Chapter LXXXI: Section 29 (1)

That the first election for delegates shall be held on such
date and under such regulations as to ballots and voting as
the executive council may prescribe. … At such elections all
citizens of Porto Rico shall be allowed to vote who have been
bona fide residents for one year and who possess the other
qualifications of voters under the laws and military orders in
force on the first day of March, 1900, subject to such
modifications and additional qualifications and such
regulations and restrictions as to registration as may be
prescribed by the executive council. …

{417}

"SECTION 32.
That the legislative authority herein provided shall extend to
all matters of a legislative character not locally inapplicable,
including power to create, consolidate, and reorganize the
municipalities, so far as may be necessary, and to provide and
repeal laws and ordinances therefor; and also the power to
alter, amend, modify, and repeal any and all laws and
ordinances of every character now in force in Porto Rico, or
any municipality or district thereof, not inconsistent with
the provisions hereof: Provided, however, That all grants of
franchises, rights, and privileges or concessions of a public
or quasi-public nature shall be made by the executive council,
with the approval of the governor, and all franchises granted
in Porto Rico shall be reported to Congress, which hereby
reserves the power to annul or modify the same.

"SECTION 33.
That the judicial power shall be vested in the courts and
tribunals of Porto Rico as already established and now in
operation, including municipal courts. …

"SECTION 34.
That Porto Rico shall constitute a judicial district to be
called 'the district of Porto Rico.' The President, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint a
district judge, a district attorney, and a marshal for said
district, each for a term of four years, unless sooner removed
by the President. The district court for said district shall
be called the district court of the United States for Porto
Rico.

"SECTION 35.
That writs of error and appeals from the final decisions of
the supreme court of Porto Rico and the district court of the
United States shall be allowed and may be taken to the Supreme
Court of the United States in the same manner and under the
same regulations and in the same cases as from the supreme
courts of the Territories of the United States. …

"SECTION 39.
That the qualified voters of Porto Rico shall, on the first
Tuesday after the first Monday of November, anno Domini
nineteen hundred, and every two years thereafter, choose a
resident commissioner to the United States, who shall be
entitled to official recognition as such by all Departments,
upon presentation to the Department of State of a certificate
of election of the governor of Porto Rico, and who shall be
entitled to a salary, payable monthly by the United States, at
the rate of five thousand dollars per annum: Provided, That no
person shall be eligible to such election who is not a bona
fide citizen of Porto Rico, who is not thirty years of age,
and who does not read and write the English language.

"SECTION 40.
That a commission, to consist of three members, at least one
of whom shall be a native citizen of Porto Rico, shall be
appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, to compile and revise the laws of Porto Rico; also
the various codes of procedure and systems of municipal
government now in force, and to frame and report such
legislation as may be necessary to make a simple, harmonious,
and economical government, establish justice and secure its
prompt and efficient administration, inaugurate a general
system of education and public instruction, provide buildings
and funds therefor, equalize and simplify taxation and all the
methods of raising revenue, and make all other provisions that
may be necessary to secure and extend the benefits of a
republican form of government to all the inhabitants of Porto
Rico."

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1900 (May).
Organization of civil government.
Appointment of Governor Allen.

Under the Act to establish civil government in Porto Rico,
Honorable. Charles H. Allen, formerly a representative in
Congress from Massachusetts, and lately Assistant-Secretary of
the Navy, was appointed to the governorship of the island. Mr.
J. H. Hollander, of Maryland, was appointed Treasurer, and Mr.
John R. Garrison, of the District of Columbia, Auditor.
Governor Allen was inducted into office with considerable
ceremony, at San Juan, on the 1st of May.

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1900 (August-October).
First steps in the creation of a public school system.

"The report of M. G. Brumbaugh, commissioner of education, on
education in Porto Rico, dated October 15, 1900, shows what
has been accomplished in the short time that elapsed after the
commissioner entered upon his duties on August 4, 1900. … The
people want schools … and the pupils will attend them. In
1899, 616 schools were opened in Porto Rico. In 1900 the
department will maintain at least 800 schools, an increase of
30 per cent, which will provide for nearly 9,000 additional
pupils.

"In 1899 there were 67 Americans in the teaching force of the
island. Since October 1, 1900, the number has increased to
100. The commissioner criticises one class of teachers who are
'seekers after novelty and new experiences, who imposed upon the
administration and the children, and who used the salary and
position of teacher solely to see a new country for a year and
then return. … The people of Porto Rico have patiently borne
with these adventurers, and quietly longed for their
departure.' This class of teachers is now gone and the newly
selected American teachers have some knowledge of Spanish and
are graduates of universities, colleges, and normal schools in
the States, and are for the most part young men and women of
ability and discretion. The salaries of American teachers were
fixed by law at $40 per month for nine months in cities of
less than 5,000 population. In cities of larger population the
salary was $50 per month for nine months and both are
inadequate, although at the time the salaries were fixed the
War Department provided free transportation from and to the
United States. This transportation may now be withdrawn at any
time, and the small inducement held out by the meager salary
offered to teachers is not calculated to invite the best class
of them to the island.

"The new normal and industrial school at Fajardo, which was to
have been established by the joint efforts of the local
municipality and the American Government, was only so far
advanced that the land had been purchased by the end of
September, 1900. The normal department was opened October 1,
in a rented building, while the industrial department cannot
be opened until suitable quarters are provided. The
commissioner recommends that the United States make this place
the site of an agricultural experiment station for which it is
pre-eminently fitted. On account of the industries of the
country—coffee, sugar, tobacco, and fruit—agriculture could be
well studied here, and free boarding, lodging, and tuition would
be given the students, who would be for the most part poor
boys and girls.

