Chapter XII: From the Peace of Westphalia to the Close of American War of

INDEPENDENCE, 1648-1783 A. D.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 1600-1700: Civil and religious liberty
fought out in England under the Stuarts. Rise of modern science and
philosophy. 1700-1800: Astounding growth of the British Empire.
Government in England now and henceforth carried on by a Cabinet
Ministry. Development of manufactures in England. Inventions and
discoveries. Immense advance in arts and sciences. INDEPENDENCE OF
THE UNITED STATES. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION which powerfully influences
social, political and intellectual progress for the next hundred
years.

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =United States= : =Britain= | =Spain and Portugal=|
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | :1649. Trial and exe- | |
| =1650=| :cution of Charles I. | |
| | :=The Commonwealth.= | |
| | : | |
| | :1652. War with Hol- | |
| | :land. | |
| | : | |
| | :1653. CROMWELL, Lord | |
| | :Protector. |1654. Brazil re- |
| | : |covered from the |
| | : |Dutch. |
| | : | |
| | :_MILTON_ (1608-1674).|1655. War with En- |
| | : |gland. |
| | : | |
| | :=Stuarts restored.= | |
| | : | |
| | :1660. Charles II., | |
| | :King. |1661. Invasion of |
| |1663. Settlement of : |Portugal. |
| |North Carolina under : | |
| |royal patent. : | |
| | : | |
| |1664. New Amsterdam : | |
| |occupied by the :1665-1700. CHARLES | |
| |English. :II. | |
| | : | |
| | :1668. Triple alliance| |
| | :of England, Sweden | |
| | :and Holland against |_MURILLO_ (1618- |
| | :France. |1682). |
| | : | |
| | : |1673. War with France|
| =1675=|1675-1676. King : |to protect Holland. |
| |Philip’s War in New :1679. HABEAS CORPUS | |
| |England. Bacon’s Re- :ACT passed. | |
| |bellion in Virginia. : | |
| | :_NEWTON_ (1642-1727).| |
| | : | |
| | :1685. James II., | |
| | :King. Rise of the | |
| | :Whigs and Tories. | |
| | : | |
| | :_JOHN LOCKE_ (1632- | |
| | :1704). | |
| | : | |
| | :1688. Revolution. | |
| | : | |
| |1689-1697. WAR OF WILLIAM AND MARY WITH THE|1689. Revolt in |
| |FRENCH. |Catalonia in favor of|
| | : |France. |
| | :1689. WILLIAM III., | |
| | :King, and MARY II., | |
| | :Queen. War with | |
| | :France. | |
| | : | |
| | :1690. Battle of the | |
| | :Boyne. James de- |1691. Incursion of |
| | :feated, returns to |the French into |
| | :France. |Aragon. |
| | : | |
| | :1697. General peace. | |
| =1700=| : | |
| | : 1701-1714. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION |
| | : | |
| | : |1701. Philip V., |
| |1702-1713. QUEEN :1702. QUEEN ANNE. War|King. |
| |ANNE’S WAR WITH THE :against France and | |
| |FRENCH. :Spain. | |
| | : | |
| | :1704. Gibraltar taken| |
| | :by English. |1705. Barcelona taken|
| | : |by the Allies. |
| |1707. Unsuccessful :1707. Act of union of| |
| |expedition against :England and Scotland.| |
| |Port Royal. :First united parlia- | |
| | :ment of Great Britain| |
| | :meets. | |
| | : | |
| |1713. Treaty of :1713. =Peace of | |
| |Utrecht which gives :Utrecht.= England | |
| |Arcadia to the :acquires large | |
| |English. :American possessions.| |
| | : | |
| |1718. New Orleans :1718. WAR WITH SPAIN. QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE OF|
| |settled by the :THE EMPEROR, FRANCE, ENGLAND AND HOLLAND, |
| |French. :AGAINST THE DESIGNS OF SPAIN. |
| | : | |
| | : |1724. Spain: Philip |
| =1725=| : |V. abdicates but re- |
| | :1727. George II., |sumes power after |
| |1729. The Carolinas :King of England. |some months. |
| |separated. : | |
| | : | |
| |1734. Beginning of : |1734. Conquest of |
| |the Great Awakening :1739. War with Spain.|Sicily and Naples by |
| |in New England. : |Don Carlos. |
| | : | |
| | : 1740-1748. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION |
| | : | |
| | :1745. Troubles in | |
| | :Scotland. |1746. Ferdinand VI., |
| | :King. |King. |
| | : | |
