Chapter M: ALBA, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, (2)

7. S. humilis, Marsh. (PRAIRIE W.) _Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate_, the lowest obovate; _stipules medium-sized_, semi-ovate, entire or oftener toothed; _petioles distinct_; aments often recurved, about 1' long.--Dry plains and barrens, common. A shrub, 3--8 deg. high, varying much in the size and shape of the leaves. Hybrids with n. 6 have equally broad and large but duller green leaves, softly tomentose beneath and with shorter petioles, the aments equally thick but usually recurved, and the capsules on shorter pedicels. Small forms apparently pass into the next.

8. S. tristis, Ait. (DWARF GRAY W.) _Leaves small_ (1--2' long), _crowded, linear-oblanceolate_, tapering to a _very short petiole; stipules minute, deciduous_; aments very small, globular or oval, about 1/2' long in fruit.--Sandy plains or on the borders of hillside thickets, common. A tufted shrub, 1--11/2 deg. high, rising from a strong large root.

[++][++][++] _Low shrubs, 3--10 deg. high, of cold swamps, with slender yellowish or reddish twigs; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, glaucous beneath and covered when young with appressed silvery-silky hairs; aments (especially the fertile) with a few leafy bracts at base; capsule pedicelled, silvery-silky; stigmas bifid._

[=] _Shrubs of lowland swamps; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2--3' long, taper-pointed, finely and evenly serrate; stipules linear or semi-cordate, deciduous; aments sessile or in fruit slightly peduncled; style very short._

9. S. sericea, Marsh. (SILKY W.) Leaves at first (principally beneath) very silky, turning black in drying; aments narrowly cylindrical, the fertile densely flowered; capsule short-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse.--Common, but more prevalent from the region of the Great Lakes eastward.

10. S. petiolaris, Smith. Leaves only slightly silky when young, soon smooth, with less tendency to blacken in drying; fertile aments ovoid-cylindric, in fruit broad and loose from the lengthening of the pedicels; capsule rostrate from an ovate base, rather acute.--Var. GRACILIS, Anders., has extremely loose aments, and very long-pedicelled attenuate-rostrate capsules.--Common, but more prevalent from the Great Lakes westward. This species, like the preceding, hybridizes freely with S. cordata.

[=][=] _Alpine shrub; leaves 1--2' long, repand-crenate; stipules minute, fugacious; aments leafy-peduncled; style distinct._

11. S. argyrocarpa, Anders. Leaves tapering evenly to both ends, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, at length rigid, the margin slightly revolute; petiole short; fruiting ament short (about 1' long), loosely flowered; capsule tapering, densely silky-silvery; gland of the staminate flower variously doubled.--Moist alpine ravines in a few limited localities on or near Mt. Washington, N. H.; also in Lower Canada and Lab. A bushy branched shrub, erect or depressed at base, 1--2 deg. high, growing in wide dense patches. A hybrid with n. 13 was detected by Mr. _E. Faxon_ in Tuckerman's ravine (its leaves collected by Dr. Gray as early as 1842!), appearing like a large form of the species with the aments of S. phylicifolia.

[+][+] _Pedicels twice the length of the gland; style elongated._

12. S. candida, Willd. (SAGE W. HOARY W.) Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2--4' long, taper-pointed or the lowest obtuse, rather rigid, downy above, becoming glabrate, _beneath covered with a dense white tomentum_, the revolute margin subentire; _stipules lanceolate, about as long as the petioles_; aments cylindrical, densely flowered, 2' long in fruit; anthers red; the dark gland elongated; capsule densely white-woolly; style dark red; stigmas short, spreading, notched.--Cold bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward.--A hoary shrub 2--5 deg. high; young shoots white-woolly, the older red. Two beautiful hybrids, with n. 10 and n. 14, have been found near Flint, Mich. (_Dr. Clarke_).

13. S. phylicifolia, L. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, somewhat equally pointed or obtuse at both ends, remotely and minutely repand-toothed, 2--3' long, _very smooth on both sides_, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous; _stipules obsolete_; aments sessile with a few small bracts at base, 1' long, rather densely flowered, oblong-cylindric, the fertile somewhat stipitate, becoming 2' long in fruit; scales dark, silky-villous; capsule conic-rostrate from an ovoid base; stigmas bifid or entire, yellow drying black. (S. chlorophylla, of _Man._; S. chlorophylla, var. denudata, _Anders_.)--Moist ravines on alpine summits of the White Mountains, and of Mt. Mansfield, Vt.--A divaricately much branched shrub 1--10 deg. high; twigs glabrous, sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. (Eu.)

S. VIMINALIS, L., the OSIER WILLOW of Europe, is occasionally planted, but soon dies out. Some of its hybrids, as S. SMITHIANA, Willd., etc., stand our climate better, but cannot be regarded as adventive.

