Chapter XI: From the Discovery of America by Columbus to the Peace of

WESTPHALIA, 1492-1648 A. D.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 1500-1600: The Reformation: Immense
development of new life in Europe. Age of Charles V. Power of Spain,
and her conquests in America. The monarchy strong in England.
1600-1700: The Thirty Years’ War, at first a life struggle of Roman
Catholics and Protestants, results in downfall of Spain, and the
ascendency of France, which reached its zenith under Louis XIV.

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =Britain= | =Spain and Portugal=| =Holland= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | |The power of Spain | |
| | |grew rapidly. | |
| | |Greatest power in | |
| | |Europe during most of| |
| | |Sixteenth Century. | |
| | | | |
| | |1492. America dis- | |
| | |covered by COLUMBUS. | |
| | | | |
| | |1494-1529. WARS WITH | |
| | |FRENCH for control of| |
| | |Italy. | |
| | | | |
| | |1497-1503. Voyages of| |
| | |AMERIGO VESPUCIUS. | |
| | |South American coast | |
| | |explored. | |
| | | | |
| | |1498. Vasco de Gama | |
| =1500=| |reaches India via | |
| |1502. Marriage of |Cape of Good Hope. | |
| |Henry’s eldest | | |
| |daughter, Margaret, |1506. Columbus dies |1506-1530. =Margaret |
| |with James IV., King |at Valladolid. |of Austria regent for|
| |of Scotland. | |her nephew Charles.= |
| | | | |
| |1509. HENRY VIII., | | |
| |King. | | |
| | | | |
| |1512. War with | | |
| |France. Alliance with| | |
| |Spain and the Pope | | |
| |against France. | | |
| | | | |
| |1513. Battle of | | |
| |Flodden; James IV. | | |
| |killed. | | |
| | | | |
| |1515. WOLSEY, chan- | | |
| |cellor and cardinal. |1516-1556. CHARLES I.| |
| | |of Spain and V. of | |
| | |Germany. | |
| | | | |
| | |1519. Conquest of | |
| | |Mexico by Cortez. | |
| =1525=| | | |
| |1529. =Reformation | | |
| |begins in England.= |_Rivalry of Spain and| |
| | |France begins._ | |
| | | | |
| | |1531-1532. Conquest | |
| |1532. The king mar- |of Peru by PIZARRO. | |
| |ries Anne Boleyn. | | |
| | | | |
| |1535. Henry excommu- |_IGNATIUS LOYOLA_ | |
| |nicated by the Pope. |(1491-1556). | |
| | | | |
| | |1540. Lisbon the | |
| | |market of the world. | |
| | | | |
| | |1541. De Soto disco- | |
| |1543. Invasion of |vers the Mississippi | |
| |France. |River. | |
| | | | |
| |1547. Edward VI., | | |
| |King. Formal estab- | | |
| |lishment of Protes- | | |
| |tantism. | | |
| =1550=| | | |
| |1553. MARY TUDOR, | | |
| |Queen of England. | | |
| | | | |
| |1554. Lady Jane Grey | | |
| |executed. | | |
| | | | |
| |1555. Persecution of | | |
| |the Protestants. |1556. PHILIP II., | |
| | |King. | |
| |1558. ELIZABETH, | | |
| |Queen. Rise of the |_CAMOENS_ (1525- | |
| |Puritans. |1579). | |
| | | | |
| | |1564. Acquisition of | |
| | |the Philippines. | |
| | | | |
| | |1567. DUKE OF ALVA, | |
| |1568. MARY, QUEEN OF |Governor of the |WAR OF LIBERATION. |
| |SCOTS, takes refuge |Netherlands. |1568-1648. Sanguinary|
| |in England. | |tribunals. Egmont and|
| | | |Horn beheaded, 1568. |
| |_SPENSER_ (1553- | | |
| |1599). |1571. Battle of |_Reign of Terror |
| | |Lepanto. |under Alva._ |
| |_SIR WALTER RALEIGH_ | | |
| |(1552-1618). | | |
| =1575=| | | |
| | | |1579. Commencement of|
| | |1580. Portugal passes|the Dutch Republic by|
| | |under Spanish |the Union of Utrecht;|
| | |dominion. |WILLIAM, PRINCE OF |
| | | |ORANGE, stadholder. |
| | | | |
| |1584. Raleigh’s | |1584. William of |
| |colony in Virginia. | |Orange assassinated. |
| | | | |
| |1585. War with Spain.| | |
| | | | |
| |1588. Spanish Armada |1588. Defeat of the | |
| |destroyed. |=Spanish Armada=. | |
| | |England saved from | |
