Chapter I: Period of Authentic Discovery and Exploration, From 1492 to 1607 (11)

=Lie, Lay.=--Distinguish between the verbs:--lie--to tell lies

_Present Tense_--He lies like truth.
He is lying.

_Past Tense_--But he lied unto him.
Wherefore have ye lied to me?
Why have you been lying to me?

lie--to lie down

_Present_--The dog lies under the table.
The dog is lying under the table.

_Past_--He lay upon the bed.
He has lain there for hours.
He has been lying there for hours.

lay--to put a thing down

_Present_--The boy lays his books on the table.
The boy is laying his books on the table.

_Past_--He laid his head upon the block.
The hen has laid an egg.
The hen has been laying all the winter.

=Liable, Apt.=--_Apt_ means fit, ready, quick to do a thing, or to be subjected to certain conditions. It generally implies willingness. _Liable_ signifies bound to duties, subject or exposed to inconveniences or dangers, and implies no regard to the will of its subject. “John will be apt to catch the fever if he goes into that house,” should be “John will be liable,” etc. A person who is studious may be spoken of as _apt_ to learn, and _liable_ to become dyspeptic.

=Like.=--“We don’t do that like you do.” Say “as you do.” This misuse of _like_ is common with English women novelists. _As_ should be used when a verb follows, or is understood to follow. Where no verb is implied, _like_ may be employed.

=Like for As.=--Like should not be used as a conjunction. Say: “Do as I do,” not, “do like I do,” or, “do like me.”

=Like, Love.=--_Love_ is often used instead of _like_, and is thereby made to lose all its force. We _love_ what the heart goes out to, that for which we entertain a fond and lasting affection. We _love_ wives, husbands, parents, children, near friends. We _like_ what we have a taste for, what pleases us in passing, or what is generally agreeable to us, as acquaintances, sweetmeats, pleasant weather, music, painting, reading. We regret for a long time the loss of what we _love_, we soon cease to be troubled at missing what we _like_.

=Limb.=--“She fell, and bruised her limb.” Say what limb. The arm is a limb, as well as the leg. The foolish shame which avoids mentioning the leg by name, is not modesty, but prudery.

=Lit.=--Not to be used for _lighted_. Instead of saying “He _lit_ the gas,” say “he _lighted_ the gas.” Do not say “He _lit_ on his feet,” but “he _lighted_ on his feet.”

=Locate.=--“I shall locate in Iowa.” Say _settle_. _Locate_ has acquired a certain technical currency. The purchaser of land warrants _locates_ by selecting a particular tract to claim under it. _Place_, _settle_, _fix_, _establish_, can be substituted for it in most cases, and are better.

=Mad.=--Should not be used for _angry_.

=Mail man.=--An inelegant form for _postman_.

=Me being.=--“Me being absent, the young folks lived high.” Say “I being absent,” or “while I was absent,” or “during my absence.”

=Me, I.=--“Is it me you mean?” Say “is it I?” or “do you mean me?”

=Me, My.=--“In consequence of me neglecting.”--“The horse got away in consequence of me neglecting to fasten the gate.” Say “in consequence of my neglecting,” etc.

=Monstrous.=--_Monstrous_ does not mean large. It means _ill-formed_, _misshapen_, deviating from the course of nature, of a character to inspire unpleasant feelings. But an object so unusually large as to appear terrible may be figuratively styled _monstrous_.

=More--than=, not _more--as_. “He was _more_ beloved but not so much admired _as_ his brother.” This sentence must be recast.

“He was _more_ beloved _than_ his brother, but not so much admired.” Or,

“Though not so much admired as his brother, he was more beloved.”

=Mortgagor, Mortgagee.=--The _mortgagor_ is the debtor, who pledges the property which is in mortgage. The _mortgagee_ is the creditor, to whom the mortgage is made.

=Most.=--Not to be used for _almost_; as “He is here _most_ every day.”

=Mutual.=--Does not mean _common_, but _reciprocal_. “We may have a _common_ friend, but a _mutual_ dislike”; that is, a dislike for each other.

=Myself.=--Not to be used for _I_. Do not say “John and _myself_ are friends”; but “John and _I_,” etc.

=Near, Nearly.=--“I lost _near_ twenty pounds.” Say “_nearly_ twenty pounds.”

=Neither for Either.=--“That is not the case, neither.” Say “either.” The double negative is wrong.

=Neither, Nor.=--Negatives other than neither may take _or_ or _nor_ as their correlative. With subjects connected by “either--or,” “neither--nor,” the verb must be singular:--

Neither he nor his brother _were_ trained for the ministry.

should be

Neither he nor his brother _was_ trained for the ministry.

Either the master or his servant was responsible.

Neither ignorance nor negligence has been the cause of his ruin.

=New beginner.=--Say _beginner_. When one begins anything, he is new at it of course.

=Nice.=--A very generally misused word. Properly _nice_ means _delicate_, _discriminating_, _fastidious_. The works of a watch show _nice_ construction; a man may be _nice_ in his manners. The word should not be used to mean _agreeable_ or _charming_ as “I had a _nice_ time.”

=Nicely.=--Do not use _nicely_ for _well_, as “The sick man is doing _nicely_.”

=Nobody else.=--“There was nobody else but him.” Omit _else_.

=No for Not.=--“I cannot tell whether this is correct or _no_,” is wrong. Say, “I cannot tell whether this is correct or _not_.”

=None=, is the same as no one, and is properly singular. It is, however, used in both numbers, according as the context seems to make appropriate.

=Not as I know of.=--Incorrectly used for _not that I know of_.

=Not me.=--“Who made that noise?” “Not me.” Say “not I.” “It wasn’t me.” Say “it wasn’t I.” The use of _me_ is defended by some writers.

=Not only--but also.=--Correlatives must be placed immediately before the words connected.

“He _not only_ lent me his horse _but also_ sent his carriage.”

“He lent me _not only_ his horse _but also_ his carriage.”

=Number, Quantity.=--_Number_ should be used in speaking of objects that are counted, _quantity_ with those that are measured. _Much_, _little_, and _less_, answer to quantity, and _many_, _few_, and _fewer_, to numbers; _more_ answers to both.

=Of.=--“A child of four years old.” Say “a child four years old,” or “a child of four years.”

=Off of.=--“There were ten yards of the cloth before I cut this piece off of it.” Say “before I cut this piece off it,” or “from it.”

=One.=--_One_ is the only singular personal pronoun of common gender.

“_One_ must not forget _one’s_ duty to _one’s_ country.” This frequent repetition is disagreeable.

“No man must forget his duty to his country.”

“A man must not forget his duty to his country.”

=Only= is best placed immediately before the word it modifies. In case there can be no ambiguity it may be placed immediately after the word it modifies.

_Only_ I wrote to him to-day. (No one else wrote.)

I _only_ wrote to him yesterday. (I did not telephone.)

I wrote _only_ to him to-day. (I wrote to no one else.)

I wrote to him _only_ to-day. (No longer ago than to-day.)

I wrote him to-day _only_. (I had not written before.)

This car for members _only_. (For none but members.)

=Only, Alone.=--“He alone can do it,” implies that he can do it without help. It would be better, “He can do it alone.” “He only can do it,” signifies that he, and no other person, can do it. Using _alone_ in the sense of _only_ may lead to ambiguity.

=Onto.=--We get _on_ a horse and _on_ a chair, not _onto_.

=Orate.=--An unauthorized form commonly used to mean _to give an oration_.

=Over.=--Do not use _over_ in the sense of _more than_; as, “I have _over_ a hundred dollars”; “The stick is _over_ a yard long.”

=Over a bridge.=--“He went over the bridge.” It is more exact to say, “he went across the bridge.” A bird may fly _over_ a bridge, if it does not touch the bridge.

=Overhead and ears.=--“We went in overhead and ears.” Say _overhead_. The head carries the ears. But “overhead and ears in debt” is a phrase which it will be hard to abolish.

=Partial, Partially.=--“This view is partially correct.” “Partly correct,” or “in part correct,” is better. _Partially_ means, properly, one sided, with bias.

=Persuasion=, in the sense of religious denomination or belief, is objectional. _Sect_, _denomination_, _belief_, or “school of belief,” are proper substitutes.

=Plunge down.=--“He plunged down into the stream.” Omit _down_.

=Possessives.=--

Rule.--Use the apostrophe and the letter _s_ (or change the form) only when the noun (or pronoun) itself represents the possessor.

This is a photograph _of_ my uncle.

She is a servant of my _aunt’s_.

This is a criticism _of John_. (Some one else wrote it about John.)

This is an opinion _of John’s_. (John’s opinion; that is, John uttered it.)

This is an opinion _of John_. (Some one else uttered it.)

=Plural and Singular Words.=--_Molasses_ is singular. The habit of giving it a plural construction is an error. Say “that molasses is souring,” not “them molasses are souring.”

Words like _scissors_, _snuffers_, _tongs_, _trousers_, etc., denoting articles which are paired or coupled, are plural, and take a plural verb. “The scissors are dull,” not “is dull.”

This is the birthplace of the President. (Not President’s.)

This is the private office of the Secretary. (Not Secretary’s.)