| | :_HUME_ (1711-1776). | |
| =1750=| : | |
| |1754-1763. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS WAR: ENGLAND |
| |AND PRUSSIA VS. FRANCE, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SPAIN AND SWEDEN. |
| | : | |
| | :1756. Alliance with | |
| |1759. Invasion of :Prussia. | |
| |Canada; death of : | |
| |Wolfe. Quebec taken. :1760-1820. GEORGE | |
| | :III. | |
| | : | |
| | :1762. War with Spain.| |
| | : | |
| | :1763. Peace of Paris.| |
| |_FRANKLIN_ (1706- : | |
| |1790). :_GIBBON_ (1737-1794).| |
| | : | |
| |1765. Stamp Act re- :1765. Establishment | |
| |sisted in Massa- :of a British Empire |1767. Jesuits ex- |
| |chusetts and :in India. |pelled from Spain. |
| |Virginia. : | |
| | :_JAMES WATT_ (1736- | |
| | :1819). | |
| | : | |
| =1775=|1775-1783. AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR. |
| | : | |
| |1775. April 19, :1775. Lord North’s | |
| |skirmish at :“conciliatory mea- | |
| |Lexington. June 17, :sures” rejected by | |
| |battle of Bunker :the colonies. | |
| |Hill. : | |
| | : | |
| |1776. =Declaration of| | |
| |Independence, July | | |
| |4.= British army | | |
| |takes possession of |_ARKWRIGHT_ (1732- | |
| |New York. Hessians |1792). | |
| |hired for service in | | |
| |America. | | |
| | | | |
| |1777. Battle of | |1777. Portugal: |
| |=Saratoga= and criti-|1778. Siege and cap- |Maria, Queen. |
| |cal battle of the |ture of Pondicherry, | |
| |Revolution. |by the English. |1779. Spain: Alliance|
| | | |with the American |
| |1781. Surrender of | |colonists. |
| |Cornwallis at |1783. Treaty of | |
| |Yorktown. |Versailles. Indepen- | |
| | |dence of the United | |
| | |States acknowledged. | |
| | | | |
| |1783. Peace of Versailles between France, Spain, England and |
| |America. |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =France= | =Italy and | =Holland= | =Scandinavia= |
| | | Church= | | |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| |1649. Siege of | | | |
| |Paris. | | | |
| =1650=| | | | |
| |1653. Mazarin | |1653. JOHN DE |1653. Sweden: |
| |enters Paris in | |WITT, Grand |Christina re- |
| |triumph. | |Pensionary of |signs. Charles |
| | | |Holland. |X. first of the |
| |_MOLIERE_ (1622-| | |House of |
| |1673). | |_REMBRANDT_ |Zweibrucken. |
| | | |(1607-1669). | |
| | | | |1655. Charles X.|
| | | | |of Sweden in- |
| | | | |vades Poland. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1658. Denmark: |
| |1659. Peace of | | |War against the |
| |the Pyrenees. | | |Swedes, who |
| | | | |overrun Denmark,|
| | | | |and menace |
| | | | |Copenhagen. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1660. Denmark: |
| |1667-1697. First| |1667. Holland: |Peace of Copen- |
| |three wars of |1669. Candia |Peace of Breda; |hagen. Revolu- |
| |Louis XIV. |taken from |loss of New |tion in Denmark;|
| | |Venice. |Netherlands. |absolute monar- |
| |1667. War with | | |chy established.|
| |Spain. |1670. War be- |_SPINOZA_ (1632-|Prussia acknow- |
| | |tween Genoa and |1677). |ledged indepen- |
| | |Savoy. | |dent. |
| |1672. War with | |1672. Sea fight | |
| =1675=|Holland. | |between the |1675. The Swedes|
| | |1676. Messina |Dutch fleet, |invade Branden- |
| | |blockaded by the|under De Witt |burg and are de-|
| | |Dutch and |and De Ruyter, |feated at |
| | |Spanish fleets. |and the English |Fehrbellin. |
| | | |and French | |
| | | |fleets; Dutch |1677. Battle of |
| |1678. Peace with| |defeated. |the Lund, be- |
| |Holland and | |Holland: William|tween the Swedes|
| |Spain restores | |III., Stadt- |and Danes; the |
| |tranquility to | |holder. |latter defeated.|
| |Europe. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1680. =France | | | |
| |the most formi- | | | |
| |dable power in | | | |
| |Europe.= | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1685. Revocation| | | |
| |of the edict of | | | |
| |Nantes. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1688. War of the| | | |