| |=Maritime supremacy |Spanish invasion. | |
| |of England begins.= | | |
| | |_CERVANTES_ (1547- | |
| |1596-1597. Naval ex- |1616). | |
| |peditions of Drake | | |
| |and Raleigh in South |1598-1621. Philip | |
| |America. Cadiz taken,|III. | |
| |and the Spanish fleet| | |
| |burned. | | |
| | | | |
| |_SHAKESPEARE_ (1564- | | |
| |1616). | | |
| =1600=| | | |
| |1603. UNION OF | | |
| |ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.| | |
| | | | |
| |_BACON_ (1561-1626). | |1583-1645. _GROTIUS._|
| | | | |
| |1607. English settle-| | |
| |ment at =Jamestown=. |1609. Expulsion of | |
| | |the Moors. | |
| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR |
| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |1620. Emigration of | | |
| |Pilgrims to New |1621. Dutch War. |1621. Dutch West |
| |England and founding | |India Company in- |
| |of =Plymouth=. | |corporated. |
| | | | |
| |_HARVEY_ (1578-1657).| | |
| | | | |
| =1625=|1625. Charles I., |1625. Naval war with |1625. Breda taken by |
| |King. |England. |Spinola. |
| | | | |
| |1632. Maryland | | |
| |settled by a colony | |1639. Great naval |
| |sent out by Lord |1640. Portugal re- |victory by Van Tromp,|
| |Baltimore. |gains independence. |over the Spanish |
| | | |fleet in the Downs. |
| |1642-1649. CIVIL WAR |_VELASQUEZ_ (1599- | |
| |AND REVOLUTION. |1660). |_Vandyck_ (1599- |
| | | |1641). |
| |1648. Cromwell routs | | |
| |the Scotch. The pres-| | |
| |byterians expelled | | |
| |from parliament, | | |
| |which receives the | | |
| |name of “the Rump.” | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =France= | =Holy Roman Empire= |
| | | =Italy and Church= |=Germany and Austria=|
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |1491. Bretagne united| | |
| |to the crown. | |1493-1519. MAXIMILIAN|
| | | |I. |
| |1494-1529. WARS FOR |1494. Expedition of | |
| |THE CONTROL OF ITALY |Charles VIII. into | |
| |between the French |Italy. | |
| |and Spanish. | | |
| | |1494-1559. =Sixty- | |
| | |five years of Italian|1495. Diet at Worms. |
| | |Wars.= | |
| | | |_COPERNICUS_ (1473- |
| | | |1543). |
| =1500=| |1500. Partition of | |
| | |Naples between France| |
| | |and Spain. | |
| | | | |
| | |1503. Naples annexed | |
| |1510. Council of |to the Spanish crown.| |
| |Tours. |JULIUS II., pope. |1512. Maximilian di- |
| | | |vides the empire into|
| | |1513. Pope LEO X. |ten circles. |
| | |patron of literature | |
| | |and the arts. |_LUTHER_ (1483-1546).|
| |1515. FRANCIS I. in- | | |
| |vades Italy. |_ARIOSTO_ (1474- |1517. =Beginning of |
| | |1533). |the Reformation.= |
| | | | |
| | |_RAPHAEL_ (1483- |1519-1556. CHARLES |
| | |1520). |V., King of Spain, |
| | | |Emperor. |
| | | | |
| |1521. First war with | |1521. Accession of |
| |Charles V. | |Bohemia and Hungary |
| | | |to the House of |
| =1525=|1525. Francis de- |1525. Spanish ascen- |Hapsburg. |
| |feated and taken |dency by the victory | |
| |prisoner at Pavia. |of Pavia. | |
| | | | |
| |1527. Second war with|_MICHAELANGELO_ | |
| |Charles V. |(1475-1564). | |
| | | | |
| |_CALVIN_ (1509-1564).|_TITIAN_ (1477-1576).|_HOLBEIN_ (1498- |
| | | |1559). |
| |1532-1544. Struggle | | |
| |for possession of |1540. Order of | |
| |Italy. |Jesuits founded by |1543. Alliance with |
| | |LOYOLA. |England against |
| | | |France. |
| | |1545. Council of | |
| | |Trent. |1546-1547. |
| |1547. Henry II., | |SCHMALKALDIC WAR. |
| =1550=|King; CATHERINE DE’ |1550. Julius III., | |
| |MEDICI, Queen. |Pope. |1551. Treaty of |
| | | |Passau secures reli- |
| |1552. Fifth war with | |gious liberty to the |
| |Charles V. | |Protestants. |
| | | | |
| |_PALISSY_ (1510- | |1556. =Charles V. |