He is a friend _of the Bank’s_. (One of several friends.)

He is an enemy _of mine_. (One or more possessed by me.)

He is a brother _of mine_. (One or more possessed by me.)

He is a friend _of hers_. (One or more possessed by her.)

I cannot endure that rasping voice _of Bridget’s_. (One voice.)

=Prepositions.=--Never use a preposition to end a sentence:

For whom is that? To whom are you writing? The matter to which I am referring.

Two prepositions should not come together, as: “That is the man I went _to for_ advice.” But, “That is the man to whom I went for advice.”

=Previous, Previously.=--“He wrote me previous to his coming.” Say “previously to his coming.”

=Quantity, Number.=--_Quantity_ is used of that which can be measured; _number_, of that which can be counted; as, “There is a large _quantity_ of sugar on hand”; “There are a large _number_ of eggs in the basket.”

In connection with the use of the singular or the plural verb with the word _number_, note that the plural verb is used when _number_ means _several_; the singular, when _number_ is used to stand for a unit; as, “A _number_ of persons _are_ going” (several); “The _number is_ limited to five.”

=Quite.=--“There are quite a number of Americans here.” Say “there are several.” One is _quite_ a number. It is correct to say “there are quite twenty” to express that the number is completely made up--which is the meaning of _quite_.

=Raised.=--“I was raised in the South.” Say “brought up.” “I was raised in Mr. Stephens’ family.” Say “taken care of,” “brought up,” “instructed,” or “trained.” We “raise” horses, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry and crops, but apply a more refining process to human beings.

=Ran, Run.=--Say “this horse has often run a mile in two minutes and a half; yesterday he ran a mile in two minutes and three-quarters.”

=Rang, Rung.=--“I have rang the bell half a dozen times.” Say “have rung.” But say in the imperfect, “they rang the bells merrily for Christmas day.”

=Rather--than, Prefer--to.=--“He _preferred_ doing nothing _rather than_ run the risk of doing wrong,” should be “He preferred doing nothing rather than running the risk of doing wrong”; or “He preferred to do nothing rather than to run the risk of doing wrong.”

=Receipt and Recipe.=--One properly says, “The _receipt_ calls for three cupfuls of flour,” _recipe_ being restricted in its use as a medical term. Century gives the following: _Receipt_ is distinguished from _recipe_ by the common restriction of that word [_recipe_] to medical and relative uses; as, “A _receipt_ for a pudding.”

=Reckon.=--Provincial for _think_. “I _reckon_ he will come soon.” Say “I _think_” or “I _believe_.”

=Reference, Recommendation.=--A person seeking employment or position, names certain persons who know him as his _references_. They may, if they are so disposed, and can do so with truth, give him their _recommendation_.

=Regard.=--“In regard _of_ this matter.” Say “in regard _to_,” or “with regard _to_.”

Regarded _from_ that standpoint, but looked at _in_ that light.

=Relations, Relatives, Kin, Kindred.=--It is better to speak of ones _relatives_ than of his _relations_. _Relations_ has other meanings. _Kin_ and _kindred_ are old English words, which deserve to be more in fashion than they are.

=Relative Pronouns.=--_Who_ is used exclusively with persons, _which_ exclusively with things, and _that_ with persons and things. In common conversation _that_ is more frequently used with persons than _who_. But _who_ is considered more elegant.

Examples of the correct use of the relative pronouns, _who_, _which_, _that_, and _what_:

I gave the money to the driver, _who_ will give it to his employer.

I brought her a book, from the library, _which_ she enjoyed very much.

This is the house _that_ she bought.

I do not want you to repeat _what_ I have told you.

(1) In the last sentence _what_ is equivalent to _that which_ or the _thing which_. It differs from the other relative pronouns in that _its antecedent is never expressed_, it being implied in the word itself (that which).

(2) _What_ is always of the neuter gender, and is used in only the nominative and the objective case. _Who_, _whose_, and _whom_ are either masculine and feminine (common gender) and are used, respectively, in the nominative, the possessive, and the objective case.

(3) _Which_ is neuter and may be used in either the nominative or the objective case.

(4) _Whose_ is the form of the possessive for either _who_ or _which_.

=Remarkable, Remarkably.=--“She is a remarkable pretty girl.” Say _remarkably pretty_.

=Reside and Live.=--The simple word _live_ is preferable to _reside_ when referring to one’s place of residence, _reside_ being reserved for more stately occasions.

=Respect.=--Instead of “in respect of,” say “in respect _to_,” or “with respect _to_.”

=Respectfully and Respectively.=--_Respectfully_ mean in a respectful manner; _respectively_ refers to persons or things thought of singly; as, “He behaved _respectfully_ toward his parents”; “The names of the boys are, _respectively_, John, Henry, and James.”

=Rise up.=--“He rose up and left the room.” Say “he rose”; say also, _raise_, _lift_, _hoist_; not _raise up_, _lift up_, _hoist up_.

=Saw, Seen, See.=--“I see him last Monday.” Say “I saw him.” “I seen him yesterday.” Say “I saw him.” “I haven’t saw him for along time.” Say “I haven’t seen him.” _See_ is present, _saw_ imperfect, _seen_ the participle. The habit of confusing them prevails widely.

=Section.=--“Mr. ---- does not live in this section.” Say “in this neighborhood,” “vicinity,” or “part of the country.” A _section_, in geography, is one square mile, or six hundred and forty acres of land, which has been laid out by the government.

=Shall and Will.=--_Shall_ in the first person and _will_ in the second and third persons denote mere futurity.

_Will_ in the first person and _shall_ in the second and third denote volition.

In asking questions _shall_ must always be used with a subject in the first person. In the second and third persons we use _shall_ and _will_ according to the answers that we expect. When we expect the answer _shall_, we use _shall_ in asking the question. When we expect the answer _will_, we use _will_ in asking the question.

Similar statements are true of _should_ and _would_.

The proper use of _shall_, _will_, _should_, and _would_ in indirect discourse may be determined by turning the sentence into the direct discourse and choosing the proper word according to the rule.

With all three persons, we may use _would_ to express a wish. Also we may use _would_ without regard to future time, to denote that an action is customary; as, “He would often fish for days in succession.”

_Should_ is sometimes used in its original sense of _ought_; as, “You should not do that.”

The forms given below are examples of the simple future statement.

Examples:

I shall be happy. We shall be happy.
You will be happy. You will be happy.
He will be happy. They will be happy.

If we wish to add the idea of a compelling force, or of determination or obligation, the proper auxiliary for the first person is _will_; for the second and third persons, _shall_.

Examples:

I will go means I am determined to go.

You shall go means You must go.

He shall go means He must go.

We will go means We are determined to go.

You shall go means You must go.

They shall go means They must go.

_I shall have satisfaction_ means that the satisfaction will come in the course of time.

_I will have satisfaction_ means _I am determined to have it_.

=Sink down.=--“The stone sunk down in the water.” Omit _down_.

=Some for Somewhat.=--“He is some better today.” It is better to say “he is somewhat better.”

=Split Infinitive.=--To explain, to thank (infinitive). These words should not be separated (split). “Have the goodness to clearly explain,” should be “Have the goodness to explain clearly.”

“I want to personally thank you,” should be “I want to thank you personally.”

=Tenses.=--In subordinate clauses the tense of the verb is relative to the tense of the principal verb.

“He intended to have done so,” should be “He intended to do so.”

The imperfect tense, _I did_ is used in speaking of events which took place before a time that is past.

The perfect tense, _I have done_, is used in speaking of events which have been completed before the present time.

=Than me.=--“He is taller than me.” The word after _than_ should be in the same case with the word before it.

=Than him.=--“You are stronger than him.” Say “than he.”

=That.=--See Relative Pronouns.

=Thee and You.=--“I owe thee a heavy debt of gratitude, and you will not permit me to pay it.” Avoid such confusion of numbers. Use the same word--either _thee_ or _you_--in both clauses.

=Them, They.=--“It was _them_.” Say “it was they.”

=These, This.=--I don’t like _these sort_ of folks (this sort).

Those kind of boots--that kind (those kinds).

=These kind, Those sort.=--_Kind_ and _sort_ are singular nouns, and should be modified by singular adjectives. Say “_this kind_,” “_that sort_.”

=They, Everyone.=--Do not use _they_ indefinitely instead of _everyone_, as, “They are always in a hurry in the city”; better say “Everyone is in a hurry in the city.”

=Though= is followed by _yet_. “Though he was rich, yet for our sakes he became poor.”

=Through.=--Often misused in the sense of _finished_. “I am _through_ with my breakfast,” instead of “I have _finished_ my breakfast.”

=To be.=--The verb “to be” takes the same case after it as before it. Example: “Who is there?” “It is I.” Say “It was I who rang the bell.”

=Trousers, Waistcoat, Gown, Petticoat=, are good old respectable English words, which point out particular garments without possibility of mistake. They are better than the new ones, _pantaloons_, _vest_, _dress_, _skirt_.

=Try and.=--“I will try and do it.” Say “I will try to do it.”

=Unique= is not properly modified by _very_, _unique_ meaning the only one of its kind.