[+][+][+] _Capsules sessile; filaments and often the reddish anthers united so as to appear as one._

S. PURPUREA, L. (PURPLE W.) Leaves oblanceolate or tongue shaped, slightly serrulate, very smooth, glaucescent, subopposite; stipules obsolete; aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the sterile at least closely sessile, with only very small bracts at base; scale small, round, crisp-villous, tipped with dark purple; capsules grayish-tomentose, ovate-conical, obtuse.--Low grounds; commonly cultivated for basket-rods. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] _Capsules glabrous._

[+] _Tall shrubs, 4--10 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2--4' long, acute or acuminate (on vigorous shoots rounded, truncate or cordate at base), serrate; sterile aments very silky, with a few bracts at base, 1' long or more, the fertile leafy-peduncled, in fruit 2' long or more; capsules tapering, pointed._

[++] _Leaves soon smooth; capsules long-pedicelled; style medium._

14. S. cordata, Muhl. (HEART-LEAVED W.) _Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower_, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply serrate, finely denticulate or subentire, _green both sides or scarcely paler beneath_, the young often silky or downy, especially on the midrib, not turning black in drying; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large and conspicuous; _aments rather slender_; capsules greenish or refuscent, 2--3'' long. (S. rigida, _Muhl._)--Var. ANGUSTATA, Anders. Leaves narrower, gradually acuminate, finely serrate.--In wet places and along streams, etc.; our most widely distributed and variable species.--S. MYRICOIDES, Muhl. (S. cordata, var. myricoides, _Darl_., Fl. Cestr., 3 ed.), is a hybrid between this species and S. sericea, having the leaves, even those of the most vigorous shoots, tapering and rather acute at base, glaucous or glaucescent beneath and sparsely appressed-hairy; stipules small, ovate, pointed; capsules more or less silky when young, becoming glabrate, shortly pedicelled; twigs brittle at base. A hybrid with the European S. incana (surprising on account of the rarity of the cultivated parent) is found at Ithaca, N. Y. (_Dudley_).

15. S. glaucophylla, Bebb. _Leaves varying from ovate with a broadly rounded base to oblong-lanceolate_ and equally pointed at both ends (3--4' long, nearly 2' wide), glandular-serrate, _subcoriaceous, glabrous throughout, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath_, the young drying black; stipules large, ear-shaped, dentate; _aments thick, oblong-cylindrical_, in size and silkiness resembling n. 6; capsules attenuate-rostrate, 3--5' long, greenish, drying brown.--Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Bebb; leaves narrower (3' long, 3/4' wide), pointed at both ends. (S. angustata, of ed. 2, in part.)--Var. BREVIFOLIA, Bebb; leaves obovate, about 1' long, strongly veined.--Common on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan, and occasionally found away from the lake shore in N. Ill. and Wisc.

16. S. balsamifera, Barratt. _Leaves broadly rounded and usually subcordate at base, at first very thin, subpellucid_ and of a rich reddish color, _at length rigid, dark green above, paler or glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined beneath_, slightly glandular-serrulate; petioles long and slender; _stipules obsolete; fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit_, the long slender pedicels 6--8 times the length of the gland; style short. (S. pyrifolia, _Anders._)--In open swamps along our northern boundary, Maine to Minn., and northward; White Mountains of N. H. (_Little_, 1823; rediscovered by _Pringle_, and _C. E._ and _E. Faxon_). A much branched shrub, growing in clumps; recent twigs shining-chestnut on the sunny side.

[++][++] _Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky tomentum on both sides, which is finally deciduous; capsule subsessile; style elongated._

17. S. adenophylla, Hook. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate (1--2' long), dull green both sides, very closely serrate with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, exceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base and embrace the obtuse silky buds; aments leafy-peduncled, the fertile not rarely becoming 4' long, densely flowered.--Shores of the Great Lakes, rooting extensively in the sand-dunes. A large straggling shrub, with stout tomentose twigs and crowded leaves. Hybridizes with S. cordata.

[+][+] _Low erect shrub, 1--3 deg. high; leaves small, entire; capsules oblong-cylindric; stigmas sessile or nearly so._

18. S. myrtilloides, L. Leaves elliptic-obovate, about 1' long, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, fertile aments oblong, loosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles; capsules reddish green; pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish yellow scale.--Var. PEDICELLARIS, Anders.; leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, 1--21/2' long.--Cold peat-bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward. (Eu.)

[+][+][+] _Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs._

19. S. Uva-ursi, Pursh. (BEARBERRY W.) _Leaves elliptical_ and pointed, or obovate and obtuse, less than 1' long, 3--4'' wide, tapering at base, slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath; _aments borne on slender lateral leafy peduncles, oblong-cylindric_, 6--9'' long, the fertile lengthening to 2' and narrowly cylindric, _densely flowered_ above, often loose below; _scales_ obovate, rose-red at the tip, _covered with long silky hairs_; stamens rarely 2; capsule ovate-conical, brownish at maturity; pedicel scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. (S. Cutleri, _Tuckerm._)--Abundant over all the alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y. Closely prostrate, spreading from a stout central root over an area 1--2 deg. in diameter.

