Chapter XLIII: Section III: of article 111 of the federal constitution is (11)

"An incessant conflict has been waging in Germany between the
Roman Law of the Empire and the native law as perpetuated in
the special enactments of the separate provinces and
municipalities. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
the preponderance of power lay with the Roman system, which
was further supported by the German science of jurisprudence—
a science identified exclusively with the common law of Rome.
Science looked upon the native systems of legal procedure as
irrational and barbarous; and as Roman judicature exercised
complete dominion over all legislation, the consequence was
that it steadily advanced, while native and local law was
gradually destroyed. Only within the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries has the native law of Germany been aroused to the
defence of its interests, … the signal for the attack upon
Roman Law being given by King Frederick William I, of Prussia.
As early as 1713 this monarch decreed that Roman law was to be
abrogated in his dominions, and replaced by the native law of
Prussia. The movement became general; and the era of modern
legal codes was ushered in. The legal code of Bavaria was
established in 1756; Prussia followed in 1794; France, in 1804
(Code Civil); Baden, in 1809; Austria, in 1811 (Das
Oesterreichische Buergerliche Gesetzbuch); and finally Saxony,
in 1863 (the designation here being similar to that adopted by
Austria). Everywhere the motto was the same; viz.,
'Emancipation from the Latin Code of Rome.' The native code
was to supplant the foreign, obscure, and obsolete Corpus
Juris. But the success of these newly established codes was
limited; each being applicable to its own particular province
only. Moreover, many of the German states had retained the
Roman law; confining their reforms to a few modifications. …

"The reestablishment of the German Empire was, therefore,
essential also to the reestablishment of German law. As early
as 1874 the initial steps for the incorporation of a new
German Civil Code had already been taken; and this work has
now at last been completed. On August 18, 1896, the new
system, together with a 'Law of Introduction,' was promulgated
by Emperor William II. It will become effective on January 1,
1900, a day which will ever be memorable as marking the climax
of a development of four centuries. At the close of the
fifteenth century Roman law was accepted in Germany; and now,
at the end of the nineteenth, this entire system is to be
completely abolished throughout the Empire. As a means of
education, and solely for this purpose, the Roman Code will be
retained in the universities. As a work of art it is immortal;
as a system of laws, perishable. The last relic of that grand
fabric of laws, which once dominated the whole world, crumbles
to-day. The national idea is victorious; and German law for
the German Empire is at last secured."

_R. Sohm,
The Civil Code of Germany
(Forum, October, 1800)._

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (January-March).
The outbreak of the "Boxers" in northern China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-MARCH).

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (February).
Adhesion to the arrangement of an "open door" commercial
policy in China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1890-1900 (SEPTEMBER-FEBRUARY).

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (February-June).
Increased naval programme.

With much difficulty, and as the result of strenuous pressure,
the Emperor succeeded in carrying through the Reichstag, in
June, a bill which doubles the programme of naval increase
adopted in 1898.

See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1898 (April).

"After the way had been prepared by a speech of the Emperor to
the officers of the Berlin garrison on January 7, 1900, and by
a vigorous Press agitation, this project was brought before
the Reichstag on February 8. In form it was an amendment of
the Sexennate, or Navy Law of 1898, which had laid down a six
years' programme of naval construction. By the new measure
this programme was revised and extended over a period of 20
years. Instead of the double squadron of 10 battleships, with
its complement of cruisers and other craft, it was demanded
that the Government should be authorized to build two double
squadrons, or 38 battleships and the corresponding number of
cruisers. The Bill also provided for a large increase in the
number of ships to be employed in the protection of German
interests in foreign waters. The Centre party, both through
its speakers in the Reichstag and through its organs in the
Press, at first took up a very critical attitude towards the
Bill. Its spokesmen dwelt especially upon the breach of faith
involved in the extension of the programme of naval
construction so soon after the compromise of 1898 had been
accepted, and upon the difficulty of finding the money to pay
for a fleet of such magnitude. The Clerical leaders, however,
did not persist in their opposition, and finally agreed to
accept the main provisions of the Bill, with the exception of
the proposed increase in the number of ships employed in
foreign waters. They made it a condition that the Government
should incorporate with the Bill two financial projects
designed to provide the money required without burdening the
working classes. Both the Stamp Duties Bill and the Customs
Bill were adopted by the Government, and the Navy Bill was
carried with the aid of the Centre."

_Berlin Correspondent, London Times._

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (May).
The Lex Heinze.

The Socialists won a notable triumph in May, when they forced
the Reichstag to adopt their views in the shaping of a measure
known as the Lex Heinze. This Bill, as introduced by the
Government, gave the police increased powers in dealing with
immorality. The Clericals and the Conservatives sought to
extend its scope by amendments which were denounced by the
Radicals and Socialists as placing restrictions upon the
"liberty of art and literature." After a prolonged struggle,
in which the Socialists resorted to the use of obstruction,
the most obnoxious amendments were withdrawn.

{250}

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (May).
Passage of the Meat Inspection Bill.

