being built in 1720. The most notable buildings architecturally (besides the fine Medical School group in Boston) are: Austin Hall and Longdell Hall, devoted to the Law School; Widener Memorial Library, a splendid new building dominating the college yard; Busch Hall, devoted to the art collections of the Germanic Museum; Memorial Hall, containing Sanders Theater; and Sever Hall, containing class-rooms.

The activities of the university require upward of sixty other buildings, including laboratories, lecture halls, museums, residence halls, and a number of fine structures devoted to the social, religious, athletic and art life of the student body.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, founded in 1861, is located on the Charles River Parkway, and occupies a newly acquired area of about seventy acres. Here has been erected a magnificent group of buildings, unrivaled, perhaps, in design, adaptation for their respective uses, and general equipment. This institution is devoted to the teaching of science as applied to the various engineering professions--civil, mechanical, mining, electrical, chemical, and sanitary engineering--as well as to architecture, chemistry, metallurgy, physics, and geology.

Among the industrial establishments are foundries, machine shops, and extensive manufactories. The Riverside, Athenæum, and University Presses are well-known printing establishments, and the “Bay Psalm Book,” the first book printed in America, was published in Cambridge in 1640.

Cambridge was settled in 1630 by Governor Winthrop under the name of Newtowne. In 1636 Harvard College was founded at Newtowne, and in 1638 Newtowne became Cambridge. The Washington elm, under which Washington received command of the American troops, is still standing.

Under this ancient elm near the Cambridge Common, Washington assumed command of the American Continental army July 3, 1775, by order of the Continental Congress. It is therefore one of the landmarks of the greatest historic interest to every liberty-loving American--man, woman, or child.]

2. Harvester Building

3. Congress Hotel

4. Auditorium Hotel

5. Fine Arts Building

6. Chicago Club

7. McCormick Building

8. Stratford Hotel

=MICHIGAN BOULEVARD AND GRANT PARK, CHICAGO, VIEWED FROM THE WEST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN=]

=Chicago= (_shĭ-kä´gō_), =Ill.= [The “Windy City”], probably received its name from the Indian _Checagua_, meaning “wild onion” and “pole-cat.”

It is the second city and largest railway center of the United States, and is situated on the southwest shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouths of the rivers Chicago and Calumet, five hundred and ninety feet above sea level and fifteen to seventy-five feet above the lake. It is eight hundred and fifty miles from Baltimore, the nearest Atlantic port, and two thousand four hundred and fifteen miles from San Francisco.

Chicago is noted for the magnitude of its commercial enterprises; for the greatness of its financial institutions; for the excellence of its parks and public playgrounds--particularly in the number, equipment, and splendid use of its small parks in congested localities; for its universities, its efficient public-school system, and for other educational, artistic, and morally uplifting institutions that give to it an enlightened, a cultured, and a progressive citizenship.

It is estimated that not more than 350,000 of the inhabitants are of native American parentage; about 550,000 are Germans, 250,000 are Irish, 225,000 Scandinavians, 160,000 Poles, 110,000 Bohemians, 40,000 Italians, 60,000 Canadians, and 100,000 English and Scottish. There are some fourteen languages, besides English, each of which is spoken by ten thousand or more persons.

The city has a water-front on the lake of twenty-six miles and is divided by the Chicago River and its branches into three portions, known as the North, South, and West Sides, to which must be added the “Loop,” or business part of the city. The site of the city is remarkably level, rising very slightly from the lake; and its streets are usually wide and straight. Among the chief business-thoroughfares are State, Clark, Madison, Randolph, Dearborn, and La Salle Streets, and Wabash Avenue. Perhaps the finest residence streets are Prairie and Michigan Avenues and Drexel and Grand Boulevards, on the South Side, and Lake Shore Drive, on the North Side.

A splendid bird’s-eye view of Chicago is obtained by ascending to the top of the tower of the Auditorium on Congress Street and Michigan Boulevard. This huge building, erected in 1887-1889 at a cost of three million five hundred thousand dollars, includes a large hotel and a handsome theater. The Fine Arts or Studebaker Building, adjoining the Auditorium, on Michigan Boulevard, is one of the show buildings of Chicago, and has deservedly been described as the focus of the artistic and intellectual life of Chicago, containing as it does a theater, concert, assembly, and lecture rooms, studios of leading artists, and the meeting-places of several clubs. The beautiful Romanesque building to the north of the Fine Arts Building is the Chicago Club. A little farther to the north, at the corner of Jackson Boulevard, is the tall Railway Exchange Building, erected in 1903-1904, and cased in tiles. Next to this on the north is the new building of the Chicago Orchestra Association, on the roof of which is the house of the “Cliff Dwellers,” a literary and artistic club. A little to the south of the Auditorium, at the corner of Harrison Street, is the Harvester Building, erected in 1907, beyond which is the palatial Blackstone Hotel. A little farther to the south is the Illinois Central Station.