=Use to.=--_Used to_, not _use to_, is the correct form; as, “_I used to go_ there very often.” In negative constructions “didn’t used to” is always incorrect.

=View to and View of.=--One properly says, “With _a view to_ finding out.” or “With _the view of_ finding out.”

=Visit with.=--_Visit_ is improperly followed by _with_ in such constructions as, “I am _visiting with_ friends in New York,” “I am visiting friends,” etc., being the correct form.

=Vocation.=--A man’s _vocation_ is his calling, his regular business. His _avocation_ is something outside of his business with which he occupies himself incidentally. My friend’s _vocation_ is the practice of law; his _avocation_ is photography. Still, while _avocation_, in the sense of _vocation_, is usually avoided by good writers, such use has some sanction of authority.

=Want.=--Avoid _want_ in the sense of “ought” or “had better,” as, “You want to hurry if you are going to catch the car”; better say “You had better hurry if you expect to catch the car.”

=Was, Were.=--“Was you?” “You was.” Say “were you?” “You were.”

=Way, Away.=--_Way_ should not be used for away. “I saw him away (not way) down the road.”

=What for Who, Which, and That.=--See Relative Pronouns.

=Where for In which.=--“It is a cause where justice is particularly concerned.” Say _in which_. “We presented a paper where his case was fully explained.” Say “a paper in which.” But _where_ may be used instead of _which_ and a preposition when place is the predominant idea. “The old house where I was born.”

=Whether= is followed by _or_. “Whether he will go or not, I cannot tell.”

=Which.=--See Relative Pronouns.

=Who.=--See Relative Pronouns.

=Without, Unless.=--_Without_ must not be used for _unless_. “You won’t catch the train _without_ you run,” should be, “You won’t catch the train _unless_ you run.”

“My uncle would not take me _without_ my mother wished it,” should be “My uncle would not take me _unless_ my mother wished it.”

=Wrong and Wrongly.=--_Wrong_ is an adverb as well as an adjective. For this reason, _wrong_ is often interchangeably used with _wrongly_; as, “The mail was sent off _wrong_” (or _wrongly_). When preceding the verb, _wrongly_ is required; as “The letter was _wrongly_ addressed.”

USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS

The following are the general rules for the use of capitals,
together with the abbreviations most commonly used. Many special
uses of capital letters are also insisted upon by writers which
cannot be reduced to general rules.

=Rule 1.=--The first word of every sentence should begin with a capital letter.

A sentence preceded by an introductory word or clause such as Resolved, Be it enacted, etc., begins with a capital notwithstanding the introductory word.

=Rule II.=--The first word of a direct quotation, of an important statement, and of a direct question, should begin with a capital.

Examples:

One truth is clear: Whatever is, is right.--_Pope._ Ask yourselves this question: Are you doing right?

=Rule III.=--The first word of every line of poetry should begin with a capital.

=Rule IV.=--All proper names begin with capitals. If the proper name consists of several words, all are capitalized except articles, prepositions, and conjunctions.

Examples:--San Diego, Burton-on-Trent, the Grand Army of the Republic.

The words _street_, _road_, _lake_, _river_, _mountain_, etc., should begin with capitals when used in connection with proper names.

Examples:--Crawford Road, Prospect Street, Lake Erie, Cuyahoga River, Little Mountain.

_North_, _South_, _East_, and _West_, should begin with capitals when they mean sections of the country and not points of the compass.

Example:--Chicago, the largest city of the West, is south of Lake Michigan.

Capitalize _city_ only when part of the corporate name, _New York City_, _Washington City_.

=Rule V.=--Names of days and months always take a capital; but the names of seasons of the year are not commonly capitalized.

=Rule VI.=--Titles of office before personal names, and other titles so placed which are not mere common names of vocation, are written with capitals.

Examples:--_Senator Jones_, _Doctor_ (or _Dr._) _Brown_, _Aunt Jane_, _Miss_ or _Master Gray_; but _coachman Smith_, _barber Harris_, etc.

Titles of dignity are also commonly capitalized when used alone, as in address, or with the definite article.

Examples:--_the President_, _Senator_, _Judge_, _the Judge_, _District Attorney_.

When title, with or without Christian name, precedes “de,” use lower-case “d”; this rule applies also to “la,” “di,” “von,” “van,” etc.

Examples:--_Marquis de Lafayette_, _Di Cesnola_, _Prince von Moltke_, _Von Humboldt_, _Dr. la Mond_, _De Chaulnes_, _Mr. van Renssalaer_.

=Rule VII.=--Many special names of a common kind are, in particular uses, treated as proper nouns and capitalized.

Examples:--_Congress_, _Parliament_, _Senate_, _House of Representatives_, _State_ (for one of the United States), _Hudson River Railroad_, _Aldine Printing Company_.

Capitalize the names of political parties; as, _Republican Party_, _Democratic Party_, _Progressive Party_, etc.

Capitalize _Christmas Day_, _New Year’s Day_, _Lincoln’s Birthday_, _Washington’s Birthday_, _Good Friday_, _Decoration Day_ or _Memorial Day_, _Fourth of July_, _Labor Day_, _Election Day_, _Thanksgiving Day_, etc.; a noted day, as _Black Friday_, etc.; but _blue Monday_.

Capitalize _Northerner_, _Southerner_, _Northern gentleman_, _Southern blood_, etc.

Capitalize names of important events and periods: as, _the Creation_, _the Fall_, _the Flood_, _the Reformation_, _the Revolution_ (French or American), _Civil War_ (American), _the Middle Ages_, _the Union_, _Reconstruction_.

Capitalize religious denominations; as, _Methodist_, _Episcopal Church_, _St. Mark’s Church_, _Church and State_, etc.

Church is without the capital always when used alone or when meaning congregation or building; as, a _Methodist church in Hoboken_.

Capitalize _College_, _Club_, _Society_, etc., when referring to that particular body, in by-laws, proceedings, or other publications of a college, club, society, company, etc.

Capitalize _Monsieur_, _Madame_, _Signor_, etc.

Capitalize _State_ only when referring to one of the United States.

=Rule VIII.=--Adjectives and nouns derived from proper names are written with capitals.

Examples:--_Jacksonian_, _New Yorker_, _Congressman_ (if _Congress_ has a capital).

Names of countries and places, and adjectives derived from them.

Examples:--a German dictionary. The best Spanish wines.

But such words used in some other common way are not capitalized.

Examples:--morocco leather, russia leather, india rubber, plaster of paris, etc.

=Rule IX.=--Names of families and larger groups in natural history, and of genera, are written with capitals; also botanical specific names derived from proper names, and those that have formerly been genus-names, though zoölogical usage gives a small initial to every specific name.

Examples:--_Asplenium Trichomanes_ (a fern). _Menticirrhus americanus_ (a fish). _Carya alba_ (a hickory tree).

=Rule X.=--In headings the important words only should be capitalized.

Titles of books, newspapers, plays, and the like, are written with capitals beginning the important words, most commonly nouns, principal verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The word _the_ is capitalized as part of the title if the title is quoted exactly.

Examples:--A History of the Rebellion.
Free Trade and Protection.
Put Yourself in his Place.
Milton’s Select Poems.
The Beginnings of Poetry.

=Rule XI.=--The pronoun _I_ and the interjection _O_ are capitalized.

=Rule XII.=--All names of God, all words that may be regarded as titles of the Deity, should begin with capitals.

=Rule XIII.=--In compound words, as vice-president, ex-president, etc., the prefix (vice) should not be capitalized.

=Rule XIV.=--In personification it is usual to capitalize the personified words.

Examples:--
Vice is a monster; smiling Spring.
The Voice of Nature; but: true to nature.

ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND DEGREES

Military or naval and some professional titles preceding names are
nearly always abbreviated; as _Capt. Jones_, _Dr. Brown_, _Rev. Dr.
Smith_.

Titles of collegiate degree are abbreviated; as, _William Lee, Ph.
D., LL. D._

In general writing, it is better to avoid abbreviation as far as
possible.

_A._, _a._ Adjective.

_A._ Alto.

_A._, _ans._ Answer.

_a._, @ (Lat. _ad_). To; At.

_ä_, _ää._ The like quantity of each.

_A. A. A. S._ American Association for the Advancement of Science.

_A. B._ (Lat. _artium baccalaureus_). Bachelor of Arts.

_Abbr._, _Abbrev._ Abbreviated, Abbreviation.

_Abl._, _ablat._ Ablative.

_Abp._ Archbishop.

_A. C._ (Lat. _ante Christum_). Before Christ; Analytical Chemist.

_Acad._ Academy.

_Acc._, _Accus._ Accusative.

_Acc._, _Acct._ Account.

_A. D._ (Lat. _anno Domini_). In the year of our Lord.

_A. D. C._ Aide-de-camp.

_Ad._, _advt._ Advertisement.

_Adj._ Adjective.

_Adjt._ Adjutant.

_Adjt. Gen._ Adjutant-General.

_Ad lib._, _Ad libit._ (Lat. _ad libitum_). At pleasure.

_Adm._ Admiral.

_Admr._ Administrator.

_Admx._ Administratrix.

_Adv._ Adverb.

