Chapter CXXI: Section 38: abolishes the so-called "Army Canteen," in (4)

March 27, 1898.
Proposal by the government of the United States to that of
Spain of an armistice and negotiation of peace with the
insurgents in Cuba.
Cession by China to Russia of Port Arthur and Talienwan.

March 28, 1898.
Message of the President of the United States to Congress on
the destruction of the battle ship "Maine."
Death of Anton Seidl, composer and musical conductor.

March 31, 1898.
Reply of the Spanish government to the proposals of the
United States, for an armistice and negotiation with the
Cuban insurgents.
Death of Edward Noyes Westcott, American novelist.

April 2, 1898.
Quashing of the sentence pronounced on M. Zola, upon his
appeal to the Court of Cassation.
Lease by China to Great Britain of the port of Wei-hai Wei
with adjacent territory.

April 7, 1898.
Death of Margaret Mather, American actress.

April 8, 1898.
Great victory of the Anglo-Egyptian army, under the Sirdar,
General Kitchener, over the Dervishes, on the Atbara.

April 10, 1898.
Passage of bill through the German Reichstag to greatly
increase the German navy.

April 11, 1898.
Special Message of the President of the United States to
Congress on the relations of the country to Spain, consequent
on affairs in Cuba.
Lease by China to France of Kwang-chow Wan
on the southern coast.

April 13, 1898.
Adoption by the United States House of Representatives of a
joint resolution authorizing and directing the President to
"intervene at once to stop the war in Cuba."

April 16, 1898.
Adoption by the United States Senate of a joint resolution
not only directing intervention to stop the war in Cuba,
but recognizing the insurgent government of "the Republic of
Cuba."
Death of ex-President Crespo, of Venezuela, killed in battle.

April 17, 1898.
Death of Jules Marcou, French geologist.

April 18, 1898.
Arrangement of the disagreement between the two branches of
the United States Congress respecting the recognition of
"the Republic of Cuba," and passage of a joint resolution
to intervene for the stopping of the war in the island.

April 19, 1898.
Death of George Parsons Lathrop, American author.
Death of Gustave Moreau, French painter.

April 20, 1898.
Passports asked for and received by the
Spanish Minister at Washington.

April 21, 1898.
Appointment of Rear-Admiral Sampson to the command of the
United States naval force on the Atlantic station.

April 22, 1898.
Proclamation by the President of the United States declaring
a blockade of certain Cuban ports.

April 23, 1898.
Proclamation by the President of the United States calling
for 125,000 volunteers.

April 24, 1898.
Commodore Dewey, commanding the Asiatic squadron of the
United States, ordered to proceed from Hong Kong to the
Philippine Islands, to destroy or capture the Spanish fleet
in those waters.
Interview, at Singapore, between the leader of the Philippine
insurgents, Aguinaldo, and the United States Consul-General,
Mr. Spencer Pratt;
communication from Mr. Pratt to Commodore Dewey, at Hong Kong;
request from Commodore Dewey that Aguinaldo come to Hong Kong.

April 25, 1898.
Formal declaration of war with Spain by the Congress of the
United States, with authority given to the President to call
out the land and naval forces of the nation.
Removal of the American squadron under Commodore Dewey from
Hong Kong to Mirs Bay, China.
Signing of protocol between Russia and Japan relative to Korea.

April 27, 1898.
Sailing of the American squadron from Mirs Bay to Manila.

April 29, 1898.
Proclamation of neutrality by the Portuguese government,
which required the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera to
depart from the Cape Verde islands.

May 1, 1898.
Destruction of the Spanish squadron in Manila Bay by the
American squadron under Commodore Dewey.

May 2, 1898.
Arrival of Aguinaldo at Hong Kong.

May 3, 1898.
Occupation of Cavite arsenal by American naval forces.

May 8, 1898.
General elections for a new Chamber of Deputies in France;
first balloting.

May 9, 1898.
Serious fighting in Milan, ending bread riots in that city
and elsewhere in northern Italy.

May 12, 1898.
Attack on the Spanish forts at San Juan, Porto Rico, by
Admiral Sampson, then searching for Cervera's fleet.

May 13, 1898.
Death of Reverend William Stevens Perry,
American church historian.

May 16, 1898.
Major-General Wesley Merritt, U. S. A., assigned to the
command of the Department of the Pacific.
Conveyance of Aguinaldo from Hong Kong to Cavite by the
United States ship "McCulloch."

May 19, 1898.
Death of Mr. Gladstone.
Death of Maria Louise Pool, American novelist.

May 22, 1898.
Second balloting in French elections, where the first had
resulted in no choice.
Death of Spencer Walpole, English historian.
Death of Edward Bellamy, American novelist and social theorist.

May 25, 1898.
Proclamation by the President of the United States calling
for 75,000 additional volunteers.
Departure from San Francisco of the first military expedition
from the United States to the Philippine Islands, under
General T. M. Anderson.

May 28, 1898.
Public funeral of Mr. Gladstone;
burial in Westminster Abbey.
Death of Mrs. Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren, American author.

{710}

May 29, 1898.
Blockade of the Spanish squadron under Rear-Admiral Cervera,
in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, by the American flying
squadron under Commodore Schley.

May 30, 1898.
Agreement between Great Britain, Canada and the United States,
creating a Joint High Commission for the adjustment of all
existing subjects of controversy between the United States
and Canada.

June 1, 1898.
Arrival of Admiral Sampson and his fleet off the entrance to
the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, to perfect the blockade of
the Spanish squadron.
Opening of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha, Nebraska.
Enactment of law to provide for the arbitration of disputes
between employés and companies engaged in interstate commerce
in the United States.

June 2, 1898.
Death of George Eric Mackay, English poet.

June 3, 1898.
Sinking of the collier "Merrimac" in the channel of the
harbor-entrance at Santiago de Cuba, by Assistant Naval
Constructor Hobson. U. S. N.

June 6, 1898.
Bombardment of Spanish forts at Santiago de Cuba by the
American blockading fleet.

June 7-10, 1898.
Possession of the lower bay at Guantanamo, near Santiago de
Cuba, taken by vessels of the American navy, and a marine
battalion landed.

June 11, 1898.
Reform edict issued by the young Emperor of China.

June 14, 1898.
Sailing, from Tampa, Florida, of the military expedition
under General Shafter for the capture of Santiago de Cuba.

June 15, 1898.
Sailing, from San Francisco, of the second American military
expedition to the Philippines.
Adoption by the House of Representatives of a joint resolution
to provide for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the
United States.

June 16, 1898.
Second bombardment of forts at Santiago de Cuba by the
American blockading fleet.

June 16-24, 1898.
Elections to the Reichstag of the German Empire.

June 17, 1898.
Resignation of the Ministry of Signor Rudini in Italy.
Death of Sir Edward Burne-Jones, English painter.

June 20, 1898.
Arrival, off Guantanamo, of the expedition under
General Shafter.

June 21, 1898.
Capture and occupation of the island of Guam by the U. S. S.
"Charleston."

June 22-24, 1898.
Landing of General Shafter's army at Daiquiri and Siboney.

June 24, 1898.
First engagement between American and Spanish troops in Cuba,
at La Guasima.

June 28, 1898.
Proclamation by Aguinaldo, assuming the administration of a
provisional government of the Philippine Islands.
Approval by the President of the United States of the "Curtis
Act," relating to the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians.
Formation of a new Italian Ministry by General Pelloux.

July, 1898.
Discussion and passage by the British Parliament of a
Local Government Act for Ireland.

July 1, 1898.
Assault by the American forces, at San Juan Hill and El Caney,
on the Spanish lines defending Santiago.

July 2-3, 1898.
Continued fighting on the lines around Santiago de Cuba.

July 3, 1898.
Demand of General Shafter for the surrender of Santiago, under
the threat of bombardment; truce arranged by foreign consuls and
negotiations for surrender opened.
Destruction of the Spanish fleet of Admiral Cervera on its
attempting to escape from the blockaded port of Santiago de
Cuba.

July 4, 1898.
Opening of communications between General Anderson, commanding
the first expedition of the United States forces landed near
Manila, and General Aguinaldo, "commanding the Philippine
forces."

July 6, 1898.
Destruction of the Spanish cruiser" Alphonso XII.," when
attempting to escape from the harbor of Havana.
Adoption by the U. S. Senate of the joint resolution to
provide for the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands.
Exchange of Lieutenant Hobson and his fellow captives for
prisoners taken from the Spanish forces.

July 7, 1898.
Declaration of M. Cavaignac, Minister of War, in the Chamber
of Deputies, of his absolute certainty of the guilt of Captain
Dreyfus.
Death of Francisco Javier Cisneros, Cuban patriot.
Death of M. Buffet, French statesman.

July 10, 1898.
Termination of truce at Santiago;
resumption of hostilities;
bombardment of the city by the navy.

July 11, 1898.
Death of Rear-Admiral Daniel Ammen, U. S. N.

July 12, 1898.
Outbreak of yellow fever in the military hospital at Siboney.
Arrival of General Miles at Santiago with reinforcements for
General Shafter.

July 13, 1898.
Interview of General Miles and General Shafter with General
Toral, the Spanish commander at Santiago.

July 14, 1898.
Agreement by General Toral to surrender the city of Santiago
and the entire district of eastern Cuba with 24,000 Spanish
troops.
Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Lynn Linton, English author.

July 16, 1898.
Signing of the terms of the Spanish surrender at Santiago.

July 17, 1898.
Death of Parker Pillsbury, American abolitionist.
Death of Karl Gehrt, German artist.

July 18, 1898.
Opening of second trial of M. Zola, at Versailles.

July 25, 1898.
Landing, at Guanica, of the expedition of United States
troops, under General Miles, for the conquest of Porto Rico.

July 26, 1898.
Overtures for peace addressed by the Spanish government to
that of the United States through the French Minister at
Washington.

July 27, 1898.
Occupation of Ponce, in Porto Rico, by the American forces
under General Miles.

July 28, 1898.
Death of Dr. William Pepper, of Philadelphia, physician, and
extraordinary leader in public enterprise.

{711}

July 30, 1898.
Terms of peace proposed to Spain by the United States.
Death of Reverend John Caird, Scottish divine and educator.

July 31, 1898.
Death of Prince Otto von Bismarck, at the age of 83.

August 3, 1898.
Urgent message from General Shafter to the United States War
Department, asking for the instant withdrawal of his forces
from Santiago, on account of the deadly ravages of yellow
fever, typhoid and dysentery.

August 4, 1898.
Orders given for the removal of the American army from
Santiago de Cuba to Montauk Point, Long Island.

August 7, 1898.
Acceptance by Spain of the terms of peace offered by the
United States.
Demand of Admiral Dewey and General Merritt for the
surrender of Manila.
Death of James Hall, American geologist.

August 8, 1898.
Death of Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro,
American mining engineer.
Death of Georg Moritz Ebers, German novelist and Egyptologist.

August 12, 1898.
Ceremony, at Honolulu, of the transfer of sovereignty over
the Hawaiian Islands to the United States.
Order by General Merritt forbidding the Filipino forces under
Aguinaldo to enter Manila when the city should be taken.
Signing of the protocol of terms for the negotiation of peace
between the United States and Spain;
proclamation by the President of the United States
suspending hostilities.

August 13, 1898.
Attack by American forces on the Spanish lines at Manila
and capture of the city.

August 21, 1898.
Friendly letter of Spanish soldiers at Santiago, Cuba,
before departing for Spain, to their late enemies, the
American soldiers.

August 22, 1898.
Death of Laupepa Malietoa, King of Samoa.

August 24, 1898.
Proposal by the Tzar of Russia of a conference of governments
to discuss the means of stopping the progressive increase of
military and naval armaments and promote the peace of the world.

August 25, 1898.
Transfer of command at Santiago from General Shafter
to General Lawton.

August 28, 1898.
General Merritt ordered to Paris for consultation with the
American Peace Commissioners;
command at Manila transferred to General Otis.

August 31, 1898.
Termination of the minority of Queen Wilhelmina, of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands, and of the regency of her mother,
Queen Emma.
Suicide of Colonel Henry, of the Intelligence Department of
the French Army, after confessing that he had forged one of
the documents on which M. Cavaignac based his certainty of
the guilt of Captain Dreyfus.

September 2, 1898.
Battle of Omdurman;
defeat of the Dervishes and occupation of the Khalifa's capital.

September 3, 1898.
Death of Wilford Woodruff, president of the Mormon Church.

September 4, 1898.
Resignation of M. Cavaignac from the French cabinet, because
of his opposition to a revision of the Dreyfus case.

September 6, 1898.
Enthronement of Queen Wilhelmina, at Amsterdam.
Turkish outbreak at Candia, Crete, against authority
exercised by the British admiral in the name of the
concerted Powers.

September 10, 1898.
Assassination of Elizabeth, Empress of Austria
and Queen of Hungary.

September 12, 1898.
Death of Thomas McIntyre Cooley, American jurist.

September 14, 1898.
Death of Samuel Eliot, American historian.

September 19, 1898.
Death of Sir George Grey, British administrator.

September 21, 1898.
Overthrow of the Chinese reformers at Peking;
submission of the Emperor to the Empress-Dowager.
Death of Theodor Fontane, German poet.

September 23, 1898.
Death of Richard Malcolm Johnston, American author.

September 26, 1898.
Decision of the French cabinet to submit the question of a
revision of the trial of Captain Dreyfus to the Court of
Cassation.

September 28, 1898.
Execution of six of the Chinese reformers at Peking.
Death of Thomas Francis Bayard, American statesman
and diplomatist.

September 29, 1898.
Government of a Philippine Republic organized at Malolos;
a national congress convened, and Aguinaldo declared President.
Popular vote in Canada on the question of Prohibition.
Death of Queen Louise of Denmark.

September 30, 1898.
Mob attack on foreigners near Peking.

October, 1898.
Discovery of the Cape Nome mining region in Alaska.
Outbreak of Indians of the Leech Lake Reservation in
Northern Minnesota.

October 1, 1898.
Call by foreign representatives at Peking for guards of
marines to protect their legations.
Meeting of Spanish and American commissioners at Paris to
negotiate a Treaty of Peace.

October 5, 1898.
Demand of the Powers for the withdrawal of Turkish garrisons
from Crete.

October 6, 1898.
Decree by the Empress-Dowager of China commanding protection
to Christian missionaries and converts.

October 7, 1898.
Death of Blanche Willis Howard, Baroness von Teuffel,
American novelist.
Death of Abraham Oakey Hall, American lawyer and politician.

October 12.
Inauguration of General Julio Roca President of the
Argentine Republic.
Serious conflict at Virden, Illinois, growing out of a
strike of coal miners;
14 persons killed and 25 wounded.
Death of Reverend Calvin Fairbank, anti-slavery worker and
helper of the freedmen.

October 19, 1898.
Death of Harold Frederic, American journalist and novelist.

October 25, 1898.
Decision of the Court of Cassation requiring a supplementary
investigation of the case of Captain Dreyfus.
Death of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, French painter.

October 29, 1898.
Death of Colonel George Edwin Waring,
American sanitary engineer.

October 31, 1898.
Death of Helena Faucit, Lady Martin, English actress.

{712}

November 1, 1898.
Establishment of the Constitution of the United States of
Central America.

November 2, 1898.
Announcement by Lord Salisbury of the amicable settlement,
between France and Great Britain, of "the Fashoda incident."

November 5, 1898.
Death of David Ames Wells, American economist and publicist.

November 12, 1898.
Death of Clara Fisher (Mrs. Clara Fisher Maeder), actress.

November 15, 1898.
Inauguration of Dr. M. F. de Campos Salles, President of
United States of Brazil.
Order by the Court of Cassation that Dreyfus be notified by
telegraph of the pending revision of his trial.

November 19, 1898.
Death of Brigadier-General Don Carlos Buell.

November 20, 1898.
Death of Sir George S. Baden-Powell, economist.

November 25, 1898.
Dissolution of the United States of Central America by
the secession of Salvador.

November 26, 1898.
Appointment of Prince George, of Greece, to be High
Commissioner of the Powers in Crete.

November 27, 1898.
Death of Charles Walter Couldock, actor.

November 28, 1898.
Death of Mrs. Mary Eliza (Joy) Haweis,
English author and artist.

December 5, 1898.
Final raising of the "pacific blockade" of Crete by the Powers.

December 6, 1898.
General Guy V. Henry appointed Military Governor of Porto Rico.

December 10, 1898.
Signing, at Paris, of the Treaty of Peace between the
United States and Spain.
Death of William Black, English novelist.

December 11, 1898.
Death of General Calixto Garcia, Cuban military leader.

December 13, 1898.
Appointment of General Brooke as commander and military
governor of Cuba, by direction of the President of the
United States.
Reception by the Empress-Dowager to the wives of foreign
representatives at Peking.

December 17, 1898.
Death of Baron Ferdinand James de Rothschild.

December 21, 1898.
Arrival of Prince George of Greece in Crete, to undertake
the administration of government as High Commissioner for
the Powers.
Instructions of the President of the United States to
General Otis, relative to the military government of the
Philippine Islands.

December 22, 1898.
Death of Sebastian Bach Mills, composer and pianist.

December 23, 1898.
Decision by the French government to comply with the demand
of the Court of Cassation for the secret papers
(the "dossier") in the Dreyfus case.

December 25, 1898.
Penny postage to all places in the British Empire except the
Australasian colonies and Cape Colony brought into operation.

December 28, 1898.
Death of Justin Smith Morrill, United States Senator.

December 30, 1898.
Death of Don Matias Romero,
Mexican ambassador to the United States.

1899.

January 1, 1899.
Formal relinquishment of the sovereignty of Spain over the
island of Cuba, by ceremonies performed at Havana.

January 4, 1899.
The Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain sent
to the United States Senate by the President.
Proclamation of General Otis to the people of the Philippine
Islands, amending the instructions of the President.

January 5, 1899.
Proclamation of Aguinaldo to the people of the Philippine
Islands, counter to that of General Otis.

January 8, 1899.
Sensational resignation of the President of the civil section
of the French Court of Cassation.

January 11, 1899.
Second communication of the Tzar of Russia to other
governments on the subject of an International Conference
for the promotion of peace.

January 13, 1899.
Death of Representative Nelson Dingley, of Maine.

January 17, 1899.
Death of John Russell Young, librarian of Congress.

January 19, 1899.
Signing of an agreement between the government of Great
Britain and that of the Khedive of Egypt, establishing a
condominium or joint administration of government over the
Sudan.

January 20, 1899.
Appointment of the First Philippine Commission by the
President of the United States.

January 22, 1899.
Encyclical letter of Pope Leo XIII. condemning certain
opinions called Americanism.

January 29, 1899.
Death of Dr. R. Fruin, Dutch historian.

February 4, 1899.
First outbreak of hostilities between the American and
Filipino forces at Manila.

February 6, 1899.
Ratification by the United States Senate of the Treaty of
Peace with Spain.
Death of General Count Georg Leo von Caprivi, formerly
chancellor of the German empire.
Death of Irving Browne, American legal writer.

February 10, 1899.
Coup d'état of Señor Cuestas, declaring himself Provisional
President of Uruguay.

February 11, 1899.
Occupation of the City of Iloilo, in the Philippine Islands,
by the American forces.

February 12, 1899.
Sale of the Caroline and the Marianne or Ladrone Islands
(excepting Guam) by Spain to Germany.

February 15, 1899.
Promulgation of a Russian imperial ukase which seriously
impairs the constitutional independence of Finland.
Death of Henry Jones ("Cavendish").

February 16, 1899.
Sudden death of François Felix Faure,
President of the French Republic.

February 18, 1899.
Election of Emile Loubet to the
presidency of the French Republic.

February 20, 1899.
Adjournment of the Joint High Commission appointed to settle
questions in dispute between the United States and Canada.

February 23, 1899.
Funeral of the late President Faure, at Paris;
attempted revolutionary rising by the
"League of Patriots," and others.

February 24, 1899.
Death of Émile Welti, formerly President
of the Swiss Confederation.

February 25, 1899.
Death of Paul Julius de Reuter, Baron, founder of a telegraph
company and news agency.

{713}

February 28, 1899.
Defeat and resignation of the Spanish Ministry of Señor
Sagasta, on the question of the signing of the treaty of
Peace with the United States;
formation of the Ministry of Señor Silvela.
Death of Mrs. Emma Waller, English actress.

March, 1899.
Withdrawal of foreign legation guards from Peking.

March 1, 1899.
Formation of the Visayan Military District in the Philippines
under General Marcus P. Miller.
Death of Lord Herschell, English jurist.

March 3, 1899.
Creation of commission to examine and report on all possible
routes for an inter-oceanic canal, under the control and
ownership of the United States.

March 6, 1899.
Death of Princess Kaiulani, of Hawaii.

March 10, 1899.
Death of Sir Douglas Galton, British sanitary scientist.

March 11, 1899.
The signing of the treaty of peace with the United States
by the Queen of Spain, on her own responsibility.

March 13, 1899.
Death of Mr Julius Vogel,
British colonial statesman and author.

March 14, 1899.
Death of Emile Erckmann, French novelist.

March 18, 1899.
Modification of the plan of the Bureau of the American
Republics, at a conference of the representatives of
the American nations.

March 21, 1899.
Completed settlement of boundaries between English and
French claims in West Africa and the Western Sudan.

April 2, 1899.
Death of Baroness Hirsch.

April 11, 1899.
Death of Sir Monier Monier-Williams,
English philologist and Oriental scholar.

April 15, 1899.
Death of Ely Thayer, active organizer of "the Kansas crusade."

April 28, 1899.
Agreement between Great Britain and Russia concerning their
railway interests in China.

May 1, 1899.
Death of Professor Karl Christian Ludwig Büchner,
German physiologist and philosopher.

May 8, 1899.
General George W. Davis appointed Military
Governor of Porto Rico.

May 11, 1899.
Papal proclamation of the "Jubilee of the Holy Year 1900."

May 13, 1899.
Advice from the Netherlands government to President Kruger,
of the South African Republic, that he pursue a conciliatory
course towards Great Britain.

May 15, 1899.
Death of Francisque Sarcey, French essayist.

May 18, 1899.
Meeting and organization of the International Peace Conference
at The Hague.
Order by the Tzar of Russia looking to the abolition of
transportation to Siberia.

May 19, 1899.
Spanish garrison at Jolo, in the Sulu Archipelago,
replaced by American troops.

May 25, 1899.
Death of Emilio Castelar, Spanish orator and statesman.
Death of Rosa Bonheur, French artist.

May 27, 1899.
Death of Dr. Alphonse Charpentier, French physician.

May 29, 1899.
Order by President McKinley seriously modifying the
civil service rules.

May 31, 1899.
Conference at Bloemfontein between President Kruger of the
South African Republic and the British High Commissioner,
Sir Alfred Milner.

June, 1899.
International Convention respecting the liquor traffic in
Africa concluded at Brussels.

June 2, 1899.
Confession of Commandant Esterhazy, a refugee in England,
that he wrote the "bordereau" ascribed to Captain Dreyfus.

June 3, 1899.
Decision of the Court of Cassation, quashing and annulling,
in certain particulars, the judgment of condemnation
pronounced against Captain Dreyfus in 1894 and ordering a new
trial by court martial, to be held at Rennes.
Death of Johann Strauss, Austrian composer.

June 4, 1899.
Ruffianly demonstration of young French royalists against
President Loubet, at the Auteuil races; the President struck.

June 7, 1899.
Death of Augustin Daly, American theatrical manager.

June 10, 1899.
Death of John J. Lalor, American writer on
political and economic subjects.

June 12, 1899.
Resignation of the Ministry of M. Dupuy, in France;
formation of a "Government of Republican defense,"
under M. Waldeck-Rousseau.

June 15, 1899.
Meeting at Paris of the tribunal for the arbitration of the
Venezuela boundary.
Death of Representative Richard Parks Bland, of Missouri.

June 24, 1899.
Death of the Dowager Queen Kapiolani,
widow of King Kalakaua of Hawaii.

June 28-30, 1899.
Political rioting and threatened revolution at Brussels.

June 30, 1899.
Death of Mrs. E. D. E. N. Southworth, American novelist.

July 1, 1899.
Death of Charles Victor Cherbuliez, French novelist and critic.

July 6, 1899.
Death of Robert Bonner, American publisher.

July 7, 1899.
Death of George W. Julian, American anti-slavery leader.

July 10, 1899.
Death of the Grand Duke George, brother of the Tzar of Russia.

July 17, 1899.
Release of Japan from her old treaties with the Western Powers;
abolition of foreign consular courts.

July 18, 1899.
Death of Horatio Alger, American writer of stories for boys.

July 21, 1899.
Death of Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll,
American apostle of atheism.

July 22, 1899.
Organization of a half military, half autonomous government
in the Philippine island of Negros.

July 25, 1899.
Election to fill municipal offices in Porto Rico, under
orders from the Military Governor.

July 26, 1899.
Amendment of its franchise law by the South African Republic.
Assassination of General Heureaux, President of the
Dominican Republic.

July 29, 1899.
Adoption and signing of the "Final Act" of the Peace
Conference at The Hague, submitting three proposed
Conventions, three Declarations, and several other
recommendations, to the governments represented in it.

July 31, 1899.
Death of Dr. Daniel Garrison Brinton, American ethnologist.

{714}

August 1, 1899.
Proposal of the British government to that of the South
African Republic, that a joint inquiry be made as to the
effect, in practical working, of the new franchise law.

August 4, 1899.
Renewed counsel of moderation to President Kruger, from the
Netherlands government.

August 7, 1899.
Destructive cyclone in Porto Rico.
Opening of the new trial of Captain Dreyfus by court martial
at Rennes.
A terrific hurricane in the West Indies;
loss of life estimated at 5,000.

August 9, 1899.
Passage of Act creating a national Board of Education for
England and Wales.

August 11, 1899.
Death of Dr. Charles Janeway Stillé,
American author and educator.

August 12, 1899.
Arrest of Déronlède and other pestilential Frenchmen for
revolutionary conspiracy.

August 13, 1899.
Russian imperial order declaring Talienwan a free port.

August 14, 1899.
Attempt, at Rennes, to assassinate M. Labori, one of the
counsel for Captain Dreyfus.

August 16, 1899.
Death of Professor Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen,
German chemist.

August 19, 1899.
Counter proposals from the government of the South African
Republic to that of Great Britain.

August 20, 1899.
Rioting in Paris; barricading of M. Guérin and other members
of the "Anti-Semitic League" in their headquarters,
to defy arrest.

September 4, 1899.
Death of Jean Ristics, Servian statesman.

September 6, 1899.
Proposal by the government of the United States of an
"open-door" commercial policy in China.

September 8, 1899.
Authorized publication at Berlin of a repeated declaration
that the German government had never maintained, either
directly or indirectly, any relations with Captain Dreyfus.

September 9, 1899.
Verdict of "guilty" pronounced against Dreyfus by five of
the seven members of the Rennes court martial.

September 11, 1899.
Death of Cornelius Vanderbilt, millionaire.

September 12, 1899.
Impassioned protest by M. Zola against the Rennes verdict.

September 18, 1899.
Beginning of the trial, at Paris, of Déroulède and his
fellow conspirators against the Republic.

September 19, 1899.
Pardon of Captain Dreyfus by President Loubet.

September 22, 1899.
Ending of the discussion of the Uitlander franchise question
between the British and Boer governments.
Death of Major George Edward Pond, military author.

September 25, 1899.
Death of Consul Willshire Butterfield,
American historical writer.

September 27, 1899.
The Orange Free State makes common cause with the Transvaal
against the British.
Death of General Henry Heth, Confederate officer and historian.

October, 1899.
International Commercial Congress and National Export
Exposition at Philadelphia.

October 3, 1899.
Announcement of the decision of the tribunal of arbitration
upon the question of the boundary between Venezuela and
British Guiana.
Fall of eleven columns of the great temple at Karnak, Egypt.

October 9, 1899.
Ultimatum of the South African Republic to Great Britain.

October 10, 1899.
Reply of the British government to the Boer ultimatum.
Contract of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua declared
forfeited by the Nicaraguan government.

October 12, 1899.
First act in the British-Boer war, in South Africa;
Boer invasion of Natal and of Cape Colony.

October 13, 1899.
Death of Vice-Admiral Philip Howard Colomb, of the British navy.

October 14, 1899.
Death of Charlotte Heine, sister of Heinrich.

October 15, 1899.
Death of Lawrence Gronlund, socialist author.

October 16, 1899.
Census of Cuba and Porto Rico, taken under the direction
of the War Department of the United States.
Death of Professor Edward Orton, American geologist.

October 20, 1899.
Battle at Talana Hill, Natal, between British and Boer forces;
mortal wounding of General Sir W. Penn Symons.
Agreement between Great Britain and the United States upon a
"modus vivendi" pending the settlement of the Alaska boundary.

October 21, 1899.
Battle at Elandslaagte, in Natal.

October 25, 1899.
Death of Grant Allen, author and naturalist.

October 27, 1899.
Death of Brigadier General Guy V. Henry, late military
governor of Porto Rico.
Death of Florence Marryat (Mrs. Francis Lean), English novelist.

October 28, 1899.
Death of John Codman Ropes, American military historian.
Death of Ottmar Mergenthaler, inventor of the linotype
printing process.

October 29, 1899.
Beginning of the siege of Ladysmith, in Natal.

November 2, 1899.
Earthquake and tidal wave in the island of Ceram, one of
the Moluccas, overwhelming many towns.

November 3, 1899.
Death of Colonel Henry Inman,
American writer on frontier history.

November 14, 1899.
Signing of treaties between Great Britain, Germany, and
the United States, relative to the Samoan Islands.
Inauguration of Juan Isidro Jiminez, President of the
Dominican Republic.

November 16, 1899.
Death of Moritz Busch, biographer of Bismarck.

November 19, 1899.
Death of Sir John William Dawson, Canadian geologist.

November 21, 1899.
Death of Garret A. Hobart,
Vice President of the United States.

November 23, 1899.
Battle of Belmont, in the South African war.

November 24, 1899.
Death of Reverend Samuel May, American abolitionist.

November 25, 1899.
Battle at Enslin, or Graspan, in the South African war.

November 28, 1899.
Battle at Modder River, in the South African war.

November 30, 1899.
Report of Isthmian Canal Commission in favor of
the Nicaragua route.

December 6, 1899.
Appointment of General Leonard Wood to the military
command and governorship of Cuba.

{715}

December 10, 1899.
Repulse of the British by the Boers at Stormberg.

December 11, 1899.
Battle at Majesfontein, in the South African war.

December 12, 1899.
Inauguration of William S. Taylor, Republican, Governor of
Kentucky, his election being disputed by Democratic opponents.

December 15, 1899.
First repulse of General Buller in attempting to pass the
Tugela River, South Africa.

December 18, 1899.
Death of Major-General Henry W. Lawton, U. S. V.
Death of Bernard Quaritch, London book dealer.

December 20, 1899.
Li Hung-chang appointed Acting Viceroy at Canton.

December 22, 1899.
Death of Dwight Lyman Moody, evangelist.

December 23, 1899.
Death of Dorman B. Eaton,
leader in American civil-service reform.

December 25, 1899.
Beginning of the "Jubilee of the Holy Year 1900," proclaimed
by Pope Leo XIII.
Death of Elliott Coues, American naturalist.

December 30, 1899.
Death of Sir James Paget, British surgeon.

December 31, 1899.
Murder of Mr. Brooks, an English missionary,
by Chinese "Boxers" in northern Shantung.

1900.

January 1, 1900.
Abolition of Roman Law and introduction of the Civil Code
throughout Germany.
Re-election of President Diaz, of Mexico, for a sixth term.

January 5, 1900.
Death of William A. Hammond, American physician.

January 10, 1900.
Landing of Field-Marshal Lord Roberts at the Cape, to take
the British command in South Africa.

January 12, 1900.
Death of Reverend Dr. James Martineau, English divine.

January 15, 1900.
Letting of contract for building the Rapid Transit Tunnel in
New York.
Death of George W. Steevens, English war correspondent.

January 17, 1900.
Beginning of the second movement of General Buller across
the Tugela River.

January 20, 1900.
Death of John Ruskin.

January 21, 1900.
Death of Richard Doddridge Blackmore, English novelist.
Death of the Duke of Teck.

January 23, 1900.
Futile storming of the Boer fortifications on Spion Kop
by the British troops under General Buller.

January 24, 1900.
Decree by the Chinese emperor relating to the succession
to the throne.

January 27, 1900.
"Identic note" by foreign Ministers at Peking to the
Tsung-li Yamen demanding action against the "Boxers"
in Shantung and Chihli.

January 28, 1900.
Elections to the French Senate;
substantial success of the moderate Republicans.

January 29, 1900.
Withdrawal of General Buller from beyond the Tugela.

January 30, 1900.
Assassination of Senator William Goebel,
Democratic claimant of the governorship of Kentucky.

January 31, 1900.
Report of First Philippine Commission.

February 5, 1900.
Third advance of General Buller across the Tugela River.
Signing at Washington of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty between
the United States and Great Britain, to facilitate the
construction of an inter-oceanic canal.
Death of William Henry Gilder, arctic explorer.

February 9, 1900.
Third retirement of General Buller from the north bank
of the Tugela.

February 11, 1900.
Beginning of the advance movement of Lord Roberts from the
Modder River.

February 15, 1900.
The Boer siege of Kimberley raised by General French.

February 20, 1900.
Death of William H. Beard, American animal painter.

February 21, 1900.
Agreement of Republican and Democratic leaders in Kentucky
for a settlement of the gubernatorial question in the courts.
Death of Henry Duff Traill, English man of letters.
Death of Dr. Charles Piazzi Smyth, British astronomer.
Death of Mr. Leslie E. Keeley, originator of the "gold cure"
for the liquor habit.

February 24, 1900.
Death of Richard Hovey, American poet.

February 25, 1900.
Opening of the new ship canal from the sea to Bruges.

February 27, 1900.
Surrender of General Cronje and his army to the British,
after nine days of battle, near Paardeberg.

February 27-28, 1900.
Final passage of the Tugela by General Buller, and relief
of Ladysmith.

March 1, 1900.
Preliminary report of the United States Industrial Commission,
on "trusts and industrial combinations."

March 5, 1900.
Overtures of peace to Lord Salisbury by Presidents Kruger
and Steyn, of the South African republics.

March 9, 1900.
Death of Edward John Phelps, American diplomatist.

March 10, 1900.
Battle of Driefontein, in the Orange Free State.
Death of Johann Feder E. Hartmann, Danish composer.

March 11, 1900.
Reply of Lord Salisbury to the Boer Presidents, declining
to assent to the independence of either of the two republics.

March 12, 1900.
Occupation of Bloemfontein, capital of the Orange Free State,
by the British forces.

March 13, 1900.
Death of Père Henri Didon, French Dominican
author and preacher.

March 14, 1900.
Approval of the Financial Bill, for reforming the monetary
system of the United States.

March 18, 1900.
Death of General Sir William Stephen Alexander Lockhart,
British military commander.

March 23, 1900.
Death of Sherman S. Rogers, American lawyer,
prominent in civil service reform.

March 25, 1900.
Rising of Ashantis and attack on the British in Kumassi.

March 26, 1900.
Death of Rabbi M. Wise, American Jewish divine.

March 27, 1900.
Death of General Pietrus Jacobus Joubert, Commandant-General
and Vice-President of the South African Republic.

March 29, 1900.
Order promulgated by the Military Governor of the Philippine
Islands providing for the election and institution of
municipal governments.
Death of Archibald Forbes, British war correspondent.

{716}

April, 1900.
Visit of Queen Victoria to Ireland.

April 1, 1900.
Death of Professor St. George Milvart,
English naturalist and scientific writer.

April 4, 1900.
Death of Ghazi Osman Nubar Pasha, Turkish general.

April 6, 1900.
Decision of the Kentucky Court of Appeals adverse to the
right of William S. Taylor to the Governor's office.

April 7, 1900.
The Philippine Islands constituted, by order of the United
States Secretary of War, a military division, consisting
of four departments.
Appointment of the Second Philippine Commission by the
President of the United States.
Death of Frederick E. Church, American landscape painter.

April 10, 1900.
Death of Frank H. Cushing, American ethnologist.

April 12, 1900.
Act of Congress of the United States to provide revenues
and a civil government for Porto Rico.

April 14, 1900.
Opening of the Paris Exposition, with unfinished preparations.

April 17, 1900.
Cession to the United States by Samoan chiefs of the islands
in that group lying east of the 171st degree of west longitude.

April 19, 1900.
Death of Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson, British artist.

April 21, 1900.
Meeting of the third Ecumenical Conference on Protestant
Foreign Missions, at New York.
Death of Alphonse M. Edwards, French naturalist.

April 23, 1900.
Death of George Douglas Campbell,
Duke of Argyll, Scottish author.

April 26, 1900.
Great fire in the city of Ottawa, Canada,
and the town of Hull, on the opposite shore of the river.

April 30, 1900.
Approval of an Act of the Congress of the United States
"to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii."

May 1, 1900.
Meeting, at Rock Island, Illinois, of the national convention
of the United Christian Party, to nominate candidates for
President and Vice President of the United States.
Inauguration of civil government in Porto Rico;
induction into office of Governor Charles H. Allen.
Death of Mihaly (Michael) Munkacsy, Hungarian painter.

May 10, 1900.
Meeting of the national conventions of the two wings of the
People's Party, at Cincinnati and at Sioux Falls, to nominate
candidates for President and Vice President of the United
States.

May 16, 1900.
Dissolution of the Italian Parliament by the King.

May 18, 1900.
Relief of Mafeking, after a siege of seven months by the Boers.

May 21, 1900.
Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that it
had no jurisdiction in the matter of the disputed governorship
of Kentucky.

May 23, 1900.
Passage of the Meat Inspection Bill in the German Reichstag.
Death of Jonas Gilman Clark, founder of Clark University.

May 24, 1900.
Proclamation by Lord Roberts of the annexation of the Orange
Free State to the dominions of the British Queen.

May 28, 1900.
Partial destruction of railway near Peking by "Boxers."
Death of Sir George Grove, English musician.

May 30, 1900.
Congress of Cape Colony Afrikanders to protest against the
annexation of the Boer republics.

May 31, 1900.
Occupation of Johannesburg by the British forces.
Arrival at Peking of British, American, French, Italian,
Russian and Japanese guards for the legations.

June 1-3, 1900.
Fruitless peace parley between British and
Boer military commanders.

June 2, 1900.
Meeting of the national convention of the Socialist Labor
Party, at New York, to nominate candidates for President and
Vice President of the United States.
Death of Clarence Cook, American art critic and writer.

June 3, 1900.
Election of a new Italian Parliament;
resignation of the Pelloux Ministry;
formation of a new cabinet under Saracco.

June 5, 1900.
Occupation of Pretoria, the capital of the South African
Republic by the British forces.
Death of Reverend Richard Salter Storrs, American divine.
Death of Stephen Crane, author and journalist.
Death of Miss Mary H. Kingsley, African explorer.

June 6, 1900.
Approval by the President of the United States of an act
providing for the civil government of Alaska.

June 10, 1900.
International force of marines from foreign fleets at Taku
started for Peking under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward H. Seymour.

June 11, 1900.
Murder at Peking of Mr. Sugiyama, the Chancellor of the
Japanese Legation.
Counter proclamation of President Steyn, declaring the
annexation of the Orange Free State to be null and void.

June 12, 1900.
Death of Lucretia Peabody Rale, American author.

June 12-15, 1900.
Second fruitless discussion of terms of peace between the
British and Boer military leaders.

June 13, 1900.
Massacre of native Christians and burning of foreign buildings
by "Boxers" in Peking.

June 16, 1900.
Opening of the Elbe and Trave Canal.
Election of municipal officers throughout the island of Cuba,
under an election law promulgated by the military governor in
the previous April.
Death of the Prince de Joinville,
son of King Louis Philippe of France.

June 17, 1900.
Bombardment and capture of Taku forts by the allied fleets.

June 19, 1900.
Meeting, at Philadelphia, of the national convention of the
Republican Party, to nominate candidates for President and
Vice President of the United States.

{717}

June 20, 1900.
Beginning of the siege of the foreign legations and the
Pei-tang Cathedral at Peking.
Murder at Peking of the German Minister, Baron von Ketteler.
Death of Henry Brougham Loch, Baron,
British colonial administrator.

June 21, 1900.
Imperial Chinese decree proclaiming war upon foreigners and
praising the "Boxers" as patriotic soldiers.
Proclamation of amnesty by the Military Governor of the
Philippine Islands.
Death of Count Muravieff, Russian statesman.

June 22, 1900.
Burning, by the Chinese, of the Hanlin Imperial Academy,
at Peking.

June 25, 1900.
Death of ex-Judge Mellen Chamberlain,
American historical writer.

June 26, 1900.
Retreat of Admiral Seymour's expedition to Tientsin, driven
back by the Chinese.
Appointment of General Chaffee to command American forces
sent to China.

June 27, 1900.
Meeting at Chicago, of the national convention of the
Prohibition Party, to nominate candidates for President and
Vice President of the United States.

June 30, 1900.
Great fire at Hoboken, New Jersey, destroying the pier system,
with three large steamers, of the North German Lloyd steamship
line, and with a loss of life estimated at three hundred
persons.

July 4, 1900.
Meeting at Kansas City, of the national convention of the
Democratic Party, to nominate candidates for President and
Vice President of the United States.

July 5, 1900.
Death of Dr. Henry Barnard, American educator.

July 6, 1900.
Meeting of the national convention of Silver Republicans,
at Kansas City, to nominate candidates for President and
Vice President of the United States.

July 7, 1900.
Passage by the British Parliament of the Act to constitute
the Commonwealth of Australia.

July 13, 1900.
Capture of Tientsin by the allied forces.

July 14, 1900.
Opening of Chinese attacks on the Russians in Manchuria.

July 15, 1900.
Appeal to Congress by inhabitants of Manila.
Relief of the besieged British in Kumassi.

July 20, 1900.
First news from the beleaguered foreigners in Peking received
at Washington, in a cipher despatch from the American Minister,
Mr. Conger, sent through the Chinese Minister, Mr. Wu Ting Fang.

July 23, 1900.
Death of Baron von Manteuffel, German statesman.

July 27, 1900.
Speech of the German Emperor to troops departing for China,
enjoining them to give no quarter and make no prisoners, but
imitate the example of Attila and the Huns.

July 29, 1900.
Assassination of King Humbert, of Italy.

July 31, 1900.
Death of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Duke of Edinburgh,
second son of Queen Victoria.
Death of John Clark Ridpath, American historian.

August 4, 1900.
Movement of allied forces from Tientsin, nearly 19,000 strong,
for the rescue of foreigners in Peking.
Death of Major-General Jacob D. Cox,
American military historian.

August 6, 1900.
Capture of Yang-tsun by the allied forces.
Death of Wilhelm Liebknecht, German Socialist leader.

August 8, 1900.
Speech of William J. Bryan, at Indianapolis, accepting his
nomination for President of the United States.
Death of Cyrus Hamlin, founder of Robert College, Constantinople.

August 10, 1900.
Death of Baron Russell of Killowen,
Lord Chief Justice of England.

August 13, 1900.
International congress of Zionists at London.
Death of Collis P. Huntington, American railway magnate.

August 14, 1900.
Rescue of the besieged Legations at Peking;
entrance of the allied forces into the city.

August 15, 1900.
Forcing of the gates of the "Forbidden City," at Peking,
and expulsion of Chinese troops, by the American forces,
under General Chaffee.

August 16, 1900.
Meeting, at Indianapolis, of the American League of
Anti-Imperialists, to take action with reference to the
pending presidential election in the United States.

August 21, 1900.
Annexation of Austral Islands to France.

August 22, 1900.
Death of Carl Rohl Smith, American sculptor.

August 25, 1900.
Death of Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche,
German philosopher (so-called).

August 28, 1900.
March of the allied army through the "Forbidden City,"
at Peking.

August 29, 1900.
Expressions from Russia and the United States in favor of
an early withdrawal of troops from Peking.
Death of Professor Henry Sidgwick, English economist.

September 1, 1900.
Transfer of all legislative authority from the Military
Governor of the Philippine Islands to the Second Philippine
Commission.

September 2, 1900.
Proclamation by Lord Roberts directing the burning of farms
in punishment of guerrilla warfare.

September 5, 1900.
Meeting of Anti-Imperialists, at New York, to nominate
candidates for President and Vice President of the
United States.
Decrees establishing compulsory military service in Chile.

September 8, 1900.
Letter of President McKinley, accepting his renomination for
a second term as President of the United States.

September 9, 1900.
The city of Galveston, Texas, overwhelmed by
hurricane and flood.

September 10, 1900.
Leave of absence given to President Kruger for
departure to Europe.

September 12, 1900.
Appropriation of $2,000,000 by the Philippine Commission
for improvement of highways and bridges.

September 15, 1900.
General election in Cuba of delegates to a convention for
framing a constitution.

September 17, 1900.
Dissolution of the British Parliament by royal proclamation,
and order given for new elections in October.
Proclamation of the Australian Commonwealth by Queen Victoria.
Beginning of a strike of 112,000 anthracite coal miners in
Pennsylvania.

September 19, 1900.
Adoption by the Philippine Commission of an Act for the
establishment and maintenance of an honest and efficient
civil service in the islands.

{718}

September 22, 1900.
Gigantic banquet in Paris to 23,000 representatives of the
municipalities of France, in celebration of the centenary of
the proclamation of the first French republic.

September 29, 1900.
Meeting, at Chicago, of the national convention of the Social
Democratic Party, to nominate candidates for President and
Vice President of the United States.

October 4, 1900.
Points submitted by the government of France as the suggested
basis for negotiations with the government of China, accepted
subsequently by all the Powers.

October 10, 1900.
Annexation of the Cook Islands to New Zealand.

October 16, 1900.
Agreement between Great Britain and Germany upon principles
to be observed "in regard to their mutual policy in China."

October 17, 1900.
Ending of the strike of anthracite coal miners in Pennsylvania.

October 18, 1900.
Resignation of Prince Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor
of the German Empire, and appointment of Count von Bülow
to succeed him.

October 20, 1900.
Death of Charles Dudley Warner, American author.

October 21, 1900.
Fall of the Cabinet of Senor Silvela, in Spain;
formation of that of General Azcarraga.

October 22, 1900.
Death of John Sherman, American statesman.

October 24, 1900.
Conclusion of Parliamentary elections in Great Britain;
return of an increased majority for the Conservative and
Liberal Unionist government of Lord Salisbury.

October 25, 1900.
Annexation of the South African Republic to the dominions of
the Queen proclaimed by Lord Roberts.

October 28, 1900.
Speech of the French premier, M. Waldeck-Rousseau,
at Toulouse, foreshadowing a measure against the religious
orders in France—the Bill on Associations.
Census of Mexico.
Death of Professor Friedrich Max Müller,
Orientalist and philologist.

October 29, 1900.
Death of Prince Christian Victor, grandson of Queen Victoria.

October 31, 1900.
Union of the Free and the United Presbyterian churches
in Scotland.

November 4, 1900.
Rejection by popular vote in Switzerland of proposals for
proportional representation.

November 5, 1900.
Meeting of Cuban constitutional convention at Havana.

November 6, 1900.
Presidential election in the United States.
First election in Porto Rico under the Act establishing civil
government in the island.

November 7, 1900.
Parliamentary elections in Canada, sustaining the Liberal
ministry in power.

November 11, 1900.
Signing of Russo-Chinese agreement concerning the Manchurian
province of Fêng-tien.

November 12, 1900.
Closing of the Paris Exposition.

November 18, 1900.
Proclamation of Lord Roberts defining the intention of his
order concerning farm-burning.
Death of Martin Irons, American labor leader.

November 22, 1900.
Death of Sir Arthur Sullivan, British composer.

November 29, 1900.
The British command in South Africa delivered to Lord
Kitchener by Lord Roberts, lately appointed Commander-in-Chief
of the British Army.
Death of Professor Burke A. Hinsdale,
American historian and educator.

November 30, 1900.
Report of Second Philippine Commission.
Death of Oscar Wilde.

December 3, 1900.
Meeting and organization of the first Legislative Assembly
in Porto Rico.
Death of Ludwig Jacobowski, German poet and novelist.

December 5, 1900.
Death of Mrs. Abby Sage Richardson, dramatist, author, actress.

December 6, 1900.
Congress of Cape Colony Afrikanders at Worcester, to appeal
for peace and the independence of the defeated republics.
Meeting of the newly elected Parliament in Great Britain.

December 12, 1900.
Celebration of the centennial anniversary of the removal of
the capital of the United States from Philadelphia to Washington.
Fourth international conference in London on the cataloguing
of scientific literature, and final arrangement for beginning
the work.

December 13, 1900.
Death of Michael G. Mulhall, British statistician.

December 15, 1900.
Landing at Sydney of Lord Hopetoun, the first Governor-General
of the new Commonwealth of Australia.

December 17, 1900.
Opening of the first argument before the Supreme Court of the
United States in cases involving questions concerning the
status of new colonial possessions.

December 19, 1900.
Assumption of the title of Royal Highness by the
Prince of Montenegro.

December 20, 1900.
A joint note from the plenipotentiaries of the Powers at
Peking, setting forth the conditions of settlement with China,
formulated, after long discussion, and signed and delivered
to the Chinese plenipotentiaries.
Ratification (with amendments) of the Hay-Pauncefote
Treaty by the United States Senate.

December 12, 1900.
Death of Roger Wolcott, ex-governor of Massachusetts.
Death of Representative Richard A. Wise, of Virginia.

December 27, 1900.
Death of Sir William George Armstrong, first Baron Armstrong,
English inventor and gun manufacturer.

December 28, 1900.
Death of Professor Moses Coit Tyler, historian of American
literature.
Death of Major Serpa Pinto, Portuguese explorer of Africa.

December 30, 1900.
Death of Hiram Hitchcock, American archæologist.

December 31, 1900.
Fall of two stones at Stonehenge.

1901.

January 1, 1901.
The beginning of the Twentieth Century.
Organization of the Permanent Court of International
Arbitration at The Hague.
Inauguration of the Federal Government of the Commonwealth
of Australia.

January 2, 1901.
Death of Ignatius Donnelly, Shakespeare-Bacon theorist.

{719}

January 4, 1901.
Transfer of Sir Alfred Milner from the governorship of Cape
Colony to that of the Transvaal, continuing to be British
High Commissioner for South Africa at large.

January 8, 1901.
Opening of the second argument before the Supreme Court of
the United States in cases involving questions concerning
the status of new possessions.

January 12, 1901.
Submission of the Chinese government to the requirements of
the Powers.

January 14, 1901.
Defiant proclamation issued by President Steyn and
General De Wet.
Death of Right Reverend Mandell Creighton, English historian.
Death of Charles Hermite, French mathematician.

January 16, 1901.
Approval of the Act apportioning Representatives in the
Congress of the United States, under the census of 1900.

January 17, 1901.
Proclamation of martial law throughout most of Cape Colony.

January 18, 1901.
Celebration of the bicentenary of the coronation of the
first King of Prussia.
Encyclical letter of Pope Leo XIII. concerning Social
and Christian Democracy.
Death of Arnold Boecklin, German painter.

January 19, 1901.
Death of the Duc de Broglie, French statesman.

January 21, 1901.
Death of Professor Elisha Gray, one of the inventors of the
telephone.
Death of Colonel Frank Frederick Hilder,
geographer and ethnologist.

January 22, 1901.
Death of Queen Victoria.

January 24, 1901.
Formal proclamation of the accession of King Edward VII. to
the throne of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

January 25, 1901.
Death of Baron Wilhelm von Rothschild, financier.

January 27, 1901.
Death of Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer.

January 28, 1901.
Death of Count Joseph V. Gurko, Russian general.

January 29, 1901.
Death of Reverend Hugh Reginald Haweis,
English clergyman and author.
Death of Vicomte Henri de Bornier, French poet and dramatist.

February 1, 1901.
Death of Dr. Fitzedward Hall, entomologist.

February 1-4, 1901.
Ceremonies of the funeral of Queen Victoria.

February 2, 1901.
Act to increase the regular army of the United States to
100,000 men approved by the President.

February 5, 1901.
Chinese Imperial decree, commanding new undertakings of reform.

February 6, 1901.
Fall of the Saracco Ministry in Italy;
formation of a new government under Signor Zanardelli.

February 7, 1901.
Marriage of Queen Wilhelmina, of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands, to Duke Henry of Mecklenburg.

February 11, 1901.
Death of ex-King Milan of Servia.

February 12, 1901.
Order by the United States Treasury Department levying a
countervailing duty on Russian sugar, as being "bounty-fed."
Death of Don Ramon de Campoamor, Spanish poet, philosopher
and statesman.

February 14, 1901.
Marriage of the Princess of the Asturias, sister of the young
King of Spain, to Prince Charles, of the Neapolitan Bourbon
family.
Opening of the British Parliament in state by King Edward VII.

February 15, 1901.
Death of Maurice Thompson, American author.

February 16, 1901.
Retaliatory order by the Russian Minister of Finance,
levying additional duties on American manufactures of
iron and steel.

February 19, 1901.
Death of Paul Armand Silvestre, French poet and critic.

February 26, 1901.
Execution of two high Chinese officials, at Peking, in
compliance with the demands of the Powers.
Adoption by the United States Senate of the so-called
"Spooner amendment" to the Army Appropriation Bill,
authorizing the President to establish civil government
in the Philippines.

February 27, 1901.
Adoption by the U. S. Senate of the Platt Amendment to the
Army Appropriation Bill, defining the conditions under which
the President may "leave the government and control of the
island of Cuba to its people."
Assassination of the Russian Minister of Public Instruction.

February 28, 1901.
Unsuccessful peace parley opened between Lord Kitchener and
Commandant Botha.
Death of William Maxwell Evarts, American lawyer and statesman.

March 1, 1901.
Concurrence of the United States House of Representatives in
the "Spooner Amendment" and the Platt Amendment of the Senate
to the Army Appropriation Bill.

March 1-14, 1901.
Census of the Indian Empire, completed in 14 days.

March 2, 1901.
Official announcement of the terms of the formation of the
United States Steel Corporation.