Following Michigan Avenue toward the north from the Auditorium, we reach the Art Institute of Chicago, an imposing building in a semi-classical style, containing a valuable collection of paintings, sculptures, and other objects of art. Opposite is the magnificent People’s Gas Building, erected at a cost of eight million dollars.

Farther to the north, on the opposite side of Michigan Avenue, are the buildings of the Illinois Athletic Club, the University Club, and the Chicago Athletic Club. At the corner of Madison Street is the Montgomery Ward Building, with its tower, and a little farther up, at the corner of Washington Street, is the Chicago Public Library, an imposing building in a classical style, erected in 1893-1897, at a cost of two million dollars.

This fine edifice is worthy to rank with the Library of Congress and the Boston Public Library. The main entrances are to the north and south, in Randolph Street and Washington Street. The interior is sumptuously adorned with marble, mosaics, frescoes and mottoes. It contains three hundred and fifty thousand volumes. On the first floor is a large Memorial Hall, used by the Grand Army of the Republic and covered by a dome; it contains an interesting collection of Civil War and other historical relics.

On the north, Michigan Avenue ends at the Chicago River. Fort Dearborn stood to the left, on the river, at the end of the avenue.

10. Orchestra Hall

11. Pullman Building

12. Gas Building

13. Lake View Building

14. Illinois Athletic Club

15. Monroe Building

16. University Club

17. Ward Building

VIEWED FROM THE WEST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN]

The business quarters of Chicago occupy chiefly the great central district called the “Loop,” which is bounded by the lines of the Elevated Railway. We may follow Randolph Street to the west to the City Hall and County Building, two large adjoining buildings, in a modern classical style with huge Corinthian columns, built at a cost of five million dollars.

La Salle Street, leading to the south from the County Building, contains some of the finest office buildings in the city. Among these are the Chamber of Commerce at the corner of Washington Street; the Tacoma Building at the corner of Madison Street; the Y. M. C. A. Building, a little farther to the south; the New York Life Insurance Building; the low but impressive Northern Trust Co. Building, and the oddly shaped Women’s Temperance Temple, all three at the corners of Monroe Street; the new granite building of the Corn Exchange National Bank, the Home Insurance Co. Building, and the Rookery, with a very attractive interior lined with white marble. Farther on in La Salle Street, at the corner of Jackson Boulevard, is the Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, a massive two-storied edifice, with a fine central court. At the end of La Salle Street stands the granite building of the Board of Trade.

Jackson Boulevard leads hence to the east to the Federal Building, containing the Post Office and Custom House and occupying an entire city square. It is in the Corinthian style, with a large central dome two hundred feet in height.

Other notable buildings within the “Loop” district include: the Continental and Commercial Bank, Hotel La Salle, First National Bank, and the great department store, office, newspaper, and hotel buildings.

The park system of Chicago is without a parallel in America; it embraces Lincoln Park, on the lake shore to the north, and six others, and is divided into three sections, all connected or nearly so by magnificent boulevards, which, with the park drives, measure over sixty miles. In all, Chicago has ninety-three parks, covering more than four thousand four hundred acres. A characteristic feature of the system is the large number of small “People’s Parks” scattered through the poorer districts and provided with baths, gymnasiums and playgrounds. On the north side is Lincoln Park, reached via Lake Shore Drive, one of the finest residence streets in Chicago, containing some very handsome houses. This passes near the Water Works, at the foot of Chicago Avenue, and ends on the north at Lincoln Park, which is at present three hundred acres in area, but is being extended by filling in the adjacent shallows of Lake Michigan.

Among the attractions of this park are the conservatories, palm-house, lily-ponds, and flower-beds; a small zoological collection; a fountain illuminated at night by electric light; the statues of Lincoln (by Saint-Gaudens), Grant (by Rebisso), Beethoven, Schiller, La Salle, a Mounted Indian, and Linnaeus; and the boating lake. Near the main entrance is the Academy of Sciences, containing admirably arranged and classified collections illustrating the various natural sciences.