_Æ._, _Æt._ (Lat. _ætatis_). Of Age, Aged.

_A. G._, _Agt.-Gen._ Adjutant-General.

_Ag._ (Lat. _argentum_). Silver.

_Agl. Dept._ Agricultural Department.

_Agr._, _Agric._ Agriculture, Agricultural.

_Agt._ Agent.

_A. L. of H._ American Legion of Honor.

_Al._, Ala. Alabama.

_Alas. Ter._ Alaska Territory.

_Ald._ Alderman.

_Alex._ Alexander.

_Alf._ Alfred.

_Alg._ Algebra.

_A. M._ (Lat. _anno mundi_). In the year of the world.

_A. M._ (Lat. _ante meridiem_). Before noon.

_A. M._ (Lat. _artium magister_). Master of Arts.

_Am._, _Amer._ America, American.

_Amer. Phil. Soc._ American Philosophical Society.

_Amt._ Amount.

_an._ (Lat. _anno_). In the year.

_Anal._ Analysis.

_Anat._ Anatomy, Anatomical.

_Anc._ Ancient.

_Anon._ Anonymous.

_Ans._ Answer.

_Ant._, _Antiq._ Antiquities, Antiquarian.

_Anthrop._ Anthropology, Anthropological.

_A. O. U. W._ Ancient Order of United Workmen.

_Ap._, _App._ Apostle, Apostles.

_A. P. A._ American Protestant Association; American Protective
Association.

_Apoc._ Apocalypse, Apocrypha.

_Apog._ Apogee.

_App._ Appendix.

_approx._ Approximate, -ly.

_Apr._ April.

_Aq._ (Lat. _aqua_). Water.

_Ar._ _Arab._ Arabic, Arabian.

_A. R. A._ Associate of the Royal Academy.

_Arab._ Arabic, Arabian.

_Aram._ Aramaic.

_Arch._ Architecture.

_Archæol._ Archæology.

_Archd._ Archdeacon.

_Arith._ Arithmetic, Arithmetical.

_Ariz._ Arizona.

_Ark._ Arkansas.

_Art._ Article.

_A. S._, _A.-S._ Anglo-Saxon.

_Asst._ Assistant.

_A. S. S. U._ American Sunday School Union.

_Assyr._ Assyrian.

_Astrol._ Astrology.

_Astron._ Astronomy, Astronomical.

_Atty._ Attorney.

_Atty.-Gen._ Attorney-General.

_A. U. A._ American Unitarian Association.

_A. U. C._ (Lat. _anno urbis conditæ_). In the year from the building
of the city--Rome.

_Aug._ Augustus; August.

_Auxil._ Auxiliary.

_Avoir._ Avoirdupois.

_B._, _Brit._ British.

_b._ Born.

_B. A._ Bachelor of Arts [_A. B._]

_Bal._ Balance.

_Balt._, _Balto._ Baltimore.

_Bap._, _Bapt._ Baptist.

_Bar._ Barrel, Barometer.

_Bart._, _Bt._ Baronet.

_bbl._, _bbls._ Barrel, Barrels.

_B. C._ Before Christ.

_B. C. L._ (Lat. _baccalaureus civilis legis_). Bachelor of Civil Law.

_B. D._ (Lat. _baccalaureus divinitatis_). Bachelor of Divinity.

_Bd._ Bound.

_Bdls._ Bundles.

_B. E._ Bachelor of the Elements; Bachelor of Elocution.

_Belg._ Belgic, Belgian.

_Ben._, _Benj._ Benjamin.

_Bib._ Bible, Biblical.

_Biog._ Biography, Biographical.

_Biol._ Biology, Biological.

_B. L._, _B. L. L._ (Lat. _baccalaureus legum_). Bachelor of Laws.

_B. ès L._ (F. Bachelier ès Lettres). Bachelor of Letters.

_bls._ Bales.

_B. M._ (Lat. _baccalaureus medicinæ_). Bachelor of Medicine.

_B. M._, _B. Mus._ (Lat. _baccalaureus musicæ_). Bachelor of Music.

_B. O._ Branch Office.

_B. O._ Bachelor of Oratory.

_Boh._ Bohemian or Czech.

_Bot._ Botany, Botanical.

_Bp._ Bishop.

_Br._, _Bro._ Brother.

_Brig._ Brigade.

_Brig.-Gen._ Brigadier-General.

_Brit._ Britain, Britannia, British.

_B. S._ Bachelor of Surgery; Bachelor of Science.

_B. Sc._ (Lat. _baccalaureus scientiæ_). Bachelor of Science.

_Bt._ Baronet.

_bush._ Bushel.

_B. V._ Blessed Virgin.

_B. V. M._ Blessed Virgin Mary.

_bx._, _bxs._ Box, Boxes.

_C._ Cent, Cents; Centigrade; Consul; Centime, Centimes; a hundred.

_C._, _Cap._ (Lat. _caput_). Chapter.

_C. A._ Chartered Accountant.

_Cal._ California; Calendar.

_Cant._ Canticle.

_Cantab._ (Lat. _Cantabrigiensis_). Of Cambridge.

_Cap._ (Lat. _caput_). Capital; Chapter.

_Caps._ Capitals.

_Capt._ Captain.

_Card._ Cardinal.

_Cath._ Catharine; Catholic.

_C. D. V._ Carte-de-Visite.

_C. E._ Civil Engineer.

_Celt._ Celtic.

_Cent._ (_centum_). A hundred; Centigrade.

_Centig._ Centigrade.

_Cert._, _Certif._ Certify; Certificate.

_Cf._ (Lat. _confer_). Compare.

_C. ft._ Cubic feet.

_C. G._ Coastguard; Commissary-General.

_C. G. S._ Centimetre-Gramme-Second.

_C. H._ Court House.

_Ch._ Church; Chapter.

_Chal._, _Chald._ Chaldee.

_Chan._ Chancellor.

_Chap._ Chapter.

_Chas._ Charles.

_Chem._ Chemistry, Chemical.

_Ch. Hist._ Church History.

_Chr._ Christ; Christian; Christopher.

_Chron._ Chronology, Chronological.

_Cit._ Citation; Citizen.

_Civ._ Civil.

_C. J._ Chief Justice.

_Class._ Classical.

_Clk._ Clerk.

_cm._ Centimetre.

_C. M._ Certified Master; Common metre.

_C. M._ (Lat. _chirurgiæ magister_). Master in Surgery.

_C. M. G._ Companion of the Order of St. Michael and George.

_Co._ Company; County.

_C. O. D._ Cash on delivery; Collect (payment) on delivery.

_Col._ Colonel; Colossians; Column.

_Colloq._ Colloquial; Colloquialism; Colloquially.

_Colo._ Colorado.

_Com._ Commander; Commerce; Commissioner; Committee; Commodore;
Common.

_Comm._ Commentary; Commerce.

_Comp._ Compare; Comparative; Compound, Compounded.

_Con._, _contra_ (Lat.). Against.

_Con. Cr._ Contra Credit.

_Cong._ Congregation, Congregational, Congregationalist; Congress.

_Conj._ Conjunction.

_Conn._ Connecticut.

_Contr._ Contracted, Contraction.

_Cop._, _Copt._ Coptic.

_Cor._ Corinthians.

_Cor. Mem._ Corresponding Member.

_Corrup._ Corruption, Corrupted.

_Cor. Sec._ Corresponding Secretary.

_Cos._ Cosine.

_C. P._ Clerk of the Peace; Common Pleas.

_C. P. A._ Certified Public Accountant.

_C. P. C._ Clerk of the Privy Council.

_C. P. S._ (Lat. _custos privati sigilli_). Keeper of the Privy Seal.

_C. Q. D._ Come quick--danger.

_Cr._ Credit, Creditor.

_C. R._ (Lat. _Civus Romanus_). Roman Citizen.

_C. R._ (Lat. _custos rotulorum_). Keeper of the Rolls.

_Cres._ Crescendo.

_Crystall._, _Crystallog._ Crystallography.

_C. S. A._ Confederate States of America.

_C. S._ Court of Sessions, Clerk to the Signet.

_Csks._ Casks.

_Ct._ (Lat. _centum_). A hundred.

_Ct._ Court.

_Ct._, _Conn._ Connecticut.

_C. T. A. U._ Catholic Total Abstinence Union.

_Cu._ (Lat. _cuprum_). Copper.

_Cub._, _Cu. ft_. Cubic, Cubic foot.

_Cur._, _Curt._ Current--this month.

_Cwt._ A hundredweight; Hundredweights.

_Cyc._ Cyclopædia.

_d._ (Lat. _denarius_, _denarii_). A penny, Pence.

_d._ Died.

_Dan._ Daniel; Danish.

_Dat._ Dative.

_Dav._ David.

_D. C._, _Dist. Col._ District of Columbia.

_D. C. L._ Doctor of Civil (or Canon) Law.

_D. D._ (Lat. _divinitatis doctor_). Doctor of Divinity.

_D. D. S._ Doctor of Dental Surgery.

_D. E._ Dynamic Engineer.

_D. Eng._ Doctor of Engineering.

_Dec._ December.

_decim._ Decimetre.