| |allies against |1689. Alexander | | |
| |France. |VIII., Pope. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1693. Battle of | |1693. The King |
| | |Marsaglia. |1695. Brussels |of Sweden de- |
| |1697. General | |bombarded by the|clared absolute.|
| |peace of Ryswick| |French. | |
| |between France | | |1699. CHARLES |
| |and the allies. | | |XII. begins to |
| | | | |reign. Denmark, |
| | | | |Poland and |
| | | | |Russia form an |
| | | | |alliance against|
| | | | |Sweden. |
| =1700=| | | | |
| | 1701-1714. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION |
| | | | | |
| |1702. Invasion |1702. French | |1702-1706. |
| |of Holland. Re- |victory at | |Charles XII. |
| |volt of the |Luzzara over the| |sweeps Poland |
| |Huguenots. |Imperialists. | |and Russia. |
| | | | | |
| |1704. Defeat at | | | |
| |Blenheim. |1706. French | | |
| | |driven from | | |
| | |Italy by Prince | | |
| | |Eugene. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1707. All | | |
| |1713. Peace of |Spanish posses- | | |
| |Utrecht; per- |sions in Italy | | |
| |petual separa- |abandoned. | | |
| |tion of the | | | |
| |crown of France | | | |
| |and Spain. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1715. Death of |1715. Siege of |1715. Treaty of |1715. Charles |
| |Louis XIV.; |Corfu raised. |Antwerp with |returns to |
| |LOUIS XV., King.| |Austria. |Sweden. Prussia |
| | | | |and England join|
| |_MONTESQUIEU_ | | |the alliance |
| |(1689-1755). | | |against him. |
| | | | | |
| |1718. WAR WITH SPAIN. QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE OF THE EMPEROR, FRANCE, |
| |ENGLAND AND HOLLAND, AGAINST THE DESIGNS OF SPAIN. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1718. Charles |
| |_VOLTAIRE_ |1719. Sicily in-| |XII. invades |
| |(1694-1778). |vaded by the | |Norway and is |
| | |Spanish. | |killed at the |
| | | | |siege of |
| | | | |Frederickshall. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1720. Sweden: |
| |1724-1725. Con- | | |The queen abdi- |
| |gress of Cambray| | |cates in favor |
| |to consider | | |of her husband, |
| |claims of Spain | | |Frederick I. |
| |and Austria. | | | |
| =1725=| | | |_LINNAEUS_ |
| | | | |(1707-1778). |
| | | | | |
| | |1730. Clement | |1730. Denmark: |
| |1733. The Polish|XII., Pope. | |Christian VI. |
| |succession in- | | | |
| |volves France in| | | |
| |war. | | | |
| | | | | |
| | 1740-1748. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1741. Sweden: |
| | | | |War with Russia.|
| | | | |Swedes driven |
| | | | |out of Finland. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1743. Peace of |
| |1744. War with |1744. Italy in- | |Abo with Sweden |
| |England and |vaded by the | |gives to Russia |
| |Austria. |French and | |southern Fin- |
| | |Spaniards. | |land. |
| |_D’Alembert_ | | | |
| |(1717-1783). |1746. French and| | |
| | |Spaniards driven| | |
| |1747. War with |from Lombardy. |1747. Nether- | |
| |Holland. | |lands: William | |
| | | |IV., Stadt- | |
| | | |holder. | |
| =1750=| | | | |
| | | |1751. Nether- | |
| | | |lands: William | |
| | | |V., Stadtholder.| |
| | | | | |
| |1754-1763. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS WAR: ENGLAND |
| |AND PRUSSIA VS. FRANCE, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SPAIN AND SWEDEN. |
| | | | | |
| |1760. Loss of | | | |
| |all Canada. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1763. Peace of | | | |
| |Paris. | | |1766. Denmark: |
| | | | |Christian VII. |
| |1770. Marriage | | | |
| |of the dauphin | | |1772. Despotism |
| |to Marie |1773. Jesuits | |re-established |
| |Antoinette. |expelled from | |in Sweden by |
| | |Rome. | |Gustavus III. |
| |1774. LOUIS | | | |
| |XVI., King. | | | |
| =1775=| | | | |
| |1776. Franklin | | | |
| |in Paris. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1778. Alliance | | | |
| |with America. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1780. Rochambeau| | |1780. _Declara- |