"As to the school accommodation, the commissioner states that
there are no public school buildings in Porto Rico. The
schools are conducted in rented houses or rooms which are
often unfit for the purpose, and the hygienic conditions are
bad. There is a wide field, or rather a demand, for
improvement in this direction, as well as in the school
equipment and material.

{418}

In 1899, $33,000 was expended for school-books, and in 1900,
$20,000 will be expended for books and supplies, which shall
be free. In the United States 'free books' means usually their
purchase by local boards and free use by the pupils. In Porto
Rico the books and supplies will be free to the pupils without
expense to the local boards. A pedagogical museum and library
has been established for the benefit of teachers and others.
About 300 volumes have been contributed to the library from
friends in the States, and the Department will make the number
up to 500 by purchase. A library of 5,000 volumes of standard
Spanish and American literature was found in a building in San
Juan, which has been installed in suitable rooms as a public
library.

"Many of the leading institutions of the United States have
responded cordially to the application of the Department of
Education on behalf of young Porto Ricans who wish to
prosecute their studies in colleges and universities. Some
have offered free tuition, some have added free lodging, while
others have offered even free living to all such students as
wish to avail themselves of their instruction. Many young
Porto Ricans have availed themselves of these generous offers.

"There are now 800 schools in Porto Rico, and 38,000 pupils
attending them, while there are 300,000 children of school age
for whom there are no accommodations. But the commissioner
expresses the hope that gradually the great illiteracy in
Porto Rico will be reduced, and the people prepared for the
duties of citizenship in a democracy by means of the schools
that shall be established. … The total expenditure for
education in Porto Rico from the 1st of May to the end of
September was $91,057.32."

_United States, Secretary of the Interior,
Annual Report, November 28, 1900, page 116._

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1900 (November-December).
The first election under U. S. law.
Meeting of the Legislative Assembly.

The first election in the Island under the provisions of the
Act recited above occurred on the 6th of November
simultaneously with the elections in the United States. It
seems to have been almost entirely a one-sided vote. "About
two weeks before election day," says a despatch from San Juan,
November 7, "the Federal Party, which carried the island at
the election of less than a year ago by a majority of 6,500
votes, suddenly withdrew from the electoral contest. The
Federal leaders sent instruction to their followers not to
appear at the polls, but the Federal Election Judges were
instructed to appear and watch the proceedings until the
elections were concluded in order to gather evidence of any
unfairness in the registration and any irregularity in the
voting. The Federal Party intends to institute court
proceedings after the election in the hope of nullifying it,
claiming that gross irregularities in the registration and
voting will be shown, and alleging that the districting was
not done according to law." Only about 200 Federals voted, it
is stated, while some 60,000 votes were cast for the
candidates of the Republicans. Governor Allen cabled the
following announcement of the election to President McKinley:
"I am gratified and delighted. The outcome in Porto Rico is a
guarantee of the island's future. To bring people who had long
been under different rules and conditions to their first
general election, to have the election pass off as quietly and
orderly as in any State of the North conducted by the people
without let or hindrance, and without a soldier or armed force
of any sort, and to have nearly 60.000 men march to the polls
to deposit their first ballot for self-government in such a
manner, are good reasons for congratulation, not only to the
people of the island, but to the painstaking members of the
Administration, who had worked diligently and patiently to
this end. This overwhelming Republican victory also means
legislation for the good of the island in line with the
American Administration. It means stable government and the
protection of property interests, with which prospective
investors in Porto Rico are deeply concerned. It means
education, public works, and all the beneficent works which
follow legislation wisely and conscientiously undertaken. It
is an emphatic declaration of unqualified loyalty to the
United States."

The newly elected Legislative Assembly met and the House of
Delegates was organized December 3. A correspondent of the
"New York Tribune," writing a week later, said: "Already
nineteen bills have been introduced. To introduce nineteen
bills in six days after organizing, as well as forming the
regular committees, is not bad work when it is considered that
not one of the members had the slightest idea of parliamentary
procedure. During the session one of the members may be seen
making frequent trips to the Executive Mansion, where he
confers with Secretary Hunt in regard to some doubtful point.
It is said by some that in a short time the lower house will
be controlled entirely by the portfolio members of the
Council. It is known that the five Porto Rican members of the
Council, when considering the question of franchises, etc.,
often vote contrary to their own ideas in order that the
Council may continue harmonious. But it is not likely that the
heads of departments will be able to control the thirty-five
members of the House. The House, although regularly elected,
is not representative of the island; the Federals refraining
from voting kept over half the natives from the polls. The
Federal party, it is asserted, is made up of the richest and
best element of Porto Rico. The Republicans, though in power,
do not feel that they are able to run things alone, so the
majority is willing to be dictated to by the Council.
Nevertheless there is a certain element in the House which
will not be dictated to. So soon as any really important bill
comes up for debate it is predicted that the House will divide
against itself. And a little later, when the House passes some
pet bill and the Council rejects it, the House will probably
resign in a body. It is a natural trait of the people.'

After another fortnight had passed, the same correspondent
wrote very discouragingly of the disposition shown by a
majority of the members of the House of Delegates, and their
conduct of business, and stated: "The popular opinion among
the Americans, even among some of the higher officials, is
that if the House continues as it is Congress will abolish it
altogether, and govern the island through a Governor and
Cabinet. Such irregular procedure has been followed that it is
a question here whether any business has been legally done."

{419}

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1901 (January),
Close of the first session of the Legislative Assembly.

