Chapter V: From the Beginning of the Punic or Carthaginian Wars to the Founding

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 264-30, B. C.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 300-200: Rome mistress of Italy; then,
victorious over Carthage, extends her influence to Greece and Spain.
Peasant proprietors replaced by slaves in Italy. 200-100: Greece,
Macedonia, Carthage, and Spain under Roman rule; decline of the
Roman Oligarchy; the Gracchi begin the democratic revolution which
ends in the empire. Eastern luxury introduced among the Romans.
100-1: The Romans govern all the countries around the Mediterranean.
Roman Oligarchy is followed by establishment of the empire.

+-------+---------------+-----------------+----------------+----------------+
|=B. C.=| =Carthage= | =Rome= | =Macedonia= | =Greek States= |
+-------+---------------+-----------------+----------------+----------------+
| | |=III. Epoch of | | |
| | |the Punic Wars, | | |
| | |and Beginning of | | |
| | |the Universal | | |
| | |Rule of Rome= | | |
| | |(264-146) | | |
| | | | | |
| |264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Cartha-| | |
| |ginians led by Hamilcar, father |262. Antigonus | |
| |of Hannibal. |took Athens. End| |
| | | |of its indepen- | |
| | |260. First Roman |dence and poli- | |
| |256. Regulus |fleet built. |tical impor- | |
| |invades Africa |Victory at sea. |tance. |255. Antigonus |
| |and is defeated| | |liberates |
| |by Xanthippus, |SCIPIO AFRICANUS.| |Athens. |
| |a Spartan | | |Athens joins the|
| |general. | _ARCHIMEDES_| |Achæan League. |
| | | (287-212).| | |
| =250= | | | | |
| |241. Peace with Carthage. The | | |
| |ceded parts of Sicily formed the | | |
| |first Roman province there. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |241. The Roman | | |
| |238. HAMILCAR |fleet under | | |
| |begins estab- |Catulus defeats |227. War between| |
| |lishment of |the Carthaginians|Cleomenes, King | |
| |Carthaginian |off the Ægatian |of Sparta, and | |
| |power in Spain.|Islands. |the Ætolian | |
| | | |league. | |
| | HANNIBAL| | | |
| | (247-183).| |226. Athens | |
| =225= | | |freed from Mace-| |
| | |224. The Romans |donia allied | |
| |221. Hannibal |first cross the |with Rome. | |
| |succeeds |Po. | | |
| |Asdrubal in the| | | |
| |command. |219. Hannibal | | |
| | |takes Saguntum | | |
| | |and crosses the | | |
| | |Alps. | | |
| | | | | |
| |218-201. SECOND PUNIC WAR. | | |
| |Hannibal crossed the Alps. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |217. Romans de | | |
| | |feated at Lake | | |
| | |Trasimeno. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |216. Romans at | | |
| | |Cannæ totally de-| | |
| | |feated by Hanni- | | |
| | |bal. Fabius | | |
| | |Maximus, | | |
| | |Dictator. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |215. Treaty be- | | |
| | |tween Hannibal | | |
| | |and Philip V. of | | |
| | |Macedonia. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |214-205. FIRST | | |
| | |WAR WITH | | |
| | |MACEDONIA. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |212. Syracuse | | |
| | |taken by Marcel- | | |
| | |lus. Archimedes | | |
| | |killed. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |211. Capua taken |211. Alliance of|211. The Æto- |
| | |by the Romans. |Rome, the Æto- |lians secure the|
| | | |lians, Spartans,|alliance of Rome|
| | |209. Publius |Eleans and |against the |
| | |Scipio takes New |Illyria. |Achæans and the |
| | |Carthage. | |Macedonians. |
| | | | | |
| | |207. Nero and | |207. Battle of |
| | |Livy defeat | |Mantinea: Philo-|
| | |Hasdrubal at the | |pœmen, the |
| | |=Metaurus=-- | |general of the |
