Chapter CXX: Section 38: abolishes the so-called "Army Canteen," in (3)

(c) Estimated on present organization to have over 3,000,000 trained men. War strength not given.

(d) Of this number 74,288 are Indian troops.

(e) In addition there are maintained in the colonies 9,478 officers and men.

(f) Approximately.

(g) No standing army.

"War Department, Adjutant General's office, Washington,
December 8, 1900. Peace strength of the armies, population, and
percentage of former to latter of the principal countries of the
world. This table is not strictly accurate at the present
time, because the dates of censuses vary. In preparing this
table the latest published census has been taken for
population, and the countries are arranged in order of their
percentages:

NATION. Peace Strength. Population. Percentage.

France 616,475 38,517,975 1.6 Norway 30,900 2,000,917 1.54 Germany 585,896 52,279,901 1.1 Roumania 63,280 5,800,000 1.1 Italy 324,686 31,856,675 1 Greece 25,338 2,433,806 1 Servia 22,448 2,312,484 .97 Austria-Hungary 361,693 41,351,184 0.87 Sweden 40,152 5,062,918 .79 Belgium 51,502 6,669,732 .77 Russia. 896,000 128,932,113 .69 Great Britain and Ireland. 259,141 38,104,975 .68 Turkey. 244,000 38,791,000 .63 Portugal 31,804 5,049,729 .62 Spain 98,140 17,565,632 .56 Netherlands 21,696 5,074,632 .54 Denmark 9,769 2,185,335 .45 Japan 122,029 43,745,353 .30 Mexico 32,143 12,630,863 .25 Brazil 28,160 14,338,915 .19 United States 67,587 76,295,220 .089 Switzerland (h) 3,119,635

(h) Switzerland has no standing army, but every citizen has to
bear arms. The first Class (élite), composed of men between
the ages of 20 and 32, has from forty to eighty days' training
the first year, and every second year thereafter sixteen days.
About 18,000 men join the elite annually.

In December, 1900, the British Board of Trade issued a return,
for the year 1899 (except as stated otherwise), of the "Naval
expenditure and Mercantile Marine" of leading nations, from
which the following table is taken:

COUNTRIES. Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
Naval Revenue Tonnage of
Expenditure Mercantile
on Seagoing Marine.
Force.

£ £ Tons.

Great Britain
(United Kingdom) 26,145,599 119,839,905 9,164,342
(1898-99) (Year ended
31st March, 1900)

Russian Empire 8,306,500 165,905,000 554,141

Germany 6,672,788 76,309,000 1,639,552
(1899-1900) (1898)

Netherlands 1,133,664 10,416,000 302,224
(1899-1900) (1898)

France 13,796,033 142,021,000 957,756

Portugal 749,226 11,474,000 129,522
(Year ended (1898)
30th June, 1900)

Spain 1,133,664 34,633,000 637,924
(Year ended (1898-99) (1897)
30th June, 1900)

Italy. 4,617,034 70,181,000 815,162
(Year ended (Year ended (1898)
30th June, 1900) 30th June, 1899)

Austria-Hungary 1,403,441

Austria. 66,171,000 164,506
(1898) (1898)

Hungary. 42,903,000 66,072

United States (year ended 30th June) 9,840,912 127,288,000 848,246 (b). (1900)

Japan 5,076,294 22,017,000 (a) 648,324
(1899-1900) (1898)

NOTE.
(a) Includes the Chinese indemnity.

(b) Registered for foreign trade only.

WAR DEPARTMENT, The United States:
Investigation of its conduct in the war with Spain.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898-1899.

WASHINGTON, D. C.: A. D. 1897.
Completion of the building for the Library of Congress.

See (in this volume)
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

{698}

WASHINGTON, D. C.: A. D. 1900 (December).
Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary.

The 100th anniversary of the removal of the national capital
from Philadelphia to Washington was fittingly celebrated on
the 12th of December, 1900, by an imposing military parade and
by a notable assemblage in the House of Representatives, where
addresses were delivered and the principal exercises took
place. The President and the Vice President elect, members of
all branches of the public service, the Governors and
delegates from all the States and Territories, and various
other dignitaries, were present. The day of celebration was
not precisely that of the anniversary, but one chosen for
convenience to represent it. Under the law in 1800 the two
houses of Congress began their regular winter session about
two weeks earlier than they do now, and November 17 was set as
the date on which the VIth Congress should reassemble at the
new seat of Federal power. As neither house could have taken
part this year in anniversary ceremonies held on November 17,
a day was naturally chosen which should allow the legislative
branch its proper share in the centennial celebration. The
Executive Departments had, in fact, been partially installed
in the new District some time before the members of the VIth
Congress found their way to the unfinished Capitol. President
Adams, leaving Philadelphia on May 27, and travelling by a
circuitous route through Lancaster and Frederick, reached
Georgetown on June 3, 1800. He inspected the single wing of
the original Capitol, then far from finished, visited
Alexandria, at the southern extreme of the District, and after
a ten days stay in Georgetown departed for Massachusetts. The
President and Mrs. Adams returned to occupy the White House
early in November of the same year.

WAZIRIS, British-Indian wars with the.

See (in this volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1894, and 1897-1898.

WEI-HAI-WEI, Lease of the harbor of, by Great Britain.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1898 (MARCH-JULY).

WELLMAN, Walter:
Second Arctic Expedition.

See (in this volume)
POLAR EXPLORATION, 1898-1899.

WELSH CHURCH:
Failure of Disestablishment Bill.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895.

WEST AFRICA: A. D. 1895.
Appointment of a Governor-General of the French possessions.

See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (FRENCH WEST AFRICA).

WEST AFRICA: A. D. 1899.
Definition of British and German boundaries.

See (in this volume)
SAMOAN ISLANDS.

WEST INDIES, The British: A. D. 1897.
Report of a Royal Commission on the condition and prospects
of the sugar-growing colonies.

A state of increasing distress in most of the British West
India colonies, caused by the depression of the sugar-growing
industry, led to the appointment, in December, 1896, of a
Royal Commission "to make an inquiry into the condition and
prospects of the colonies of Jamaica, British Guiana, Trinidad
and Tobago, Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, and the
Leeward Islands, and to suggest such measures as appeared
calculated to restore and maintain the prosperity of these
colonies and their inhabitants." In the August following the
Commission made its report, with the following summary of
conclusions:

"a. The sugar industry in the West Indies is in danger of
great reduction, which in some colonies may be equivalent or
almost equivalent to extinction.

"b. The depression of the industry is due to the competition
of other sugar-producing countries and in a special degree to
the competition of beet sugar produced under a system of
bounties. It is also affected by high protective tariffs, and
by the competition of cane sugar, the production of which is
specially encouraged by the Governments concerned. The causes
of the depression may be described as permanent, inasmuch as
they are largely due to the policy of foreign countries, and
there is no indication that that policy is likely to be
abandoned in the immediate future.