| |1589). |1559. Termination of |abdicates.= |
| | |French wars in Italy.| |
| |RELIGIOUS WARS IN | | |
| |FRANCE 1562-1598. | | |
| | | | |
| |1562. Religious |_Tintoretto_ (1512- | |
| |liberty granted to |1594). |1564. MAXIMILIAN II.,|
| |the Huguenots. | |Emperor. |
| | | | |
| |_MONTAIGNE_ (1533- |1569. Florence a | |
| |1592). |grand duchy. | |
| | | | |
| |1572. Massacre of St.|_Torquato Tasso_ | |
| |Bartholomew. |(1544-1595). | |
| =1575=| | | |
| |1576. The Catholic | |1576. Rudolph II., |
| |league. | |(King of Bohemia and |
| | | |Hungary), Emperor. |
| |1577. Sixth religious| | |
| |war. |1585. Pope SIXTUS V. | |
| | |restores the Vatican | |
| |1588. Revolt of |library. | |
| |Paris. | | |
| | | | |
| |1589-1792. =House of | | |
| |Bourbon.= | | |
| | | | |
| |1589-1610. HENRY IV. | | |
| | | | |
| |1590. Siege of Paris | | |
| |raised by the |1592. The Rialto and | |
| |Spaniards. |Piazza di San Marco |1594. Union of |
| | |built at Venice. |Protestants at |
| | | |Heilbronn. |
| |1598. =Edict of | | |
| |Nantes= toleration | |_KEPLER_ (1571-1630).|
| |granted to the |_GALILEO_ (1564- | |
| |Protestants. |1642). | |
| =1600=| | | |
| | | |1608. Protestant |
| | |1609. Leghorn becomes|union under Frederick|
| |1610. Assassination |the emporium of the |the Elector. |
| |of Henry IV. |Levant trade. | |
| | | | |
| |1614. Last assembly | | |
| |of the states- | | |
| |general. | | |
| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR |
| +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | | |1620. Massacre of |
| |1624. Ministry of | |Prague. |
| =1625=|Cardinal Richelieu. | | |
| | |1626. =St. Peter’s= | |
| | |dedicated. |1628. Victories of |
| | | |Wallenstein. |
| |_DESCARTES_ (1596- | | |
| |1650). | |1629. Gustavus |
| | |1631. Influence of |Adolphus lands in |
| | |France increases. |Germany. |
| | | | |
| | | |1632. Battle of |
| |1638. Invasion of | |Lutzen. |
| |Spain. | | |
| | | | |
| |1640. Turin taken by | | |
| |the French. | | |
| | | | |
| |1643. LOUIS XIV., | | |
| |King. |1646. Revolt of | |
| | |Naples under | |
| |1648. WARS OF THE |Masaniello. |1648. PEACE OF WEST- |
| |FRONDE. | |PHALIA, THE BASIS OF |
| | | |ALL SUBSEQUENT |
| | | |TREATIES; SIGNED AT |
| | | |MUNSTER. |
| | | | |
| | | |_At this time begins |
| | | |the policy of the |
| | | |“Balance of Power” in|
| | | |Europe._ |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =Poland, | =Scandinavia | =Ottoman Empire| =China, Japan, |
| | Prussia, | and Russia= | and Persia= | India= |
| | Hungary, | | | |
| | Bohemia= | | | |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| =1500=| | | | |
| | |1502. Destruc- |1502. Persia: | |
| | |tion of the |Ismail Shah Sufi| |
| | |Golden Horde and|makes himself | |
| | |end of Mongol |sole sovereign | |
| | |power in Russia.|of Persia. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1505. War with | |
| | | |Persia. | |
| |1506. Poland: | | |1506. China: |
| |Sigismund I., | |1512. Selim I. |Portuguese, |
| |the Great. | |dethrones and |first Europeans |
| | | |puts to death |in China. |
| | | |his father. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1514. Persians | |
| | | |defeated; | |
| | | |Kurdistan added | |
| | | |to the empire. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1516. Cairo | |
| | | |taken. | |
| | | | | |
| | |1520. Christian |1520. Soliman | |
| | |II. of Denmark |the Magnificent,| |
| | |invades Sweden |Sultan. | |
| | |and overthrows | | |
| | |Sten Sture. |1521. Belgrade | |
| | | |taken. | |
| | |1523. Sweden: | | |
| =1525=|1525. Albert, |Revolt under | | |
| |Grand-master of |GUSTAVUS VASA. |1526. Invasion |1526. India: |
| |Teutonic Order |The Danes expel-|of Hungary. |Baber founds the|
| |makes East Prus-|led. Union of | |Mogul dynasty at|
| |sia a secular |Calmar dis- |1529. Invasion |Delhi. |
| |possession. |solved. Denmark |of Austria. | |
| | |and Norway: |Siege of Vienna.| |
| | |Frederick I. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1530. Russia: | | |
| | |IVAN IV., the | | |
| | |Terrible. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1533. Norway and| | |
| | |Denmark: |1535. Barbarossa| |
| | |Christian III. |seizes Tunis. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1547. Turks in- | |
| | | |vade Persia. | |
| =1550=| | | | |
| | | |1551. Tripoli | |
| | | |taken. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1552. Invasion | |
| | | |of Hungary. |1556. India: |
| | | | |AKBAR becomes |
| | |1559. Denmark |1559. Military |Mogul emperor, a|
| | |and Norway: |power of the |patron of |
| | |Frederick II. |Turks at its |science and li- |
| | | |greatest height |terature. _Mogul|
| | |_Tycho Brahe_ |under Soliman. |Empire at its |
| | | (1546-1601).| |greatest |
| | | | |splendor._ |
| |1569. Poland and| | | |
| |Lithuania united| |1570. War with | |
| |by the Diet of | |Venice. | |
| |Lublin. | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1571. Russia de-|1571. Battle of | |
| | |vastated by the |Lepanto. |1573. Japan: |
| =1575=|1575. Poland: |Tartars, and | |Fall of the |
| |Stephen Bathori |Moscow burned. | |Ashikaga |
| |chosen king; he | | |shoguns; |
| |strengthens the | | |Nobunaga |
| |Jesuits. | | |supreme. |
| | | | | |
| |1578. Alliance of Sweden and | | |
| |Poland against Russia. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1587. Poland: | | | |
| |Sigismund III., |1588. Denmark: | | |
| |King. |Christian IV. |1589. Revolt of | |
| | | |the Janisaries. | |
| | |1592. Sweden: | | |
| | |Sigismund III., |1595. Power in | |
| |_RUBENS_ (1577- |of Poland, suc- |Hungary de- | |
| |1640). |ceeds to the |clines; revolt | |
| | |Swedish crown. |of Wallachia. | |
| =1600=| | | | |
| | | | |1603. Japan: |
| | | | |Tokugawa Iyeyasu|
| | | | |makes himself |
| | | | |shogun: his de- |
| | | | |scendants retain|
| | | | |power till 1868.|
| | | | | |
| | | | |1605. India: |
| | |1611. Sweden: | |Jehangir, Mogul,|
| | |GUSTAVUS | |Emperor. |
| | |ADOLPHUS, King. | | |
| | |War with Den- | | |
| | |mark. | | |
| | |OXENSTIERN, | | |
| | |Minister. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1613. Russia: | | |
| | |MICHAEL | | |
| | |ROMANOFF, Czar, | | |
| | |founder of the | | |
| | |present ruling | | |
| | |line. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1616. _Sweden | | |
| | |dominates the | | |
| | |North._ | | |
| +----------------+----------------+ | |
| | 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR | | |
| +----------------+----------------+ | |
| =1625=| | | | |
| | | |WAR WITH AUSTRIA| |
| |1632. War with |1632. Sweden: |1682-1699. | |
| |Russia. Poles |CHRISTINA, | | |
| |advance to |Queen; |1634. Murad in- | |
| |Moscow. |OXENSTIERN, |vades Persia. | |
| | |Regent. | | |
| | | |1637. Troubles | |
| |1640. FREDERICK | |on the Tartar | |
| |WILLIAM of | |frontier. Bagdad|1644. China: Es-|
| |Prussia. | |taken by the |tablishment of |
| | | |Turks. |the Manchu |
| | | | |dynasty. |
| | | |1645. War with | |
| | | |Venice. | |
| |1648. PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, THE | | |
| |BASIS OF ALL SUBSEQUENT TREATIES;| | |
| |SIGNED AT MUNSTER. | | |
| | | | |
| |_At this time begins the policy | | |
| |of the “Balance of Power” in | | |
| |Europe._ | | |
+-------+---------------------------------+----------------+----------------+