| | |Hasdrubal killed.| |Achæan League, |
| | |Here it was de- | |defeats the |
| | |cided that the | |Spartans. |
| | |civilization of | | |
| | |the world was to | | |
| | |be Roman rather | | |
| | |than Carthagi- | | |
| | |nian. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |206. The Cartha- | | |
| |204. Scipio |ginians defeated |204. General | |
| |carries the war|in the battle of |peace. | |
| |into Africa. |Ilipa and driven | | |
| | |out of Spain. |203. Philip | |
| | | |wages war | |
| |202. Flight of Hannibal. Carthage|against Attalus | |
| |conquered. Battle of Zama. End of|and the | |
| |Punic War. |Rhodians. | |
| | | | | |
| =200= | | |200-197. SECOND | |
| | | |MACEDONIAN WAR. |198. The Achæans|
| | | | |and Spartans |
| | | |197. Philip V. |join the Romans |
| | | |defeated at |against Macedo- |
| | | |Cynoscephalæ by |nia. |
| | | |the Romans under| |
| | | |Flamininus. | |
| | | | | |
| |196. Hannibal | |196. Macedonian | |
| |joins Anti- |195. Cato in |Greece declared | |
| |ochus, whom he |Spain. |free by the | |
| |urges to carry | |Romans. | |
| |on war against | | | |
| |the Romans. | | | |
| | | | | |
| |193. Masinissa,| | | |
| |King of Numi- |192-190. War with| | |
| |dia, harasses |Antiochus of | | |
| |the Carthagini-|Syria, who is | | |
| |ans, and in- |totally defeated | | |
| |jures their |at Magnesia by | | |
| |commerce. |Scipio Asiaticus.| | |
| | | | | |
| | |_Rome the Arbi- | |189. The Ætolian|
| |_The dangers |tress of Nations,| |League crushed |
| |which threaten |from the Atlantic| |by the Romans. |
| |Carthage are |to the | | |
| |much increased |Euphrates._ | |188. Philopœmen |
| |by the rising | | |abrogates the |
| |jealousy of | | |laws of Lycurgus|
| |Rome, the | | |in Sparta. |
| |daring hostili-| | | |
| |ties of Masi- | | |183. Philopœmen |
| |nissa, and the | |181. Demetrius |is taken prison-|
| |factious spirit| |is put to death |er and put to |
| |of her own | |by his father. |death by the |
| |citizens._ | | |Messenians. _De-|
| | | |179. Death of |cline of the |
| | |177. Istria sub- |Philip. |Achæan League._ |
| =175= | |dued. | | |
| | | | |172. The Romans |
| | |171-168. THIRD | |effect the dis- |
| | |MACEDONIAN WAR. | |solution of the |
| | | | |Bœotian con- |
| | |168. Decisive | |federacy. |
| | |battle of | | |
| | |=Pydna=, and | | |
| | |overthrow of the | | |
| | |kingdom of | | |
| | |Macedon. | | |
| | | | | |
| | |_The Romans | | |
| | |aspire to univer-| | |
| | |sal empire. In- | | |
| | |creased patronage| | |
| | |of literature and| | |
| | |the arts. Grecian| | |
| | |system of educa- | | |
| | |tion adopted at | | |
| | |Rome._ | | |
| | | | | |
| | |155-150. SPANISH | |155. Embassy of |
| |152. Masinis- |WAR. The Roman | |Diogenes, |
| |sa’s party ex- |arms unsuccessful| |Carniades, and |
| |pelled from |in Spain. | |Critolaus to |
| |Carthage, which| | |Rome. |
| |leads to a war.| | | |
| |Masinissa de- | | | |
| |feats the Car- | | | |
| |thaginians. | | | |
| |_Carthage at | | | |
| |this time con- | | | |
| |tained 700,000 | | | |
| |inhabitants._ | | | |
| =150= | | | |150. Dissensions|
| |149-146. THIRD PUNIC WAR. | |between the |
| | |149-8. FOURTH | |Spartans and |
| | |MACEDONIAN WAR. |148. Macedon |Achæans. |
| | |_Cato’s continual|reduced to a | |
| |146. P. Scipio |harangue “Delenda|_Roman |146. Fall of |
| |Æmilianus takes|est Carthage.”_ |province_. |Corinth. _Roman |
| |and destroys | | |province of |
| |Carthage. | | |Achæa._ |
| | | +----------------+----------------+
| |_A Roman pro- | |
| |vince._ | |
| +---------------+ |
| | =IV. Epoch of the Civil Wars= |
| | Down to the Absolute Rule of Octavian, After the |
| | Battle of Actium. |
| | |
| | AFFAIRS IN THE WEST : AFFAIRS AND CIVIL : AFFAIRS IN THE EAST |
| | : WARS IN ROME : |
| | : : |
| |146-140. War with : : |
| |Viriathus, the gallant:A struggle arises be- : |
| |leader of the Lusita- :tween the aristocracy : |
| |ni, who maintains a :(the nobiles and : |
| |six years’ war with :optimates, or rich : |
| |Rome. :families of senators : |
| | :and magistrates) and : |
| |145. Æmilianus is sent:the plebs, or common : |
| |against Viriathus. :people. : |
| | : : |
| |143-133. NUMANTINE WAR: : |
| |of ten years. : : |
| | : : |
| |140. Viriathus is : : |
| |treacherously mur- :133-121. CIVIL :133. Pergamus be- |
| |dered, and Lusitania :TROUBLES UNDER THE :queathed to Rome by |
| |becomes a Roman pro- :GRACCHI. :Attalus III. |
| |vince. : : |
| | :130. The Tribunes ob- : |
| |128. Flaccus reduces :tain a seat and the : |
| |the Transalpine :right of voting in the: |
| |Ligurians. :senate. : |
| |_Increase of Roman : : |
| |power in Transalpine : : |
| |Gaul._ : : |
| =125= | : : |
| | :123. Tribunate of : |
| |122. Aix, the first :CAIUS GRACCHUS. Re- : |
| |Roman colony in Gaul. :newal of the Agrarian : |
| | :Law. : |
| |_Gaul a Roman pro- : : |
| |vince._ :121. General struggle : |
| | :in the city. C. :118. Death of |
| | :Gracchus and 3000 :Micipsa, King of |
| | :citizens killed. :Numidia, and assassi-|
| | :_Triumph of the :nation of Hiempsal by|
| | :aristocracy._ :Jugurtha. |
| | : : |
| |113-101. CIMBRIAN WAR.: : |
| |The Cimbrians and : :111-106. JUGURTHINE |
| |Teutones migrate along: :WAR. Mummius and |
| |the Danube to the : :Metellus take part in|
| |boundaries of Illyria.: :it; and Marius ends |
| | : :it by the capture of |
| | : :Jugurtha, 106. |
| =100= | : : |
| | : :96. Cyrene bequeathed|
| | : :to the Romans by |
| | : :Apion. |
| | : : |
| | : :92. Sulla settles the|
| |91-88. MARSIAN OR SOCIAL WAR which costs the :affairs of Asia |
| |lives of 300,000 men; and ends in the conces-:Minor. |
| |sion of the rights and privileges of Roman : |
| |citizenship to the Italian states. : |
| | : : |
| | :88-82. FIRST ROMAN :88-63. WARS WITH |
| |83-72. Sertorius, the :CIVIL WAR OF MARIUS :MITHRIDATES THE |
| |opponent of Sulla, :AND SULLA. Sulla ob- :GREAT, KING OF |
| |goes into Spain, be- :tains the command :PONTUS. |
| |comes general of the :against Mithridates. : |
| |Lusitani. :Marius by an alliance : |
| | :with Sulpicius and the: |
| | :people. Sulla is : |
| | :created perpetual : |
| | :dictator. : |
| | : : |
| | : _CICERO_ (106-43).: |
| | : : |
| | :79-78. Abdication and : |
| |78. War with Rome. :death of Sulla. : |
| | :_Rising splendor of : |
| | :Rome. Marble theater : |
| | :of Saurus for 80,000 : |
| | :spectators. Magnifi- : |
| | :cent houses of the : |
| | :Roman nobles. Library : |
| | :of Lucullus._ : |
| | : :74. Bithynia be- |
| | :73-71. WAR WITH SPAR- :queathed to Rome by |
| |72. The Helvetii and :TACUS the gladiator, :King Nicomedes III. |
| |other tribes, under :at the head of 70,000 : |
| |Ariovistus, advance :slaves in Italy. Con- :66. Pompey in Asia, |
| |into Gaul, but are :cluded by Crassus and :about the Caucasus, |
| |defeated by JULIUS :Pompey. :65, in Syria, 64. |
| |CÆSAR, 58. : :Settles the affairs |
| | :65-62. Catiline’s con-:of Asia, 63. |
| | :spiracy suppressed by : |
| | :the vigilance of : |
| | :Cicero. : |
| | : : |
| | :60. FIRST TRIUMVIRATE:: |
| | :Cæsar, Pompey and : |
| | :Crassus. : |
| |58-51. GALLIC WAR. : : |
| |Cæsar’s eight cam- : : |
| |paigns in Gaul--he : : |
| |arrests the invasion : : |
| |of the Helvetii and : : |
| |expels the Germans. : : |
| | : : |
| |55. First invasion of : : |
| |Britain, and expedi- : : |
| |tion into Germany. : : |
| | : : |
| |54. Second invasion of: :54-53. Parthian War, |
| |Britain. : :in which Crassus is |
| | : :slain. |
| |54-53. Cæsar crosses : : |
| |the Rhine, but is un- : : |
| |successful in his : : |
| |attack upon the : : |
| |Germans. : : |
| =50= | : : |
| |49-31. SECOND ROMAN CIVIL WAR between Cæsar : |
| |and Pompey: Cæsar crosses the Rubicon with : |
| |6,000 men, and in sixty days makes himself : |
| |master of Italy. Cæsar marches into Spain, : |
| |and forces Pompey’s troops to surrender. : |
| | : : |
| | :48. Cæsar gains the : |
| | :decisive victory of : |
| | :=Pharsalla= over : |
| | :Pompey, who flees into: |
| | :Egypt and is there : |
| | :slain. : |
| | : : |
| | : _VIRGIL_ (70-19).: |
| | : : |
| | :47. Cæsar in Asia. War with Pharnaces, King |
| | :of Bosporus, (“veni, vidi, vici.”) |
| | : : |
| | :46. AFRICAN WAR: defeat of Scipio and Juba |
| | :at Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. |
| | :Cæsar returns to Rome. Dictator for ten |
| | :years. |
| | : : |
| |45. War in Spain: defeat of Pompey’s two sons: |
| |at Munda--Cæsar returns to Rome--Perpetual : |
| |dictator, and Consul for ten years. : |
| | : : |
| | :44. Plans an expedi- : |
| | :tion against the : |
| | :Parthians, but is : |
| | :assassinated in the : |
| | :senate house by : |
| | :Brutus, Cassius, and : |
| | :other conspirators, on: |
| | :the ides of March. : |
| | :Antony and Octavianus : |
| | :(Cæsar’s heir) obtain : |
| | :the upper hand in : |
| | :Rome. : |
| | : : |
| | :SECOND TRIUMVIRATE: : |
| | :Antony, Octavianus, : |
| | :and Lepidus. : |
| | : : |
| | :42. Civil war of the : |
| | :triumvirate against : |
| | :the republicans-- : |
| | :Philippi--death of : |
| | :Brutus and Cassius. : |
| | : : |
| | :41-30. Quarrels of the: |
| | :Oligarchy. : |
| | : : |
| | :36. Defeat and death :36. Marcus Antonius |
| | :of Pompey. :invades Parthia but |
| | : :is compelled to re- |
| | : :treat with loss. |
| | : : |
| | : :34. Antony subdues |
| | :33-30. Civil war be- :Armenia. |
| | :tween Octavianus and : |
| | :Antony. : |
| | : : |
| | :31. Defeat of Antony at Actium. Cæsar gains |
| | :his fleet and army--death of Antony. |
| | : |
| | :OCTAVIANUS CÆSAR sole master of the repub- |
| | :lic. |
| | : |
| |30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS NOW|
| |PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, GREEK |
| |AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES. |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=B. C.=| =Seleucid Empire= | =Palestine= : =Egypt= |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| |261. Revolt of | : |
| =250= |Parthians from | The : |
| |Seleucid rule. | :247-30. Ptolemy III.,|
| |Parthian kingdom | Jews :Euergetes. Extended |
| |formed. | :his empire by con- |
| =225= | | remained :quests in Mesopota- |
| |223. ANTIOCHUS III., | :mia, Babylonia, |
| |the Great, ruled | subject :Persia, Susiana, and |
| |Syria, Phœnicia to | :Media, and extends |
| |Egypt. | to :his influence as far |
| | | :as Thrace and Mace- |
| |217. Antiochus III. | Egypt :donia. |
| |defeated by Ptolemy | : |
| |Philopater in the | down : |
| |battle of Raphia. | : |
| | | to : |
| |212-206. Campaigns in| : |
| |Upper Asia against | B. C. :205. Ptolemy V., |
| |the Parthians and | :Epiphanes. Lost most |
| |Bactrians. | 203, :of the cities of |
| | | :Palestine and Phœni- |
| | | in :cia to Antiochus and |
| | | :he cities of the |
| | | comparative :Hellespont to Philip |
| | | :V. of Macedon. Egypt |
| | | peace. :assisted by Rome. |
| | | : |
| | :203. Judæa submits to: |
| | :Antiochus the Great. |_Roman influence pre-|
| | : |vails from this time_|
| =200= | : | |
| |198. Antiochus de- :198. The Jews assist | |
| |feats the Egyptians :Antiochus in ex- | |
| |under Scopas in a :pelling Scopas and | |
| |great battle in :the Egyptian troops | |
| |Palestine. :from Jerusalem; final| |
| | :establishment of the | |
| |195. Hannibal flees :Syrian power in | |
| |to Antiochus III. :Palestine. |193. Ptolemy marries |
| | : |the daughter of |
| |192. Syria at war : |Antiochus the Great. |
| |with Rome. : | |
| | : | |
| |190. Scipio Asiaticus: | |
| |defeats Antiochus : | |
| |III. at Magnesia and : | |
| |compels him to cede : | |
| |all of Asia Minor : | |
| |excepting Cilicia. : | |
| | : | |
| |189. ARMENIA revolts : | |
| |from the Seleucid : | |
| |rule and establishes : | |
| |its independence. : | |
| | : | |
| |187. Antiochus III. : |187. Ptolemy renews |
| |killed; succeeded by : |his alliance with the|
| |Seleucus IV. : |Achæans. |
| |Philopator. : | |
| | : |181-146. Ptolemy VI. |
| =175= |175-164. Antiochus :175. Deposition of |(Philometor). |
| |IV. Epiphanes. :the high priest | |
| |Universally hated and:Onias. | |
| |despised. : | |
| | : | |
| |171. Invades Egypt, : |171-168. War with |
| |and gains a victory : |Antiochus Epiphanes. |
| |at Pelusium. : | |
| | : | |
| |170. Another victory.:170. Tyranny of | |
| |Subjugation of Egypt :Antiochus. | |
| |as far as Alexandria.: | |
| | |167. Revolt of | |
| | |Mattathias, which | |
| | |proves remarkably | |
| | |successful. | |
| | | | |
| | |166-161. Judas | |
| |164. Dies on his way |Maccabæus. |164. Partition of the|
| |to Babylon. Loss of | |kingdom. Physcon |
| |Babylonia, Persia, | |receives Cyrene and |
| |and all the countries| |Libya. |
| |between the Euphrates| | |
| |and Indus. | | |
| | | | |
| |161-150. Demetrius I.|161-142. Jonathan | |
| |Soter. |joins the party of | |
| | |Alexander Bala, and | |
| |153-152. Alexander |becomes the leading | |
| |Bala. Occupies |man in Judæa. | |
| |Ptolemais. | | |
| | |_Continued struggle | |
| =150= |150. Demetrius killed|of the Jews, in de- | |
| |in battle. |fence of their civil | |
| | |and religious rights | |
| |150-125. Demetrius |to 130._ | |
| |II. Nicator. regains | |146-117. Ptolemy VII.|
| |his father’s kingdom | |(Euergetes II.), a |
| |by the aid of Ptolemy| |cruel and odious |
| |Philometor. | |tyrant. |
| | | | |
| | | |143. Embassy of |
| |137-128. Antiochus | |Scipio Africanus to |
| |VI. Sidetes, marries | |Alexandria. |
| |Cleopatra. | | |
| | |130. John Hyrcanus, |130. The Alexandrines|
| |129. War with |aided by the Parthi- |rebel. The king flees|
| |Parthia, in which |ans, asserts his |to Cyprus. |
| |Antiochus is slain, |entire independence. | |
| |126. | | |
| | | | |
| |_The succeeding | | |
| |history of the | | |
| |Seleucidæ is a horrid| | |
| |picture of civil | | |
| |wars, family feuds, | | |
| |and deeds of | | |
| |violence._ | | |
| =125= | | | |
| | | |117-81. Ptolemy VIII.|
| |111. Conclusion of | |(Soter II.) |
| |war by a partition of|110. Hyrcanus joins | |
| |territory. Syria and |the Sadducees. |Cleopatra and her |
| |Phœnicia are the only| |younger son, |
| |provinces that |106. ALEXANDER |Alexander, jointly |
| |acknowledge the sway |JANNÆUS. |reign in Egypt. |
| |of the king of Syria.| | |
| | | | |
| | SYRIA | | |
| =100= | | | |
| | |98-97. Jannæus be- | |
| |83. Tigranes, King of|sieges and takes | |
| |Armenia, is invited |Gaza. |82. Revolt and three |
| |by the Syrians to | |years’ siege of |
| |assume the crown. | |Thebes, which is |
| | | |captured and |
| |69. He is expelled by| |destroyed. |