Grant Park, consisting of a public pleasure ground of two hundred and ten acres, lies between Michigan Boulevard and Lake Michigan. This park has been improved of late by the depression of the tracks of the Illinois Central Railway and by the construction of massive stone viaducts connecting the park proper with the lake shore. The adjoining part of the lake, between the shore and the breakwater, has been filled in and added to the park. In Grant Park, to the south of the Auditorium and opposite Eldredge Place, is an equestrian statute of General John A. Logan, in bronze, by Saint-Gaudens.

The South Side parks are also fine. They are best reached by Michigan Avenue and Drexel Boulevards, two fine residence streets with tasteful houses and ornamental gardens. Michigan Avenue also contains several churches, the Calumet Club, numerous large hotels and apartment houses, and the First Regiment Armory. In Drexel Boulevard is the handsome Drexel Memorial Fountain.

Washington Park (three hundred and seventy-one acres) and Jackson Park (five hundred and twenty-three acres) are connected by a wide boulevard known as the Midway Plaisance, on which is located the University of Chicago.

The West Side parks, Douglas Park, Garfield Park, and Humboldt Park are little inferior to those of the North and South Sides.

The University of Chicago, between Fifty-sixth and Fifty-ninth Streets, occupies probably the finest group of buildings, architecturally, devoted to higher education in the United States. The total value of buildings and equipment is more than thirty million dollars, one-fourth of which was contributed by citizens of Chicago and the balance by John D. Rockefeller. The ground has an area of sixty-six acres, and the university includes faculties of Arts, Literature, Science, Commerce and Administration, Education, Medicine, Law, and Divinity.

Above thirty different buildings have already been erected, mainly of limestone and in a Gothic style, from the designs of H. I. Cobb and Mr. Coolidge. Perhaps the most successful group is that at the corner of Fifty-seventh Street and Lexington Avenue, including an Assembly Hall, a Students’ Club House, the University Tower, and the University Commons. Other important buildings are the Cobb Lecture Hall, the Kent Chemical Laboratory, the Ryerson Physical Laboratory, the Law School, the Anatomy, Physiology, Zoology, and Botany Buildings, the Walker Museum, the Haskell Oriental Museum, the handsome Bartlett Gymnasium, dormitories for women and dormitories for men. On the south edge of the campus stands the main structure of the Harper Memorial Library, an enormous Gothic building by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, erected in memory of President Wm. R. Harper. The Yerkes Observatory, at Williams Bay on Lake Geneva, containing one of the largest refracting telescopes in the world, belongs to the University of Chicago. Connected with the University is the large School of Education, facing the Midway Plaisance, between Monroe and Kimbark Avenues.

Other notable educational institutions include the Lewis Institute, founded and endowed by the late Mr. A. A. Lewis and opened in 1896, comprising a School of Arts and a School of Engineering, tuition in which is furnished at a nominal cost; and the Armour Institute, a well equipped institution for higher technical education, endowed by its founder with three million dollars.

Hull House, at the southwest corner of Polk and South Halsted Streets, is a social settlement of men and women, furnishing a social, intellectual, and charitable center for the surrounding district. It includes a free kindergarten, a coffee-house, a residential boys’ club, a theater, a labor-museum, and a free gymnasium, while classes, lectures, and concerts of various kinds are held.

The famous Union Stockyards (“Packingtown”) are in South Halsted Street, five and one-half miles to the southwest of the City Hall, and may be reached by the South Halsted Street or Racine Avenue trolley-lines, both running directly to the main entrance at Forty-first Street. The yards proper cover an area of about five hundred acres, have twenty-five miles of feeding-troughs, and twenty miles of water-troughs, and can accommodate seventy-five thousand cattle, three hundred thousand hogs, fifty thousand sheep, and five thousand horses. From two-thirds to three-fourths of the cattle and hogs are killed in the yards, and sent out in the form of meat. About thirty thousand workers are employed by the packing-houses. Chicago is the greatest live stock and grain market in the world.

Among the more important general manufactures of the city may be mentioned those of railway cars, locomotives, agricultural implements, mining appliances, clothing, electrical apparatus, lumber products, furniture, pianos, organs, leather, cigars, chemicals, beer, spirits, and flour. The steel and iron industry is conducted on a large scale, and the city has some large rolling mills. Chicago is also one of the leading publishing centers of the United States, and is an active jobbing center for the book trade.

Previous Next

Comments

The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of AnswersChapter XV: From the Founding of the German Empire to the Close of the European (14)

0%35 min left in chapter