"c. It is not due in any considerable degree to extravagance
in management, to imperfection in the process of manufacture,
or to inadequate supervision consequent on absentee
ownership, and the removal of these causes, wherever they
exist, would not enable it, generally, to be profitably
carried on under present conditions of competition. …

"d. The depression in the industry is causing sugar estates to
be abandoned, and will cause more estates to be abandoned, and
such abandonment is causing and will cause distress among the
labouring population, including a large number of East Indian
immigrants, and will seriously affect, for a considerable
time, the general prosperity of the sugar-producing Colonies,
and will render it impossible for some, and perhaps the
greater number of them, to provide, without external aid, for
their own government and administration.

"e. If the production of sugar is discontinued or very largely
reduced, there is no industry or industries that could
completely replace it in such islands as Barbados, Antigua,
and St. Kitts, and be profitably carried on and supply
employment for the labouring population. In Jamaica, in
Trinidad, in British Guiana, in St. Lucia, in St. Vincent, and
to some extent in Montserrat and Nevis, the sugar industry may
in time be replaced by other industries, but only after the
lapse of a considerable period and at the cost of much
displacement of labour and consequent suffering. In Dominica
the sugar industry is not at the present day of great
importance. We think it right to add that in all Colonies
where sugar can be completely, or very largely, replaced by
other industries, the Colonies in question will be in a much
sounder position, both politically and economically, when they
have ceased to depend wholly, or to a very great extent, upon
the continued prosperity of a single industry.

"f. The total or partial extinction of the sugar industry
would, in most places, very seriously affect the condition of
the labouring classes for the worse, and would largely reduce
the revenue of the Colonies. In some places the loss of
revenue could be met to a limited extent by economies, but
this could not be done universally nor in a material degree in
most of the Colonies. Some of the Colonies could not provide
the necessary cost of administration, including the relief of
distressed and necessitous persons, or of the support and
repatriation (when necessary) of the East Indian immigrants,
without subventions from the mother country. Jamaica,
Trinidad, and Grenada may be expected to meet from their own
resources the whole of the expenditure that is likely to fall
on them.

{699}

"g. The best immediate remedy for the state of things which we
have shown to exist would be the abandonment of the bounty
system by continental nations. This change would in all
probability enable a large portion of the sugar-cane
cultivation to be carried on successfully, and would certainly
reduce the rate at which it will diminish. Looking, however,
to what appears to be the policy of the United States of
America, to the great cheapening of the cost of production of
beet sugar, and the fact that many countries appear to have
singled out the sugar industry as one which ought to be
artificially stimulated in various ways, it is not clear that,
even if the bounties were abolished, another crisis of a similar
character might not arise in the West Indies at a future day.

"11. A remedy which was strongly supported by witnesses
interested in the West Indian sugar estates was the imposition
of countervailing duties on bounty-fed sugar when imported
into the United Kingdom. …

"i. The special remedies or measures of relief which we
unanimously recommend are—

(1.) The settlement of the labouring population on small
plots of land as peasant proprietors.

(2.) The establishment of minor agricultural industries,
and the improvement of the system of cultivation,
especially in the case of small proprietors.

(3.) The improvement of the means of communication between
the different islands.

(4.) The encouragement of a trade in fruit with New York,
and, possibly, at a future time, with London.

(5.) The grant of a loan from the Imperial Exchequer for
the establishment of Central Factories in Barbados.

The subject of emigration from the distressed tracts also
requires the careful attention of the various Governments,
though we do not find ourselves at the present time in a
position to make recommendations in detail.

"j. We estimate the cost of the special remedies recommended
in (2) (3) and (4) of i, at £27,000 a year for ten years, the
expenditure to be borne by the mother country. We estimate the
amount of the loan to Barbados for the erection of central
factories at £120,000. This measure no doubt involves the risk
of loss. Grants will be required in Dominica and St. Vincent
for roads, and to enable the settlement of the labouring
population on the land to be carried out, and their amount may
be taken at £30,000. A further grant of about £60,000 is
required to clear off the floating debt in some of the smaller
islands. In addition, the smaller islands should receive grants
to enable them to meet their ordinary expenditure of an
obligatory nature. The amount may be placed at £20,000 a year
for five years, and possibly a reduced amount for a further
period of five years. The expenditure which we are able to
estimate may be summarized as follows:—

(1.) A grant of £27,000 a year for ten years.

(2.) A grant of £20,000 a year for five years.

(3.) Immediate grants of £60,000 and £30,000, or £90,000 in
all.

(4.) A loan of £120,000 to Barbados for the establishment
of central factories."

On a proposal for the federation of the West India colonies
the Commission reported unfavorably, for the reason that the
colonies are too widely scattered and differ too greatly in
conditions for an efficient or economical common government.
"Nor does it seem to us," says the report, "that the very
important Island of Jamaica, which is separated by many
hundreds of miles of sea from all the other West Indian
Colonies, could dispense with a separate Governor, even if
there should be a Governor-General; whilst the circumstances
of British Guiana and Trinidad almost equally demand the
constant presence and attention of an Administrator of
Governor's rank. It might be possible, without disadvantage,
to make some reduction in the number of higher officials in
the smaller islands, and we are disposed to think that it
would be conducive to efficiency and economy if the islands of
the Windward Group, that is, Grenada and the Grenadines, St.
Vincent and St. Lucia, were again placed under the Governor of
Barbados, as they were for many years previous to 1885. We are
also disposed to think that the Island of Dominica, which is
not much further than Grenada from Barbados, and which, in its
physical, social and industrial conditions partakes more of
the character of the Windward Islands than of that of the
other Leeward Islands, might be placed under this Government
instead of being considered one of the Leeward Group. It
might, indeed, be found possible to bring the whole of the
Leeward Islands under the same Government as Barbados and the
Windward Islands, and thus effect a further economy."

_Great Britain,
Parliamentary Publications
(Papers by Command;
C.-8655, 1897, pages 69-70, and 23)._

With the sanction of Parliament, most of the recommendations
of the Commission were promptly carried out. Provision was
made for the construction of roads in the islands; for
subsidising steamer lines between the several islands and
between Jamaica, Canada and London; for developing the
cultivation of fruits and other crops by a botanical
department; for establishing model factories for the better
and cheaper working of sugar cane; and for wiping off certain
debts which were a cause of distress to some of the poorer
islands. In these measures the imperial government undertook
obligations which might, it was said, involve the payment of
£200,000.

WEST INDIES: A. D. 1899-1901.
Reciprocity arrangement with the United States.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1899-1901.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

See (in this volume)
AUSTRALIA; and CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA.

WEYLER y NICOLAU, General:
At Barcelona.

See (in this volume)
SPAIN: A. D. 1895-1896.

WEYLER y NICOLAU, General:
Administration in Cuba.

See (in this volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897.

WEYLER y NICOLAU, General:
Appointed Captain-General of Madrid.

See (in this volume)
SPAIN: A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

WHEATON, General:
Military operations in the Philippine Islands.

See (in this volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1899 (JANUARY-NOVEMBER).

WHITE, Andrew D.:
American Commissioner to the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)
PEACE CONFERENCE.

WILDMAN, Rounseville:
Report of proposals from Philippine insurgents in 1897.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1897 (NOVEMBER).

{700}

WILHELMINA, Queen of the Netherlands:
Enthronement and marriage.

See (in this volume)
NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1808, and 1901.

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.
Some of his autocratic speeches against the Social Democrats.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1894-1895.

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.
His claim to kingship by Divine Right.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D.1894-1899.

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.
His message to President Kruger relative to the Jameson Raid.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1896 (JANUARY).

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.
His speech to his brother, Prince Henry, at Kiel.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1897 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER).

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.
His speech to soldiers departing to China.
Punishment of its critics.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER 9).

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.
His system of personal government.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER).

WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA:
Race war.

See (in this volume)
NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1898.

WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.

See (in this volume)
SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.

WITU. The State of.

See (in this volume)
BRITISH EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE: A. D. 1895-1897.

WITWATERSRAND, The.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1885-1890.

WOLCOTT, Senator Edward O.:
Bimetallic mission to Europe.

See (in this volume)
MONETARY QUESTIONS: A. D. 1897 (APRIL-OCTOBER).

WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

Four States have given to women unlimited political freedom,
these States being Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho. The
women of all these States, except Idaho, had the privilege of
voting in the Presidential election of 1896. The women of
Idaho voted in the State election of 1898, but their first
chance to vote for a Presidential ticket was in 1900. To some
extent, in the election of school boards and officers, or on
questions of taxation, woman suffrage exists in a limited way
in Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New
Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon,
South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin.

WOMAN'S CENTURY, The.

See (in this volume)
NINETEENTH CENTURY. THE WOMAN'S CENTURY.

WOOD, Leonard, Colonel
of the Regiment of Rough Riders.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (APRIL-MAY).

WOOD, Leonard, Colonel
Commanding at Santiago.
Report.

See (in this volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1898-1899 (DECEMBER-OCTOBER)

WOOD, Leonard, Colonel.
Military Governor of Cuba.

See (in this volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1809 (DECEMBER).

WORKINGMEN'S INSURANCE, Compulsory, in Germany.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1897-1900.

WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACT, English.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (MAY-JULY).

WORLD POWERS, The four great.

See (in this volume)
NINETEENTH CENTURY: EXPANSION.

X.

X RAYS. The discovery of.

See (in this volume)
SCIENCE, REGENT: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.

Y.

YAMAGATA, Marquis: Ministry.

See (in this volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1898-1899.

YANG-TSUN, Battle of.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST 4-16).

YANG-TSZE REGION, Chinese agreement not to alienate.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY).

YAQUIS, Revolts of the.

See (in this volume)
MEXICO: A. D. 1896-1899.

YAUCO, Engagement at.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (JULY-AUGUST: PORTO RICO).

YELLOW FEVER, Detection of the mosquito as a carrier of.

See (in this volume)
SCIENCE, RECENT: MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

YERKES OBSERVATORY, The.

The Yerkes Observatory, built and equipped for the University
of Chicago, by Mr. Charles T. Yerkes, of Chicago, at the
village of Williams Bay, near Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, was
opened and dedicated on the 21st of October, 1897. A
remarkable gathering of eminent astronomers gave distinction
to the occasion. The Observatory was pronounced to be the most
perfectly equipped in the world. The lens of its great
telescope—40 inch objective—the last great work of the late
Alvan G. Clark, of Cambridge, Massachusetts was then the
largest ever made. Its cost was $66,000; the cost of the
equatorial mounting was $55,000.

YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR.

See (in this volume)
CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR, YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY OF.

YUKON, The district of.

See (in this volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1895.

{701}

Z.

ZAMBESIA, Northern.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY):
A. D. 1894-1895.

ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1895.
Mainland divisions of the Sultanate included
in British East Africa Protectorate.

See (in this volume)
BRITISH EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE: A. D. 1895-1897.

ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1896.
British suppression of an usurper.

See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (ZANZIBAR).

ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1897.
Abolition of the legal status of slavery.

See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (ZANZIBAR).

ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1899.
Renunciation of rights of extra-territoriality by Germany.

See (in this volume)
SAMOAN ISLANDS.

ZIONIST MOVEMENT, The.

See (in this volume)
JEWS: A. D. 1897-1901.

ZULULAND:
Extension of boundary.

See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (ZULULAND).

ZULULAND:
Annexation to Natal Colony.

See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (ZULULAND).

ZOLA, Emile, and the Dreyfus case.

See (in this volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1897-1899, and 1900 (DECEMBER).

ZONA LIBRE.

See (in this volume)
MEXICAN FREE ZONE.

{702}

CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF EVENTS. 1895-1901.

1895.

January 1, 1895.
Murder of the reigning prince of Chitral,
on the northwestern Indian border.

January 7, 1895.
Independence of Korea proclaimed at Seoul.

January 13, 1895.
Death of Sir John Seeley (Professor John Robert Seeley).

January 17, 1895.
Election of M. Felix Faure President of the French Republic.

January 21, 1895.
Agreement between Great Britain and France defining the
boundaries of the hinterland of Sierra Leone.

January 22-23, 1895.
Resignation of President Saenz Peña of the Argentine
Republic, and election of President Uriburu.

January 24, 1895.
Death of Lord Randolph Churchill.

January 26, 1895.
Death of Arthur Cayley, English mathematician.
Death of Nikolai Karlovich de Giers, Russian statesman.

January 28, 1895.
Death of François Canrobert, Marshal of France.

February 7, 1895.
Rejection by the United States House of Representatives of
the measure asked for by President Cleveland for the relief
of the national treasury.

February 8, 1895.
Contract by the United States Secretary of the Treasury with
New York and London banking houses for supply of gold to
the treasury.
Death of Reginald Stuart Poole, English archæologist.

February 12, 1895.
Death of Charles Etienne Gayarré, historian of Louisiana.

February 16, 1895.
Death of Lady Stanley of Alderley.

February 18, 1895.
Death of Archduke Albrecht of Austria.

February 20, 1895.
Death of Frederick Douglass, the most eminent colored man
of his day.

February 24, 1895.
Renewal of insurrection in Cuba against Spanish rule.

March 1, 1895.
Beginning of the siege of a small force of British-Indian
troops in the fort at Chitral by surrounding tribes.

March 2, 1895.
Death of the Grand Duke Alexis,
brother of the Tzar Alexander III.
Death of Professor John Stuart Blackie.
Death of Ismail Pasha, ex-Khedive of Egypt.

March 5, 1895.
Death of Sir Henry Rawlinson, English archæologist.

March 9, 1895.
Death of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, German novelist.

March 11, 1895.
Agreement between Great Britain and Russia for fixing the
northern frontier of Afghanistan from Zulfikar on the
Heri-Rud to the Pamirs.

March 17, 1895.
Bloody battle in the streets of Lima, Peru, ending in the
overthrow of the usurping government of Caceres.

March 18, 1895.
Death of Captain Adam Badeau, military
biographer of General Grant.

March 31, 1895.
Death of Sir George Chesney, military writer.

April 20, 1895.
Relief of the beleaguered British garrison at Chitral.

April 30, 1895.
Death of Gustav Freytag, German novelist.

May 1, 1895.
Proclamation by the British South Africa Company giving
the name "Rhodesia" to its territories.

May 4, 1895.
Death of Roundell Pulmer, 1st Earl of Selborne.

May 5, 1895.
Death of Karl Vogt, German biologist.

May 6, 1895.
Re-hearing granted by the Supreme Court of the United States
on cases testing constitutionality of the income tax.

May 10, 1895.
Relinquishment by Japan of the Fêng-tien peninsula in China.
Census of the Argentine Republic.

May 20, 1895.
Final decision of the Supreme Court of the United States
against the constitutionality of the income tax.

May 23, 1895.
Consolidation of the Astor and Lenox libraries with the
"Tilden Trust," to form the New York Public Library.

May 24, 1895.
Death of Hugh McCulloch, American statesman and financier.

May 28, 1895.
Death of Walter Quinton Gresham,
United States Secretary of State.

May 30, 1895.
Death of Frederick Locker-Lampson, English poet.

May 31, 1895.
Death of Emily Faithfull, philanthropist and author.

June 14, 1895.
Census of the German Empire.

June 17, 1895.
Celebration of the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Ship Canal
between the Baltic and North seas.

June 21-22, 1895.
Defeat in the British Parliament and resignation of the
Ministry of Lord Rosebery;
Lord Salisbury called to form a new government.

June 29, 1895.
Death of Professor Thomas Henry Huxley,
English biologist and scientific man of letters.

{703}

July 1, 1895.
Final transfer of the territories of the British East Africa
Company to the British government;
completed organization of the East Africa Protectorate.

July 8, 1895.
Opening of the railway from Delagoa Bay to Pretoria,
in the Transvaal.

July 13, 1895.
Parliamentary elections begun in Great Britain, resulting in a
large majority for the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists.

July 15, 1895.
Assassination of Mr. Stambouloff, late chief Minister in the
Bulgarian government, who died of his wounds on the 19th.

July 20, 1895.
Pressing despatch of Mr. Olney, United States Secretary of
State, to the American Ambassador to Great Britain, on the
question of the Venezuela boundary, asserting the Monroe
Doctrine.

July 21, 1895.
Death of Professor Rudolph von Gneist, German jurist and
historian.

July 24, 1895.
Defeat of Protectionist policy in the Parliamentary election,
New South Wales.

July 31, 1895.
Death of Heinrich von Sybel, historian, and Director of the
Prussian State Archives.
Death of Richard M. Hunt, American architect.

August 1, 1895.
Massacre of English and American missionaries at Hua Sang
in China.

August 2, 1895.
Death of Joseph Thomson, African explorer.

August 12, 1895.
Opening of the first session of the new Parliament in
Great Britain.

August 13, 1895.
Death of Christian Bernhard Tauchnitz, Leipzig publisher.

September 2, 1895.
Government of a young native prince, under British tutelage
and protection established at Chitral.

September 16-18, 1895.
Adoption of a constitution and organization of a republican
government by the Cuban insurgents.

September 18, 1895.
Opening of the Cotton States and International Exposition
at Atlanta.

September 20, 1895.
Executive order by President Cleveland for the improvement
of the consular service of the United States.

September 28, 1895.
Death of Louis Pasteur, the father of bacteriology.

September 30, 1895.
Attack by Turkish police in Constantinople on Armenians who
had gathered to present their grievances to the Sultan.

October 3, 1895.
Death of Professor Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, Norwegian-American
novelist and poet.

October 7, 1895.
Death of William Wetmore Story, American sculptor and author.

October 8-9, 1895.
Massacre of Armenians at Trebizond by a Turkish mob.

October 17, 1895.
Turkish imperial irade directing reforms in Armenia which
were not carried out.

October 21, 1895.
Death of Henry Reeve, English author and editor.

November 4, 1895.
Revolutionary installation of Aloy Alfaro as executive chief
of the Republic of Ecuador.
Death of Eugene Field, American poet and journalist.

November 8, 1895.
Discovery of the X rays by Professor Rontgen.

November 9, 1895.
Death of Colonel Benjamin Wait, a leader of the Canadian
rebellion of 1837.

November 20, 1895.
Death of Chimelli de Marini, known as Rustem Pasha.

November 25, 1895.
More rigorous anti-slavery law instituted in Egypt.
Death of Jules Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, French statesman
and orientalist.

November 26, 1895.
Reply of Lord Salisbury, for the British government,
to the despatch of Mr. Olney, on the Venezuela question.
Death of Henry Seebohm, English naturalist.

November 27, 1895.
Death of Alexandre Dumas, the younger.

November 29, 1895.
Death of Count Edward Taaffe, Austrian statesman.

December 8, 1895.
Death of George Augustus Sala, English journalist.

December 12, 1895.
Death of Allen G. Thurman,
American political leader and statesman.

December 17, 1895.
Message of President Cleveland to the Congress of the
United States on the boundary dispute between
Great Britain and Venezuela.
Death of Antonio Gallenga (Luigi Mariotti),
Italian revolutionist, journalist, and author.

December 18-20, 1895.
Passage by the two branches of the Congress of the United
States of an act authorizing the President to appoint a
commission to ascertain the true boundary of Venezuela.

December 20, 1895.
Special Message of President Cleveland to the Congress of
the United States on the financial situation of the country.

December 23, 1895.
Death of "Stepniak," Russian revolutionist and author.
Death of John Russell Hind, English astronomer.

December 27-28, 1895.
Passage of temporary tariff bill and bill to maintain the
coin redemption fund, by the United States House of
Representatives.

December 29, 1895.
Raid by Dr. Jameson, Administrator of the British South Africa
Company, into the Transvaal, with an armed force of 500 men.

1896.

January 1, 1896.
Appointment of an United States Commission to investigate the
divisional line between Venezuela and British Guiana.
Surrender of Dr. Jameson and his raiders to the Boers.
New constitution for South Carolina brought into effect.

January 3, 1896.
Congratulatory telegram from the German Emperor, William II.,
to President Kruger, of the South African Republic,
on the defeat of the Jameson Raid.

January 8, 1896.
Destructive earthquake shock in Persia.
Death of Paul Verlaine, French poet.

January 10, 1896.
Proclamation of President Kruger to the inhabitants of
Johannesburg, promising them a municipal government.

January 11, 1896.
Death of João de Deus, Portuguese poet.

{704}

January 15, 1896.
Declaration of agreement between Great Britain and France
concerning Siam.

January 17, 1896.
Occupation of Kumassi, the capital of Ashanti, by British
forces, and submission of King Prempeh.

January 18, 1896.
Submission by the Queen of Madagascar to a
French protectorate of the island.

January 20, 1896.
Death of Prince Henry of Battenberg.

January 24, 1896.
Death of Lord Leighton, English painter.

January 29, 1896.
Death of the Right Honourable Hugh Culling Eardley Childcrs,
ex-Chancellor of the Exchequer, Great Britain.

February 1, 1896.
Substitution, by the United States Senate, of a free silver
coinage bill for the House bill to maintain the coin
redemption fund.

February 6, 1896.
Death of Jean Auguste Barre, French sculptor.

February 8, 1896.
Signing of treaty between United States and Great Britain for
the arbitration of British claims for seizure of sealing vessels.

February 10, 1896.
Arrival of General Weyler at Havana as Governor and
Captain-General of Cuba.

February 11, 1896.
Notification by the French government to the Powers that it
had taken final possession of Madagascar.

February 14, 1896.
Rejection by the United States House of Representatives of
the Senate substitute for its bill to maintain the coin
redemption fund.

February 16, 1896.
Promulgation of Weyler's concentration order in Cuba.

February 25, 1896.
Defeat of the House tariff bill in the United States Senate.

February 26, 1896.
Death of Arsène Houssaye, French author.

February 27, 1896.
Reopening of a discussion of the Venezuela boundary question
between the governments of the united States and Great Britain.

March 1, 1896.
Defeat of the Italians by the Abyssinians at Adowa.

March 5, 1896.
Suggestion by Lord Salisbury of a general treaty of
arbitration between the United States and Great Britain.

March 10-12, 1896.
Passage of the Raines Liquor Law by the two branches of the
New York Legislature.

March 21, 1896.
Beginning of the Anglo-Egyptian movement for the recovery of
the Sudan from the Dervishes.

March 22, 1896.
Death of Thomas Hughes, author of "Tom Brown's School Days."

March 24, 1896.
Death of President Hippolyte of the Haytien Republic.

March 28, 1896.
Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Charles, English author.

March 30, 1896.
Resumption of the authority of the Pope over the Coptic Church,
and re-establishment of the Catholic patriarchate of
Alexandria.

March 31, 1896.
Reopening of the military and naval service of the United
States to persons who had held commissions in the Confederate
army or navy during the civil war.

April 6, 1896.
Revival of Olympic games at Athens.

April 8.
Highest latitude reached by Dr. Nansen, within 261 statute
miles of the north pole.

April 11, 1896.
Death of Charilaos Trikoupis, Greek statesman.

April 21, 1896.
Death of Jean Baptiste Léon Say, French statesman.
Death of Baron Hirsch, financier
and millionaire-philanthropist.

April 24, 1896.
Promulgation of amendments to the constitution of the
Republic of Mexico.

April 26, 1896.
Death of Sir Henry Parkes, Australian statesman.

May 1, 1896.
Opening of German industrial exposition at Berlin.
Assassination of the Shah of Persia.
Promulgation of additional amendments to the Mexican
constitution.

May 2, 1896.
Opening of the great national exposition and festival at
Buda-Pesth to celebrate the millennium of the
kingdom of Hungary.

May 3, 1896.
Death of Alfred William Hunt, English artist.

May 4, 1896.
Opening of the National Electrical Exposition in New York.

May 6, 1896.
Promulgation of civil service rules by President Cleveland,
adding 29,000 places to the classified service under the
government of the United States.

May 11, 1896.
The bill to consolidate New York, Brooklyn, and neighboring
cities, in the "Greater New York," made law by the
Governor's signature.

May 19, 1896.
Promulgation of the law of public education in Mexico,
establishing a national system.
Publication in England of the manifesto of a New Radical Party,
led by Sir Charles Dilke and Mr. Labouchere.
Death of the Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria.

May 20, 1896.
Death of Madame Clara Schumann, pianist.

May 24, 1896.
Outbreak of Turks against the Christians in Canea, Crete.
Death of Edward Armitage, English artist.

May 26, 1896.
Coronation of the Russian Tzar, Nicholas II.;
suffocation of nearly 3,000 people at the feasting.

May 27, 1896.
The city of St. Louis struck by a cyclone.

May 27-28, 1896.
Meeting of the national convention of the Prohibition Party,
at Pittsburgh, to nominate candidates for President and
Vice President of the United States.

June 2, 1896.
Death of Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs, African explorer.

June 4, 1896.
Death of Ernesto Rossi, Italian actor and author.

June 7, 1896.
Battle of the British and Egyptian army with the Dervishes
at Ferket.

June 8, 1896.
Death of Jules Simon, French statesmen and philosopher.

June 9, 1896.
Appointment of Commission to draft the "Greater New York"
charter.

June 16-18, 1896.
Meeting, at St. Louis, of the Republican national convention,
and nomination of William McKinley and Garret A. Hobart for
President and Vice President of the United States.

{705}

June 23, 1896.
Parliamentary elections in Canada, and substantial victory
of the Liberal Party.
Death of Sir Joseph Prestwich, English geologist.

June 26, 1896.
Resignation of Cecil J. Rhodes from the board of directors
of the British South Africa Company.

June 28, 1896.
Re-election of President Diaz, of Mexico, for a fifth term.

July 1, 1896.
Abolition of inter-state taxes in Mexico.
Death of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe.

July 4-10, 1896.
Meeting, in New York, of the national convention of the
Socialist Labor Party, to nominate candidates for President
and Vice President of the United States.

July 7-11, 1896.
Meeting, at Chicago, of the Democratic national convention,
and nomination of William J. Bryan and Arthur Sewall for
President and Vice President of the United States.

July 8, 1896.
Retirement of Sir Charles Tupper from and succession of Sir
Wilfrid Laurier to the Prime Ministry of the Canadian government.

July 11, 1896.
Death of Right Honourable Sir Augustus Berkeley Paget,
diplomatist.

July 12, 1896.
Death of Professor Ernst Curtius, German historian.

July 14, 1896.
First international conference in London to plan co-operative
work in the preparation of a catalogue of scientific
literature.

July 16, 1896.
Death of Edmond Huot Goncourt, French novelist.

July 17, 1896.
Report of an investigating committee of the Cape Colony House
of Assembly declaring Mr. Rhodes to be responsible for the
Jameson Raid.

July 20, 1896.
Opening of the trial, in England, of Dr. Jameson and other
leaders of the raid into the Transvaal.
Death of Charles Dickens, eldest son of the novelist.

July 22, 1896.
Meeting of the convention of the National Silver Party,
at St. Louis, to endorse the nominations of Bryan and Sewall,
for President and Vice President of the United States.

July 22-25, 1896.
Meeting of the People's, or Populist Party in national
convention at St. Louis;
nomination of William J. Bryan and Thomas E. Watson for
President and Vice President of the United States.

July 23, 1896.
Death of Mary Dickens, eldest daughter of Charles Dickens.

July 26, 1896.
Tidal wave on the coast of Kiangsu, China, destroying
several thousand people.

July 28, 1896.
Conviction of Dr. Jameson and four of his subordinates.

July 30, 1896.
Resolution of the British House of Commons to investigate
the administration of the British South Africa Company.

August, 1896.
Discovery of the Klondike gold fields.

August 1, 1896.
Death of Right Honourable Sir William R. Grove,
jurist and man of science.

August 19, 1896.
Death of Professor Josiah Dwight Whitney, American geologist.

August 25, 1896.
Revolution in the sultanate of Zanzibar suppressed by British
forces.
Arrangement of Turkey with the Powers for reforms in Crete.

August 26-28, 1896.
Attack of Armenians on the Ottoman Bank at Constantinople;
horrible massacre of Armenians by the Turks.

August 27, 1896.
Appointment of Monsignor Martinelli to succeed Cardinal
Satolli as Papal Delegate to the United States.

August 30, 1896.
Death of Prince Alexis Borisovich Lobanof-Rostofski,
Russian statesman and diplomatist.

August 31, 1896.
Proclamation establishing a British protectorate over the
hinterland of Sierra Leone.

September 2-3, 1896.
Meeting of a convention of the National Democratic Party at
Indianapolis;
nomination of General John M. Palmer and General Simon B.
Buckner for President and Vice President of the United States.

September 15, 1896.
Publication in the Paris "Eclair" of the fact that Captain
Alfred Dreyfus (degraded and imprisoned in 1894 for alleged
betrayal of military secrets to a foreign power) was
convicted on the evidence of a document shown secretly to
the court martial, and unknown to the prisoner and his counsel.

September 23, 1896.
The Dervishes driven from Dongola by the Anglo-Egyptian army.

September 27, 1896.
Abolition of slavery in Madagascar by decree of the
French Resident-General.

September 29, 1896.
Official announcement of bubonic plague at Bombay.

October 3, 1896.
Death of William Morris, English poet.

October 8, 1896.
Death of George Du Maurier, English artist and novelist.

October 11, 1896.
Death of Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury.

October 20-22, 1896.
Celebration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of
the founding of The College of New Jersey, which then
formally assumed the name of Princeton University.

October 26, 1896.
Peace made between the government of Italy and King Menelek,
of Abyssinia.
Death of Paul Amand Challemel Lacour, French publicist.

November 3, 1896.
Presidential election in the United States.

November 9, 1896.
Announcement by Lord Salisbury of the settlement of the
Venezuela question between Great Britain and the United States.

November 11, 1896.
Death of Mrs. Mary Frances Scott-Siddons, actress.

November 16, 1896.
First transmission of electric power from Niagara Falls to
Buffalo.

November 21, 1896.
Death of Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, physician,
scientific investigator, and author.

November 26, 1896.
Death of Coventry Patmore, English poet.
Death of Mathilde Blind, author.
Death of Benjamin Apthorp Gould, American astronomer.

December 1, 1896.
Death of Heinrich Gätke, painter and naturalist.

December 7, 1896.
Death of Antonio Maceo, leader of Cuban insurgents,
killed in a skirmish with the Spaniards.

December 10, 1896.
Death of Alfred Noble, Swedish engineer and founder of a
great fund for annually rewarding benefactors of humanity.

{706}

December 11, 1896.
Political suffrage extended to women in Idaho by an amendment
of the constitution.

December 15, 1896.
Death of Emile François Chatrousse, French sculptor.

1897.

January 3, 1897
Death of Vivien St. Martin, French geographer.

January 3-4, 1897.
Outbreak of conflict between Christians
and Moslems at Canea in Crete.

January 5, 1897.
Death of George Whiting Flagg, American painter.

January 11, 1897.
Signing, at Washington, of a general treaty between the
United States and Great Britain for the arbitration of all
matters of difference.

January 12, 1897.
Meeting, at Indianapolis, of a national convention of
delegates from commercial organizations to take measures
for promoting monetary reform in the United States.

January 15, 1897.
Death of Sir Travers Twiss, English jurist.

January 16, 1897.
Death of Joel Tyler Headley, American man of letters.

January 27, 1897.
Overthrow of the slave-raiding Emir of Nupé by forces of
the Royal Niger Company.

February 2, 1897.
Signing, at Washington, of the treaty of arbitration
between Great Britain and Venezuela.

February 7, 1897.
Union of Crete with Greece proclaimed by insurgent Christians
at Halepa.

February 9, 1897.
The taking of the first general census of the Russian Empire.
Death of Eliza Greatorex, American painter.

February 11, 1897.
Announcement by the government of Greece to the Powers that
it had determined to intervene by force in behalf of the
Christians of Crete.

February 12, 1897.
Death of Homer Dodge Martin, American artist.

February 14, 1897.
Landing of a Greek expedition of 2,000 men in Crete,
under Colonel Vassos.

February 15, 1897.
Landing of a mixed force at Canea, Crete, by the Powers of
the "European Concert," to protect the town;
proclamation by the Greek commander, Colonel Vassos, that he
had occupied the island in the name of the King of the Greeks.

February 16, 1897.
Beginning of the British parliamentary investigation of the
Jameson Raid.
Presentation by the South African Republic of its claim for
indemnity on account of the Jameson Raid.

February 17, 1897.
Attack by the Greeks on the Turkish forces at Canea.

February 18, 1897.
Capture of Benin by British forces.

February 22, 1897.
Death of Jean François Gravelet Blondin, French acrobat.

March 2, 1897.
Veto of Immigration Bill by President Cleveland.
Joint note by the powers of the "Concert" to Greece and
Turkey, declaring that Crete cannot be annexed to Greece, but
that the island will be endowed by the Powers with an
autonomous administration.

March 4, 1897.
Inauguration of William McKinley in the office of President
of the United States.

March 6, 1897.
Death of Reverend Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, English author.

March 11, 1897.
Death of Professor Henry Drummond, Scottish religious writer.

March 15, 1897.
Meeting of Congress in extra session called by the President.

March 21, 1897.
"Pacific blockade" of the coast of Crete established by the
Powers of the European Concert.

March 25, 1897.
Passage of the Elementary Education Act by the British
House of Commons.

March 27, 1897.
Death of William Taylor Adams (Oliver Optic), American writer
of fiction for young readers.

March 30, 1897.
Opening of debate in the British Parliament on the report of
a Royal Commission on the financial relations between
Great Britain and Ireland.

March 31, 1897.
Passage of the Dingley tariff bill by the United States
House of Representatives.

April.
Unprecedented floods along the Mississippi river.

April 3, 1897.
Death of Johannes Brahms, German composer.

April 5, 1897.
Publication in Austria of the language decrees for Bohemia.

April 6, 1897.
Edict of the Sultan of Zanzibar terminating the legal
status of slavery.

April 9, 1897.
Incursion of irregular Greek troops into Turkish territory.

April 10, 1897.
Death of Daniel Wolsey Voorhees, United States Senator.

April 12, 1897.
Appointment of commissioners from the United States to
negotiate in Europe for an international bi-metallic agreement.
Formal delivery to the Governor of Massachusetts of the
manuscript of Bradford's History of Plymouth Colony
(called "the Log of the Mayflower ") as a gift from England.
Death of Edward Drinker Cope, American naturalist.

April 17, 1897.
Turkish declaration of a state of war with Greece; beginning
of hostilities between regular troops, at Milouna Pass.

April 22-24, 1897.
Retreat of the Greek army in panic rout from Tyrnavo.

April 27, 1897.
Resignation of the Greek Ministry of M. Delyannis.

April 30, 1897.
Repulse by the Greeks of a Turkish attack on positions
near Velestino.
Formation of a new Ministry in Greece, under Demetrius Ralli.

May 1, 1897.
Opening of the Centennial Exposition at Nashville, Tennessee.

May 2-7, 1897.
Continued attacks by the Turks on the line held by the Greeks
between Pharsala and Volo; withdrawal of the Greeks to Domoko.

May 14, 1897.
Fire in a charity bazaar at Paris which was horribly
destructive of life.
The "Greater New York" charter becomes law.

May 15, 1897.
Rejection by the United States Senate of the arbitration
treaty negotiated between the United States and Great Britain.

May 16, 1897.
Death of Henri Eugene Philippe Louis, Duc d' Aumale, French
prince of the Bourbon-Orleans family, soldier and author.
Death of James Theodore Bent, English traveler and writer.

{707}

May 8, 1897.
Announcement by the Greek government to the Powers that
Colonel Vassos and his forces would be withdrawn from Crete.

May 11, 1897.
Proffer by the Powers of the European Concert of mediation
between Turkey and Greece.

May 17, 1897.
Defeat of the Greeks by the Turks at Domoko.

May 20, 1897.
Arrangement of an armistice between the Turks and the Greeks.

May 23, 1897.
Withdrawal of the last of the Greek troops from Crete.

June 1, 1897.
Census taken in Egypt.

June 2, 1897.
Opening of the Commercial Museum in Philadelphia.

June 3, 1897.
Opening of negotiations for peace between
Turkey and Greece at Constantinople.

June 10, 1897.
Effect given to a new constitution for the State of Delaware,
establishing an educational qualification of the suffrage.
Rising of tribes on the Afghan frontier of India against the
British.

June 14, 1897.
Convention between France and Great Britain, establishing the
boundaries of their respective claims in the Niger region of
West Africa.

June 16, 1897.
Transmission to Congress of a new treaty for the annexation
of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States.

June 20-22, 1897.
Celebration in London of the sixtieth anniversary—the
"Diamond Jubilee"—of the accession of Queen Victoria to the
throne of the United Kingdom.

June 24, 1897.
Conference at London of the Premiers of British colonies with
the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

June 25, 1897.
Death of Mrs. Margaret Oliphant (Wilson) Oliphant, Scottish
novelist and writer in many fields.

July 2, 1897.
Death of Adjutant-General Francis Amasa Walker,
American economist.

July 7, 1897.
Passage of the Dingley tariff bill by the United States
Senate, with many amendments.

July 8, 1897.
Death of Isham Green Harris, United States Senator.

July 10, 1897.
Death of Daniel Greenleaf Thompson, American author.

July 11, 1897.
Adoption of constitutional amendments in Switzerland by
popular vote.
The starting of Andrée from Spitzbergen on his attempted
balloon voyage to the north pole.

July 12-15, 1897.
Conference of American commissioners with Lord Salisbury and
other British ministers, on the subject of an international
bi-metallic agreement.

July 13, 1897.
Report of the British parliamentary committee which
investigated the Jameson Raid.
Death of Alfred Marshall Mayer, American physicist.

July 14, 1897.
Death of Anthony John Mundella, English statesman.

July 15, 1897.
Death of Brigadier-General Philippe Regis de Trobriand,
French officer in the American civil war, and writer.

July 20, 1897.
Death of Sir John Skelton, Scottish historian.
Death of Sir John Charles Bucknill, English alienist.

July 24, 1897.
Final passage of the Dingley tariff bill by both branches
of the United States Congress.

July 26, 1897.
Attack on British garrisons in the Swat Valley
(Afghan frontier of India), excited by "the mad mullah."

July 30, 1897.
Death of Étienne Vacherot, French philosopher.

August 2, 1897.
Death of Adam Asnyk, Polish poet.

August 5, 1897.
Death of James Hammond Trumbull. American philologist.

August 8, 1897.
Assassination of Señor Canovas del Castillo,
Prime Minister of Spain.

August 25, 1897.
Assassination of President Borda, of Uruguay.

August 29-31, 1897.
Meeting of the first congress of the Zionists at Basle.

August 31, 1897.
Speech by the German Emperor at Coblenz, asserting
"kingship by the grace of God," with "responsibility to the
Creator alone."
Death of Mrs. Louisa Lane Drew, actress.

September 10, 1897.
Death of Theodore Lyman, American naturalist.

September 11, 1897.
Death of Reverend Abel Stevens,
American historian of the Methodist church.

September 12, 1897.
Ending of a great strike of coal miners in the United States,
which began in July.

September 16, 1897.
Death of Edward Austin Sheldon, American educator.

September 17, 1897.
Death of Henry Williams Sage, American philanthropist.

September 18, 1897.
Signing of a preliminary treaty of peace
between Turkey and Greece.

September 20, 1897.
Death of Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian.

September 22, 1897.
Meeting at Washington of a commission on monetary reform,
appointed by the Indianapolis Convention of January 12.
Death of Charles Denis Sauter Bourbaki, French general.

September 28, 1897.
Vote on proposed constitutional amendments in New Jersey.

October 1, 1897.
Introduction of the gold monetary standard in Japan.

October 2, 1897.
Death of Neal Dow, American temperance reformer.

October 4, 1897.
Death of Professor Francis William Newman,
English scholar and philosopher.

October 6, 1897.
The Philippine Islands swept by a typhoon,
destroying over 6,000 lives.
Death of Sir John Gilbert, English artist.

October 18, 1897.
Death of Rear-Admiral John Lorimer Worden, U. S. N.

October 19, 1897.
Death of George Mortimer Pullman, American inventor.

October 21, 1897.
Opening and dedication of the Yerkes Observatory,
at Williams Bay, Wisconsin.

October 22, 1897.
Death of Justin Winsor, American historian and bibliographer.

October 24, 1897.
Death of Francis Turner Palgrave, English poet.

October 25, 1897.
Death of John Sartain, American artist.
Death of John Stoughton, English church historian.

October 27, 1897.
Death of Mary, Duchess of Teck.
Death of Alexander Milton Ross, Canadian naturalist.

{708}

October 28, 1897.
Stormy session of the Austrian Reichsrath; twelve-hours'
speech of Dr. Lecher.
Death of Hercules George Robinson, Baron Rosmead,
British colonial administrator.

October 29, 1897.
Death of Henry George, American economist.

November 2, 1897.
Election of the first Mayor of "Greater New York."
Death of Sir Rutherford Alcock, British diplomatist.

November 4, 1897.
Seizure by Germany of the port of Kiao-chau on the
northeastern coast of China.

November 6, 1897.
Signing of treaty between Russia, Japan and the United States,
providing for a suspension of pelagic sealing.

November 10, 1897.
Adoption of plans for a building for the
New York Public Library.

November 14, 1897.
Death of Thomas Williams Evans, American dentist in Paris,
founder of the Red Cross Society in the Franco-Prussian war.

November 15, 1897.
Commandant Esterhazy denounced to the French Minister of War,
by M. Matthieu Dreyfus, as the author of the "bordereau" on
which Captain Alfred Dreyfus was secretly convicted.

November 16, 1897.
The Dreyfus case brought into the French Chamber of Deputies
by a question to the Minister of War.

November 19, 1897.
Great fire in London, beginning in Aldersgate and spreading
over six acres, destroying property estimated at £2,000,000
in value.
Death of Henry Calderwood, Scottish philosopher.

November 21, 1897.
Death of Sir Charles Edward Pollock, English jurist.

November 23, 1897.
Death of A. Bardoux, French statesman.

November 25, 1897.
Promulgation by royal decree at Madrid of a constitution
establishing self-government in Cuba and Porto Rico.

November 29, 1897.
Death of James Legge, Scotch oriental scholar.

December, 1897.
Annexation of Zululand to Natal Colony.

December 5, 1897.
Death of Mrs. Alice Wellington Rollins, American author.

December 14.
Signing of the treaty of Biac-na-bato, between the Spaniards
and the insurgent Filipinos.

December 29, 1897.
Approval of Act of Congress forbidding the killing of seals
by citizens of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean north
of 35° North latitude.
Death of William James Linton, American artist and author.

December 31, 1897.
Imperial proclamation, closing the sittings of the Austrian
Reichsrath, and continuing the Austro-Hungarian "Ausgleich"
provisionally for six months.

1898.

January 2, 1898.
Death of Sir Edward Augustus Bond, formerly principal
librarian of the British museum.

January 12, 1898.
Acquittal of Commandant Esterhazy, after a farcical pretense
of trial by a military tribunal, on the charge of being the
author of the "bordereau" ascribed to Dreyfus.

January 13, 1898.
Publication in Paris of a letter by M. Zola, denouncing the
conduct of the courts martial in the cases of Dreyfus and
Esterhazy.
Death of Mrs. Mary Victoria Cowden Clarke.

January 16, 1898.
Death of Charles Pelham Villiers, English statesman.

January 18, 1898.
Death of Henry George Liddell, English historian and
classical scholar.

January 20, 1898.
Second meeting of monetary convention at Indianapolis, to
consider the report of its commission.

January 24, 1898.
Declaration by Count von Bülow, in the German Reichstag, that
no relations or connections of any kind had ever existed
between Captain Dreyfus and any German agents.

January 25, 1898.
Friendly visit of the United States battle ship "Maine" to
Havana, Cuba.

January 28, 1898.
End of a great strike and lockout in the British engineering
trades, which began in the previous July.

January 31, 1898.
Disastrous blizzard in New England.

February 4, 1898.
Re-election (by voting which began January 3) of
President Kruger for a fourth term of five years,
in the South African Republic.

February 7-15, 1898.
Prosecution of M. Zola for defamation of certain military
officers; his scandalous trial and conviction.

February 14, 1898.
Destruction of the United States battle ship "Maine,"
by an explosion, in the harbor of Havana, Cuba.

February 16, 1898.
Removal of Chief-Justice Kotze, of the High Court of the
South African Republic, by President Kruger.

February 18.
Death of Frances Elizabeth Willard, American social reformer.

February 19, 1898.
Death of Dr. Edward Constant Seguin, neurologist, New York.

February 26, 1898.
Death of Frederick Tennyson, English poet.
Death of Michael Gregorovich Tchernaieff, Russian soldier
and popular hero of the Panslavists.

February 27, 1898.
Death of Major-General William Booth Taliaferro,
Confederate army.

March 1, 1898.
Retirement of General Crespo from the Presidency of Venezuela;
succession of General Andrade to the office.

March 6, 1898.
Death of Felice Cavalotti, Italian statesman and dramatist.

March 11, 1898.
Death of Major-General William Starke Rosecrans.

March 15, 1898.
Death of Sir Henry Bessemer, English inventor.

March 16, 1898.
Death of Aubrey Beardsley, English artist.

March 17, 1898.
Speech of Senator Proctor, of Vermont, in the United States
Senate, describing the condition of the reconcentrados in Cuba,
as he saw them during a recent visit to the island.
Death of Blanche K. Bruce, register of the United States
Treasury, born a slave.

March 21, 1898.
Report of the United States naval court of inquiry on the
destruction of the battle ship "Maine."
Death of Brigadier-General George Washington Rains,
Confederate army.

{709}

March 22, 1898.
Report of Spanish naval board of inquiry on the destruction
of the United States battle ship "Maine."

March 23, 1898.
Primary election law in New York signed by the Governor.

March 25, 1898.
Death of James Payn, English novelist.