A much discussed and sharply contested bill, providing for a
stringent inspection of imported meats, and aimed especially
at the obstructing of the American meat trade, was passed by
the Reichstag on the 23d of May. It prohibits the importation
of canned or sausage meat entirely, and imposes conditions on
the introduction of other meats which are thought to be, in
some cases, prohibitory. The measure was originally claimed to
be purely one of sanitary precaution. It "had been introduced
in the Reichstag early in 1899, but the sharp conflict of
interests about it kept it for more than a year in committee,
When the bill finally emerged for discussion in the Reichstag,
it was found that the Agrarian majority had distorted it from
a sanitary to a protective measure. Both in the new form they
gave the bill and in their discussions of it in the Reichstag,
the Agrarians showed that it was chiefly the exclusion of
foreign meats, rather than a system of sanitary inspection,
that they wanted. As finally passed in May the bill had lost
some of the harsh prohibitory features given it by the
Agrarians, the latter contenting themselves with the exclusion
of canned meats and sausages. To the foreign student of German
politics, the Meat Inspection Law is chiefly interesting as
illustrating the tendency of the general government to seize
upon functions which have hitherto been in the hands of the
individual states and municipalities, as well as of bringing
the private affairs of the people under the control of
governmental authority. It is another long step of the German
government away from the principle of 'laissez-faire.' The
task undertaken by the government here is itself a stupendous
one. There is certainly no other great government in the world
that would endeavor to organize the administrative machinery
for inspecting every pound of meat that comes upon the markets
of the country."

_W. C. Dreher,
A Letter from Germany
(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1901)._

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (June).
Opening of the Elbe and Trave Canal.

"The new Elbe and Trave Canal, which has been building five
years and has been completed at a cost of 24,500,000 marks
($5,831,000)—of which Prussia contributed 7,500,000 marks
($1,785,000) and the old Hansa town of Lübeck, which is now
reviving, 17,000,000 marks ($4,046,000)—was formally opened by
the German Emperor on the 16th [of June]. The length of the
new canal-which is the second to join the North Sea and the
Baltic, following the Kaiser Wilhelm Ship Canal, or Kiel
Canal, which was finished five years ago at a cost of
156,000,000 marks ($37,128,000)-is about 41 miles. The
available breadth of the new canal is 72 feet; breadth of the
lock gates, 46 feet; length of the locks, 87 yards; depth of
the locks, 8 feet 2 inches. The canal is crossed by
twenty-nine bridges, erected at a cost of $1,000,000. The span
of the bridges is in all cases not less than 30 yards and
their height above water level about 15 feet. There are seven
locks, five being between Lübeck and the Möllner See—the
highest point of the canal—and two between Möllner See and
Lauenburg-on-the-Elbe."

_United States, Consular Reports,
September, 1900, page 8._

A memorandum by the British Charge d'Affaires in Berlin on the
Elbe-Trave Canal says that the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm
Canal injuriously affected the trade of Lübeck. This was
foreseen, and in 1894 a plan was sanctioned for the widening
of the existing canal, which only allowed of the passage of
vessels of about thirty tons. The direction of the old canal
was followed only to some extent, as it had immense curves,
while the new bed was fairly straight from Lübeck to
Lauenburg, on the Elbe above Hamburg. The memorandum states
that the undertaking is of great importance to the States
along the Elbe, as well as to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and
Russia. It will to some extent divert traffic from Hamburg,
and possibly reduce somewhat the revenue of the Kaiser Wilhelm
Canal.

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (June-December).
Co-operation with the Powers in China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA.

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (September).
Government loan placed in America.

Great excitement and indignation was caused in September by
the action of the imperial government in placing a loan of
80,000,000 marks (about $20,000,000) in the American money
market. On the meeting of the Reichstag, the finance minister,
Dr. von Miquel, replying to attacks upon this measure,
explained that in September the state of the German market was
such that if they had raised the 80,000,000 marks at home the
bank discount rate would have risen above the present rate of
5 per cent. before the end of the year. In the previous winter
the bank rate had been at 6 per cent, for a period of 90 days,
and during three weeks it had stood at 7 per cent. The
government had been strongly urged to do everything in its
power to prevent the recurrence of such high rates of
discount. The London rate was rapidly approaching the German,
and there was reason to fear that there would be a serious
flow of gold from Germany. It was therefore urgently desirable
to attract gold from abroad, and there was no country where money
was so easy at the time as in the United States. This was due
to the extraordinarily favorable balance of American trade and
the remarkable increase in exports out of all proportion to
the development of imports. Another reason was the American
Currency Law, which enabled the national banks to issue as
much as 100 per cent. of their capital in loans, whereas they
formerly issued only 90 per cent. There was no doubt that the
80,000,000 marks could have been obtained in Germany, but the
public must have been aware that other loans of much greater
extent were impending. There was going to be a loan of about
150,000,000 marks for the expedition to China, and it was
certain that before the end of the year 1901 considerable
demands would be made upon the public.

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (September).
Proposal to require leaders of the Chinese attack
on foreigners to be given up.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (October).
Anglo-German agreement concerning policy in China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).

{251}

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (October 9).
Lèse-majesté in criticism of the Emperor's speech to soldiers
departing for China, enjoining no quarter and commending the
Huns as a military example.
Increasing prosecutions for Lèse-majesté.

On the 9th of October, a newspaper correspondent wrote from
Berlin: "The Berlin newspapers of yesterday and to-day
chronicle no fewer than five trials for 'lèse-majesté.' The
most important case was that of Herr Maximilian Harden, the
editor of the weekly magazine 'Zukunft.' Herr Harden, who
enjoyed the confidence of the late Prince Bismarck, wields a
very satirical pen, and has been designated 'The Junius of
modern Germany.' In 1898 Herr Harden was convicted of
lèse-majesté and was sentenced to six months' incarceration in
a fortress. In the present instance he was accused of having
committed lèse-majesté in an article, 'The Fight with the
Dragon,' published in the 'Zukunft' of August 11. The article
dealt with the speech delivered by the Emperor at Bremerhaven
on July 27, 'the telegraphic transmission of which, as was
asserted at the time, had been forbidden by Count von Bülow.'
The article noted as a fact that the Emperor had commanded the
troops who were leaving for China to give no quarter and to
make no prisoners, but, imitating the example of Attila and
the Huns, to excite a terror in East Asia which would last for
a thousand years. The Emperor had added, 'May the blessing of
God attend your flags and may this war have the blessed
result that Christianity shall make its way into China.' Herr
Harden in his comments on this speech had critically examined
the deeds of the historic Attila and had contrasted him with
the Attila of popular story in order to demonstrate that he
was not a proper model to set up for the imitation of German
soldiers. The article in the 'Zukunft' had also maintained
that it was not the mission of the German Empire to spread
Christianity in China, and, finally, had described a war of
revenge as a mistake." No publicity was allowed to be given to
the proceedings of the trial. "Herr Harden was found guilty
not only of having been wanting in the respect due to the
Emperor but of having actually attacked his Majesty in a way
that constituted lèse-majesté. The Court sentenced him to six
months' incarceration in a fortress and at the same time
directed that the incriminated number of the 'Zukunft' should
be destroyed.

"The 'Vossische Zeitung' remarks:—'We read in the newspapers
to-day that a street porter in Marburg has been sentenced to
six months' imprisonment for insulting the Empress, that in
Hamburg a workman has been sentenced to five months'
imprisonment for lèse-majesté, that in Beuthen a workman has
been sentenced to a year's imprisonment for lèse-majesté, and
that in Dusseldorf a man who is deaf and dumb has been
sentenced to four months' imprisonment for the same offence.
The prosecutions for lèse-majesté are multiplying at an
alarming rate. We must emphatically repeat that such
proceedings appear to us to be in the last degree unsuited to
promote the principles of Monarchy. … The greater the number
of political prosecutions that are instituted the more
accustomed, under force of circumstances, does the Press
become to the practice of writing so that the reader may read
between the lines. And this attitude is to the advantage
neither of public morals nor of the Throne. … We regret in
particular that the case of yesterday (that of Herr Harden)
was tried 'in camera.' … It has justly been said that
publicity is more indispensable in political trials than in
prosecutions against thieves and murderers. … If there is no
prospect of an improvement in this respect the Reichstag will
have to devote its serious attention to the question how the
present administration of justice is to be dealt with, not
only in the interest of freedom of speech and of the Press,
but also for the good of the Crown and the well-being of the
State.'"

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (October 18).
Change in the Imperial Chancellorship.

On the 18th of October it was announced in the "Imperial
Gazette" that" His Majesty the Emperor and King has been
graciously pleased to accede to the request of the Imperial
Chancellor, the President of the Ministry and Minister for
Foreign Affairs, Prince Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince of
Ratibor and Corvey, to be relieved of his offices, and has at
the same time conferred upon him the high Order of the Black
Eagle with brilliants. His Majesty has further been graciously
pleased to appoint Count von Bülow, Minister of State and
Secretary of State to the Foreign Office, to be Imperial
Chancellor and Minister for Foreign Affairs." Count von Bülow
is the third of the successors of Prince Bismarck in the high
office of the Imperial Chancellor. The latter was followed by
Count von Caprivi, who gave way to Prince Hohenlohe in 1894.
Prince Hohenlohe had nearly reached the age of 82 when he is
said to have asked leave to retire from public life.

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (November).
Withdrawal of legal tender silver coins.

"Germany has lately taken a step to clear off the haze from
her financial horizon by calling in the outstanding thalers
which are full legal tender, and turning them into subsidiary
coins of limited legal tender—a process which will extend
over ten years. At the end of that time, if no misfortune
intervenes, she will be on the gold standard as surely and
safely as England is. Her banks can now tender silver to their
customers when they ask for gold, as the Bank of France can
and does occasionally. When this last measure is carried into
effect the only full legal-tender money in Germany will be
gold, or Government notes redeemable in gold."

_New York Nation,
November 29, 1900._

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (November-December).
The Reichstag and the Kaiser.
His speeches and his system of personal government.

In the Reichstag, which reassembled on the 14th of November,
"the speeches of the Kaiser were discussed by men of all
parties, with a freedom that was new and refreshing in German
political debates. Apart from the Kaiser's speeches in
connection with the Chinese troubles, the debates brought out
some frank complaints from the more 'loyal' sections of German
politics, that the Kaiser is surrounded by advisers who
systematically misinform him as to the actual state of public
opinion. It has long been felt, and particularly during the
past few years, that the present system of two cabinets—one of
which is nominally responsible to the Reichstag and public
opinion, while the other is merely a personal cabinet,
responsible to neither, and yet exercising an enormous
influence in shaping the monarch's policies—has been growing
more and more intolerable. This system of personal government
is becoming the subject of chronic disquietude in Germany, and
even the more loyal section of the press is growing restive
under it. Bismarck's wise maxim, 'A monarch should appear in
public only when attired in the clothing of a responsible
ministry,' is finding more and more supporters among
intelligent Germans."

_W. C. Dreher,
A Letter from Germany
(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1901)._

{252}

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (December).
Census of the Empire.
Growth of Berlin and other cities.
Urban population compared with that in the United States.

A despatch from Berlin, February 26, announced the results of
the census of December, 1900, made public that day. The
population of the German Empire is shown to have increased
from 52,279,901 in 1895 to 56,345,014. Of this population
27,731,067 are males and 28,613,947 females. Over 83 per cent.
of the whole population is contained in the four kingdoms; of
these Prussia comes first with (in round figures) 34,500,000
inhabitants, and Bavaria second with 6,200,000. The figures
for Saxony and Würtemberg are 4,200,000 and 2,300,000
respectively. More than 16 per cent. of the population is
resident in the 33 towns of over 100,000 inhabitants. Of these
33 towns the largest is Berlin, while the smallest is Cassel,
of which the inhabitants number 106,001.

The Prussian Statistical Office had already published the
results of the census, so far as they concern Berlin and its
suburbs. It appears that the population of the German capital
now amounts to 1,884,151 souls, as against 1,677,304 in 1895
and 826,3!1 in 1871. The population of the suburbs has
increased from 57,735 in 1871 and 435,236 in 1895, to 639,310
in 1900. The total population of the capital, including the
suburbs, is given as 2,523,461 souls, as against 2,112,540 in
1895, an increase of over 19 per cent. Some figures relating
to other cities had previously appeared, going to show "an
acceleration of the movement of population from the country
toward the great cities. The growth of the urban population in
five years has been astonishing. The population of Berlin, for
example, increased more than twice as much in the last five
years as in the preceding five. The fourteen German cities now
having a population of above 200,000 have increased more than
17 per cent since 1895. … No other European capital is growing
so fast in wealth and numbers as Berlin; and the city is rapidly
assuming a dominant position in all spheres of German life."

_W. C. Dreher,
A Letter from Germany
(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1901)._

The percentage of growth in Berlin "has been far outstripped
by many other cities, especially by Nuremberg; and so far as
our own census shows, no American city of over 50,000
inhabitants can match its increase. In five years it has grown
from 162,000 to 261,000—60 per cent increase. That would mean
120 per cent in a decade.

"But though Germany has only one city of more than one
million, and one more of more than half a million, and the
United States has three of each class, Germany has, in
proportion to its population rather more cities of from 50,000
to 100,000 inhabitants, and decidedly more of from 100,000 to
500,000, than the United States. In the United States
8,000,000 people live in cities of over 500,000 inhabitants,
against some 3,000,000 in Germany; yet in the United States a
larger percentage of the population lives in places which have
under 50,000 inhabitants."

_The World's Work,
March, 1901._

GERMANY: A. D. 1901 (January).
Celebration of the Prussian Bicentenary.

_See (in this volume)
PRUSSIA: A. D. 1901._

GERMANY: A. D. 1901 (January).
Promised increase of protective duties.

In the Reichstag—the Parliament of the Empire—on the 26th of
January, the Agrarians brought in a resolution demanding that
the Prussian Government should "in the most resolute manner"
use its influence to secure a "considerable increase" in the
protective duties on agricultural produce at the approaching
revision of German commercial policy, and should take steps to
get the new Tariff Bill laid before the Reichstag as promptly
as possible. In response, the Imperial Chancellor, Count von
Bülow, made the following declaration of the policy of the
government, for which all parties had been anxiously waiting:
"Fully recognizing the difficult situation in which
agriculture is placed, and inspired by the desire effectively
to improve that situation, the Prussian Government is resolved
to exert its influence in order to obtain adequate protection
for agricultural produce by means of the Customs duties, which
must be raised to an extent calculated to attain that object."

GERMANY: A. D. 1901 (January).
The Prussian Canal scheme enlarged.

The canal scheme which suffered defeat in the Prussian diet in
1899 (see above), and the rejection of which by his dutiful
agrarian subjects roused the wrath of the emperor-king, was
again brought forward, at the opening of the session of the
Diet, or Landtag, in January, 1901, with a great enlargement
of its scope and cost, and with an emphatic expression of the
expectation of his Majesty that the bill providing for it
should be passed. The bill covered no less than seven
different projects, of which the total cost to the State was
estimated at about 389,010,700 marks, or nearly $100,000,000.
These include the Rhine-Elbe Canal, which is calculated to
cost 260,784,700 marks; a ship canal between Berlin and
Stettin, to cost 41,500,000 marks; a waterway connecting the
Oder and the Vistula, of which the cost, together with that of
a channel rendering the Warthe navigable for ships from Posen to
the junction of the Netze, is estimated at 22,631,000 marks,
and a canal connecting the province of Silesia with the canal
joining the Oder to the Spree. The bill further proposed that
the State should participate in the work of improving the flow
of water in the Lower Oder and the Upper Havel to the extent
of 40,989,000 marks and 9,670,000 marks respectively, and
should contribute the sum of 9,336,000 marks towards the
canalization of the Spree.

GERMANY: A. D. 1901 (February).
Annual meeting of the Husbandists.

The annual meeting of the Husbandists, one of the
organizations of German agrarian interests, held at Berlin on
the 11th of February, is reported to have been attended by
some 8,000 delegates. The official report of the organization
showed a membership of 232,000, or an increase of 26,000 over
that of the previous year. Large gains were made during the
year in the southern section of the Empire. It also appeared
that no fewer than 202,000 members represented small farmers.
A resolution was adopted demanding that the Government grant
such protection to agriculture as would enable it to form
prices independent of the Bourse, fixing the duties high
enough to make it possible for tillers of the soil to reap as
large profits for their products as from 1870 to 1800. "Above
all," said the resolution, "Germany must not grant the same
tariffs to countries discriminating in their tariffs, as in
the case of the United States."

----------GERMANY: End--------

{253}

GERRYMANDERING:
Legislation against by the Congress of the United States.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).

GLADSTONE, William Ewart:
Retirement from public life.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895.

Death and burial.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (MAY).

GOEBEL, Governor William E.:
Assassination.

See (in this volume)
KENTUCKY; A. D. 1895-1900.

GOLD COAST COLONY.

See (in this volume)
ASHANTI; and AFRICA: A. D. 1900.

GOLD DEMOCRATS.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1893 (JUNE-NOVEMBER).

GOLD FIELDS, The Witwatersrand.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1885-1890.

GOLD MINING: Cape Nome discovery.

See (in this volume)
ALASKA: A. D. 1898-1899

GOLD STANDARD.

See (in this volume)
MONETARY QUESTIONS AND MEASURES.

GOLDEN STOOL, King Prempeh's.

See (in this volume)
ASHANTI.

GORDON MEMORIAL COLLEGE, at Khartoum.

See (in this volume)
EGYPT: A. D. 1898-1899.

GOSCHEN, George J.:
First Lord of the Admiralty in the British Cabinet.

See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895.

GOSPODAR.

See (in this volume)
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES (MONTENEGRO).

GOTHENBURG SYSTEM, The.
Dispensary Laws.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1892-1899;
NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1897-1899;
SOUTH DAKOTA: A. D. 1899; and
ALABAMA: A. D. 1899.

GRASPAN, Battle of.

See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

GREAT BRITAIN.

See ENGLAND.

GREATER NEW YORK.

See (in this volume)
NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1896-1897.

----------GREECE: Start--------

GREECE:
Light on prehistoric times.
Recent explorations in Crete and Egypt.

See (in this volume)
ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: CRETE; and same: EGYPT.

GREECE: A. D. 1896 (April).
Revival of Olympic Games.

See (in this volume)
ATHENS: A. D. 1896.

GREECE: A. D. 1897 (February-March).
Interference in Crete.
Expedition of Colonel Vassos.
Appeal for the annexation of the island.
Action of the Great Powers.

See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1897 (FEBRUARY-MARCH).

GREECE: A. D. 1897 (March-June).
Disastrous war with Turkey.
Appeal for peace.
Submission to the Powers on the Cretan question.

See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1897 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

GREECE: A. D. 1899 (May-July).
Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)
PEACE CONFERENCE.

GREECE: A. D. 1899-1900.
Attitude towards impending revolt in Macedonia.

See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1899-1901; and
BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

----------GREECE: End--------

GREENBACKS.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1895 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY);
1895-1896 (DECEMBER-FEBRUARY); 1896-1898; and
1900 (MARCH-DECEMBER)

GREENLAND, Recent exploration of.

See (in this volume)
POLAR EXPLORATION, 1895-1896, 1896, 1897, 1898-1899,
1898-, 1899, 1899-1900.

GREYTOWN:
Possession given to Nicaragua.

See (in this volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA (NICARAGUA-COSTA RICA): A. D. 1897.

GRONDWET (CONSTITUTION), of the South African Republic.

See (in this volume)
CONSTITUTION (GRONDWET) OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC.

GUAM, The island of: A. D. 1898 (June).
Seizure by the U. S. S. Charleston.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (JUNE), THE WAR WITH SPAIN.

GUAM: A. D. 1898 (December).
Cession to the United States.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (JULY-DECEMBER).

GUAM: A. D. 1900.
Naval station.

Work planned for the creation of an U. S. naval station at
Guam is expected to cost, it is said, about $1,000,000.

GUANTANAMO:
Capture of harbor by American navy.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (JUNE-JULY).

GUATEMALA.

See (in this volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA.

GUAYAMA, Engagement at.

See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D.1898 (JULY-AUGUST: PORTO RICO).

GUÉRIN, M.:
The barricade of.

See (in this volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1899-1900 (AUGUST-JANUARY).

GUIANA, British: A. D. 1895-1899.
Venezuela boundary question.

See (in this volume)
VENEZUELA.

GUIANA, French:
Boundary dispute with Brazil.
Award of Swiss arbitrators.

See (in this volume)
BRAZIL: A. D. 1900.

GUINEA, French.

See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (FRENCH WEST AFRICA).

GUNGUNHANA, Portuguese war with.

See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA).

{254}

H.

HABANA, or HAVANA.

See (in this volume)
CUBA.

HAFFKINE'S PROPHYLACTIC.

See (in this volume)
PLAGUE.

HAGUE, The, Peace Conference at.

See (in this volume)
PEACE CONFERENCE.

HALEPA, The Pact of.

See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1896.

HALL OF FAME, for Great Americans, The.

In the designing of new buildings for the New York University
College of Arts and Science, at University Heights, certain
exigencies of art led to the construction of a stately
colonnade, surrounding a high terrace which overlooks Harlem
River, and the happy idea was conceived by Chancellor
MacCracken of evolving therefrom a "Hall of Fame for Great
Americans." The idea has been carried out, by providing for
the inscription of carefully chosen names on panels of stone,
with a further provision of space for statues, busts,
portraits, tablets, autographs, and other memorials of those
whose names are found worthy of the place. For the selection
of names thus honored, a body of one hundred electors,
representing all parts of the country, was appointed by the
Senate of the University. These electors were apportioned to
four classes of citizens, in as nearly equal numbers as
possible, namely:

(A) University or college presidents and educators.
(B) Professors of history and scientists.
(C) Publicists, editors, and authors.
(D) Judges of the Supreme Court, State or National.

It was required of the electors that they should consider the
claims of eminent citizens in many classes, not less than
fifteen, and that a majority of these classes should be
represented among the first fifty names to be chosen. They
were, furthermore, restricted in their choice to native-born
Americans, a rule which had some reasons in its favor, though
it excluded from the Hall such shining names in American
history as those of John Winthrop, Roger Williams, and
Alexander Hamilton.

As the result of the votes given by 97 electors, in the year
1900, 29 names were found to have received the approval of 51
or more of the electors, and these were ordered to be
inscribed in the Hall of Fame. The 29 names are as follows, in
the order of preference shown them by the 97 electors, as
indicated by the number of votes given to each:

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 97
ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 96
DANIEL WEBSTER. 96
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 94
ULYSSES S. GRANT. 92
JOHN MARSHALL. 91
THOMAS JEFFERSON. 90
RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 87
HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 85
ROBERT FULTON. 85
WASHINGTON IRVING. 83
JONATHAN EDWARDS. 81
SAMUEL F. B. MORSE. 80
DAVID GLASGOW FARRAGUT. 79
HENRY CLAY. 74
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 73
GEORGE PEABODY. 72
ROBERT E. LEE. 69
PETER COOPER. 69
ELI WHITNEY. 67
JOHN JAMES AUDUBON. 67
HORACE MANN. 67
HENRY WARD BEECHER 66
JAMES KENT. 65
JOSEPH STORY. 64
JOHN ADAMS. 61
WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING 58
GILBERT STUART. 52
ASA GRAY. 51

Resolutions by the Senate of the University have determined
the action to be taken for the selection of further names, as
follows: "The Senate will take action in the year 1902, under
the rules of the Hall of Fame, toward filling at that time the
vacant panels belonging to the present year, being 21 in
number." "Each nomination of the present year to the Hall of
Fame that has received the approval of ten or more electors,
yet has failed to receive a majority, will be considered a
nomination for the year 1902. To these shall be added any name
nominated in writing by five of the Board of Electors. Also
other names may be nominated by the New York University Senate
in such way as it may find expedient. Any nomination by any
citizen of the United States that shall be addressed to the
New York University Senate shall be received and considered by
that body." Furthermore: "Every five years throughout the
twentieth century five additional names will be inscribed,
provided the electors under the rules can agree by a majority
upon so many."

The Senate further took note of the many requests that
foreign-born Americans should be considered, by adopting a
memorial to the University Corporation, to the effect that it
will welcome a similar memorial to foreign-born Americans, for
which a new edifice may be joined to the north porch of the
present hall, containing one fifth of the space of the latter,
providing thirty panels for names.

_Chancellor H. M. MacCracken,
The Hall of Fame
(American Review of Reviews, November 1900, page 563)._

_archive.org/details/sim_review-of-reviews-
us_july-december-1900_22_index/mode/
2up?view=theater&q=MacCracken_

HANKOW.

See (in this volume)
SHANGHAI.

HART, Sir Robert:
Testimony as to the causes and character of the "Boxer"
movement in China.

See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-MARCH).

HARVARD UNIVERSITY:
Summer School for Cuban Teachers.

See (in this volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1900.

HAVANA.

See (in this volume)
CUBA.

[Image: Map of Hawaii and Honolulu.]

HAWAII.
Names and areas of the islands.

"For practical purposes, there are eight islands in the
Hawaiian group. The others are mere rocks, of no value at
present. These eight islands, beginning from the northwest,
are named Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe,
Maui, and Hawaii. The areas of the islands [in square miles]
are:
Niihau, 97;
Kauai, 590;
Oahu, 600;
Molokai, 270;
Maui, 760;
Lanai, 150;
Kahoolawe, 63;
Hawaii, 4,210.
Total, 6,740.

{255}

As compared with States of the Union, the total area of the
group approximates most nearly to that of the State of New
Jersey—7,185 square miles. It is more than three times that of
Delaware—2,050 square miles."

_Bulletin of the Bureau of American Republics,
August, 1898._

HAWAII:
Annexation to the United States.

On the 16th of June, 1897, the President of the United States
transmitted to Congress a new treaty for the annexation of the
Republic of Hawaii to the United States, signed that day by
representatives of the governments of the two countries,
appointed to draft the same. With the treaty he submitted a
report from his Secretary of State, Mr. Sherman, in which the
latter said: "The negotiation which has culminated in the
treaty now submitted has not been a mere resumption of the
negotiation of 1893 (see HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, in volume 3), but
was initiated and has been conducted upon independent lines.
Then an abrupt revolutionary movement had brought about the
dethronement of the late queen and set up instead of the
theretofore titular monarchy a provisional government for the
control and management of public affairs and the protection of
the public peace, such government to exist only until terms of
union with the United States should have been negotiated and
agreed upon. Thus self-constituted, its promoters claimed for
it only a de facto existence until the purpose of annexation
in which it took rise should be accomplished. As time passed
and the plan of union with the United States became an
uncertain contingency, the organization of the Hawaiian
commonwealth underwent necessary changes, the temporary
character of its first Government gave place to a permanent
scheme under a constitution framed by the representatives of
the electors of the Islands, administration by an executive
council not chosen by suffrage, but self-appointed, was
succeeded by an elective and parliamentary regime, and the
ability of the new Government to hold—as the Republic of
Hawaii—an independent place in the family of sovereign States,
preserving order at home and fulfilling international
obligations abroad, has been put to the proof. Recognized by
the powers of the earth, sending and receiving envoys,
enforcing respect for the law, and maintaining peace within
its island borders, Hawaii sends to the United States, not a
commission representing a successful revolution, but the
accredited plenipotentiary of a constituted and firmly
established sovereign State. However sufficient may have been
the authority of the commissioners with whom the United States
Government treated in 1893, and however satisfied the
President may then have been of their power to offer the
domain of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, the fact
remains that what they then tendered was a territory rather
than an established Government, a country whose administration
had been cast down by a bloodless but complete revolution and
a community in a state of political transition. Now, however,
the Republic of Hawaii approaches the United States as an
equal, and points for its authority to that provision of
article 82 of the constitution, promulgated July 24, 1894,
whereby—'The President, with the approval of the cabinet, is
hereby expressly authorized and empowered to make a treaty of
political or commercial union between the Republic of Hawaii
and the United States of America, subject to the ratification
of the Senate.'" The essential articles of the treaty thus
submitted were the following:

ARTICLE I.
The Republic of Hawaii hereby cedes absolutely and without
reserve to the United States of America all rights of
sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian
Islands and their dependencies; and it is agreed that all the
territory of and appertaining to the Republic of Hawaii is
hereby annexed to the United States of America under the name
of the Territory of Hawaii.

ARTICLE II.
The Republic of Hawaii also cedes and hereby transfers to the
United States the absolute fee and ownership of all public,
government or crown lands, public buildings or edifices,
ports, harbors, military equipments and all other public
property of every kind and description belonging to the
Government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right
and appurtenance thereunto appertaining. The existing laws of
the United States relative to public lands shall not apply to
such lands in the Hawaiian Islands; but the Congress of the
United States shall enact special laws for their management
and disposition, Provided: that all revenue from or proceeds
of the same, except as regards such part thereof as may be
used or occupied for the civil, military or naval purposes of
the United States, or may be assigned for the use of the local
government, shall be used solely for the benefit of the
inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands for educational and other
public purposes.

ARTICLE III.
Until Congress shall provide for the government of such
Islands all the civil, judicial and military powers exercised
by the officers of the existing government in said Islands,
shall be vested in such person or persons and shall be
exercised in such manner as the President of the United States
shall direct; and the President shall have power to remove
said officers and fill the vacancies so occasioned. The
existing treaties of the Hawaiian Islands with foreign nations
shall forthwith cease and determine, being replaced by such
treaties as may exist, or as may be hereafter concluded
between the United States and such foreign nations. The
municipal legislation of the Hawaiian Islands, not enacted for
the fulfilment of the treaties so extinguished, and not
inconsistent with this treaty nor contrary to the Constitution
of the United States, nor to any existing treaty of the United
States, shall remain in force until the Congress of the United
States shall otherwise determine. Until legislation shall be
enacted extending the United States customs laws and
regulations to the Hawaiian Islands, the existing customs
relations of the Hawaiian Islands with the United States and
other countries shall remain unchanged.

ARTICLE IV.
The public debt of the Republic of Hawaii, lawfully existing
at the date of the exchange of the ratifications of this
Treaty, including the amounts due to depositors in the
Hawaiian Postal Savings Bank, is hereby assumed by the
Government of the United States; but the liability of the
United States in this regard shall in no case exceed
$4,000,000. So long, however, as the existing Government and
the present commercial relations of the Hawaiian Islands are
continued, as hereinbefore provided, said Government shall
continue to pay the interest on said debt.

ARTICLE V.
There shall be no further immigration of Chinese into the
Hawaiian Islands, except upon such conditions as are now or
may hereafter be allowed by the laws of the United States, and
no Chinese by reason of anything herein contained shall be
allowed to enter the United States from the Hawaiian Islands.

{256}

ARTICLE VI.
The President shall appoint five commissioners, at least two
of whom shall be residents of the Hawaiian Islands, who shall
as soon as reasonably practicable, recommend to Congress such
legislation concerning the Territory of Hawaii as they shall
deem necessary or proper."

_United States, 55th Congress, 1st Session,
Senate Executive Document E._

A determined opposition to the renewed proposal of Hawaiian
annexation was manifested at once, in Congress and by many
expressions of public opinion at large. It condemned the
measure on grounds of principle and policy alike. It denied
the right of the existing government at Honolulu to represent
the Hawaiian people in such disposal of their country. It
denied the constitutional right of the government of the
United States to annex territory in the circumstances and the
manner proposed. It denied, too, the expected advantages,
whether naval or commercial, that the annexation of the
islands would give to the United States. A protest against the
annexation came also from the deposed Hawaiian queen,
Liliuokalani, and another from a party in the island which
attempted to rally round the presumptive heiress to the
overturned Hawaiian throne, the Princess Kaiulani. The
government of Japan also entered a protest, apprehending some
disturbance of rights which it had acquired for its emigrating
subjects, by treaty with the Republic of Hawaii; but this
protest was ultimately withdrawn. The army of opposition
sufficed, however, to hold the question of annexation in
abeyance for more than a year. No action was taken on the
treaty during the special session of the Senate. When Congress
assembled in December, 1897, President McKinley repeated his
expressions in its favor, and the treaty was reported to the
Senate, from the committee on foreign relations, early in the
following year; but the two-thirds majority needed for its
ratification could not be obtained.

Attempts to accomplish the annexation by that method were
given up in March, 1898, and the advocates of the acquisition
determined to gain their end by the passage of a joint
resolution of Congress, which required no more than a majority
of each House. Over the question in this form the battle was
fiercely fought, until the 15th of June in the House of
Representatives and the 6th of July in the Senate, on which
dates the following "joint resolution to provide for annexing
the Hawaiian Islands to the United States" was passed. It was
signed by the President the following day:

"Whereas the Government of the Republic of Hawaii having, in
due form, signified its consent, in the manner provided by its
constitution, to cede absolutely and without reserve to the
United States of America all rights of sovereignty of
whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their
dependencies, and also to cede and transfer to the United
States absolute fee and ownership of all public, Government,
or Crown lands, public buildings or edifices, ports, harbors,
military equipment, and all other public property of every
kind and description belonging to the Government of the
Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance
thereunto appertaining: Therefore,

"Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That said
cession is accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and that the
said Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies be, and they are
hereby, annexed as a part of the territory of the United
States and are subject to the sovereign dominion thereof, and
that all and singular the property and rights hereinbefore
mentioned are vested in the United States of America. The
existing laws of the United States relative to public lands
shall not apply to such lands in the Hawaiian Islands; but the
Congress of the United States shall enact special laws for
their management and disposition: Provided, That all revenue
from or proceeds of the same, except as regards such part
thereof as may be used or occupied for the civil, military, or
naval purposes of the United States, or may be assigned for
the use of the local government, shall be used solely for the
benefit of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands for
educational and other public purposes.

"Until Congress shall provide for the government of such
islands all the civil, judicial, and military powers exercised
by the officers of the existing government in said islands
shall be vested in such person or persons and shall be
exercised in such manner as the President of the United States
shall direct; and the President shall have power to remove
said officers and fill the vacancies so occasioned. The
existing treaties of the Hawaiian Islands with foreign nations
shall forthwith cease and determine, being replaced by such
treaties as may exist, or as may be hereafter concluded,
between the United States and such foreign nations. The
municipal legislation of the Hawaiian Islands, not enacted for
the fulfillment of the treaties so extinguished, and not
inconsistent with this joint resolution nor contrary to the
Constitution of the United States nor to any existing treaty
of the United States, shall remain in force until the Congress
of the United States shall otherwise determine. Until
legislation shall be enacted extending the United States
customs laws and regulations to the Hawaiian Islands the
existing customs relations of the Hawaiian Islands with the
United States and other countries shall remain unchanged. The
public debt of the Republic of Hawaii, lawfully existing at
the date of the passage of this joint resolution, including
the amounts due to depositors in the Hawaiian Postal Savings
Bank, is hereby assumed by the Government of the United
States; but the liability of the United States in this regard
shall in no case exceed four million dollars. So long,
however, as the existing Government and the present commercial
relations of the Hawaiian Islands are continued as
hereinbefore provided said Government shall continue to pay
the interest on said debt.

"There shall be no further immigration of Chinese into the
Hawaiian Islands, except upon such conditions as are now or
may hereafter be allowed by the laws of the United States; and
no Chinese, by reason of anything herein contained, shall be
allowed to enter the United States from the Hawaiian Islands.

"The President shall appoint five commissioners, at least two
of whom shall be residents of the Hawaiian Islands, who shall,
as soon as reasonably practicable, recommend to Congress such
legislation concerning the Hawaiian Islands as they shall deem
necessary or proper.

{257}

"SECTION 2.
That the commissioners hereinbefore provided for shall be
appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate.

"SECTION 3.
That the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, or so much
thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of
any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, and to
be immediately available, to be expended at the discretion of
the President of the United States of America, for the purpose
of carrying this joint resolution into effect."

There was no strict division of parties on the passage of the
resolution; but only three Republicans in the House voted
against it. Speaker Reed, who had strenuously opposed the
measure, was absent. Two Republican senators voted against the
resolution and three who opposed it were paired. A large
majority of the Democrats in both Houses were in opposition.
The policy advocated by the opponents of annexation was set
forth in the following resolution, which they brought to a
vote in the House, and which was defeated by 205 to 94:

"1. That the United States will view as an act of hostility
any attempt upon the part of any government of Europe or Asia
to take or hold possession of the Hawaiian islands or to
account upon any pretext or under any conditions sovereign
authority therein.

2. That the United States hereby announces to the people of
those islands and to the world the guarantee of the
independence of the people of the Hawaiian islands and their
firm determination to maintain the same."

Immediately upon the passage of the resolution of annexation,
preparations were begun at Honolulu for the transfer of
sovereignty to the United States, which was performed
ceremoniously August 12. Meantime, the President had
appointed, as commissioners to recommend legislation for the
government of the Islands, Messrs. Shelby M. Cullom, John T.
Morgan, Robert R. Hitt, Sanford B. Dole, and Walter F. Frear.
In the following November the Commission presented its report,
with a draft of several bills embodying the recommended
legislation. When the subject came into Congress, wide
differences of opinion appeared on questions concerning the
relations of the new possession to the United States and the
form of government to be provided for it. As the consequence,
more than a year passed before Congress reached action on the
subject, and Hawaii was kept in suspense for that period,
provisionally governed under the terms of the resolution of
annexation. The Act which, at last, determined the status and
the government of Hawaii, under the flag of the United States,
became law by the President's signature on the 30th of April,
1900, and Sanford B. Dole, formerly President of the Republic
of Hawaii, was appointed its governor.

The fundamental provisions of the "Act to provide a government
for the Territory of Hawaii" are the following:

SECTION 2.
That the islands acquired by the United States of America
under an Act of Congress entitled "Joint resolution to provide
for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States,"
approved July seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight,
shall be known as the Territory of Hawaii.

SECTION 3.
That a Territorial government is hereby established over the
said Territory, with its capital at Honolulu, on the island of
Oahu.