20. S. herbacea, L. _Leaves roundish oval_, heart-shaped, obtuse or retuse, less than 1' long, serrate, smooth and shining, reticulately veined; _aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, small, ovoid, 4--10 flowered; scales_ concave, obovate, obtuse, _glabrous_ or slightly pubescent; capsule subsessile.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, and far northward. A very small herb-like species, the half-underground stems creeping and rooting to a considerable extent, the branches seldom rising above 1--2' from the ground. (Eu.)

2. POPULUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN.

Bracts (_scales_) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8--30, or more; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2--4, elongated. Capsules 2--4-valved.--Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The classical Latin name, of uncertain origin.)

Sec. 1. _Styles 2, with 2--3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin, oblong-conical, 2-valved; seeds very small; leaves ovate._

[*] _Petioles laterally flattened; bracts silky; stamens 6--20; capsules numerous, small, on very short pedicels._

P. ALBA, L. (WHITE POPLAR. ABELE.) The younger branches and the under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves white-tomentose; scales crenate, fringed.--Frequently cultivated for shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Small tree 20--50 deg. high, with smooth greenish-white bark; _leaves roundish-heart-shaped_, with a short sharp point, and _small somewhat regular teeth_, smooth on both sides, with downy margins, on long slender petioles; _scales cut into 3--4 deep linear divisions_, fringed with long hairs.--Maine to the mountains of Penn., N. Ky., Minn., and far north and westward.

2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Tree 60--75 deg. high, with smoothish gray bark; _leaves roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth_, when young densely covered with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides; _scales cut into 5--6 unequal small divisions_, slightly fringed.--Rich woods and borders of streams, N. Scotia to the mountains of N. C., west to N. Minn. and Tenn.

[*][*] _Petioles terete; bracts not silky; stamens 12--60._

3. P. heterophylla, L. (DOWNY POPLAR.) Tree 40--80 deg. high; leaves ovate with a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, white-woolly when young, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath; fertile catkins few-flowered; capsules 1/2' long, equalling the pedicels.--Borders of river swamps, Conn. to Ga., and in the west from S. Ind. and Ill. to Ark. and W. La.

Sec. 2. _Styles 2--4, with dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick, subglobose to ovate-oblong, 2--4-valved; bracts mostly glabrous; seeds 1--2'' long._

4. P. balsamifera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Tree 50--75 deg. high, the large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin; _leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering and pointed_, finely crenate, smooth on both sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath, on terete petioles 1/2--2' long; scales dilated, slightly hairy; _stamens 20--30; capsule ovate, 2-valved_.--Borders of rivers and swamps, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and far north and westward.--Var. CANDICANS, Gray. (BALM OF GILEAD.) _Leaves broader and more or less heart-shaped_; petiole commonly hairy. Common in cultivation, but rare or unknown in a wild state.

5. P. monilifera, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.) Tree 75--150 deg. high; _leaves broadly deltoid_, with numerous crenate serratures and narrow very acute acumination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated flattened petioles; scales lacerate-fringed, not hairy; _stamens 60 or more; capsules_ on slender pedicels (4--5'' long) in long catkins, _oblong-ovate, 3--4-valved_. (Incl. P. angulata, _Ait._)--Borders of streams, western N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts.

Order 105. EMPETRACEAE. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)

_Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of_ Heaths, _and the drupaceous fruit of_ Arctostaphylos, but the divided or laciniate stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceae;--probably only an apetalous and polygamous or dioecious degenerate form of Ericaceae,--comprising three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the third farther south.

1. Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3, somewhat petal-like.

2. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none.

1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY.

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (inconspicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. Stamens 3. Style very short; stigma 6--9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 6--9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from [Greek: e)n], _upon_, and [Greek: pe/tros], _a rock_.)

1. E. nigrum, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and spreading; leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black.--Newf., Mount. Desert and adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

2. COREMA, Don. BROOM-CROWBERRY.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- (or rarely 4--5-) cleft; stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4--5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as in the last.--Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves. (Name [Greek: ko/rema], _a broom_, from the bushy aspect.)

1. C. Conradii, Torr. Shrub 6'--2 deg. high, diffusely branched, nearly smooth; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe.--Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Island (?), Shawangunk Mts., N. Y., coast of S. E. Mass. and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers.

ORDER 106. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. (HORNWORT FAMILY.)

_Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8--12-cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, with a suspended orthotropous ovule, seed filled by a highly developed embryo with a very short radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes and leaves._--Consists only of the genus

1. CERATOPHYLLUM. L. HORNWORT.

Sterile flowers of 10--20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an achene, beaked with the slender persistent style.--Herbs growing under water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams; the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from [Greek: ke/ras], _a horn_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_).

1. C. demersum, L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side.--Var. ECHINATUM, Gray, has the fruit mostly larger (3'' long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged margin spiny-toothed.--Slow streams and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., etc.)

SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely wanting; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two.

ORDER 107. CONIFERAE. (PINE FAMILY.)

_Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers in catkins or solitary, destitute of calyx or corolla._ Ovules orthotropous or inverted. Embryo in the axis of the albumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on two sides.)