| |sent to aid the | | |tion of the |
| |Americans. | | |Armed Neutrality|
| | | | |for the protec- |
| |_LAVOISIER_ | | |tion of neutral |
| |(1743-1794). | | |flags_ against |
| | | | |the right of |
| |1783. Peace of | | |maritime search |
| |Versailles be- | | |claimed by En- |
| |tween France, | | |gland--joined by|
| |Spain, England | | |Denmark and |
| |and America. | | |Sweden. Prussia |
| | | | |and Austria, |
| | | | |1781. Portugal, |
| | | | |1782. |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =Germany= | =Prussia and | =Russia= | =Ottomans, |
| | | Poland= | | India, Japan, |
| | | | | China= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| | |1648. Poland: | | |
| | |The Cossacks re-| | |
| | |volt and defeat | | |
| | |the Poles. John | | |
| | |Casimir, King. | | |
| =1650=| | | | |
| | |1653. Poland: | | |
| | |War with Russia.|1654. Russian | |
| | | |victories in | |
| | |1656. The |Poland. | |
| | |Elector of Bran-| | |
| | |denburg allies | | |
| | |himself with | | |
| | |Sweden against | | |
| | |Poland. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1657. Leopold |1657. Poland | |1657. Alliance |
| |I., Emperor. |cedes Prussia to| |with Sweden |
| | |the Elector. | |against Poland. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1661. War with |
| | | | |Austria. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1662. Invasion |
| | | | |of Hungary. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1664. India: |
| |1665. Tyrol | | |Rise of the |
| |united to | |1671. The Cos- |Mahratta power. |
| |Austria. | |sacks sub- |Sivaji takes and|
| | | |jugated. |sacks Surat. |
| | | | | |
| |1672. The | | |1672. Invasion |
| |Emperor and | | |of Poland. |
| |Elector of Bran-| | | |
| |denburg ally | | | |
| |themselves with | | | |
| |Holland against | | | |
| |France. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1673. War of | | | |
| |Austria and |1674. Sobieski, | | |
| |France. |King of Poland. | | |
| =1675=| | | | |
| |1676. General | | | |
| |revolt of the | | |1678. First war |
| |Hungarians. | | |with Russia. |
| | | | | |
| |_LEIBNITZ_ | | | |
| |(1646-1716). | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1680. Greater | | | |
| |part of Alsace | |1682. Ivan and |1682. War with |
| |seized by | |Peter, Czars. |Austria. |
| |France. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1683. Siege of | | | |
| |Vienna by the | | | |
| |Turks. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1686. Buda taken| | |1686. Russia de-|
| |after being held| | |clares war. |
| |by the Turks one| | | |
| |hundred and | | |1686. India: The|
| |forty-five | | |Dekkan conquered|
| |years. | | |by Aurungzeb. |
| | | | | |
| |1687. Joseph I.,| | |1687. Revolution|
| |King of Hungary.| |1688. Prussia: |in Constanti- |
| | | |Frederick III. |nople. Solyman |
| | | | |II., Sultan. |
| | | | | |
| | | |1689. Russia: |1689. First |
| |1690. Joseph I. | |PETER THE GREAT |trade with |
| |elected King of | |begins personal |China. |
| |the Romans. | |rule after over-| |
| | | |throwing his |India: Height of|
| | | |sister Sophia |the Mogul power |
| | | |and repressing |under Aurungzeb.|
| | | |the Streltsi. | |
| | | | |China: Great in-|
| | | |1692. First |fluence of |
| | |1696. Poland: |trade with |Jesuits. |
| | |Death of |China. | |
| | |Sobieski; suc- | | |
| | |ceeded by: | | |
| | | | | |
| |1697. Victories |1697. Frederick | | |
| |of PRINCE EUGENE|Augustus I. | |1699. =Peace of |
| |over the Sultan | | |Carlowitz. The |
| |Mustapha at | | |Ottoman power |
| |Zenta. | | |broken.= |
| | | | | |
| =1700=|1700-1721. GREAT NORTHERN WARS. |1700. Peter the | |
| | | |Great wars with | |
| |1701. Hague |1701. Prussia is|the Northern | |
| |alliance. |erected into a |Powers. | |
| | |kingdom under | | |
| | |Frederick I. |1703. St. |1703. Mustapha |
| | | |Petersburg |II. deposed by |
| |1704. Battle of |1704. Stanislaus|founded. |the Janizaries. |
