Chapter XIII: From the Recognition of American Independence to the Establishment

OF THE SECOND FRENCH REPUBLIC, 1783-1848 A. D.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. France chief power in Europe. Napoleon’s
colossal power and downfall. Fall of despotisms and rise of
Republicanism; great political advance of European people. Continued
rapid advancement of science, inventions and discoveries. Increased
philanthropic effort and intellectual enlightenment.

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =United States= | =Great Britain= | =Spain and Portugal=|
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| | |1787. Warren Hastings|1788. Charles IV., |
| |1789. GEORGE |impeached. |King. |
| |WASHINGTON, Presi- | | |
| |dent. | | |
| | | | |
| |1793. Washington re- |1793. FIRST COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: |
| |elected. Neutrality |DIRECTED BY ENGLAND, _which forms alliances|
| |in regard to France. |with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prus-|
| | |sia, Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all |
| |_HAMILTON_ 1757- |Europe except Sweden, Denmark and Turkey._ |
| |1804. | | |
| | | |1796. Alliance with |
| |1797. John Adams, |1797. NELSON destroys|France; war against |
| |second president. |French fleet near |England. |
| | |Alexandria. | |
| | | | |
| | |1798. SECOND COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: |
| | |_Alliances of England with Russia, Naples, |
| | |Sicily, Turkey and Austria--Prussia, Hol- |
| | |land and Belgium, neutral._ |
| | | | |
| =1800=| |1800. Union of En- | |
| |1801. THOMAS |gland. | |
| |JEFFERSON, third | | |
| |president. |_SIR WALTER SCOTT_ | |
| | |(1771-1832). | |
| | | | |
| |1803. Purchase of |1803. Successful war |1803. Purchases neu- |
| |Louisiana. |in India. |trality with the |
| | | |French by a subsidia-|
| |_JOHN MARSHALL_ 1755-| |ry treaty; declares |
| |1835. | |war against England, |
| | | |1804. |
| | | | |
| | |1805. THIRD COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: |
| | |_formed by England; alliances with Sweden, |
| | |Russia and Austria--Prussia unfortunately |
| | |neutral._ |
| | | | |
| | |1805. Napoleon de- |1805. =Battle of |
| | |feated at Trafalgar. |Trafalgar.= |
| | | | |
| | |_WORDSWORTH_ (1770- | |
| | |1850). | |
| | | | |
| |1806. British Orders |1806. FOURTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: |
| |in Council and Napo- |_England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony and |
| |leon’s decrees seri- |Sweden._ |
| |ously impair American| | |
| |commerce. |1807. Bill for the |1807. Invasion of |
| | |abolition of the |Portugal. |
| | |slave trade, passed. | |
| | | |1808. Madrid taken by|
| | | |the French. Joseph |
| | | |Bonaparte, King. |
| | | | |
| |1809. James Madison, |1809. FIFTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _En- |
| |fourth president. |gland, Austria, Spain and Portugal._ |
| | | | |
| |1812-1814. WAR OF 1812, between United |1812. Battle of |
| |States and Great Britain. |Salamanca. |
| | | | |
| |1813. Perry’s victory|1813. SIXTH GREAT COALITION AGAINST FRANCE |
| |on Lake Erie. |AND GENERAL INSURRECTION OF THE NATIONS OF |
| | |EUROPE AGAINST FRENCH DOMINION: _England, |
| | |Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after |
| | |the Congress of Prague, with 800,000 men; |
| | |against France, Italy, the Confederation of|