The first session of the first Legislative Assembly of the
island came to a close on the 31st of January, 1901, and the
following remarks on its work were made in a newspaper
despatch of that date from San Juan: "Over one hundred bills
have been introduced in the House of Delegates, and dozens
have been passed by both houses, and are awaiting the
Governor's approval. … Committees have a hard day's work if
they get together and agree to pass the bills on hand before
midnight to-night. Ever since the House of Delegates resumed
business after the new year, eight or nine members have been
continually absent. There are only thirty-five members
altogether, and the island is small, yet twenty-six has been
the average attendance. A full attendance for even one day is
not recorded. It was predicted that a number of the members
would resign; they did not. They simply remained away, like
truant schoolboys. A bill has been passed providing for the
education of certain young Porto Rican men and women in the
United States, about two hundred of them having petitioned the
House of Delegates to be sent north at the island's expense.
It is not known on what ground these petitions have been made.
The island expends about $400,000 yearly on education, and
excellent educational facilities are offered. But the people,
in a way, seem to discredit the value of the opportunities at
hand."

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1901 (April).
Distress of the workingmen of the Island.
Their appeal to the President of the United States.

The following petition, signed by 6,000 of the workingmen of
Porto Rico, was brought to the United States by a delegate
from the Federation of Labor in Porto Rico and presented to
President McKinley on the 15th of April:

"The undersigned, workers of Porto Rico, without distinction
of color, political or religious creed, have the honor to
bring to your attention the following facts: Misery, with all
its horrible consequences, is spreading in our homes with
wonderful rapidity. It has already reached such an extreme
that many workers are starving to death while others, that
have not the courage to see their mothers, wives, sisters and
children perish of hunger, commit suicide by drowning
themselves in the rivers or hanging themselves from branches
of trees. All this, honorable sir, is due to the scarcity of
work, which keeps us in enforced idleness, the mother of our
misery. Our beautiful estates are idle; our lands are not
being cultivated; our shops remain closed; and our Chambers do
absolutely nothing to prevent our misery on this once so rich
an island. The Government and municipality do not undertake
any public works to keep us out of idleness. The emigration of
workers, unknown in this island before, increases day by day,
in proportion as misery increases. Under these trying
conditions we are no longer a happy and contented people. We
therefore, beg of you, honorable sir, to interest yourself in
our cause, leading us, as the father of our country, in the
path that will bring us work, and with it the means of
subsistence. We want work; nothing but work. We want to earn
the means of subsistence by the sweat of our brows; and nobody
better than our Chief Magistrate can help us by lending ear to
our appeals. "

----------PORTO RICO: End--------

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1891-1900.
Delagoa Bay Arbitration.

See (in this volume)
DELAGOA BAY ARBITRATION.

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1898.
Alleged Treaty with Great Britain.

There is said to be knowledge in diplomatic circles of a
treaty between Great Britain and Portugal, concluded in 1898,
which has never been made public, but which is understood to
engage the former to assist the latter financially and to
protect the kingdom as against dangers both external and
internal. In return it is believed that England received the
right to embark and disembark troops, stores and ammunitions
at any point on Portuguese territory in Africa, to keep them
there, or to convey them across Portuguese territory to any
point she might see fit, irrespective as to whether she was at
war with any third Power. Circumstances have given some
support to this rumor, but it has no positive confirmation.

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1899.
Reciprocity Treaty with the United States.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1899-1901.

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1899 (May-July).
Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)
PEACE CONFERENCE.

PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1896.
War with Gungunhana.

See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA).

POSTAGE, British Imperial Penny.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (DECEMBER).

POWERS, Concert of the.

See (in this volume)
CONCERT OF EUROPE.

POWERS, The four great.

See (in this volume)
NINETEENTH CENTURY: EXPANSION.

PRATT, Consul:
Interviews with Aguinaldo at Singapore.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (APRIL-MAY: PHILIPPINES).

"PREDOMINANT MEMBER," Remarks of Lord Rosebery on the.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895.

PREHISTORIC DISCOVERIES.

See (in this volume)
ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH.

PREMPEH, Overthrow of King.

See (in this volume)
ASHANTI.

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES: Union in Scotland.

See (in this volume)
SCOTLAND: A. D. 1900.

PRESS, The:
Relaxation of restrictions in Poland.

See (in this volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1897.

PRESS, The:
Prosecutions in Germany.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER 9).

PRETORIA: A. D. 1894.
Demonstration of British residents.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1894.

PRETORIA: A. D. 1900.
Taken by the British forces.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1900 (MAY-JUNE).

PRIMARY ELECTION LAW.

See (in this volume)
NEW YORK STATE: A. D. 1898.

PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND.

See (in this volume)
CANADA.

{420}

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY:
Celebration of 250th anniversary.
Assumption of new name.

See (in this volume)
EDUCATION (UNITED STATES): A. D. 1896.

PRINSLOO, Commandant: Surrender.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1900 (JUNE-DECEMBER).

PROCTOR, Senator Redfield:
Account of the condition of the Cuban Reconcentrados.

See (in this volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1897-1898 (DECEMBER-MARCH).

PROGRESSISTS, PROGRESSIVES.

See (in this volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897;
JAPAN: A. D. 1890-1898, and after;
SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE COLONY): A. D. 1898,
and 1898 (MARCH-OCTOBER).

PROHIBITION PARTY, The.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER);
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PROHIBITION PLEBISCITE, Canadian.

See (in this volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1898 (SEPTEMBER).

PROTECTIVE TARIFFS.

See (in this volume)
TARIFF LEGISLATION.

PROTOCOL, for suspension of Spanish-American War.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (JULY-DECEMBER).

PRUSSIA: Census, 1895.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1895 (JUNE-DECEMBER).

PRUSSIA: A. D. 1899-1901.
Canal projects.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (AUGUST); and 1901 (JANUARY).

PRUSSIA: A. D. 1901.
Bicentenary celebration.