| |=Blenheim=. |I., King of | | |
| |Bavarians and |Poland. |1707. Revolt of | |
| |French defeated | |the Cossack | |
| |by English and | |Mazeppa. | |
| |Allies. Germany | | | |
| |delivered from | |1708. Charles | |
| |Louis XIV. | |XII. of Sweden | |
| | | |invades Russia. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1709. Is de- | |
| |1711. CHARLES | |feated at | |
| |VI., Emperor. |1712-1786. |=Pultowa= by | |
| | |FREDERICK II. |Peter the Great.| |
| | | |Russia becomes a| |
| | | |great power. | |
| | | | | |
| | | |1714. Finland | |
| | | |conquered. |1717. Turks lose|
| | | | |Belgrade. |
| |_BACH_ (1685- | |1721. Peter as- | |
| |1754). | |sumes the title |1723. Turks and |
| | | |“Emperor of all |Russians attempt|
| |_HANDEL_ (1685- | |the Russias.” |to dismember |
| |1759). | | |Persia. |
| | | | | |
| =1725=|1725. Treaty of | | | |
| |Vienna, alliance| |1727. Treaty | |
| |between Spain | |with China. | |
| |and Austria. | | | |
| | | |1730. Peter II.,| |
| | | |last of the | |
| | | |Romanoffs. | |
| |1733. =War of |1733. Poland: | | |
| |the Polish suc- |Frederick | | |
| |cession.= |Augustus II. The| | |
| | |diet elects | | |
| | |Stanislaus, but | | |
| | |is compelled by | | |
| | |the Russian army| | |
| | |to elect | | |
| | |Frederick. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1734. Stanislaus| |1734. Turks |
| | |besieged in | |driven from |
| | |Dantzic, escapes| |Persia by Nâdir |
| | |to Konigsberg. | |Shah. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1739. India: |
| | | | |Invaded by Nâdir|
| | | | |Shah who takes |
| | | | |and plunders |
| | | | |Delhi. |
| | | | | |
| |1740-1748. WAR |1740-1786. | |1740. Renewed |
| |OF THE AUSTRIAN |FREDERICK THE | |invasion of |
| |SUCCESSION. |GREAT of Prus- | |Turkey. |
| | |sia. | | |
| |1741. MARIA | | | |
| |THERESA succeeds| | | |
| |to the heredita-| | | |
| |ry states. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1745. Francis | | | |
| |I., husband of | | | |
| |Maria Theresa, | | | |
| |Emperor. | | | |
| =1750=| | | | |
| |1754-1763. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN | |
| |YEARS WAR: ENGLAND AND PRUSSIA VS. FRANCE, |1756. India: |
| |AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SPAIN AND SWEDEN. 1754-1763. |Calcutta taken |
| | | | |by Surajah |
| | | |1762. CATHERINE |Dowlah of |
| |1763. Prussia and Austria hold |II. reigns. |Bengal; the |
| |the balance of power on the | |Black Hole. |
| |Continent. | | |
| | | | | |
| |_LESSING_ (1729-|1764. Poland: | | |
| |1781). |Stanislaus |1768. War with |1768. War be- |
| | |Poniatowski |the Ottoman |tween Russia and|
| | |elected king. |Empire. |the Ottoman |
| | | | |Empire. |
| |1772. JOSEPH II.|1772. First | | |
| |takes part in |partition of | |1773. Ottoman |
| |the first parti-|Poland, among | |Empire: The Rus-|
| |tion of Poland, |Russia, Prussia | |sians are re- |
| |the territory |and Austria. | |pulsed at Varna |
| |acquired being | | |and Silistria. |
| |made into the | | |ABDUL HAMID suc-|
| |Kingdom of | | |ceeds. |
| |Galicia. | | | |
| | | |1774. Revolt of |1774. India: |
| |_IMMANUEL KANT_ | |the Cossacks. |Warren Hastings,|
| |(1724-1804). | |Peace of |first British |
| | | |Kutchuk-Kainarji|governor- |
| | | |between Russia |general. |
| | | |and Turkey. | |
| =1775=| | | | |
| |1778. War of the| | |1778. India: War|
| |Bavarian succes-| | |between the |
| |sion. Bavaria | | |English and the |
| |seized by | | |Mahrattas. |
| |Germany. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |_MOZART_ (1756- | | | |
| |1791). | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1780. _Declaration of the Armed Neutrality for the| |
| |protection of neutral flags_ against the right of | |
| |maritime search claimed by England--joined by | |
| |Denmark and Sweden. Prussia and Austria, 1781. | |
| |Portugal, 1782. | |
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