| | |the Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 |
| | |men._ |
| | | | |
| |1814. City of | |1814. Ferdinand VII.,|
| |Washington burned by | |restored. |
| |the British. | | |
| | | | |
| |1815. British de- |1815. WELLINGTON vic-|1815. Union of Portu-|
| |feated at New |torious at Waterloo. |gal and Brazil under |
| |Orleans. |The Allies enter |John VI. |
| | |Paris, and Napoleon | |
| | |is banished to St. | |
| | |Helena. | |
| | | | |
| |1816. U. S. Bank in- |1816. Bombardment of | |
| |corporated. |Algiers. The Bey com-| |
| | |pelled to abolish | |
| |1817. JAMES MONROE, |slavery. |1817. Slave trade |
| |President. | |abolished. |
| | | | |
| |First passage of the Atlantic by steam ef- | |
| |fected by the Savannah, of New York, to | |
| |Liverpool. | |
| | | | |
| |1819. Florida | |1819. Ferdinand of |
| |purchase. |1820-1830. GEORGE IV.|Spain sells Florida |
| | | |to the United States.|
| | | | |
| |1821. Monroe re- |1821-1829. WAR OF GRECIAN INDEPENDENCE. |
| |elected. Missouri |GREEKS, AIDED BY ENGLAND, RUSSIA, AND |
| |Compromise bill |FRANCE VS. TURKS. 1821-1829. |
| |passed. | | |
| | |1823. The CANNING | |
| |1824. Visit of |ministry. | |
| |Lafayette. | | |
| | |_GEORGE STEPHENSON_ | |
| =1825=|1825. Erie Canal |(1781-1848). | |
| |opened. Protective | | |
| |tariff enacted. J. Q.|1828. Wellington | |
| |Adams, President. |ministry. Irish | |
| | |disturbances. | |
| |_DANIEL WEBSTER_ | | |
| |1782-1852. | | |
| | | | |
| |1829. ANDREW JACKSON,| | |
| |President. |1830. William IV., |1830. Salic law |
| | |King. Difficulties |abolished. |
| | |with China. | |
| |1831. Northeastern | | |
| |boundary between the |1832. =Reform Bill= | |
| |United States and |passed. | |
| |British provinces | | |
| |established. | | |
| | | | |
| |1833. President | |1833. Isabella II., |
| |Jackson re-elected. | |Queen of Spain. |
| |Bank deposits removed| |Portugal a constitu- |
| |from the U. S. Bank. | |tional monarchy. |
| | | | |
| | | |1836. Spain: The |
| | | |queen regent adopts |
| | | |the constitution of |
| | | |1812. |
| | | | |
| |1837. Independence of|1837. VICTORIA, |1837. The monasteries|
| |Texas acknowledged. |Queen. |in Spain dissolved. |
| |Martin Van Buren, | | |
| |President. |1840. War with China | |
| | |over the opium trade.| |
| |_EMERSON_ 1803-1882. |War in Syria; Great | |
| | |Britain an ally of | |
| | |Austria and Turkey. | |
| | | | |
| |1841. W. H. Harrison,|1841. Chinese war | |
| |President. Death of |ended. |1842. Insurrection in|
| |Harrison and succes- | |Barcelona. |
| |sion of John Tyler. |_THOMAS CARLYLE_ | |
| | |1795-1884. | |
| |_MORSE_ 1791-1872. | | |
| | |1844. Daniel | |
| |1845. Texas annexed |O’Connell’s trial. | |
| |to the U. S. Treaty |Sentence reversed by | |
| |with China. James K. |the House of Lords. | |
| |Polk, President. | | |
| | | | |
| |1846-1848. WAR WITH |1846. Repeal of the |1846. Civil war in |
| |MEXICO. The Oregon |English corn-laws. |Portugal. |
| |treaty with Great | | |
| |Britain settling the |1847. Severe famine | |
| |northwestern boundary|in Ireland. | |
| |of the United States.| | |
| | | | |
| |1848. Treaty of |1848. Civil war in | |
| |Guadalupe Hidalgo, |Ireland. Habeas | |
| |ends Mexican War. |Corpus Act suspended.| |
| |Gold discovered in | | |
| |California. | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=A. D.=| =France= | =Italy and Church= | =Scandinavia, Hol- |
| | | | land, Belgium, |
| | | | Switzerland= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |1787. First assembly | | |
| |of Notables. | | |
| |Lafayette commander | | |
| |of the national | | |
| |guards. | | |
| | | | |
| |1789-1799. FRENCH | | |
| |REVOLUTION. | | |
| | | | |
| |1792. War with | |1792. Sweden: |
| |Germany. France de- | |Gustavus IV. |
| |clared a republic. | | |
| |Battle of =Valmy=. | | |
| | | | |
| |1793. FIRST COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: DIRECTED BY ENGLAND, _which|
| |forms alliances with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, |
| |Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, Denmark |
| |and Turkey._ |
| | | | |
| |1793. King and Queen | | |
| |beheaded. Reign of | | |
| |Terror. | | |
| | | | |
| |1795. =The | |1795. Holland con- |
| |Directorate.= | |quered and the |
| | | |Batavian Republic |
| |1795. NAPOLEON | |proclaimed. |
| |BONAPARTE commands | | |
| |the army. | | |
| | | | |
| |1796. War in Italy. |1796-1797. Napoleon’s| |
| | |Italian campaign. | |
| |1797. Napoleon in | | |
| |Austria. | | |
| | | | |
| |1798. SECOND COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _Alliances of England with|
| |Russia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria--Prussia, Holland and |
| |Belgium, neutral._ |
| | | | |
| |1798. Expedition to |1798. Roman republic |1798. Swiss revolu- |
| |Egypt. |proclaimed by the |tion. Helvetian Re- |
| | |French. |public declared. |
| |1799. Swiss campaign.| | |
| | | | |
| =1800=|1800. Battle of | | |
| |Marengo. | |1801. Danish fleet at|
| | | |Copenhagen defeated |
| |_Madame de Staël_ | |by Nelson. |
| |(1766-1817). | | |
| | | | |
| |1802-1815. NAPOLEONIC|1802. Napoleon, | |
| |WARS. |President of the | |
| | |Italian Republic. | |
| |1804-1814. =First | | |
| |French Empire.= | | |
| |Napoleon I., Emperor | | |
| |of the French. | | |
| | | | |
| |_BICHAT_ (1771-1802).| | |
| | | | |
| |1804. Code Napoleon | | |
| |published. | | |
| | | | |
| |1805. THIRD COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _formed by England; alli- |
| |ances with Sweden, Russia and Austria--Prussia unfortunately |
| |neutral._ |
| | | | |
| |1805. May 26, |1805. Napoleon | |
| |Bonaparte crowned |crowned King of | |
| |King of Italy, at |Italy. | |
| |ilan. Naval defeat at| | |
| |Trafalgar. Austrian | | |
| |campaign; battle of | | |
| |Austerlitz. Peace of | | |
| |Presburg. | | |
| | | | |
| |_CUVIER_ (1769-1832).| | |
| | | | |
| |1806. FOURTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _England, Russia, Prussia,|
| |Saxony and Sweden._ |
| | | | |
| |1806. _Formation of | |1806. Louis |
| |the Confederation of | |Bonaparte, King of |
| |the Rhine._ Victories| |Holland. |
| |of Auerstädt and Jena| | |
| |over the Prussians. |1808. Rome annexed by|1808. Denmark: |
| |Berlin decree against|Napoleon to the king-|Frederick VI. |
| |British commerce. |dom of Italy. | |
| | | | |
| |1809. FIFTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _England, Austria, Spain |
| |and Portugal._ |
| | | | |
| | |1809. Papal states |1809. Sweden: Charles|
| | |annexed to France. |XIII.; Bernadotte be-|
| | | |comes prince royal. |
| | | | |
| |1810. Continental | |1810. Holland joined |
| |peace except with | |to France. |
| |Spain. | | |
| | | | |
| |1810. Emperor marries| | |
| |Maria Louisa of | | |
| |Austria. | | |
| | | | |
| |1811. Napoleon II., | | |
| |King of Rome, born. | | |
| | | | |
| |1812. Disastrous war | | |
| |against Russia. The | | |
| |Poles declared a | | |
| |nation by Napoleon. | | |
| |Diet of Warsaw. | | |
| | | | |
| |1813. SIXTH GREAT COALITION AGAINST FRANCE AND GENERAL INSURREC- |
| |TION OF THE NATIONS OF EUROPE AGAINST FRENCH DOMINION: _England, |
| |Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of Prague,|
| |with 800,000 men; against France, Italy, the Confederation of the|
| |Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 men._ |
| | | | |
| |1814. Allies enter |1814. Fall of |1814. Union of Hol- |
| |Paris. =House of |Napoleon. Kingdom |land and Belgium. |
| |Bourbon.= |ceases. | |
| | | |1814. =Union of |
| | | |Sweden and Norway= as|
| | | |two kingdoms under |
| | | |one monarch. |
| | | | |
| |1815. Napoleon re- |1815. Kingdom of Two |1815. William I., |
| |turns from Elba. |Sicilies restored. |King of Netherlands. |
| |=Hundred Days’ war.= | |=Battle of Waterloo= |
| |Abdication of | |and defeat of |
| |Napoleon. | |Napoleon. |
| | | | |
| |TALLEYRAND (1754- | | |
| |1838). | | |
| | | | |
| |1818. France joins in| |1818. Sweden: CHARLES|
| |Holy Alliance. | |XIV. (Bernadotte). |
| | | | |
| |1821-1829. WAR OF GRECIAN INDEPENDENCE. GREEKS, AIDED BY ENGLAND,|
| |RUSSIA, AND FRANCE VS. TURKS. 1821-1829. |
| | | | |
| |1821. Death of |1821. Austrian inva- | |
| |Napoleon at St. |sion of Italy. | |
| |Helena. | | |
| | | | |
| |1824. CHARLES X., | | |
| =1825=|King. |1825. Death of | |
| | |Ferdinand after reign| |
| | |of sixty-six years. | |
| | | | |
| | |1827. Treaty between | |
| | |Russia and Turkey | |
| | |respecting Greece. | |
| | | | |
| |1830. Algiers taken | |1830. Belgium revolts|
| |by the French. Revo- | |from Holland, and is |
| |lution and abdication| |declared independent |
| |of Charles X. Louis | |by the Great Powers. |
| |Philippe, King. | | |
| | | | |
| |1831. Abolition of |1831-1833. Formation |1831. Leopold I., |
| |hereditary peerage in|of Young Italy party |King of the Belgians.|
| |France. |by Mazzini. | |
| | | |New constitution for |
| | | |Denmark, Sleswick and|
| | | |Holstein; with repre-|
| | | |sentative local |
| | | |councils. |
| | | | |
| |1836. Insurrection | | |
| |attempted by Louis | |1839. Christian VIII.|
| |Napoleon at | |succeeds. |
| |Strasburg. | | |
| | | |1840. William I. ab- |
| |_H. DE BALZAC_ (1799-|1843. King Otho of |dicates as King of |
| |1850). |Greece compelled to |Holland. |
| | |accept a constitu- | |
| |GUIZOT (1832-1848). |tion. | |
| | | | |
| |1844. War with | | |
| |Morocco. | | |
| | | | |
| | =The Second | | |
| | Republic.= | | |
| | | | |
| |_VICTOR HUGO_ 1802- | | |
| |1885. | | |
| | | | |
| |1848. Abdication of |1848. Rising of the |1848. Holland re- |
| |Louis Philippe, and a|great Italian cities |ceives a constitu- |
| |republic proclaimed. |in revolution. Roman |tion. |
| |Louis Napoleon, |republic overthrown. | |
| |President. Bloody in-| |Denmark: Frederick |
| |surrection in Paris. | |VII., King; revolt of|
| | | |Schleswig-Holstein. |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=A. D.=| =Germany= | =Prussia and | =Russia= | =Ottomans, |
| | | Poland= | | China, India, |
| | | | | Japan= |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| |_SCHILLER_ |1786. Prussia: | | |
| |(1759-1805). |Death of |1787. War with |1787. Disastrous|
| | |Frederick the |the Turks. |war with Austria|
| |1792. War with |Great. Frederick| |and Russia. |
| |France. |William II. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1793. FIRST COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: DIRECTED BY | |
| |ENGLAND, _which forms alliances with Russia, | |
| |Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, | |
| |Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, | |
| |Denmark and Turkey._ | |
| | | | | |
| | |1793. Second | | |
| | |partition of | | |
| |_GOETHE_ (1749- |Poland by Russia| | |
| |1832). |and Prussia. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1794. Polish re-| | |
| | |volt at Cracow. | | |
| | |Revolt under | | |
| | |Kosciuszko. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |1795. Final | | |
| | |partition of |1796. Unsuccess-| |
| |1797. Napoleon’s|Poland; extinc- |ful war with | |
| |Austrian cam- |tion of the |Persia. | |
| |paign. Peace of |kingdom. | | |
| |Campo Formio in | | | |
| |which Austria | | | |
| |cedes Belgium | | | |
| |and Lombardy re-| | | |
| |ceiving Venetia.| | | |
| | | | | |
| |1798. SECOND COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _Alliances of England with |
| |Russia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria--Prussia, Holland and |
| |Belgium, neutral._ |
| | | | | |
| | |1798. Prussia: | |1798. War with |
| | |Frederick | |the French in |
| | |William III. | |Egypt. |
| =1800=| | | | |
| | |1801. ALEXANDER | | |
| |1803. =End of |I. | |1803. Insurrec- |
| |the Holy Roman | | |tion of |
| |Empire.= | | |Mamelukes at |
| |FRANCES II. | | |Cairo. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1803. India: |
| |1804. The | |1804. War with |Great Mahratta |
| |Emperor of | |Persia. |War. |
| |Germany assumes | | | |
| |the title of | | | |
| |Emperor of | | | |
| |Austria. | | | |
| | | | | |
| | =Confederation of the Rhine.= | | |
| |Prussia henceforth the center of | | |
| |the German federate system. | | |
| | | | | |
| |_HEGEL_ (1770- | | | |
| |1831). | | | |
| |1805. THIRD COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _formed by | |
| |England; alliances with Sweden, Russia and Austria| |
| |--Prussia unfortunately neutral._ | |
| | | |
| |1805. Battle of Austerlitz. | |
| | | |
| |NAPOLEON PROTECTOR OF THE CONFEDERATION OF THE | |
| |RHINE. | |
| | | |
| |1806. FOURTH COALITION AGAINST FRANCE: _England, | |
| |Russia, Prussia, Saxony and Sweden._ | |
| | | | | |
| |1807. Victories | |1807. Treaty of |1807. War |
| |of Eylau and of | |Tilsit. |against Russia |
| |Friedland are | | |and England. |
| |followed by the | | | |
| |peace of Tilsit | | | |
| |in which Prussia| | | |
| |loses her Polish| | | |
| |territories. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |_BEETHOVEN_ | | | |
| |(1770-1827). | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1809. Battles of| | | |
| |Eckmühl, Aspern |1812. The Poles |1812. Russian | |
| |and Wagram. |declared a |campaign. Inva- | |
| |Peace of Vienna.|nation by |sion of | |
| |Austria cedes |Napoleon. Diet |Napoleon. Moscow| |
| |territory to |of Warsaw. |burned. | |
| |Russia, Bavaria | | | |
| |and France. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |_A. VON | | | |
| |HUMBOLDT_ (1769-| | | |
| |1859). | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1813. SIXTH GREAT COALITION AGAINST FRANCE AND | |
| |GENERAL INSURRECTION OF THE NATIONS OF EUROPE | |
| |AGAINST FRENCH DOMINION: _England, Russia, | |
| |Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of | |
| |Prague, with 800,000 men; against France, Italy, | |
| |the Confederation of the Rhine and Denmark, with | |
| |about 400,000 men._ | |
| | | | | |
| |1813. War of | | |1813. Servia in-|
| |German indepen- | | |vaded by Turkish|
| |dence. Battle of| | |army. |
| |Leipsic. | | | |
| |Bonaparte driven| | |1814. Malta |
| |to the Rhine. | | |falls to |
| | | | |England. |
| |1815. =Congress | |1815. Joins the | |
| |of Vienna ef- | |“Holy Alliance”:| |
| |fects the poli- | |Russia, Prussia | |
| |tical recon- | |and Austria, | |
| |struction of | |later joined by | |
| |Europe.= | |France. Poland | |
| |Germanic Con- | |united to | |
| |federation | |Russia. | |
| |organized. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1817. Population| | | |
| |28,000,000. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1818. Napoleon’s|1818. The | | |
| |son made Duke of|=Zollverein= | | |
| |Reichstadt. |formed. | | |
| | | | | |
| |METTERNICH |1819. Death of |1819. Establish-| |
| |(1773-1859). |Marshal Blucher.|ment of military| |
| | | |colonies. Liber-| |
| | | |ty of the press | |
| | | |in Poland nulli-| |
| | | |fied. | |
| | | | | |
| |1821-1829. WAR OF GRECIAN INDEPENDENCE. GREEKS, AIDED BY ENGLAND, |
| |RUSSIA, AND FRANCE VS. TURKS. 1821-1829. |
| | | | | |
| |1821. Congress | | | |
| |of monarchs at | | |1822. Greek |
| |Laybach. | | |declaration of |
| | | | |independence. |
| | | | |Massacre of Scio|
| | | | |and capture of |
| | | | |Acropolis of |
| | | | |Athens by |
| | | | |patriots. |
| =1825=| | | | |
| | | |1826. NICHOLAS |1826. Greece: |
| | | |I. crowned at |Missolonghi and |
| | | |Moscow. War |Athens (1827) |
| | | |against Persia. |taken by the |
| | | | |Turks. |
| | | | | |
| | | |1828. Russia: War declared |
| |1829-1834. Prussia, Bavaria, and |against Turkey. By the peace of |
| |finally all Germany, save |Turkmantchai, Persian Armenia is |
| |Austria, unite in a Zollverein or|acquired. |
| |Customs-Union, which gave great | | |
| |impetus to trade and helped to- | | |
| |wards national unity. | | |
| | | | | |
| |1831. Austria | | | |
| |interferes in |1832. Poland |1832. Kingdom of| |
| |Italian affairs.|made part of |Greece founded. | |
| | |Empire. | | |
| |1836. Visit of | | | |
| |the Emperor of | | | |
| |Russia. | | | |
| |Ferdinand I., | | | |
| |Emperor. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1838. Commercial| |1838. Smuggling | |
| |treaty with En- | |carried on ex- |1839-1842. |
| |gland. |1840. Frederick |tensively. |China: Opium War|
| | |William, King. | |with Great |
| |_RICHARD WAGNER_| | |Britain. Hong |
| |1813-1883. | | |Kong ceded to |
| | | | |latter. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1843. Greece: |
| | | | |King Otho com- |
| | | | |pelled to accept|
| | | | |constitution, |
| | | | |Sept. 15. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |1844. China: |
| | | |1845. Emperor |Commercial |
| |1847. Austria | |visits England. |treaty with |
| |takes possession| | |United States. |
| |of Cracow. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |1848. Revolution|1848. Insurrec- | | |
| |in Hungary. |tion in Berlin. | | |
| |FRANCIS JOSEPH, | | | |
| |Emperor. Kossuth| | | |
| |withdraws his | | | |
| |army from | | | |
| |Vienna. | | | |
+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+