_Def._ Definition.

_Deft._ Defendant.

_Deg._ Degree, Degrees.

_Del._ Delaware.

_Dep._, _Dept._ Department.

_Dep._ Deputy.

_Der._ Derived, Derivation.

_Deut._ Deuteronomy.

_D. G._ (Lat. _Dei gratia_). By the grace of God.

_Dict._ Dictionary.

_Dim._, _Dimin._ Diminutive.

_Dis._, _Disct._ Discount.

_Dist._ District.

_Dist. Atty._ District Attorney.

_Div._ Divide; Dividend; Division; Divisor.

_D. Lit._, _D. Litt._ Doctor of Literature.

_D. L. O._ Dead Letter Office.

_D. M._, _D. Mus._ Doctor of Music.

_D. M. D._ Doctor of Dental Medicine.

_D. O._ Doctor of Osteopathy; Doctor of Optics.

_Do._ (Ital. _ditto_). The same.

_Dols._ Dollars.

_Doz._ Dozen.

_Dpt._ Deponent.

_Dr._ Debtor; Doctor; Dram, Drams.

_Dram._ Dramatic, Dramatically.

_D. Sc._ Doctor of Science.

_D. T._ (Lat. _doctor theologiæ_). Doctor of Theology.

_Du._, _Dut._ Dutch.

_Dub._ Dublin.

_Duo._, _12mo._ Duodecimo (twelve folds).

_D. V._ (Lat. _Deo volente_). God willing.

_D. V. M._ Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.

_D. V. S._ Doctor of Veterinary Surgery.

_Dwt._ (Lat. _denarius_, an English _weight_). Pennyweight, Penny-
weights.

_Dynam._ Dynamics.

_E._ East, Eastern; English; Edinburgh.

_Ea._ Each.

_Eccl._, _Eccles._ Ecclesiastical.

_Econ._ Economy.

_Ed._ Editor; Edition; Edinburgh.

_Ed._, _Edm._ Edmund.

_Edin._ Edinburgh.

_Edw._ Edward.

_E. E._ Electrical Engineer.

_e. g._ (Lat. _exempli gratia_). For example.

_Elec._, _Elect._ Electric, Electricity.

_Eliz._ Elizabeth, Elizabethan.

_Emp._ Emperor, Empress.

_Ency._, _Encyclo._ Encyclopædia.

_E. N. E._ East-northeast.

_Eng._ England, English.

_Eng._, _Engin._ Engineer, Engineering.

_Eng. Dept._ Department of Engineers.

_Ent._, _Entom._ Entomology, Entomological.

_Env. Ext._ Envoy extraordinary.

_Eph._ Ephesians; Ephraim.

_Epiph._ Epiphany.

_Epis._ Episcopal.

_Epist._ Epistle, epistolary.

_Eq._ Equal, equivalent.

_Equiv._ Equivalent.

_Esd._ Esdras.

_E. S. E._ East-southeast.

_Esq._, _Esqr._ Esquire.

_et al_ (Lat. _et alibi_). And elsewhere.

_et al._ (Lat. _et alii_, or _aliæ_, _alia_). And others.

_etc._, _&c._ (Lat. _et cæteri_, _cæteræ_, or _cætera_). And others,
and so forth.

_Ethnol._ Ethnology, ethnological.

_et seq._, _sq._, or _sqq._ (Lat. _et sequentes_, or _et sequentia_).
And the following.

_Etym._ or _Etymol._, Etymology.

_Ex._ Example; Examined; Exception; Exodus.

_Exc._ Excellency; Except, excepted.

_Exch._ Exchange; Exchequer.

_Ex. Doc._ Executive Document.

_Exec._ Executor.

_Execx._ Executrix.

_Exod._ Exodus.

_Exon._ (Lat. _Exonia_). Exeter.

_Exr._ Executor.

_Exx._ Executrix.

_Ez._ Ezra.

_Ezek._ Ezekiel.

_E. & O. E._ Errors and omissions excepted.

_F._ Fellow; Folio; Fahrenheit.

_f._ Farthing, farthings.

_f._, _fem._ Feminine.

_f._ Franc, francs.

_Fahr._ Fahrenheit.

_F. A. S._ Fellow of the Society of Arts.

_F. C._ Free Church of Scotland.

_Fcp._ Foolscap.

_F. C. S._ Fellow of the Chemical Society.

_F. D._, _Fid. Def._ (Lat. _Fidei Defensor_). Defender of the Faith.

_Feb._ February.

_Fec._ (Lat. _fecit_). He (_or_ She) did it.

_Fem._ Feminine.

_F. E. S._ Fellow of the Entomological (or Ethnological) Society.

_Feud._ Feudal.

_F. F. V._ First Families of Virginia. (Humorous).

_F. G. S._ Fellow of the Geological Society.

_fi. fa._, _Fieri facias._ (Lat.). A form of judicial writ.

_Fig._ Figure, figures; figurative, figuratively.

_Fl._ Flemish; Florin, florins; Flourished.

_Fla._ Florida.

_Flem._ Flemish.

_F. L. S._ Fellow of the Linnæan Society.

_F. M._ Field Marshal.

_Fo._, _Fol._ Folio.

_F. O._ Foreign Office; Field Officer.

_F. O. B._ Free on board.

_For._ Foreign.

_Fort._ Fortification.

_F. P._ Fire-plug.

_Fr._ France, French; Francis; Francs.

_fr._ From.

_F. R. C. S._ Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.

_Fred._ Frederick.

_F. R. G. S._ Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

_Fri._ Friday.

_F. R. S._ Fellow of the Royal Society.

_F. S. A._ Fellow of the Society of Arts, _or_ of Antiquaries.

_Ft._ Fort; Foot, feet.

_Fth._ Fathom.

_Fur._ Furlong.

_F. Z. S._ Fellow of the Zoölogical Society.

_F. & A. M._ Free and Accepted Masons.

_G._ Genitive; Guinea, guineas; Gulf.

_Ga._ Georgia.

_Gael._ Gaelic; Gadhelic.

_Gal._ Galatians.

_gal._ Gallon, gallons.

_G. A. R._ Grand Army of the Republic.

_G. C. B._ Grand Cross of the Bath.

_G. C. H._ Grand Cross of Hanover.

_G. C. L. H._ Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor.

_G. C. M. G._ Grand Cross SS. Michael and George.

_G. C. S. I._ Grand Commander of the Star of India.

_G. D._ Grand Duke, Grand Duchess.

_Gen._ General.

_Gen._ Genesis; Genitive.

_Gend._ Gender.

_Genit._ Genitive.

_Gent._ Gentleman, gentlemen.

_Geo._ George; Georgia.

_Geog._ Geography, geographical.

_Geol._ Geology, geological.

_Geom._ Geometry, geometrical.

_Ger._, _Germ._ German.

_Gi._ Gill, gills.

_G. L._ Grand Lodge.

_G. M._ Grand Master.

_Go._, _Goth._ Gothic.

_G. O. P._ Grand Old Party.

_Gov._ Governor.

_Gov.-Gen._ Governor-General.

_Govt._ Government.

_G. P.-O._ General Post-Office.

_gr._ Grain, grains; Gross.

_Gr._ Great; Greek.

_Gram._ Grammar, grammatical.

_gro._ Gross.

_G. T._ Good Templars; Grand Tyler.

_gtt._ (Lat. _gutta_ or _guttæ_). Drop _or_ drops.

_H._ Hour, hours.

_H. B. M._ His (_or_ Her) Britannic Majesty.

_H. C._ Heralds’ College; House of Commons.

_H. C. M._ His (_or_ Her) Catholic Majesty.

_h. e._ (Lat. _hoc est, hic est_). That (_or_ this) is.

_Heb._, _Hebr._ Hebrew, Hebrews.

_Her._ Heraldry, heraldic.

_Hf.-bd._ Half-bound.

_H. H._ His (or Her) Highness; His Holiness (the pope).

_Hhd._ Hogshead, hogsheads.

_H. I. H._ His (or Her) Imperial highness.

_Hind._ Hindu, Hindustan, Hindustani.

_Hist._ History, historical.

_H. J._, _H. J. S._ (Lat. _hic jacet, hic jacet sepultus_). Here lies,
Here lies buried.

_H. M._ His (or Her) Majesty.

_H. M. S._ His (or Her) Majesty’s Service, Ship, or Steamer.

_Hon._, _Honble._ Honorable.

_Hor._, _Horol._ Horology, horological.

_Hort._, _Hortic._ Horticulture, horticultural.

_H. P._ Half-pay; High Priest; Horse power.

_H. R._ House of Representatives.

_H. R. E._ Holy Roman Empire, _or_ Emperor.

_H. R. H._ His (_or_ Her) Royal Highness.

_Hun._, _Hung._ Hungary, Hungarian.

_Hund._ Hundred, hundreds.

_Hydraul._ Hydraulics.

_Hydros._ (See _Hyd_.)

_Hypoth._ Hypothesis, hypothetical.

_I._ Island.

_Ia._ Iowa.

_Ib._, _Ibid._ (Lat. _ibidem_). In the same place.

_Icel._ Iceland, Icelandic.