SUBORDER I. Pinaceae. Fertile flowers in scaly aments becoming cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly monoecious and evergreen.

Tribe I. ABIETINEAE. (PINE FAMILY proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3--16. Anthers spirally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5), linear to needle-shaped.

[*] Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and corky.

1. Pinus. Leaves 2--5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales.

[*][*] Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin.

[+] Cones pendulous, their scales persistent; bracts smaller than the scales; leaves jointed upon a prominent persistent base, solitary.

2. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal).

3 Tsuga. Leaves petioled, flat.

[+][+] Cones erect; bracts longer than the scales; leaf-scars not prominent.

4. Abies. Scales of the large cone deciduous. Leaves persistent, solitary, keeled beneath.

5. Larix. Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled, flat, deciduous.

Tribe II. TAXODIEAE. Fertile aments of several spirally arranged imbricated scales, without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate; leaf-buds not scaly.

6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.

Tribe III. CUPRESSINEAE. Scales of the fertile ament few, decussately opposite or ternate, becoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate; leaf-buds not scaly.

[*] Monoecious; fruit a small cone; leaves opposite and foliage more or less 2-ranked.

7. Chamaecyparis. Cone globose; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged.

8. Thuya. Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8--12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged.

[*][*] Dioecious. Fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds.

9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3--6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.

SUBORDER II. Taxaceae. (YEW FAMILY.) Flowers dioecious, axillary and solitary, the fertile consisting of a naked erect ovule which becomes a bony-coated seed more or less surrounded or enclosed by the enlarged fleshy disk (or scale).

10. Taxus. Leaves linear, scattered. Seed surrounded by a red berry-like cup.

1. PINUS, Tourn. PINE.

Sterile flower at the base of the shoot of the same spring, involucrate by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous stamens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated immediately below the terminal bud, or lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody carpellary scales, which are thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe and dry; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale; in separating carrying away a part of its lining as a thin fragile wing. Cotyledons 3--12, linear.--Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming channelled; when more than 2 triangular; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; the cones maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.)

Sec. 1. _Leaves 5, each with a single fibro-vascular bundle; sheath loose, deciduous; cones subterminal, their scales but slightly thickened at the end and without prickle or point; bark smooth except on old trunks._

1. P. Strobus, L. (WHITE PINE.) Tree 75--160 deg. high; leaves very slender, glaucous; sterile flowers oval (4--5'' long), with 6--8 involucral scales at base; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, often curved (4--6' long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8--10.--Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Iowa. Invaluable for its soft, light, white or yellowish wood, in large trees nearly free from resin.

Sec. 2. _Leaves in twos or threes, each with two fibro-vascular bundles; sheath close; woody scales of the cones thickened at the end and usually spiny-tipped._

[*] _Cones lateral; their scales much thickened at the end; leaves rigid._

[+] _Leaves in threes (rarely in twos in n. 2)._

2. P. Taeda, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) _Leaves long (6--10'), with elongated sheaths_, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3--5' long) and tapering; _scales tipped with a stout incurved spine_.--Wet clay or dry sandy soil, Del. to Fla. near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark.--A tree 50--150 deg. high; staminate flowers slender, 2' long, with usually 10--13 involucral scales; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side.

3. P. rigida, Mill. (PITCH PINE.) _Leaves_ (3--5' long) dark green, _from short sheaths_; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (1--31/2' long), often in clusters; _scales with a short stout recurved prickle_.--Sandy or barren soil, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., western N. Y. and E. Ky.--A tree 30--80 deg. high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood; sterile flowers shorter; scales 6--8.

[+][+] _Leaves in twos (some in threes in n. 4 and 7)._

4. P. pungens, Michx. f. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) _Leaves stout, short_ (11/4--21/2' long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage); cones ovate (31/2' long), _the scales armed with a strong hooked spine_ (1/4' long).--Alleghany Mts., Penn., to N. C. and Tenn.--A rather small tree (20--60 deg. high); cones long-persistent.

5. P. inops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) _Leaves short_ (11/2--3' long); cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2--3' long), the _scales tipped with a straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle_.--Barrens and sterile hills, Long Island to S. C., mostly near the coast, west through Ky. to S. Ind.--A straggling tree at the east, 15--40 deg. high, with spreading or drooping branchlets; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.

6. P. Banksiana, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.) _Leaves short_ (1' long), _oblique, divergent_; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (11/2--2' long), smooth, the _scales pointless_.--Barren sandy soil, S. Maine and N. Vt. to S. Mich., central Minn., and northward. Straggling shrub or low tree.

7. P. mitis, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) _Leaves_ sometimes in threes, _from long sheaths, slender_ (3--5' long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical (barely 2' long), the _scales with a minute weak prickle_.--Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten Island to Fla., S. Ind., S. E. Kan. and Tex.--A straight tree, 50--100 deg. high, with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tuberculate and spiny cones.

[*][*] _Cones terminal; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes._

8. P. resinosa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves _in twos_ from long sheaths, elongated (_5--6' long_), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth _(about 2' long), their scales slightly thickened, pointless_; sterile flowers oblong-linear (6--9'' long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base.--Dry woods, Mass. to N. Penn., Mich., and Minn., and northward.--A tall tree, with reddish, rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous.

9. P. palustris, Mill. (LONG-LEAVED, YELLOW, or GEORGIA PINE.) Leaves _in threes_ from long sheaths, _very long_ (10--15'), crowded at the summit of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 21/2--3' long, rose-purple; _cones large_, cylindrical or conical-oblong _(6--10' long), the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine_. (P. australis, _Michx._)--Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood.

(Addendum) 10. P. ponderosa, Dougl., var. scopulorum, Engelm. Leaves in twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3--6' long, rather rigid; staminate flowers 1' long; cones subterminal, 2--3' long, oval, often 3--5 together, the prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout straight or incurved prickle.--Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky Mountains.--A large tree with very thick bark.

2. PICEA, Link. SPRUCE.

Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the preceding year; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.)

1. P. nigra, Link. (BLACK SPRUCE.) _Branchlets pubescent_; leaves short (usually 4--8'' long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish; _cones ovate or ovate-oblong_ (10--20'' long), _mostly recurved, persistent_, the _rigid scales_ with a thin denticulate edge. (Abies nigra, _Poir._)--Swamps and cold mountain woods, New Eng. to Penn., central Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to Ga. A tree 40--70 deg. high.--Var. RUBRA, Engelm. Leaves larger and darker; cones larger, bright red-brown, more readily deciduous.

2. P. alba, Link. (WHITE SPRUCE.) _Branchlets glabrous_; leaves more slender, pale or glaucous; _cones nodding, cylindrical_ (about 2' long), pale, _deciduous_, the thinner scales with an entire edge. (Abies alba, _Michx._)--Northern New Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward.--A handsomer tree than n. 1, 50--150 deg. high, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir.

3. TSUGA, Carriere. HEMLOCK.

Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely; pollen-grains simple. Fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scattered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.)

1. T. Canadensis, Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse (1/2' long); cones oval (6--8'' long), of few thin scales much longer than the bracts. (Abies Canadensis, _Michx._)--Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. Scotia to Del., and along the mountains to Ala., west to Mich. and Minn.--A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath.

4. ABIES, Link. FIR.

Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells bursting transversely; pollen as in Pinus. Fertile catkins and cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches; cones maturing the first year; their thin scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.)

1. A. balsamea, Miller. (BALSAM or BALM-OF-GILEAD FIR.) Leaves narrowly linear (6--10'' long); _cones cylindrical_ (2--4' long, 1' thick), violet-colored; _the bracts obovate_, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, _shorter than the scales_.--Damp woods and mountain swamps, Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Va., west to Minn., and northward. A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub.

5. LARIX, Tourn. LARCH.

Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring; the sterile from leafless buds; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent.--Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.)

1. L. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN OR BLACK LARCH. TAMARACK. HACKMATACK.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6--9'' long), of few rounded scales, arranged in {2/5} order.--Chiefly in cold swamps, N. Penn. to N. Ind. and central Minn., and far northward. A slender tree, 30--100 deg. high, with hard and very resinous wood.

6. TAXODIUM, Richard. BALD CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers spiked-panicled, of few stamens; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2--5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base. Cotyledons 6--9.--Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of [Greek: ta/xos], _the yew_, and [Greek: ei~)dos], _resemblance_, the leaves being Yew-like.)

1. T. distichum, Richard. (AMERICAN BALD CYPRESS.) Leaves linear and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.--Swamps, S. Del. to S. Ill. and Mo., and southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. March, April.

7. CHAMAECYPARIS, Spach. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2--4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales decussate in pairs, bearing few (1--4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3.--Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed-imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From [Greek: chamai/], _on the ground_, and [Greek: kypa/rissos], _cypress_.)

1. C. sphaeroidea, Spach. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows; anther-cells 2 under each scale; cones small (3--5'' in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (Cupressus thyoides, _L._)--Swamps, S. Maine to Fla. and Miss. A tree 30--90 deg. high, the wood and fibrous shreddy bark, as well as foliage, much as in Arbor Vitae.

8. THUYA, Tourn. ARBOR VITAE.

Flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2.--Small evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated, small, appressed, persistent leaves; these of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets; one awl-shaped; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the branch. ([Greek: Thyi~/a] or [Greek: Thy/a], the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)

1. T. occidentalis, L. (ARBOR VITAE. WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves appressed-imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets; scales of the cones pointless; seeds broadly winged all round.--Swamps and cool rocky banks, N. Brunswick to Penn., along the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. A tree 20--50 deg. high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood.

9. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER.

Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins. Anther-cells 3--6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile catkins ovoid, of 3--6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white bloom. Seeds 1--3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2.--Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in Sec. 2. (The classical name.)