The bicentenary of the coronation of the first King of Prussia
was celebrated with much ceremony and festivity on the 18th of
January, 1901.

PULLMAN.

A decision of the Supreme Court of Illinois, rendered early in
1899, deprives the Pullman Car Company of the legal right to
own and conduct the affairs of the town of Pullman, Illinois.
The effect is understood to be that the town will be
incorporated with Chicago.

PUNJAB, Formation of a new province from districts of the.

See (in this volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY).

PUPIN, Dr. Michael I.:
Improvement in long-distance telephony.

See (in this volume)
SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.

Q.

QUEBEC, Province.

See (in this volume)
CANADA.

QUEENS COUNTY:
Incorporation in Greater New York.

See (in this volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1896-1897.

QUEENSLAND.

See (in this volume)
AUSTRALIA; and CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA.

QUINCY, Josiah:
Progressive measures as Mayor of Boston.

See (in this volume)
BOSTON: A. D. 1895-1899.

R.

RACES, European, The expansion of.

See (in this volume)
NINETEENTH CENTURY: EXPANSION.

RAILWAY, The Anatolian.
Extension to the Persian Gulf.

See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1899 (NOVEMBER).

RAILWAY, Cape to Cairo.

"A line now [1899] runs northward from Cape Town to Bulawayo,
in Rhodesia, a distance of 1,360 miles, and is being pushed
still farther northward. From Bulawayo to Lake Tanganyika is
about 1,000 miles; and this Mr. Rhodes hopes to reach by 1905.
Lake Tanganyika is 410 miles long; and it is likely that its
waters will be utilized for a time at least for transferring
northwardly the freights and passengers reaching its southern
end. Meantime the railroad from Cairo is being pushed
southwardly to meet the line which is coming from the Cape
northwardly. It has already been constructed to Atbara, where
American contractors have just finished the steel bridge in a
time which British bridge-builders considered impossible; and
the line is being pushed forward to Khartoum from that point.
Khartoum is 1,300 miles from Cairo; so that when work on the
section from Atbara to Khartoum is completed, as it will be
within a few months, the two gaps to be filled in will be from
Khartoum to the north end of Lake Tanganyika, a distance of
1,700 miles, and the 950 miles from the south end of Lake
Tanganyika to Bulawayo; i. e., 2,700 miles in all. Thus, of
the necessary land length, assuming that at least the 410
miles length of Lake Tanganyika will be at first utilized,
about one-half will be finished on the completion of the
section from Atbara to Khartoum, within the next few months.
The remaining 2,700 miles will, it is estimated, cost
$60,000,000; and Mr. Rhodes confidently predicts its
completion before the year 1910."

_O. P. Austin,
Africa: Present and Future
(Forum, December, 1899)._

See, also (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1899.

Of course, the plans and calculations of Mr. Cecil Rhodes have
been seriously interfered with by the South African War. He
may have anticipated the war, but not the length nor the
effects of it.

RAILWAY, Haifa to Damascus and Bagdad.

See (in this volume)
JEWS: A. D. 1899.

RAILWAY, The Intercontinental, or "Three Americas."

"One of the important results of the International American
Conference, held in Washington in 1889-90, was its
recommendation that an International Commission be created to
ascertain the feasibility, the cost, and the available
location for a railroad connecting the countries of South and
Central America with Mexico and the United States. This
recommendation was cordially indorsed by Secretary Blaine in
submitting the report to President Harrison, who transmitted
it to Congress, asking that an appropriation be made to
commence the surveys. In the same act which authorized the
establishment of the Bureau of the American Republics—the
Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation Act of July 14, 1890—the
Intercontinental Railway Commission was created.
{421}
In this act it was provided that three Commissioners on the
part of the United States should be appointed by the
President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, who were
to act with representatives of the other American Republics to
devise plans for carrying out the objects recommended by the
International American Conference. The Commission organized
December 4, 1890, and at once set about the equipping of the
surveying parties to make the necessary topographical
examination. The United States representatives on the
Commission were practical railroad men—A. J. Cassatt, Henry G.
Davis, and R. C. Kerens, and eleven other Republics were
represented on the Commission. The report just issued [March,
1899] is in four volumes, with four sets of maps and profiles,
exhibiting the surveys and examination of the country that
were made from Mexico through Central America to Colombia,
Ecuador, and Peru, in South America. In addition to the
personal observations in South America, the officers making
the reports also gathered from the best obtainable sources
geographical, railroad, and other information relating to
Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, and
Venezuela. The report gives the proposed distances as follows:

Central American division, from Ayutla, Guatemala, on the
Mexican border, to Rio Golfito, Colombia, 1,043 miles; from
Rio Golfito to Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5,446.76 miles;
through the United States from New York to Laredo, Texas,
2,094 miles; and from that point, through Mexico to Ayutla,
Guatemala, 1,644.3 miles; making a total of 10,228.06 miles,
including the lines already in operation in the different
countries. The extent of railway to be constructed is a little
over one-half the total, being 5,456.13 miles. An estimate is
given of the cost for grading, masonry, and bridges of that
portion of the line which must be constructed to complete the
connections, which amounts to $174,290,271.84."

_Bureau of American Republics,
Bulletin, March, 1899._

As now surveyed, from New York City to Buenos Ayres, it will
be 10,221 miles long, and to finish and equip it will cost at
least $200,000,000. This length and cost will also be
increased when the line is extended through Patagonia to the
southern limits of South America. The complete surveys … prove
that a practicable route can be found and the road built
within a reasonable time. The route of this road can be traced
on the map, while the following table shows the distances, the
miles built, and the gaps to be filled:

Built. Proposed. Total.
United States. 2,094 … 2,094
Mexico 1,183 461 1,644

Total North America. 3,277 461 3,738

---------

Guatemala. 43 126 169
San Salvador. 64 166 230
Honduras. … 71 71
Nicaragua. 103 106 209
Costa Rica. … 360 360

Total Central America. 210 829 1,039

Colombia. … 1,354 1,354
Ecuador. … 658 658
Peru. 151 1,833 1,784
Bolivia. 195 392 587
Argentina. 936 125 1,061

Total South America. 1,282 4,769 5,444

Grand total. 4,769 5,452 10,221

"The demands of trade may compel early construction of this
railroad. It is doubtful if a remunerative commerce can be
built up between North and South America by ship. The
conformation of the eastern coast of South America compels a
long detour to the east, and brings a ship almost as near to
the ports of Europe as to the ports of the United States. The
exports of South America, being mainly agricultural, will find
a readier sale in Europe than in this country, and when they
are exchanged for the cheap manufactured goods of that
continent the conditions for trade are supplied. If, for these
reasons, this country can not build up a commerce with South
America by water, a quicker means of transit must be had, such
as the Pan-American Railway would provide. The obstacles to be
overcome are great. They surpass the difficulties in the way of
the Siberian or the 'Cape to Cairo' road, but the results will
be correspondingly greater.

"South America has greater undeveloped resources than any
other continent. Its agricultural possibilities are boundless.
It has the greatest rivers in the world; its soil can produce
any crop grown on the earth, and its mines of gold, silver,
and coal have been scarcely touched. A railroad which would
traverse the coffee lands of the Central American States, pass
through the mines of Peru, and penetrate the rich pampas of
Brazil and Argentina, must have great possibilities before it.
The products of the three great valleys of the Orinoco, the
Amazon, and the Paraguay rivers would find a market by means
of it, and the riches of the mines of the Incas be shown to
surpass those of California and South Africa."

_Bureau of American Republics,
Bulletin, December, 1899._

RAILWAY, The Tehuantepec.

See (in this volume)
MEXICO: A. D. 1898-1900.

RAILWAY, The Three Americas.

See, above,
RAILWAY, INTERCONTINENTAL.

RAILWAY, Trans-Siberian.

See (in this volume)
RUSSIA IN ASIA: A. D. 1891-1900.

RAILWAY, The Uganda, or Mombasa-Victoria.

See (in this volume)
UGANDA RAILWAY.

RAILWAYS: in Africa.

See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1899.

RAILWAYS: American Inter-State.
Arbitration of industrial disputes.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (JUNE).

RAILWAYS: Concessions in China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1895;
1897 (MAY-JUNE);
1897 (NOVEMBER);
1898 (FEBRUARY-DECEMBER);
1898 (MARCH);
1898 (APRIL-AuGUST);
1898 (MAY);
1899 (MARCH-APRIL).

RAILWAYS:
Russian projects in Persia.

See (in this volume)
RUSSIA IN ASIA: A. D. 1900.

{422}

RAILWAYS:
State purchase in Switzerland.

See (in this volume)
SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1894-1898.

RAINES LAW, The.

See (in this volume)
NEW YORK STATE: A. D. 1896-1897.

RAMAPO WATER CONTRACT, The.

See (in this volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1899-1900.

RANAVALOMANJAKA, Queen.

See (in this volume)
MADAGASCAR.

RAND, Gold fields of the.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1885-1890.

RECIPROCITY:
Treaties under the Dingley Tariff Act.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1899-1901.

RECONCENTRADOS.

(See in this volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897;
and 1897-1898 (DECEMBER-MARCH).

RED CROSS SOCIETY, The:
Relief work in Armenia and Cuba.

See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1896 (JANUARY-MARCH);
and CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897.

REFERENDUM, The:
In Minnesota.

See (in this volume)
MINNESOTA: A. D. 1896.

REFERENDUM, The:
Introduction in South Dakota.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH DAKOTA: A. D. 1898.

REFERENDUM, The:
Its exercise in Switzerland.

See (in this volume)
SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1894-1898.

REID CONTRACT, The.

See (in this volume)
NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1897-1900; and 1899-1901.

REITFONTEIN, Battle of.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

RELIGIOUS ORDERS, Bill to regulate, in France.

See (in this volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).

REPRESENTATIVES:
Reapportionment in the Congress of the United States.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).

REPUBLICAN PARTY, The,
in the U. S. Presidential elections, 1896 and 1900.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER);
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

RESERVOIRS, Nile.

See (in this volume)
EGYPT: A. D. 1898-1901.

RHINE-ELBE CANAL PROJECT, The.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (AUGUST);
and 1901 (JANUARY).

RHODE ISLAND: A. D. 1900.
Newport no longer a capital city.

At the election in November, 1900, a constitutional amendment
was adopted which makes Providence alone the capital city of
Rhode Island. Newport had been one of the capitals since the
colonies of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations were
united.

RHODES, Cecil John:
Founder of the British South Africa Company.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1884-1894.

RHODES, Cecil John:
Master spirit of the British South Africa Company.
His name given to its dominions.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY):
A. D. 1894-1895.

RHODES, Cecil John:
Participation in Uitlander revolutionary conspiracy at
Johannesburg, leading to Jameson Raid.
Resignation of Cape Colony premiership.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1895-1896.

RHODES, Cecil John:
Dealing with Matabele revolt.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (RHODESIA):
A. D. 1896 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

RHODES, Cecil John:
Resignation from the Board of the British South Africa
Company.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA
(BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY): A. D. 1896 (JUNE).

RHODES, Cecil John:
Accused by the Cape Colony Assembly of complicity in the
Jameson Raid.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE COLONY): A. D. 1896 (JULY).

RHODES, Cecil John:
Testimony before British Parliamentary Committee on the
Jameson Raid.
The Committee's report.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1897 (FEBRUARY-JULY).

