Chapter D: BARBATUS, L. (SWEET WILLIAM.) Perennial; flowers fascicled; leaves

large, lanceolate; bracts filiform-attenuate, equalling the calyx.--Sparingly spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. GYPSOPHILA, L.

Calyx narrowly top shaped or campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex, sessile.--Slender glaucous annuals or perennials, with numerous small flowers. (Name from [Greek: gy/psos], _gypsum_, and [Greek: philei~n], _to love_.)

G. MURALIS, L. Annual, much branched; leaves very narrowly linear; flowers on slender pedicels, solitary in the forks; calyx turbinate, the teeth short, obtuse; petals purplish, crenate or emarginate.--Sparingly naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. SAPONARIA, L.

Calyx narrowly ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, or incompletely 2--4-celled at base, 4-toothed at the apex.--Coarse annuals or perennial, with large flowers. (Name from _sapo_, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water.)

S. OFFICINALIS, L. (SOAPWORT. BOUNCING BET.) Flowers in corymbed clusters; calyx terete; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate.--Roadsides, etc. July--Sept.--A stout perennial, with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. VACCARIA, L. Annual, glabrous; flowers in corymbed cymes; calyx 5-angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; petals pale red, not crowned; leaves ovate-lanceolate. (Vaccaria vulgaris, _Host._)--Occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SILENE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION.

Calyx 5-toothed, 10--many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 3 or 6 teeth at the apex.--Flowers solitary or in cymes. Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from [Greek: si/alon], _saliva_, from the viscid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The English name _Catchfly_ alludes to the same peculiarity.)

[*] _Dwarf, alpine, tufted, smooth, perennial; flowering shoots 1-flowered._

1. S. acaulis, L. (MOSS CAMPION.) Tufted like a moss (1--2' high); leaves linear, crowded; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle; petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H. July. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Calyx bladdery-inflated; perennial; flowers panicled, white, in summer._

2 S. Stellata, Ait. (STARRY CAMPION.) _Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate_, taper-pointed; calyx bell-shaped; _petals cut into a fringe, crownless_.--Wooded banks, R. I. to Minn., and southward.--Stem 3 deg. high, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Corolla 3/4' broad.

3. S. nivea, Otth. _Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong_, taper-pointed; calyx oblong; _petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned_.--Penn. to Iowa and Minn.; rare.--Stem 1--2 deg. high, almost smooth. Flowers few, larger than in the last.

S. CUCUBALUS, Wibel. (BLADDER CAMPION.) _Glaucous; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate; calyx globular, much inflated_, elegantly veined; petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. (S. inflata, _Smith_.)--Fields and roadsides, E. New Eng. to Ill.--A foot high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod; flowers cymose or clustered; perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx; petals crowned, red or rose-color._

4. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. (WILD PINK.) Stems low (4--8'); root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles; _stem-leaves_ (2 or 3 pairs) _lanceolate; flowers clustered_, short-stalked; calyx club-shaped; _petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink_.--Gravelly places, E. New Eng. to N. Y., Ky., and southward. April--June.

5. S. Virginica, L. (FIRE PINK. CATCHFLY.) Steins slender (1--2 deg. high); _leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate; flowers few and loosely cymose_, peduncled; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical; _petals oblong, 2-cleft, deep crimson_; the limb 1' long.--Open woods, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June--Aug.

6. S. regia, Sims. (ROYAL CATCHFLY.) Stem roughish, erect (3--4 deg. high); _leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate_, acute; _flowers numerous, short-stalked_, in clusters, forming a strict panicle; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit; _petals spatulate-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet_.--Prairies, Ohio to Mo., and southward. July.

7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (ROUND-LEAVED CATCHFLY.) Viscid-hairy; stems weak, branched, decumbent (2 deg. long); _leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed_, the lower obovate; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked; calyx elongated; _petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet_.--Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Ky. June--Aug.--Leaves and flowers large.

[*][*][*][*] _Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod; annuals._

[+] _Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous; flowers pink._

8. S. antirrhina, L. (SLEEPY C.) Stem slender (8--30' high); _leaves lanceolate or linear_; flowers small, paniculate; _calyx ovoid_; petals obcordate, crowned, opening transiently in sunshine.--Dry soil; common in waste places. June--Sept.

S. ARMERIA, L. (SWEET-WILLIAM CATCHFLY.) Glaucous; _leaves ovate-lanceolate_; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; _calyx club-shaped_; petals notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales.--Escaped from gardens; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

[+][+] _Viscid-pubescent; flowers white or nearly so, opening at night, sweet-scented._

S. NOCTURNA, L. (NIGHT C.) Leaves short, the lower spatulate, the upper linear; _flowers small, alternate in a 1-sided spike_; petals 2-parted.--Introduced sparingly in Pa., according to _Schweinitz_. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. NOCTIFLORA, L. (NIGHT-FLOWERING C.) _Viscid-hairy_, tall (1--3 deg. high); lower leaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate; _flowers few, peduncled_; calyx-tube elongated (over 1' long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped teeth; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned.--Cultivated grounds.

5. LYCHNIS, Tourn. COCKLE.

Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth; otherwise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like lobes. (Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from [Greek: ly/chnos], _a light_ or _lamp_.)

L. VESPERTINA, Sibth. (EVENING L.) Biennial, usually dioecious, _viscid-pubescent_, in foliage, etc., like Silene noctiflora; but 5 styles, calyx much shorter (7--9'' long), with lance-linear teeth, and _flowers white_ or pinkish, opening at evening.--Cult. or waste grounds; scarce. (Adv. from En.)

L. DIURNA, Sibth. (RED LYCHNIS.) Resembling L. vespertina, but less viscid, the calyx usually shorter (4--6'' long), and the flowers red, opening in the morning.--Rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

L. GITHAGO, Lam. (CORN COCKLE.) Annual, clothed with long soft appressed hairs; flowers long-peduncled; _calyx-lobes similar to the long and linear leaves_, surpassing the broad and crownless _purple-red petals_, falling off in fruit. (Agrostemma Githago, _L._)--In wheat-fields. (Adv. from Eu.)