Sec. 1. OXYCEDRUS. _Aments axillary; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channelled and white glaucous above._

1. J. communis, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Shrub or small tree, with spreading or pendulous branches; leaves rigid, more or less spreading (5--9'' long); berry dark blue (3'' or more in diameter).--Dry sterile hills, common.

Var. alpina, Gaud., is a decumbent or prostrate form, with shorter (2--4'' long) less spreading leaves.--Maine to Minn., and northward.

Sec. 2. SABINA. _Aments terminal; leaves mostly opposite, of two forms, i.e., awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back._

2. J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. _A procumbent, prostrate or sometimes creeping shrub_; scale-like leaves acute; _berry on short recurved peduncles_, 3--5'' in diameter.--Rocky banks, borders of swamps, etc., N. Eng. to N. Minn., and northward.

3. J. Virginiana, L. (RED CEDAR or SAVIN.) _From a shrub to a tree 60--90 deg. high_, pyramidal in form; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire; _berries on straight peduncles_, about 3'' in diameter.--Dry hills or deep swamps, common. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic.

10. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW.

Flowers mostly dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary from scaly buds; the sterile small and globular, formed of a few naked stamens; anther-cells 3--8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule, with an annular disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base and at length pulpy and berry-like, globular and red, nearly enclosing the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2.--Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from [Greek: to/xon], _a bow_; the wood anciently used for bows.)

1. T. Canadensis, Willd. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK.) A low straggling bush, the stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. baccata, var. Canadensis, _Willd._)--Moist banks and hills, especially under evergreens; Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Minn., and northward.

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue; perennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule alternate.

ORDER 108. HYDROCHARIDACEAE. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.)

_Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1--3-celled ovary._ Stamens 3--12, distinct or monadelphous; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, without albumen; embryo straight.

Tribe I. HYDRILLEAE. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile.

1. Elodea. Leaves verticillate (rarely opposite). Perianth-tube long-filiform.

Tribe II. VALLISNERIEAE. Stemless. Leaves elongated. Spathes pedunculate.

2. Vallisneria. Submerged; grass-like. Fertile flower solitary on a very long scape.

Tribe III. STRATIOTEAE. Stem very short, with crowded leaves. Spathes pedunculate. Ovary 6--9-celled.

3. Limnobium. Stemless, floating; broad leaves long-petioled.

1. ELODEA, Michx. WATER-WEED.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united at base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals; filaments short and united at base, or none; anthers 3--9, oval. Fertile flowers pistillate or apparently perfect; perianth extended into an extremely long capillary tube; the limb 6-parted; the small lobes obovate, spreading. Stamens 3--9, often with imperfect anthers or none. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules; the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded.--Perennial slender submerged herbs, with elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flowers (rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Vallisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, raised to the surface by the prolonged calyx-tube, which varies in length according to the depth of the water. (Name from [Greek: e(lo/des], _marshy_.)

1. E. Canadensis, Michx. Leaves in 3's or 4's, or the lower opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate; stamens 9 in the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the fertile. (Anacharis Canadensis, _Planchon._)--Slow streams and ponds, common. July.

2. VALLISNERIA, L. TAPE-GRASS. EEL-GRASS.

Flowers strictly dioecious; the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne on a very short scape; stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe upon an exceedingly lengthened scape. Perianth (calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate); also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very numerous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, berry-like.--Stemless plants, with long linear grass-like leaves, wholly submerged. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time; afterwards the thread-form scapes (2--4 feet long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit under water to ripen. (Named for _Ant. Vallisneri_, an early Italian botanist.)

1. V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (1--6 deg. long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined.--Common in slow waters, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

3. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S-BIT.

Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled spathes; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers; the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or cleft; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6--12 linear anthers at unequal heights; there are 3--6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6--9-celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry in fruit; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped.--A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, proliferous by runners, with long-petioled and round-heart shaped leaves, which are spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile flowers rather small; the fertile larger; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals white? (Name from [Greek: limno/bios], _living in pools_.)

1. L. Spongia, Richard. Leaves 1--2' long, faintly 5-nerved; peduncle of sterile flower about 3' long and filiform, of the fertile only 1' long and stout.--Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla.; also L. Ontario, Ill., and Mo.

ORDER 109. BURMANNIACEAE. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.)

_Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those at the root grass-like; the flowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovary; stamens 3 and distinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth; capsule many-seeded, the seeds very minute._--A small, chiefly tropical family.

1. BURMANNIA, L.

Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. Style slender; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. (Named for _J. Burmann_, an early Dutch botanist.)

1. B. biflora, L. Stem low and slender (2--4' high), 2-flowered at the summit, or soon several-flowered; perianth (2--3'' long) bright blue, 3-winged.--Peaty bogs, Va. to Fla.

ORDER 110. ORCHIDACEAE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

_Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal placentae, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering in masses._ Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsule, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets; the 3 outer (_sepals_) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 inner (_petals_). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direction, etc., from the rest, and is called the _lip_; only the other two taking the name of _petals_ in the following descriptions. The lip is really the upper petal, i.e. the one next to the axis, but by a twist of the ovary of half a turn it is more commonly directed forward and brought next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the _column_, composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two stamens and a rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick fleshy stigma; anther 2-celled; each cell containing one or more masses of pollen (_pollinia_) or the pollen granular (in Cypripedium). Stigma a broad glutinous surface, except in Cypripedium.--Perennials, often tuber-bearing or tuberous-rooted; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary, racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract,--in all arranged for fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertilization.

Tribe I. EPIDENDREAE. Anther terminal, erect or inclined, operculate. Pollinia smooth and waxy, 4 or 8 (2 or 4 in each cell), distinct, or those in each cell (or all in n. 3 and 7) united at base. (Pollinia 8 only in n. 7 of our genera.)

[*] Green-foliaged plants, from solid bulbs, with 1 or 2 leaves.

[+] Column very short; leaf solitary.

1. Microstylis. Flowers racemose, minute, greenish. Petals filiform.

[+][+] Column elongated; leaves radical.

[++] Whole plant (except the flowers) green.

2. Liparis. Leaves 2. Raceme few-flowered. Lip flat, entire.

3. Calypso. Leaf solitary. Flower large, solitary. Lip saccate.

[++][++] A single green autumnal leaf; otherwise mainly brownish or purplish.

4. Tipularia. Raceme many-flowered; flowers small, greenish; lip 3-lobed.

5. Aplectrum. Raceme loose; flowers rather large; lip 3-ridged, not spurred or saccate.

[*][*] Leafless, with coralloid roots; whole plant brownish or yellowish; flowers racemose.

6. Corallorhiza. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs. Flower gibbous or somewhat spurred, and lip with 1--3 ridges; sepals and petals 1--3-nerved.

7. Hexalectris. Pollinia 8, united. Flower not gibbous; sepals and petals several-nerved; lip with 5--6 ridges.

Tribe II. NEOTTIEAE. Anthers erect upon the back of the column at the summit, or terminal and opercular. Pollinia granular or powdery, more or less cohering in 2 or 4 delicate masses, and attached at the apex to the beak of the stigma.

[*] Anthers without operculum, erect upon the back of the short column. Flowers small, in spikes or racemes.

8. Listera. Stem from a fibrous root, 2-foliate. Lip flat, 2-lobed.

9. Spiranthes. Stems leafy below, from tuberous-fascicled roots. Flowers 1--3-ranked in a twisted spike. Lip embracing the column below, with 2 callosities at base.

10. Goodyera. Leaves radical, white-reticulated. Lip entire, free from the column, saccate, without callosities.

[*][*] Anther operculate, erect and jointed upon the short column. Stem stout, very leafy.

11. Epipactis. Flowers racemose; perianth spreading; lip dilated above.

[*][*][*] Anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; column elongated. Stem scapose or few-leaved; flowers large, solitary or few.

12. Arethusa. Leaf and flower solitary. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollinia 4.

13. Calopogon. Leaf solitary, grass-like. Lip bearded, stalked, free. Column winged at the apex. Pollinia 4.

14. Pogonia. More or less leafy. Lip crested, free. Column clavate. Pollinia 2.

Tribe III. OPHRYDEAE. Anther without operculum, the cells adnate to the top of the column and often continuous with the beak of the stigma. Pollinia 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each attached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland. Flower (in ours) ringent and spurred, spicate upon a leafy stem.

15. Orchis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch.

16. Habenaria. The two glands naked, either approximate or widely separated.

Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEAE. Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one forming a dilated fleshy appendage above the terminal stigma. Pollen granular, not in masses.

17. Cypripedium. Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading; lip an inflated sac.

1. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER'S-MOUTH.

Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or ovate at base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy, without any stalks, threads, or gland.--Low herbs, from solid bulbs, producing simple stems, which bear in our species a single leaf and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of [Greek: mikro/s], _small_, and [Greek: styli/s], _a column_ or _style_.)

1. M. monophyllos, Lindl. Slender (4--6' high); leaf sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; _racemes spiked, long and slender; pedicels not longer than the flowers_; lip long-pointed.--Cold wet swamps, N. New Eng. to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.)

2. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping; _raceme short and obtuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers_; lip truncate-3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe very small.--Low moist ground, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. July.--Pollinia (at least sometimes) only 1 in each cell.

2. LIPARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading. Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or gland.--Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from [Greek: liparo/s], _fat_ or _shining_, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.)

1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals thread-like, reflexed; _lip large_ (11/2' long), _wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brown-purplish_.--Moist woodlands, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. June.

2. L. Loeselii, Richard. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, keeled; _lip obovate or oblong_ (2'' long), mucronate, _yellowish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sepals_.--Bogs, N. Scotia to Md., S. Ill., and Minn. (Eu.)

3. CALYPSO, Salisb.

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated (9'' long), 2-pointed underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-like anther just below the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all sessile on a square gland.--A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum, and a short (3--5' high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess _Calypso_.)

1. C. borealis, Salisb.--Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in moss, with a coralloid root beneath; Maine and Vt. to Mich. and Minn., and northward. May.--A very local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat resembling that of a Lady's Slipper, woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.)

4. TIPULARIA, Nutt. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS.

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong; the latter rather narrower. Lip prolonged beneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length of the flower (9--12'' long), 3-lobed; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, connected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland.--Herb with large solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct pedicel, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, purplish beneath, and in summer a long slender scape, with 1 or 2 sheaths at base, bearing a raceme of many small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus _Tipula_.)

1. T. discolor, Nutt. Scape 10--18' high; lip blunt at the tip.--Sandy woods, Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich.; very scarce.

5. APLECTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE.

Perianth neither gibbous nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base. Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and scape (invested below with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza; but, instead of a coral like root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb or corm, often 1' in diameter (filled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy rather large flowers. (The name composed of [Greek: a]- privative and [Greek: ple~ktron], _a spur_, from the total want of the latter.)

1. A. hiemale, Nutt. Stem 1 deg. high or more; perianth greenish-brown, or the lip whitish, and somewhat speckled with purple, 5--6'' long.--Woods, in rich mould; rather rare or local, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.--Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found horizontally connected.

6. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT.

Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at base; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, 1--3-nerved, the upper arching; the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip forming the gibbosity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the summit of the ovary; lip slightly adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of projecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy, free.--Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a simple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves and bearing a raceme of rather small dull-colored flowers; fruit reflexed. (Name composed of [Greek: kora/llion], _coral_, and [Greek: r(i/za], _root_.)

Sec. 1. _Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary; flowers small; lip whitish or purplish, often mottled with crimson._

1. C. innata, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3--9' high), 5--12-flowered; pedicels very short; perianth 2--21/2'' long; _lip somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base_, the lamellae thick and rather short; spur a very small protuberance; capsule oval or elliptical (3--4'' long).--Swamps and damp woods, N. Eng. to northern N. J., Ohio, Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to Ga. May, June. (Eu.)

2. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish; stem rather slender, bulbous-thickened at base (6--16' high), 6--20-flowered; pedicels rather slender; perianth about 3'' long; _lip entire_ or merely denticulate, _thin_, broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted into a _claw-like base_, the lamellae a pair of short projections; the spur represented by a small cavity wholly adnate to the summit of the ovary; capsule at first very acute at base, at length short-oval (4'' long).--Rich woods, E. Mass. (_Hitchings_) and Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich, and Mo. May--July.

3. C. multiflora, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9--18' high), 10--30-flowered; perianth 21/2--4'' long; _lip deeply 3-lobed_, with a short narrowed base and with prominent lamellae; spur manifest and protuberant; capsule oblong (6--9'' long), short-pedicelled.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Md., west to Mo., Iowa, and Minn. July--Sept.

Sec. 2. _Spur none; the broadly gibbous somewhat saccate base wholly free from the ovary; flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotted, more expanding._

4. C. striata, Lindl. Plant purplish, stout (6--16' high), bearing 15--25 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels; perianth 6--7'' long; lip oval or obovate, perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1--3 short lamellae; all the parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves; pod oblong (9'' long). (C. Macraei, _Gray_.)--Woods, from L. Erie westward along the Great Lakes and to the Pacific.

7. HEXALECTRIS, Raf.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, somewhat spreading, several-nerved, not gibbous nor spurred at base, free. Lip obovate, with 5--6 prominent ridges down the middle, 3-lobed above, the middle lobe somewhat concave. Pollen-masses 8, united into a single fascicle. Otherwise as in Corallorhiza. (Name probably from [Greek: e(/x], _six_, and [Greek: a)lektryo/n], _a cock_, from the crests of the lip.)

1. H. aphyllus, Raf. Stem 1--2 deg. high, beset with purplish scales, the lower sheathing; flowers racemed, bracteate, brownish-purple, 6--8'' long. (Bletia aphylla, _Nutt._)--Rich woods, Ky. and Mo. to Fla. and Mex.

8. LISTERA, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless; stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect, ovate; pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland.--Roots fibrous. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to _Martin Lister_, an early and celebrated British naturalist.)

[*] _Column very short; sepals ovate, reflexed; plants delicate, 4--8' high._

1. L. cordata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped (1/2--1' long); raceme smooth; _flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longer than the ovary; lip_ linear, twice as long as the sepals, 1-toothed each side at base, _2-cleft_.--Cold woods, N. J. to Mich., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)

2. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate; _raceme loose and slender; flowers very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary; lip_ linear, 3--4 times the length of the sepals, _2-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous_.--Damp thickets, Oswego Co., N. Y., and from N. J. to Fla. June.

[*][*] _Column longer, arching or straightish._

3. L. convallarioides, Nutt. Plant 4--9' high; leaves oval or roundish, and sometimes a little heart-shaped (1--11/2' long); raceme loose, pubescent; pedicels slender, lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1-toothed on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spreading sepals, purplish, {1/3}' long.--Damp mossy woods, N. New Eng. to Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to N. C.

9. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES.