Chapter X: From the Signing of Magna Charta to the Discovery of America by

COLUMBUS, 1215-1492 A. D.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 1200-1300: Hanse League established. Great
conquests Tartars in Asia; they overrun Russia and establish a
dynasty at Moscow. 1300-1400: Growth of cities and trade--especially
in Italy, where also literature and art, inspired by Dante and
Giotto, make progress. Popes at Avignon. Era of Wyclif: his teaching
spreads in Bohemia. Invention of gunpowder. Mariner’s compass comes
into use in the West. 1400-1500: Turks take Constantinople. Revival
of learning and advance of art in the West--especially in Italy.
Consolidation of France and Spain. End of Tartar rule in Russia.
Invention of printing. Formation of modern “middle classes.”
Maritime discoveries: The cape route to India; the “New World.” End
of the Middle Ages.

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|=A. D.=| =Spain, Portugal= | =Britain= | =France= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | |1214-1292. _ROGER | |
| | |BACON._ | |
| | | | |
| | |1216-1272. Henry III.| |
| |1217. Ferdinand, King| | |
| =1225=|of Castile. | | |
| | | |1226-1270. LOUIS IX.,|
| | |1228. =The Fifth |Saint. Blanche of |
| |1230. =Castile and |Crusade.= Many |Castile, his mother, |
| |Leon united by Fer- |English and French |regent. |
| |dinand III., who |nobles join. | |
| |takes large territory| |1248. The king sets |
| |from the Moors.= | |out on =The Sixth |
| =1250=| | |Crusade=. |
| |1253. The Alhambra | | |
| |founded. |1263-1265. CIVIL WAR.| |
| | | | |
| | |1265. Parliament of | |
| | |Simon of Montfort. | |
| | |Beginning of the | |
| | |House of Commons. De-| |
| | |feat and death of | |
| | |Simon of Montfort at | |
| | |Evesham. | |
| | | | |
| | |1270. =The Seventh | |
| | |and Last Crusade.= | |
| | | | |
| | |1272-1307. EDWARD I.,| |
| |1274. Crown of |Longshanks. | |
| =1275=|Navarre passes to | | |
| |France. | |1276. France at war |
| | |1283. England and |with Castile. |
| | |Wales united. Robert | |
| | |Bruce and John | |
| | |Balliol contend for | |
| | |the crown of Scot- | |
| | |land. | |
| | | | |
| | |1284. Annexation of | |
| |1291. James II., King|Wales to England. | |
| |of Aragon. | | |
| | |1297. War between |1297. Invasion of |
| | |England and Scotland.|Flanders. |
| =1300=| | | |
| | | |1302. First convoca- |
| | | |tion of the states- |
| | | |general in France. |
| | | | |
| | | |1304. War with |
| | |1306. ROBERT BRUCE |Flanders. |
| |1312. Alphonso XI., |proclaimed king of | |
| |King of Castile and |Scotland. | |
| |Leon. | | |
| =1325=| | | |
| |1327. Arrival of |1327-1377. EDWARD | |
| |200,000 Moors to |III. | |
| |assist Granada. | | |
| | |1328-1400. _CHAUCER._|1328-1498. =The House|
| | | |of Valois.= |
| | | | |
| | | |1328-1350. Philip VI.|
| | | | |
| | |1337. Edward lays claim to France which |
| | |gives rise to: |
| | | |
| | |1337-1453. HUNDRED YEARS WAR. |
| |1340. Moors defeated | | |
| |at Tarifa. | | |
| | | | |
| =1350=|Heroic Age of | | |
| |Portugal. | |1364-1380. Charles V.|
| =1375=| | |the Wise. |
| |1394-1460. =Henry the| | |
| |Navigator=, King of |1399-1461. =House of | |
| |Portugal. |Lancaster.= | |
| | | | |
| | |1399. Henry IV., King| |
| | |of England. | |
| =1400=| | | |
| | |1406. James I., King | |
| |1407. John II., King |of Scotland. | |
| |of Castile. | |1410. Civil war be- |
| | | |tween Orleans and |
| | | |Burgundy. |
| | |1414. Henry V. claims| |
| |1416. Alphonso V., |the French crown. | |
| |King of Aragon and | | |
| |Sicily. |1422. Henry VI. pro- | |
| =1425=| |claimed at Paris, | |
| | |King of France. War |1427-1429. =Siege of |
| |1430. War between |with France. |Orleans.= The English|
| |Castile and Granada. | |defeated by the |
| | | |French under Joan of |
| | | |Arc. France saved |
| | | |from the fate of |
| | | |Ireland. Charles VII.|
| | | |crowned at Rheims. |
| | | | |
| | | |1431. Joan of Arc |
| | |1444. Truce with |burned. |
| | |France. Marriage of | |
| | |Henry to Margaret of | |
| | |Anjou. | |
| | | | |
| =1450=|1450-1560. =Period of|1450. Richard, Duke | |
| |great maritime power |of York, claims the | |
| |of the Portuguese.= |throne. | |
| | | | |
| |1452. Civil war in | | |
| |Navarre, in which |1453. _End of the French and English wars, |
| |Castile and Aragon |without any formal peace._ |
| |join. | | |
| | | | |
| |1454. Henry IV. of | | |
| |Castile, King of |1455-1485. WARS OF | |
| |Spain. |THE ROSES. | |
| | | | |
| | |1461-1485. =House of |1461. Louis XI., |
| | |York.= |King. |
| | | | |
| | |1461. Edward IV., | |
| | |King. House of York. | |
| |1469. Marriage of | | |
| |Ferdinand of Aragon |1470. Henry VI. re- | |
| |with Isabella of |stored by Warwick. | |
| |Castile. | | |
| | |1471. Return of | |
| | |Edward IV. Deaths of | |
| | |Warwick and Henry VI.| |
| | | | |
| =1475=| |1475. Edward IV. in- | |
| | |vades France. |1477. Artois and |
| |1479. =Union of | |Burgundy united to |
| |Castile and Aragon.= | |France. |
| | |1480. War between | |
| | |England and Scotland.|1483-1498. Charles |
| | | |VIII. |
| | | =House of Tudor= | |
| | | | |
| | |1485-1509. Henry VII.| |
| |1492. Conquest of | | |
| |Granada and union of | | |
| |the kingdom with | | |
| |Castile. | | |
| | | | |
| |1492. =America dis- | | |
| |covered by Columbus.=| | |
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|=A. D.=| =Holy Roman Empire= |=Switzerland, Poland,|
| | =Italy and Church= | =Germany= | Hungary, Bohemia= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |_Struggle of the Guelfs and Ghibelines. The| |
| |power of the Roman pontiffs is carried to | |
| |the highest pitch during this century._ | |
| =1225=| | | |
| |1227-1274. _THOMAS | | |
| |AQUINAS._ | | |
| | | | |
| |1243. Struggle of |1243. =The Hanseatic | |
| |Pope Innocent IV. |League.= | |
| |with the Emperor | | |
| =1250=|Frederick. |1250. Conrad IV., | |
| | |Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| | | =House of Hapsburg= | |
| | | | |
| | |1273. =Rudolf=, | |
| |1274. Fourteenth |Emperor, founds House| |
| |General Council at |of Hapsburg. | |
| =1275=|Lyons. | | |
| | | | |
| |1293. Naval war be- | | |
| |tween Genoa and | |1295. Poland: |
| |Venice. |1298. Adolphus, |Vladislav the Dwarf, |
| | |Emperor, deposed and |founder of Polish |
| | |Albert I. enthroned. |greatness. |
| =1300=|1303. Papal power | | |
| |declines. |1304. Rise of the | |
| | |Swiss towns. | |
| | | | |
| | |1306. Rudolf of | |
| | |Austria, Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| | |1308. Henry of Luxem-| |
| |1309. Seat of the |burg, Emperor. Gene- | |
| |popes transferred to |ral insurrection in | |
| |Avignon. |Switzerland. | |
| | | | |
| |1311. General Council| | |
| |at Vienna. |1314. Louis of | |
| | |Bavaria and Frederick|1315-1388. AUSTRO- |
| |1265-1321. _DANTE._ |of Austria contend |SWISS WAR. |
| | |for the crown. | |
| |1265-1337. _GIOTTO._ | | |
| | |1322. Frederick of | |
| =1325=| |Austria defeated. | |
| | | |1333. Poland: Casimir|
| |1339. Struggle in | |the Great becomes |
| |Rome between the | |King. |
| |Colonna and the | =House of Luxemburg=| |
| |Ursini. | |1342. Hungary: Louis |
| | |1346-1378. Charles |the Great. |
| | |IV., King of Bohemia.| |
| |1347. Democracy in | | |
| |Rome under Rienzi, | | |
| |last of the Tribunes.| | |
| =1350=| | | |
| |1354. Rienzi killed; | | |
| |papal dominion re- |1355-1356. Promulga- | |
| |stored. |tion of the golden |1370. Poland: Extinc-|
| | |bull; it fixes the |tion of the royal |
| | |prerogatives of the |race of Piasts with |
| | |electoral college. |Casimir III. |
| | |Fundamental law of | |
| | |the empire. | |
| =1375=| | | |
| | |1378. Wenceslas, King| |
| | |of Bohemia, Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| =1400=| |1400. Robert, Count | |
| | |of Palatine, Emperor.| |
| | | | |
| | |1411. Sigismund, King| |
| | |of Hungary, Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| | |1414. Council of | |
| | |Constance. | |
| | | |1419. Bohemia: HUS- |
| | |1420. Sigismund be- |SITE WAR. |
| | |comes king of | |
| | |Bohemia. |1424. Bohemia: Death |
| =1425=| | |of John Ziska, the |
| |1429-1463. Cosmo de’ | |Hussite leader. |
| |Medici in Florence, |1438. =House of | |
| |great patron of the |Austria.= Albert II. | |
| |arts and sciences. |(King of Bohemia and | |
| | |Hungary), Emperor. | |
| | | | |
| | |1446. War with | |
| =1450=|1450-1466. House of |Hungary. | |
| |Sforza in Milan. | | |
| | |1453. Austria made an| |
| |1454. Struggle be- |hereditary duchy by | |
| |tween Cosmo de’ |Emperor Frederick |1458. Hungary: |
| |Medici and the aris- |III. |Matthias Corvinus |
| |tocracy. | |makes his country |
| |1462. The emperor be-|formidable to her |
| | |sieged in court at |neighbors. |
| | |Vienna. | |
| | | | |
| |1469. =Lorenzo de’ |1469-1480. Invasion | |
| |Medici= at Florence. |of the Turks. | |
| | | | |
| |1471. Increase of the| | |
| =1475=|power of the Medici. | | |
| |Rise of learning. |1477. Marriage of |1477. Hungary: War |
| |Sixtus IV., Pope. |Maximilian and Maria |with Frederick III. |
| | |of Burgundy. | |
| | | |1485. Hungary: |
| | | |Matthias Corvinus |
| | | |takes Vienna. |
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|=A. D.=|=Scandinavia and|=Eastern Empire=| =Saracens= | =China, Japan, |
| | Russia= | | | India= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| | | | |1219. Japan: The|
| | | | |shogunate seized|
| | | | |by the Fujiwara.|
| | | | | |
| | |1221. Robert | |1221. The |
| |1224-1240. |Guiscard, Em- | |Khorasmian Em- |
| |Mongolian inva- |peror. | |pire overthrown |
| |sion of Russia. | | |by Genghis Khan.|
| =1225=| | | | |
| |1242. Alexander | | | |
| |Nevski, Prince |1244. The | | |
| =1250=|of Novgorod. |Khorasmians take|1250. Egypt: The| |
| | |Jerusalem. |Mamelukes rule; | |
| | | |take Damascus | |
| | | |and Aleppo. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1258. Hulaku | |
| | | |Khan enters |1259-1294. |
| | |1261. Michael |Persia, takes |China: Kublai |
| |1262. Norway: |Palæologus re- |Bagdad, and an |Khan, Emperor of|
| |Iceland sub- |covers |end to the |all China, |
| |jected. Green- |Constantinople |caliphate. |founder of the |
| |land tributary |and overthrows | |Mongol dynasty. |
| |to Norway. |the Latin | | |
| | |Empire. | |1264. China: |
| =1275=| | | |Kublai Khan |
| |1279. Russia: | | |builds Pekin, |
| |Hanseatic | | |and makes it his|
| |settlement at | | |capital. |
| |Novgorod. | | | |
| | | | |1281. Japan: In-|
| | | |1288. Othman |vasion of Mongol|
| | |1291. Capture of|begins to lay |Tatars. |
| =1300=| |Acre by the |the foundations | |
| | |Mamelukes; end |of the Turkish | |
| | |of the European |power in Asia | |
| | |states in Asia |Minor. | |
| =1325=| |Minor. | | |
| | | |1326. Death of | |
| | | |Othman; Orkhan, | |
| | | |son of Othman, | |
| | | |makes Prusa his | |
| | | |capital. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1327. Nicomedia | |
| |1328. Moscow | |taken by Orkhan.| |
| |under the Grand-|1329. Andronicus III. defeated by| |
| |duke Ivan Kalita|the Turks in the battle of | |
| |becomes para- |Pelekanon. | |
| |mount in Russia.| | |
| | |1330. Nicæa taken. |1333. China: |
| | | | |Shun-te last of |
| | | | |the Mongol Em- |
| | | | |perors succeeds.|
| | | | |Japan: Fall of |
| | | | |the Hojo family.|
| | | | | |
| | | | |1336-1392. |
| |1340. Denmark: | | |Japan: Feudalism|
| |Waldemar III. |1341. John V. | |reached its |
| | |(Paleologus), | |height. |
| | |Emperor. | | |
| =1350=| | | | |
| | |1354. Turks seize Gallipoli in | |
| | |Europe. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1359. Murad I., | |
| | | |conquered |1363. Timur, or |
| | | |Adrianople. |Tamerlane, be- |
| | | | |gins his career |
| | | |1365. Adrianople|of conquest. |
| | | |residence of | |
| | | |sovereigns. |1368-1398. |
| | | | |China: Hung Woo |
| | | | |establishes the |
| | | | |native Ming |
| | | | |dynasty. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1369. Timur be- |
| =1375=| | | |comes king of |
| | |1381. The empire| |Transoxiana and |
| |1382. Russia: |pays tribute to | |makes Samarcand |
| |The Tartars sack|the Turks. | |the capital of |
| |Moscow. | | |his new empire. |
| | | | | |
| |1387. Denmark | | | |
| |and Norway: | | |1392. Timur sub-|
| |Margaret, the | | |jugates Persia. |
| |Semiramis of the| | | |
| |North, becomes | | | |
| |queen. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1397. =Union of | | | |
| |Calmar=, forming| | |1398. Invasion |
| |Denmark, Sweden | | |of India by |
| |and Norway into | | |Timur; he takes |
| |a single | | |Delhi. |
| |monarchy. | | | |
| =1400=| | | |1400-1573. |
| | | |1402. Bajazet |Japan: The |
| | | |defeated and |Shoguns dominate|
| | | |made prisoner by|for almost two |
| | | |Timur at the |centuries. |
| | | |battle of | |
| | | |Angora. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1403. Empire of | |
| | | |the Turks di- | |
| | | |vided after | |
| | | |death of | |
| | | |Bajazet, among | |
| | | |Solyman I., Musa| |
| | | |and Mohammed I. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1413. Mohammed | |
| | | |I. sole ruler of| |
| | | |the Turks. | |
| =1425=| | | | |
| | |1438-1439. The | | |
| | |emperor visits | | |
| | |Italy to obtain | | |
| | |help against the| | |
| | |Turks. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1448. Denmark: |1448. | | |
| =1450=|Christian I., of|Constantine | | |
| |Oldenburg, King.|XII., last of |1451. Mohammed | |
| |Sweden: Charles |the Greek |II., sultan of | |
| |VIII. |emperors. |the Turks. | |
| | | | | |
| | |1453. Siege and capture of | |
| | |Constantinople by the Turks, | |
| | |ending the Eastern Empire. | |
| | +---------------------------------+ |
| | | =Ottoman Empire= | |
| | +---------------------------------+ |
| | |1458. Greece subjected to the | |
| | |Turks. | |
| | | | |
| | |1464. War with Hungary. | |
| | | | |
| | |1468. Uzun Hasan, master of all | |
| | |Persia. |1469. India: The|
| | | |Sikhs become |
| | |1470. Forms an alliance with the |powerful. |
| |1472. Russia: |Venetians and the Duke of | |
| |Ivan III. mar- |Burgundy against the Turks; con- | |
| |ries Sophia, |quers Bagdad. | |
| |niece of the | | |
| |Greek Emperor. |1480. Otranto taken. | |
| | | | |
| | |1481. Bajazet II., Sultan. | |
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