_Ich._, _Ichth._ Ichthyology.

_Id._ (Lat. _idem_). The same.

_Ida._ Idaho.

_i. e._ (Lat. _id est_). That is.

_I. H. S._ (Lat. _Iesus_ [or _Jesus_] _Hominum Salvator_). Jesus the
Savior of Men.

_Ill._ Illinois.

_Imp._ (Lat. _imperator_). Emperor; Imperial; impersonal.

_Imp._, _Imperf._ Imperfect.

_in._ Inch, inches.

_Incog._ (Ital. _incognito, incognita_). Unknown.

_Ind._ India, Indian; Indiana.

_Indic._ Indicative.

_Ind. Ter._ Indian Territory.

_Inf._, _Infin._ Infinitive.

_In loc._ (Lat. _in loco_). In its place.

_I. N. R. I._ (Lat. _Iesus_ [or _Jesus_] _Nazarenus Rex Iudæorum_ [or
_Judæorum_]). Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews.

_Ins._, _Insur._ Insurance.

_Ins.-Gen._ Inspector-General.

_Inst._ Instant; the present month; Institute, Institution.

_Int._ Interest.

_Int. Dept._ Department of the Interior.

_Interj._ Interjection.

_Intrans._ Intransitive.

_In trans._ (Lat. _in transitu_). On the passage.

_Int. Rev._ Internal Revenue.

_Introd._ Introduction.

_Io._ Iowa.

_I. O. F._ Independent Order of Foresters.

_I. O. G. T._ Independent Order of Good Templars.

_I. O. O. F._ Independent Order of Oddfellows.

_I. O. R. M._ Improved Order of Red Men.

_I. O. S. M._ Independent Order of Sons of Malta.

_I. O. U._ I owe you.

_i. q._ (Lat. _idem quod_). The same as.

_Ir._ Ireland, Irish.

_Irreg._ Irregular.

_Is._, _Isa._ Isaiah.

_I. S._ Irish Society.

_Isl._ Island.

_I. S. M._ Jesus Salvator Mundi.

_It._, _Ital._ Italy; Italic; Italian.

_Itin._ Itinerary.

_J._ Judge; Justice.

_J. A._ Judge-Advocate.

_Jac._ Jacob, Jacobus (= James).

_Jan._ January.

_J. A. G._ Judge Advocate General.

_J. C._ Jesus Christ.

_J. C. D._ (Lat. juris _civilis doctor_). Doctor of Civil Law.

_J. D._ (Lat. _jurum doctor_), Doctor of Laws.

_Jer._ Jeremiah.

_J. H. S._ [_I. H. S._]

_Jno._ John.

_Jon._, _Jona._ Jonathan.

_Jos._ Joseph.

_Josh._ Joshua.

_Jour._ Journal.

_J. P._ Justice of the Peace.

_Jr._ Juror; Junior.

_J. U. D._ (Lat. _Juris utriusque doctor_). Doctor of both laws (_i.
e._, of civil and canon law).

_Jud._ Judith.

_Judg._ Judges.

_Jul._ July; Julius; Julian.

_Jun._ June.

_Jun._, _Junr._ Junior.

_Juris._ Jurisprudence.

_K._ King; Knight.

_Kan._, _Ks._ Kansas.

_K. B._ Knight of the Bath.

_K. B._ King’s Bench.

_K. C._ King’s Counsel; Knights of Columbus.

_K. C. B._ Knight Commander of the Bath.

_K. C. H._ Knight Commander of the Guelphs of Hanover.

_K. C. M. G._ Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George.

_K. E._ Knight of the Eagle.

_Ken._, _Ky._ Kentucky.

_K. G._ Knight of the Garter.

_K. G. E._ Knight of the Golden Eagle.

_K. G. C._ Knight of the Grand Cross.

_K. G. C. B._ Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath.

_K. G. F._ Knight of the Golden Fleece.

_K. G. H._ Knight of the Guelphs of Hanover.

_Kilog._ Kilogramme.

_Kilom._, _Kilo._ Kilometre.

_Kingd._ Kingdom.

_K. L. H._ Knight of the Legion of Honor.

_K. M._ Knight of Malta.

_Kn. N. S._ Knight of the Loyal Northern Star (Sweden).

_Knick._ Knickerbocker.

_Knt._ Knight.

_K. of P._ Knights of Pythias.

_Ks._ Kansas.

_K. S._ Knight of the Sword (Sweden).

_Kt._ Knight.

_K. T._ Knight of the Thistle; Knight Templar.

_K. T. S._ Knight of Tower and Sword (Portugal).

_Ky._ Kentucky.

_L._ Latin; Lake; Lord; Lady.

_L._, _l_, £. (Lat. _libra_). Pound, pounds (sterling).

_L._, _lb._ ℔ lb. (Lat. _libra_). Pound, pounds (weight).

_La._ Louisiana.

_L. A._ Law Agent; Literate in Arts.

_Lam._ Lamentations.

_Lat._ Latin; Latitude.

_lb._ Pound, pounds (weight).

_L. c._ Lower case (in printing).

_L. c._, _loc. cit._ (Lat. _loco citato_). The place cited.

_L. C._ Lord Chamberlain; Lord Chancellor.

_L. C. J._ Lord Chief-Justice.

_Ldp._ Lordship.

_Leg._, _Legis._ Legislature, legislative.

_Leip._ Leipsic.

_Lev._ Leviticus.

_Lex._ Lexicon.

_Lexicog._ Lexicography, lexicographer, lexicographical.

_L. G._ Life Guards.

_L. Ger._ Low German or Platt Deutsch.

_L. H. D._ Doctor of Humanities.

_L. I._ Light Infantry; Long Island.

_Lib._ (Lat. _liber_). Book.

_Lib._ Library, librarian.

_Lieut._, _Lt._ Lieutenant.

_Lieut.-col._ Lieutenant-colonel.

_Lieut.-gen._ Lieutenant-general.

_Lieut.-gov._ Lieutenant-governor.

_lin._ Lineal, or right-line measures; _e. g._, lin. yd.; lin. ft.,
etc.

_Linn._ Linnæus, Linné, Linnæan.

_Liq._ Liquor, liquid.

_Lit._ Literally, literature, library.

_Lit. D._, _Litt. D._ (Lat. _literarum doctor_). Doctor of Literature.

_Lith._ Lithography.

_Liv._ Livre.

_LL. B._ (Lat. _legum baccalaureus_). Bachelor of Laws.

_LL. D._ (Lat. _legum doctor_). Doctor of Laws.

_LL. M._ Master of Laws.

_L. M._ Long metre.

_Lon._, _Lond._ London.

_Lon._, _Long._ Longitude.

_Loq._ (Lat. _loquitur_). He (_or_ she) speaks.

_Lou._ Louisiana.

_L. S._ (Lat. _locus sigilli_). Place of the seal.

_L._ _s._ _d._ (Lat. _libræ_, _solidi_, _denarii_). Pounds, shillings,
pence.

_Lt._ Lieutenant.

_Lt. Inf._ Light Infantry.

_Luth._ Lutheran.

_m._ Married; Masculine; Mètre, mètres; Mile, miles; Minute, minutes.

_M._ Marquis; Middle; Monday; Morning; Monsieur.

_M._ (Lat. _mille_). Thousand.

_M._ (Lat. _meridies_). Meridian, Noon.

_M. A._ (Master of Arts). [_A. M._]

_Mac._, _Macc._ Maccabees.

_Mad._, _Madm._ Madam.

_Mag._ Magyar; Magazine.

_Maj._ Major.

_Maj.-gen._ Major-general.

_Mal._ Malachi; Malay, Malayan.

_Manuf._ Manufactures, manufacturing.

_Mar._ March; Maritime.

_Marq._ Marquis.

_Mass._ Massachusetts.

_Math._ Mathematics, mathematician, mathematical.

_Matt._ Matthew.

_M. B._ (Lat. _medicinæ baccalaureus_). Bachelor of Medicine.

_M. B._ (Lat. _musicæ baccalaureus_). Bachelor of Music.

_M. C._ Member of Congress; Master of Ceremonies.

_Mch._ March.

_M. D._ (Lat. _medicinæ doctor_). Doctor of Medicine.

_Md._ Maryland.

_Mdlle._ (Fr. _mademoiselle_). Miss.

_Mdse._ Merchandise.

_M. E._ Most Excellent; Military Engineer; Mining Engineer; Mechanical
Engineer.

_M. E._ Methodist Episcopal.

_Me._ Maine.

_Meas._ Measure.

_Mech._ Mechanics, mechanical.

_Med._ Medicine, medical; Mediæval.

_Mem._ Memorandum, memoranda.

_Messrs._ (Fr. _messieurs_). Gentlemen.

_Metall._ Metallurgy.

_Metaph._ Metaphysics; Metaphorically.

_Meteor._ Meteorology, meteorological.

_Meth._ Methodist.

_Mex._ Mexico.

_Mfd._, _Mfs._ Manufactured, manufactures.

_Mfg._ Manufacturing.

_M. H. Ger._ Middle High German.

_M. I. C. E._ Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers.

_Mich._ Michaelmas; Michigan.

_Mid._ Middle; Midshipman.

_Mil._, _Milit._ Military.

_M. I. M. E._ Member of the Institute of Mining Engineers.

_Min._ Mineralogy, mineralogical; Minute, minutes.

_Minn._ Minnesota.

_Min. Plen._ Minister Plenipotentiary.

_Miss._ Mississippi.

_Mlle._ (Fr. _mademoiselle_). Miss.

_MM._ Their Majesties.

_MM._ (Fr. _messieurs_). Gentlemen.

_mm._ Millemetres; Micrometers.

_Mme._ (Fr. _madame_). Madame.

_M. N. A. S._ Member of the National Academy of Sciences.

_Mo._ Missouri; Month.

_Mod._ Modern.

_Mod._ (Ital. _moderato_). Moderately.

_Mon._ Monday.

_Mons._ (Fr. _monsieur_). Sir, Mr.

_Mont._ Montana.

_M. P._ Member of Parliament.

_M. P. P._ Member of Provincial Parliament.

_M. P. S._ Member of the Pharmaceutical Society; Member of the
Philological Society.

_Mr._ Master, Mister.

_M. R. A. S._ Member of the Royal Asiatic Society.

_M. R. C. P._ Member of the Royal College of Physicians.

_M. R. C. S._ Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

_M. R. G. S._ Member of the Royal Geographical Society.

_M. R. I._ Member of the Royal Institution.

_Mrs._ Mistress (when abbreviated pronounced mis´sis).

_M. S._ Master of Surgery.

_M. S._ Master of Science.

_M. S._ (Lat. _Memoriæ sacrum_). Sacred to the memory of.

_MS._ Manuscript.

_MSS._ Manuscripts.

_Mt._, _Mts._ Mount, mountains.

_Mus._ Museum; Music, musical.

_Mus. B._ (Lat. _Musicæ Baccalaureus_). Bachelor of Music.

_Mus. D._, _Mus. Doc._, _Mus. Doct._ (Lat. _Musicæ Doctor_). Doctor of
Music.

_Myth._ Mythology, mythological.

_N._ Noon; North; Noun; Number; New; Neuter.

_N. A._ North America, North American.

_Nap._ Napoleon.

_Nat._ Natural; National; Natal.

_Nat. Hist._ Natural History.

_Nat. Phil._ Natural Philosophy.

_Naut._ Nautical.

_N. B._ New Brunswick; North Britain (i. e. Scotland).

_N. B._ (Lat. _Nota bene_). Note well, Take notice.

_N. C._ North Carolina.

_N. D._, _N. Dak._ North Dakota.

_N. E._ New England; Northeast.

_Neb._ Nebraska.

_Neg._ Negative, negatively.

_Neth._ Netherlands.

_Neut._ Neuter.

_Nev._ Nevada.

_New Test._, _N. T._ New Testament.

_N. F._ Newfoundland.

_N. H._ New Hampshire.

_N. J._ New Jersey.

_N. Lat._ North Latitude.

_N. M._ New Mexico.

_N. N. E._ North-northeast.

_N. N. W._ North-northwest.

_No._ (Lat. numero). Number.

_nol. pros._ (_nolle prosequi_). To be unwilling to proceed.

_Nom._ Nominative.

_Non con._ Non-content, dissentient. (The formula in which Members of
the House of Lords vote.)

_Non obst._ (Lat. _non obstante_). Notwithstanding.

_Non pros._ (Lat. _non prosequitur_). He does not prosecute.

_Non seq._ (Lat. _non sequitur_). It does not follow (as a
consequence).

_n. o. p._ Not otherwise provided for.

_Nor._, _Norm._ Norman.

_Nor. Fr._, _Norm. Fr._ Norman French.

_Norw._ Norway, Norwegian, Norse.

_Nos._ Numbers.

_Nov._ November.

_N. P._ Notary Public.

_N. S._ New style (since 1752); Nova Scotia.

_N. T._ New Testament.

_Num._, _Numb._ Numbers.

_N. V. M._ Nativity of the Virgin Mary.

_N. W._ Northwest.

_N. W. T._ Northwest Territory.

_N. Y._ New York.

_N. Z._ New Zealand.

_O._ Ohio; Old.

_ob._ (Lat. _obiit._) He (_or_ she) died.

_Ob._, _Obad._ Obadiah.

_Obdt._, _Obt._ Obedient.

_Obj._ Objective.

_Obs._ Obsolete.

_Oct._ October.

_Oct._, _8vo._ Octavo.

_O. H. Ger._ Old High German.

_O. K._ “All correct.”

_Okl._ Oklahoma.

_Old Test._, _O. T._ Old Testament.

_Olym._ Olympiad.

_Op._ Opposite, opposition.

_Opt._ Optative; Optics, optical.

_Ordn._ Ordnance.

_Ore._ Oregon.

_Orig._ Original, originally.

_Ornith._ Ornithology, ornithological.

_O. S._ Old Style (previous to 1752); Old Saxon.

_O. S. A._ Order of St. Augustine.

_O. S. F._ Order of St. Francis.

_O. T._ Old Testament.

_O. U. A. M._ Order of United American Mechanics.

_Oxf._ Oxford.

_Oxon._ (Lat. _Oxonia_, _Oxoniensis_). Oxford; of Oxford.

_Oxonien._ (Lat. _Oxoniensis_). Of Oxford.

_oz._ Ounce. [The _z_ in this contraction and in _viz._, represents an
old symbol (ʒ), used to mark a terminal contraction.]

_P._ Page; Participle; Past; Pole; Port.

_Pa._ Pennsylvania.

_P. a._, _par. a._ Participial adjective.

_Paint._ Painting.

_Pal._, _Palæont._ Palæontology, palæontological.

_Par._ Paragraph.

_Parl._ Parliament, parliamentary.

_Part._ Participle.

_Pass._ Passive.

_Pat._ Patrick.

_Payt._ Payment.

_P.C._ (Lat. _Patres Conscripti_). Conscript Fathers.

_P. C._ Police Constable; Privy Council, Privy Councilor.

_Pd._ Paid.

_P. E._ Protestant Episcopal.

_P. E. I._ Prince Edward Island.

_Penn._ Pennsylvania.

_Pent._ Pentecost.

_Per._, _Pers._ Persia; Persian; Personal.

_Per. an._ (Lat. _per annum_). Yearly.

_Per cent._, _per ct._ (Lat. _per centum_). By the hundred.

_Perf._ Perfect.

_Persp._ Perspective.

_Peruv._ Peruvian.

_Pet._ Peter.

_P. G. M._ Past Grand Master.

_Phar._, _Pharm._ Pharmacy.

_Ph. B._ (Lat. _Philosophiæ Baccalaureus_). Bachelor of Philosophy.

_Ph. D._ (Lat. _Philosophiæ Doctor_). Doctor of Philosophy.

_Phil._, _Phila._ Philadelphia.

_Phil._ Philip; Philippians; Philosophy, philosophical.

_Philol._ Philology.

_Philos._ Philosophy, philosophical.

_Ph. M._ Master of Philosophy.

_Photog._ Photography, photographic, photographer.

_Phren._, _phrenol._ Phrenology, phrenological.

_Phys._ Physics, physical, physiology, physiological.

_Physiol._ Physiology, physiological.

_Pinx._, _Pxt._ (Lat. _pinxit_). He (_or_ she) painted it.

_Pk._ Peck.

_Pl._ Place; Plate; Plural.

_P. L._ Poet Laureate.

_Plff._, _Pltff._ Plaintiff.

_Plu._ Plural.

_Plup._, _Plupf._ Pluperfect.

_Plur._ Plural.

_P. M._ (Lat. _post meridiem_). Afternoon.

_P. M._ Past Master; Peculiar Meter; Postmaster.

_P. M. G._ Postmaster-General.

_P. O._ Post-office.

_P. & O. Co._ Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company.

_Pol._ Polish.

_Polit. Econ._ Political Economy.

_P. O. O._ Post-office order.

_Pop._ Population.

_Port._ Portugal, Portuguese.

_Poss._ Possessive.

_pp._ Pages.

_p. p._ Past (or perfect) participle.

_P. P._ (Lat. _pater patriæ_). Father of his country.

_P. C. C._ (Ft. _pour prendre congé_). To take leave. [_T. T. L._]

_Pph._ Pamphlet.

_p. pr._ Present participle.

_Pr._ Present; Priest; Prince.

_P. R._ (Lat. _populus Romanus_). The Roman people.

_P. R. C._ (Lat. _Post Roman conditam_). After the building of Rome.
[_A. U. C._]

_Pref._ Prefix; Preface.

_prep._ Preposition.

_Pres._ President; Present.

_Prim._ Primary.

_Prin._ Principal; Principles.

_Print._ Printing.

_Prob._ Problem; Probable, probably.

_Prof._ Professor.

_Pron._ Pronoun; Pronounced, pronunciation.

_Prop._ Proposition; Properly.

_Pros._ Prosody.

_Pro tem._ (Lat. _pro tempore_). For the time being.

_Prov._ Proverbs, proverbial, proverbially; Provincial, provincially;
Provost.

_Provinc._ Provincial.

_Prox._ (Lat. _proximo_). Next of or of the next month.

_Prs._ Pairs.

_Prus._ Prussia, Prussian.

_P. S._ (Lat. _post scriptum_). Postscript.

_P. S._ Privy Seal.

_Ps._, _Psa._ Psalm, psalms.

_Psychol._ Psychology.

_Pt._ Part; Payment; Point; Port.

_P. T._ Post-town; Pupil teacher.

_Pub._ Public; Published, publisher.

_Pub. Doc._ Public Documents.

_Pwt._ Pennyweight.

_Pxt._ [PINX.]

_Q._, _Qu._ Query; Question.

_Q. d._ (Lat. _quasi dicat_). As if he should say.

_Q. e._ (Lat. _quod est_). Which is.

_Q. E. D._ (Lat. _quod erat demonstrandum_). Which was to be proved.

_Q. E. F._ (Lat. _quod erat faciendum_). Which was to be done.

_Q. E. I._ (Lat. _quod erat inveniendum_). Which was to be found out.

_Q. l._ (Lat. _quantum libel_). As much as you please.

_Q. M._ Quartermaster.

_Q. M._ Gen. Quartermaster-General.

_Qr._ Quarterly; Quire.

_Q. S._ Quarter Sessions.

_Q. s._ (Lat. _quantum sufficit_). A sufficient quantity.

_Qt._ Quart.

_Qu._ Queen; Query; Question.

_Quar._, quart. Quarterly.

_Quar._, _4to._ Quarto.

_Ques._ Question.

_Q. v._ (Lat. _quod vide_). Which see.

_Qu._ Query.

_R._ Railway; Réaumur; River.

_R._ (Lat. _rex_). King; (Lat. _regina_.) Queen.

_R._ (Lat. _recipe_). Take.

_R. A._ Royal Academy, Royal Academician; Rear-Admiral; Royal Arch;
Royal Artillery.

_Rad._ (Lat. _radix_). Root.

_R. C._ Roman Catholic.

_R. E._ Reformed Episcopal.

_Réaum._ Réamur.

_Rec._ Recipe.

_Recd._ Received.

_Recpt._ Receipt.

_Ref._ Reference.

_Ref. Ch._ Reformed Church.

_Ref. Pres._ Reformed Presbyterian.

_Reg._ Regular.

_Reg._, _Regr._ Registrar.

_Reg._, _Regt._ Regiment, regimental.

_Rel. Pron._ Relative Pronoun

_Rem._ Remark, remarks.

_Rep._ Report; Representative.

_Rep._ _Repub._ Republic; Republican.

_Res._ Resolution.

_Retd._ Returned.

_Rev._ Revelation; Revenues; Reverend; Reviews; Revise.

_Revd._ Reverend.

_Revs._ Reverends.

_Rev. Stat._ Revised Statutes.

_R. F. D._ Rural Free Delivery.

_Rhet._ Rhetoric, rhetorical.

_R. I._ Rhode Island.

_Riv._ River.

_R. M. S._ Royal Mail Steamer; Royal Mail Service.

_R. N._ Royal Navy.

_Robt._ Robert.

_Rom._ Roman, Romans.

_Rom. Cath._ Roman Catholic.

_R. P._ Regius Professor.

_R. R._ Railroad.

_R. S. V. P._ (Fr. _Repondez s’il vous plait_). Please reply.

_Rt._ Right.

_Rt. Hon._ Right Honorable.

_Rt. Rev._ Right Reverend.

_R. T. S._ Religious Tract Society

_Rt. Wpful._ Right Worshipful.

_Russ._ Russia, Russian.

_R. V._ Revised Version; Rifle Volunteers.

_Ry._ Railway.

_S._ Saint; Saturday; Section; Shilling; Sign; Signor; Solo; Soprano;
South; Sun; Sunday; Sabbath.

_s._ Second, seconds; See; Singular; Son; Succeeded.

_S. A._ South Africa; South America.

_S. A._ (Lat. _secundem artem_). According to the rules of art.

_Sab._ Sabbath.

_Sam._, _Saml._ Samuel.

_Sam._, _Samar._ Samaritan.

_Sans._, _Sansc._, _Sansk._ Sanscrit, Sanskrit.

_Sat._ Saturday.

_Sax._ Saxon, Saxony.

_S. C._ South Carolina.

_Sc._ [SCIL. SCULL.]

_S. caps._, _Sm. caps._ Small capitals. (In printing.)

_Sc. B._ (Lat. _scientiæ baccalaureus_). Bachelor of Science.

_Sc. D._ (Lat. _scientiæ doctor_). Doctor of Science.

_Sch._ (Lat. _scholium_). A note.

_Sci._ Science.

_Sci. fa._ _Scire facias._

_Scil. Sc._ (Lat. _scilicet_). Namely; to wit.

_Sclav._ Sclavonic.

_Scot._ Scotland, Scotch, Scottish.

_Scr._ Scruple, scruples.

_Scrip._, _Script_, Scripture, scriptural.

_Sculp._ Sculpture.

_Sculp._, _Sculpt._, _Sc._ (Lat. _sculpsit_). He (_or_ she) engraved
it.

_S. D._ Doctor of Science.

_S. D._, _S. Dak._ South Dakota.

_S. E._ Southeast.

_Sec._ Second.

_Sec._, _Sect._ Section.

_Sec._, _Secy._ Secretary.

_Sec. Leg._ Secretary of Legation.

_Sen._ Senate, senator.

_Sen. Doc._ Senate Document.

_Sep._, _Sept._ September.

_Seq._ (Lat. _sequentes_, _sequentia_). The following or the next.

_Serg._, _Sergt._ Sergeant.

_Serg. Maj._ Sergeant-Major.

_Serv._ Servian.

_Sess._ Session.

_S. G._ Solicitor-general.

_Sh._ Shilling, shillings.

_Sing._ Singular.

_S. J._ Society of Jesus.

_S. J. C._ Supreme Judicial Court.

_Skr._ Sanskrit.

_Slav._ Slavonic.

_Soc._, _Socy._ Society.

_Sol.-gen._ Solicitor-general.

_Sp._ Spain, Spanish; Spirit.

_s. p._ (Lat. _sine prole_). Without issue.

_S. P. C. A._ Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

_S. P. C. C._ Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

_S. P. C. K._ Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge.

_Spec._ Special, specially.

_sp. gr._, _s. g._ Specific gravity.

_S. P. Q. R._ (Lat. _Senatus Populusque Romanus_). The Senate and the
People of Rome.

_sq._ Square; _sq. ft._ Square foot, feet; _sq. in._ Square inch,
inches; _sq. m._ Square mile, miles; _sq. yd._ Square yard; _sq. rd._
Square rod.

_Sr._ Senior; sir.

_S. R. I._ (Lat. _Sacrum Romanum Imperium_). The Holy Roman Empire.

_SS._ Saints.

_S. S._ Sunday-school.

_S. S. E._ South-southeast.

_S. S. W._ South-southwest.

_St._ Saint; Stone; Strait; Street.

_st._ (Lat. _stet_). Let it stand (in printing).

_Stat._ Statute, statutes; Statuary.

_S. T. B._ Bachelor of Sacred Theology.

_S. T. D._ (Lat. _sacræ theologiæ doctor_). Doctor of Divinity.

_ster._, _stg._ Sterling.

_Str._ Steamer, steam vessel.

_Subj._ Subjunctive.

_Suff._ Suffix.

_Sun._, _Sund._ Sunday.

_Sup._ Superior; Superlative; Supplement; Supine.

_Sup. Ct._ Supreme Court.

_Supt._ Superintendent.

_Sur._, _Surg._ Surgeon, surgery.

_Sur.-gen._ Surgeon-general.

_Surv._ Surveying, surveyor.

_Surv.-gen._ Surveyor-general.

_S. v._ (Lat. _sub voce_). Under the word or title.

_S. W._ Senior Warden; Southwest.

_Sw._ Sweden, Swedish.

_Switz._ Switzerland.

_Syn._ Synonym, synonymous.

_Synop._ Synopsis.

_Syr._ Syria, Syriac; Syrup.

_T._ Tenor; Ton; Tun; Tuesday.

_Tab._ Table; Tabular statement.

_Tan._ Tangent.

_Tech._ Technical, technically.

_Ten._, _Tenn._ Tennessee.

_Ter._ Territory.

_Term._ Termination.

_Teut._ Teutonic.

_Tex._ Texas.

_Th._ Thomas; Thursday.

_Theo._ Theodore.

_Theol._ Theology.

_Theor._ Theorem.

_Thess._ Thessalonians.

_Tho._, _Thos._ Thomas.

_Thu._, _Thur._, _Thurs._ Thursday.

_Tier._ Tierce.

_Tit._ Title; Titus.

_Tom._ Tome, volume.

_Tonn._ Tonnage.

_Topog._ Topography, topographical.

_Tp._ Township.

_Tr._ Translation, translator, translated; Transpose; Treasurer;
Trustee.

_Trans._ Transaction; Translation, translator, translated.

_Trav._ Travels.

_Treas._ Treasurer.

_Trig._, _Trigon._ Trigonometry, trigonometrical.