RHODES, Cecil John:
In Cape Colony politics.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE COLONY): A. D. 1898.

RHODES, Cecil John:
Projection of a Cape to Cairo Railway.

See (in this volume)
RAILWAY, CAPE TO CAIRO;
and AFRICA: A. D. 1899.

RHODES, Cecil John:
Beleaguered in Kimberley.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

RHODES, Cecil John:
Projection of a Cape to Cairo Telegraph.

See (in this volume)
TELEGRAPH, CAPE TO CAIRO.

RHODESIA: A. D. 1896 (March-September).
Revolt of the Matabeles.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (RHODESIA):
A. D. 1896 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

RHODESIA: A. D. 1896 (July).
Parliamentary investigation of British South Africa Company.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY):
A. D. 1896 (JULY).

RHODESIA: A. D. 1897.
Report on compulsory native labor.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY):
A. D. 1897 (JANUARY).

RHODESIA: A. D. 1898.
Reorganized administration.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA
(RHODESIA AND THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY):
A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY).

RHODESIA: A. D. 1900.
Protectorate proclaimed over Barotsiland.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (RHODESIA): A. D. 1900 (SEPTEMBER).

RIO PRIETO, Engagement at the.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (JULY-AUGUST; PORTO RICO).

RIZAL, Dr. José.

See (in this volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1896-1898.

ROBERTS, Field Marshal, Lord (Sir Frederick Sleigh):
In the South African War.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY), and after.

ROBINSON, Sir Hercules:
British High Commissioner in South Africa.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1896 (JANUARY-APRIL).

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, The.

See PAPACY.

ROMAN CATHOLICS:
Protest of British Peers against the
Declaration required from the Sovereign.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY).

{423}

ROMAN CATHOLICS:
Victory in Belgium.

See (in this volume)
BELGIUM: A. D. 1894-1895.

ROMAN LAW:
Superseded in Germany.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (JANUARY).

ROME:
The likeness of its early settlement shown by excavations
at Antemnæ.

See (in this volume)
ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: ITALY.

RÖNTGEN, Wilhelm Konrad:
Discovery of the X rays.

See (in this volume)
SCIENCE, RECENT: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.

ROOSEVELT, Theodore:
Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regiment of Rough Riders.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (APRIL-MAY).

ROOSEVELT, Theodore:
Elected Vice President of the United States.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

ROSEBERY, Earl of:
Prime minister.
Remarks on the "predominant member."

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895.

ROSEBERY, Earl of:
Tribute to Mr. Gladstone.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (MAY).

ROSEBERY, Earl of:
Tribute to Queen Victoria.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).

ROUGH RIDERS, The.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (APRIL-MAY).

ROUGH RIDERS, The.
At Santiago.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (JUNE-JULY).

ROUMANIA.

See (in this volume)
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES;
and TURKEY: A. D. 1899-1901.

ROYAL NIGER COMPANY, The.

See (in this volume)
NIGERIA: A. D. 1882-1899.

ROYAL NIGER COMPANY, The.
Transfer of territories to the British crown.

See (in this volume)
NIGERIA: A. D. 1899.

RUDINI, Marquis di:
Resignation of Ministry.

See (in this volume)
ITALY: A. D. 1898 (MARCH-JUNE).

RUMANIA.

See (in this volume)
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES;
and TURKEY: A. D. 1899-1901.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1895.
Agreement with Great Britain concerning the frontier of
Afghanistan and spheres of influence in the Pamir region.

See (in this volume)
AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1895.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1895.
Alliance with France.

See (in this volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1895.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1895.
Treaty with China giving railway and other privileges and
rights in Manchuria.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1895.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1896 (May-June).
Coronation of the Tzar.

The Tzar Nicholas II., who succeeded his father, Alexander
III., on the death of the latter, November 1, 1894, was not
formally crowned until May 26, 1896. The splendid festivities
of the occasion lasted from May 18 until June, and were
attended by a brilliant assembly of princes and high officials
from all parts of the world. They were saddened by a frightful
calamity on the 31st of May, when an attempt was made to
distribute gifts of food and drink to a vast multitude of
nearly half a million people, on Khodynskoye plain. Adequate
measures for controlling the pressure of the crowd had not
been taken, and nearly 3,000 were suffocated or trampled to
death.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1897.
Relaxations of oppressive laws.

Several important relaxations of oppressive laws were
commanded by the Tzar in the course of the year. By one, sons
of the marriage of an orthodox Russian with one of another
creed were allowed to be brought up in the religion of the
father and daughters in that of the mother. By another, Jews
having an university education were allowed freedom of
residence in any part of the empire. By others, greater
freedom was given to the Polish press, formerly forbidden to
discuss political questions; local assemblies of Polish nobles
were organized; permission was given to restore Roman Catholic
churches in Poland, and certain special Polish taxes were
removed.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1897 (February).
Census of the Empire.