| |Lucullus. | | |
| | | | |
| |65-62. Antiochus | | |
| |Asiaticus is expelled|63. Judæa dependent |This period of |
| |by Pompey, who re- |upon Romans. |Egyptian history is |
| |duces Syria to a | |very obscure. |
| |Roman province. | | |
| +---------------------+---------------------+ |
| :By the absorption of : | |
| :Syria, Rome comes : | |
| :into touch with the : | |
| :Parthian power. : | |
| : :54. Crassus pillages | |
| :52. Parthians overrun:the Temple. | |
| =50= :Syria and threaten : | |
| :Antioch. :48. Antipater, by the|48. ALEXANDRINE WAR. |
| : :influence of Julius |Ptolemy perishes in |
| : :Cæsar, he is ap- |the contest, and the |
| : :pointed procurator of|crown falls to |
| : :Judæa. |CLEOPATRA, who reigns|
| : : |jointly with Ptolemy |
| : : |II. |
| : : | |
| : : |44. Cleopatra removes|
| :40. Parthians invade : |her brother by |
| :Syria, take Antioch :38. Herod, his second|poison. |
| :and Sidon, plunder :son, rises to power | |
| :Jerusalem and advance:by the friendship of | |
| :as far as the Medi- :Antony and is ap- | |
| :terranean. :pointed king. | |
| : : | |
| : :37. He takes posses- | |
| : :sion of Jerusalem and|36. Cleopatra obtains|
| : :Judæa. |from Antony grant of |
| : : |Phœnicia, Cyrene and |
| : : |Cyprus. |
| : : | |
| : : |30. Dies by her own |
| : : |hand. |
| : : | |
| : : |_A Roman province._ |
| : : +---------------------+
| :30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS |
| :NOW PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, |
| :GREEK AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES. |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+
|=B. C.=| =Parthia= |=China, India, Japan=|
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+
| =250= |250-248. Arsaces I. | |
| |founds the kingdom of| |
| =225= |Parthia, having | |
| |killed Agathocles, |221-210. China: Chi- |
| |and expelled the |Huang-Ti, first uni- |
| |Macedonians. |versal emperor. GREAT|
| | |WALL BUILT. |
| |216. Arsaces III., | |
| |King of Persia. |206. China: The dy- |
| | |nasty of Han founded;|
| | |it lasts until 221 |
| | |A. D. _One of the |
| | |most brilliant |
| | |periods in the |
| | |history of China._ |
| =200= | | |
| | |199-138. India: So- |
| |196. Arsaces IV., |called “Greek Kings.”|
| |King of Parthia. | |
| | | |
| |181-174. Arsaces V., | |
| |conquers the Mardians| |
| |on the Caspian. | |
| =175= | | |
| |174-136. Mithridates | |
| |I., raises Parthia to|166. China: Tartar |
| |an exalted rank. |invasion. |
| =150= | | |
| | |140. China: VOUTI, |
| |138. The invasion of |Emperor, Great Ruler.|
| |Demetrius II. of |Invasion of Huns. |
| |Syria. | |
| | | |
| |128. Invasion of | |
| |Antiochus. Parthian | |
| |empire is hencefor- | |
| |ward freed from the | |
| |attacks of the Syrian| |
| |kings. | |
| =125= | | |
| |124-87. Mithridates | |
| |II., restores tran- | |
| |quillity to the East | |
| |after a long succes- | |
| |sion of bloody wars. | |
| |He meets with a | |
| |powerful rival in | |
| |Tigranes I., King of | |
| |Armenia. | |
| =100= | | |
| | |97-30. Japan: Sujin, |
| |92. First public |Mikado. Important |
| |transaction between |reforms. |
| |_Rome and Parthia_. | |
| | | |
| |68-60. Arsaces XII. | |
| |contemporary with the| |
| |third Mithridatic | |
| |War. | |
| | | |
| |54. First war with | |
| |Rome caused by the | |
| |invasion of Crassus. | |
| | | |
| |52-51. The Parthians | |
| |invade Syria. | |
| =50= | | |
| | |40. India: Trade with|
| |38. Arsaces XV. |Greece, Rome, Egypt, |
| | |China, and the East. |
| |36. Defeats Antony. |Period of Hindu |
| | |power. |
+-------+---------------------+---------------------+