Chapter I: On the qualifications of Belligerents

ARTICLE I.
The laws, rights, and duties of war apply not only to armies,
but also to militia and volunteer corps, fulfilling the
following conditions:

1. To be commanded by a person responsible for his
subordinates;

2. To have a fixed distinctive emblem recognizable at a
distance;

3. To carry arms openly; and,

4. To conduct their operations in accordance with the laws
and customs of war. In countries where militia or volunteer
corps constitute the army, or form part of it, they are
included under the denomination "army."

ARTICLE II.
The population of a territory which has not been occupied who,
on the enemy's approach, spontaneously take up arms to resist
the invading troops without having time to organize themselves
in accordance with Article I, shall be regarded a belligerent,
if they respect the laws and customs of war.

ARTICLE III.
The armed forces of the belligerent parties may consist of
combatants and non-combatants. In case of capture by the enemy
both have a right to be treated as prisoners of war.

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