"For the first time in the history of the Hyperborean Empire,
a general, and if I may use the expression, scientific, census
has been taken of the various tongues and tribes, religions
and sects, cultured races and nomadic hordes who acknowledge
the sway of the Tsar. It was a Herculean labour, without
precedent in history and without a formula in statistics. … On
June 5, 1895, the reigning Tsar gave his sanction to a scheme
which was both conformable to the exigencies of modern
statistics and suitable to the various conditions peculiar to
Russia. … The general plan of operations was simple, and
calculated as far as possible to impose a large portion of the
task upon officials of the Administration, and obviate the
necessity of paying for it. Thus there was a Committee in
every Government or Province of the Empire, presided over by
the actual Governor; and there were sub-committees in every
district under the direction of the Marshal of the Nobility. …
The task undertaken by the Central Committee was in the
highest degree formidable: rooted prejudices had to be
overcome, inarticulate suspicions removed—the half-civilised
nomads have an insuperable dislike to answer questions of the
'Tshinovniks'—the confidence of the people gained, languages
mastered, routes studied, badges prepared for the officials,
millions upon millions of census papers printed and
distributed over the length and breadth of the Empire, &c. &c.
…

"In order that the work might be finished as early as possible
at the same time, the cantonal sections were split up into
divisions, which had to be more or less equal. In country
places the division was not usually allowed to exceed 400
households, or say, 2,600 souls; in cities 150 flats, or about
750 souls. The registrars, who were answerable for the census
in these districts, were chosen from all classes of society,
the only condition being that they must be persons of some
education, and calculated to inspire the population with
confidence—a very important consideration in Russia. Thus,
there were priests, officers, school-teachers, students,
merchants, landowners, and in some cases peasants. The
remuneration fixed for the work, which was sometimes attended
with danger and in almost every case with very disagreeable
experiences, was 12 roubles, or about £1 4s. 6d., in rural
districts, and 7 roubles in towns.
{424}
Labour is still cheap in Russia, but even there this modest
sum was found insufficient to tempt the competent persons, who
in out-of-the-way districts were few and far between. When
this had become painfully evident, it was too late to set the
clumsy machinery in motion through which alone it might have
been possible to obtain a higher rate of remuneration. As the
registrars were, in many places, not to be had, it seemed
likely that the census would prove a lamentable failure. Then
the Tsar appeared as a 'deus ex machinâ,' and instituted a
special medal for all those who should agree to undertake the
work gratis. Like most Continental peoples, Russians have a
hankering after 'ribbons to stick in their coats,' and the
moment the medal was promised for gratuitous services there
was no lack of willing workmen. Thousands of volunteers
presented themselves, and the authorities selected the most
competent. … On January 28 [Old Style, being, N. S. February
9, 1897], … at break of day an army of 150,000 individuals
left their homes to count the number of people inhabiting an
empire which occupies one-sixth of the globe. …

"The first Russian census … may be considered to have proved a
brilliant success. The results may be summed up very briefly
as follows: The population of the Russian Empire and the Grand
Duchy of Finland numbers 129,211,114 souls, of whom

94,188,750 inhabit the 50 Governments of European Russia
9,442,500 inhabit the 10 Governments of Poland
9,723,553 inhabit the 11 Governments of the Caucasus
5,731,732 inhabit the 9 Governments of Siberia
3,415,174 inhabit the 5 Governments of the Steppe regions
4,175,101 inhabit the Provinces of Transcaspia and of Turkestan.
6,413 inhabit Khiva and Boukhara
2,527,801 inhabit Finland
----------
129,211,114 Total

"Compared with the figures of former years, as given by the
partial official returns and in the tables of the statistician
Köppen, we find that the population has increased since the
year 1851 by 96.2 per cent; since 1858 by 73.2 per cent; since
1885 by 18.1 per cent. The average density of the population
is 8.8 persons to the square verst [the verst equalling
1166.66 yards], but it naturally varies a good deal in the
different districts and Provinces. Thus, in the 10 Governments
of Poland it amounts to 84.6 to the sq. verst. In the 50
Governments of European Russia it amounts to 22.2 to the sq.
verst. In the Governments of the Caucasus it amounts to 23.6
to the sq. verst. In Siberia it amounts to 0.5 to the sq.
verst. In the Steppe region it amounts to 1.6 to the sq.
verst.

"Even in the different Governments of European Russia the
density varies considerably. …

"There are 19 cities in Russia, with a population of more than
100,000 souls each, and 35 which have from 50,000 to 100,000.
In fifteen cities the number of females exceeds that of the
males, whereas in all the others it is smaller. … The natural
increase of the population is kept down to a relatively low
figure by an abnormally large death-rate, which is mainly due
to avoidable causes. Infectious diseases and insufficiency of
medical help are among the most obvious. … In no country in
the world are infectious diseases so frequently mortal as in
Russia. Children especially suffer, and diphtheria, measles,
scarlatina, smallpox, &c., literally decimate villages and
country towns. It has been stated by the statistician Ekk,
with the help of official figures, that about 1,900,000
persons, chiefly children, die every year who might, with a
little care, be preserved to the Empire. The difference which
this loss makes to the population in fifty years is enormous."

_E. J. Dillon,
The First Russian Census
(Contemporary Review, December, 1897). _

RUSSIA: A. D. 1897 (November).
Treaty with the United States and Japan, to suspend pelagic
sealing.

See (in this volume)
BERING SEA QUESTIONS.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1897 (December).
Adoption of the gold monetary standard.

See (in this volume)
MONETARY QUESTIONS: A. D. 1897 (DECEMBER).

RUSSIA: A. D. 1897-1898.
Contentions with Japan in Korea.

See (in this volume)
KOREA: A. D. 1895-1898.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1898 (March).
Increase of naval armament.

On the 10th of March an imperial ukase ordered an addition of
90,000,000 roubles to the expenditure on war ships already
provided for, the extra disbursement to be spread over seven
years.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1898 (March).
Lease of Port Arthur, Talienwan and the Liaotung Peninsula
from China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1898 MARCH-JULY).

RUSSIA: A. D. 1898 (May-December).
In the Chinese "Battle of Concessions."

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY-DECEMBER).

RUSSIA: A. D. 1898-1899.
The Tzar's proposal to check the increase of armaments.
The resulting Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)
PEACE CONFERENCE.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1898-1901.
The question of sugar bounties.
United States countervailing duties and Russian retaliation.

See (in this volume)
SUGAR BOUNTIES.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1898-1901.
The Russianizing of Finland.
Overthrow of the constitutional rights of the Finns.

See (in this volume)
FINLAND: A. D. 1898-1901.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1899.
Famine.

A fearful famine in eastern Russia, within and beyond the
valley of the Volga, was caused in 1899 by an almost
unprecedented failure of crops. With the famine came typhus
fever, and the tale of suffering and death was one of the most
heart-rending of the century.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1899 (February-June.)
Disorder among the students.

For some months, the universities and most of the higher
schools of Russia were in a state of disorder, and in conflict
with the police authorities. Many of the institutions were closed
and a great number of the students were under arrest. The
students complained of the statutes of the universities, and
of the general treatment to which they were subjected, and
were bitterly hostile to the police. The Tzar seems to have
given personal attention to their grievances, which he
appointed a commission to investigate. On the report of the
commission he issued an imperial order severely censuring the
administration of the universities, and also reproving the
police, while, at the same time, he addressed some serious
admonitions to the students.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1899 (March-April).
Agreement with Great Britain concerning railway interests in
China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1899 (MARCH-APRIL).

{425}

RUSSIA: A. D. 1899 (May).
Steps toward the abolition of transportation to Siberia.

On the 18th of May, the Tzar issued the following order: "A
commission of the officers of the ministry of justice and
representatives of the respective departments under the
auspices of the minister of justice shall be formed. The
commission is to work out the following: To replace
transportation of criminals by punishment by courts; to
abolish or limit administrative transportation by peasant
boards; to reorganize penal servitude and the deportation
which follows; to better the condition of the convicts now in
Siberia; to improve prisons where criminals are confined
awaiting transportation and deportation; to establish
compulsory public labor and workhouses as penal measures; to
provide means for carrying out the measures necessary for the
reorganization of the transportation of criminals and of penal
establishments. The minister of justice is to ask direct, and
not through any department, for the imperial sanction of the
committee's recommendations." The British Commercial Agent in
Russia, reporting to the Foreign Office in June, 1900, stated
in allusion to the above order: "The State Council is reported
to have just decided, by a majority of votes, to introduce at
once the necessary changes, as the Central Prisons
Administration has declared that the gaol accommodation is
sufficient. The number of exiles to Siberia from 1823 to 1898
is given as 908,266, mostly to Eastern Siberia."

RUSSIA: A. D. 1899 (May-July).
Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)
PEACE CONFERENCE.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1899 (December).
Adhesion to the arrangement of an "open door" commercial
policy in China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1899-1900 (SEPTEMBER-FEBRUARY).

RUSSIA: A. D. 1899-1901.
Attitude towards impending revolt in Macedonia.

See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1899-1901; and BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1900.
Military and naval expenditure.

See (in this volume)
WAR BUDGETS.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1900.
Naval strength.

See (in this volume)
NAVIES OF THE SEA POWERS.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1900 (June-December).
Co-operation with the Powers in China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA.

RUSSIA: A. D. 1900 (August).
Proposal to withdraw troops from Peking.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST-DECEMBER.)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1900-1901.
Student outbreaks.
Serious demonstrations of discontent.
Severe measures of repression.
Action of the Tzar.

A fresh outbreak of revolt among the students in the Russian
universities, more serious in its nature, apparently, than
that of 1899 (see above; A. D. 1899, FEBRUARY-JUNE), was
started at Kieff, in December, 1900, by a remonstrance on the
part of the students against the retention of a professor whom
they deemed incompetent. The rector of the university refused
to dismiss the objectionable professor; whereupon the
governor-general of the province intervened and forbade him to
lecture. The rector and the council of the university could
not resist the authority of the governor-general, but they are
said to have revenged themselves on the students by requiring
seven of the latter to choose between three days of
imprisonment and three years of expulsion from the university.
They chose the latter and were expelled. Then the students as
a body began to be troublesome, especially after the rector
had refused to meet them for a discussion of their grievances.
Finally the police and the military authorities were called
in; a large number of the students were arrested and brought
to trial before a special court which had been created for
dealing with the student troubles of the year before.
According to subsequent reports, more than two hundred of them
were condemned to be sent into the ranks of the army—which seems
to be a punishment newly devised for such cases, and not
likely to improve the loyal spirit of the army.

This hard treatment of the students at Kieff inflamed their
sympathetic fellows in all the universities of the empire, and
became the immediate cause of disorderly demonstrations, which
began, in January or early in February, to be made at St.
Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, and elsewhere; but there cannot be
a doubt that the disturbances since occurring represent an
instigation deeper, more revolutionary, more serious, than the
resentment of students misused by their teachers. The students
persisted resolutely in attempts to hold meetings which were
prohibited as seditious; to make appeals to the people; to
circulate forbidden literature; while the authorities struck
them, at every movement they made, with a relentless hand. As
usual, the oppressive violence of government provoked
desperate crime. On the 27th of February, the Minister of
Public Instruction, Privy Councillor Bogoliepoff, was shot by
an expelled student, who approached him, in his official
apartments, under pretense of presenting a petition. He died
of the wound on the 15th of March. Meantime, the conduct of
students, at St. Petersburg and Moscow especially, became more
and more riotous and revolutionary in spirit. There were
signs, too, of an understanding between them and the
discontented workingmen of the cities, which caused anxiety. A
Vienna journal claims to have knowledge that, after the
troubles at Kieff, a widespread movement of alliance between
secret associations of students and workmen was set on foot,
and that it threatened to be the most formidable revolutionary
organization that the government had yet faced.

That the sympathy of literary circles in Russia is with the
students appears to be proved by the following manifesto,
which was published in Paris on the 22d of March, signed, it
is said, by forty-five Russian men of letters: