Chapter M: ALCEA, L., with the stem-leaves only once 5-parted or cleft, the

lobes incised, large flowers like the last, but the fruit smooth, and bractlets of the involucel ovate, has escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt.

Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, etc., as in Malva. Carpels 10--20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing downward. (Name drawn from Greek mythology.)

[*] _Involucel 3-leaved._

1. C. triangulata, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2 deg. high) from a tuberous root; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate; the upper incised or 3--5-cleft; flowers panicled, short-pedicelled (purple); involucel as long as the 5-cleft 5-nerved calyx; carpels not rugose.--Dry prairies, Ind. to Minn., and southward.

2. C. involucrata, Gray. Hirsute or hispid, procumbent; leaves rounded, 5--7-parted or -cleft, the segments incisely lobed; peduncles elongated, 1-flowered; calyx 5-parted, the lanceolate 3--5-nerved sepals twice as long as the involucel; petals red or purplish, carpels indehiscent, rugose-reticulated.--Minn. to Tex.

[*][*] _Involucel none; calyx 5-parted; carpels strongly rugose._

3. C. alcaeoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent; stems slender (1 deg. high), erect from a perennial root; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised, the upper 5--7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments; flowers (rose-color or white) corymbose, on slender peduncles--Barren oak-lands, S. Ky. to Kan. and Neb.

4. C. digitata, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute or glabrous, erect; leaves few, round-cordate, 5--7-parted, the cauline commonly with linear divisions; peduncles subracemose, long, filiform; flowers red-purple to white.--Kan. to Tex.

4. NAPAEA, Clayt. GLADE MALLOW.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. _Flowers dioecious_; the staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15--20 anthers; the fertile with a short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8--10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1-seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward.--A tall roughish perennial herb, with very large 9--11-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and with small white flowers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named from [Greek: na/pe], a glade or dell, or, poetically, a nymph of the glades.)

1. N. dioica, L. Stems nearly simple, 5--9 deg. high.--Penn. to Va., and west to Iowa and Minn.; rare. July.

5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. FALSE MALLOW.

Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the end or entire. Styles 5 or more; stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle pointing downward, as in the former. (Name altered from _Malva_.)

1. M. angustum, Gray. Annual, slightly hairy, erect (6'--1 deg. high); leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth; flowers in the upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangular sepals; bractlets and stipules setaceous; petals yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, smooth, at length 2-valved.--W. Tenn. to Iowa and Kan. Aug.

2. M. coccineum, Gray. Perennial, low and hoary; leaves 5-parted or pedate, flowers in short spikes or racemes, the pink-red petals very much longer than the calyx; carpels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and indehiscent.--Minn. to W. Tex., and westward.

6. SIDA, L.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or more, tipped with capitate stigmas; the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent; the radicle pointing upward. (A name used by Theophrastus.)

1. S. Napaea, Cav. A smooth, tall (4--10 deg. high) perennial; _leaves 3--7-cleft_, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed; _flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed_, 1' wide; carpels 10, pointed.--Rocky river-banks, along the Alleghanies, Penn. to Va., rare. (Cultivated in old gardens.)

2. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (1--4 deg. high); _leaves linear_, serrate, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short; _flowers (yellow)_ rather large; _carpels 9--10, slightly and abruptly pointed_, forming a depressed fruit.--Sandy soil, S. Va. and southward. May--Aug.

S. SPINOSA, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10--20' high), much branched; _leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong_, serrate, rather long-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole; _flowers (yellow)_ small; _carpels 5_, combined into an ovate fruit, _each splitting at the top into 2 beaks_.--A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine.--Waste places, S. New York to Iowa, and common southward. (Nat. from the tropics.)

7. SPHAERALCEA, St. Hil.

Ovules and seeds usually 2 or 3 in each cell. Characters otherwise as in Malvastrum. (Name from [Greek: sphai~ra], _a sphere_, and [Greek: a)lke/a], _a mallow_--from the commonly spherical fruit.)

1. S. acerifolia, Nutt. Perennial, erect, 2--6 deg. high, stellately pubescent or glabrate; leaves maple-shaped, 3--7-cleft; flowers clustered in the upper axils and subspicate, rose-color to white.--Kankakee Co., Ill., _E. J. Hill_; Dak. and westward.

8. ABUTILON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW.

Carpels 2--9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing inward. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)

A. AVICENNAE, Gaertn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Tall annual (4 deg. high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety; peduncles shorter than the leaf-stalks; corolla yellow; carpels 12--15, hairy, beaked.--Waste places, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from India.)

9. MODIOLA, Moench.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10--20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 14--20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the top; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each cell.--Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from _modiolus_, the broad and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.)

1. M. multifida, Moench. Hairy; leaves 3--5-cleft and incised; stamens 15--20; fruit hispid at the top.--Low grounds, Va. and southward.

10. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl.

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. (Named after _V. F. Kosteletzky_, a Bohemian botanist.)

1. K. Virginica, Gray. Roughish-hairy perennial (2--4 deg. high); leaves halberd-shaped and heart-shaped, the lower 3-lobed; corolla 2' wide, rose-color; column slender.--Marshes on the coast, N. Y. and southward. Aug.

11. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW.

Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united, stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many in each cell.--Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.)

[*] _Indigenous tall perennials (4--8 deg. high), flowering late in summer._

1. H. Moscheutos, L. (SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) _Leaves ovate_, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, all whitened underneath with a fine soft down, glabrous or slightly downy above; the 1-flowered peduncles sometimes united at the base with the petioles; bractlets not hairy; _calyx not inflated; pod and seeds smooth_ or nearly so.--Brackish marshes along the coast, from E. Mass. southward, and lake shores and swamps westward to Ill. and Mo., especially within the influence of salt springs.--Corolla 5--6' in diameter, light rose-color or white, with or without a crimson eye.

2. H. lasiocarpus, Cav. Leaves soft-downy both sides, the lower broadly ovate and heart-shaped; bractlets ciliate; pod hirsute;--otherwise resembling the last. (H. grandiflorus, _Michx._)--Ind. to Mo., and southward.

3. H. militaris, Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED R.) _Smooth throughout_; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed; _upper leaves halberd-form_, the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-pointed; peduncles slender; _fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy_.--River-banks, Penn. to Minn., and southward.--Corolla 2--3' long, flesh-color with purple base.

[*][*] _Escaped from gardens or grounds._

H. TRIONUM, L. (BLADDER KETMIA.) A low, rather _hairy annual_; upper leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest; fruiting _calyx inflated, membranaceous, 5-winged_; corolla sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, ephemeral; hence the name _flower-of-an-hour_. (Adv. from Eu.)

H. SYRIACUS, L. (SHRUBBY ALTHAEA of gardeners.) _Tall shrub_, smooth; leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed; corolla usually rose-color.--Escaped rarely from cultivation, Penn., etc. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 21. TILIACEAE. (LINDEN FAMILY.)

_Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, valvate calyx, etc., of the_ Mallow Family; _but the sepals deciduous, petals imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers 2-celled._ Represented in Northern regions only by the genus,

1. TILIA, Tourn. LINDEN. BASSWOOD.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous; filaments cohering in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each cell, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma. Fruit dry and woody, indehiscent-globular, becoming 1-celled and 1--2-seeded. Embryo in hard albumen; cotyledons broad and thin, 5-lobed, crumpled.--Fine trees, with soft and white wood, very fibrous and tough inner bark, more or less heart-shaped and serrate alternate leaves (oblique and often truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a ligulate membranaceous bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name.)

1. T. Americana, L. (BASSWOOD.) Leaves large, green and glabrous or nearly so, thickish; floral bract usually tapering at base; fruit ovoid.--Rich woods. May, June.--Here rarely called _Lime-tree_, oftener _White-wood_, commonly _Basswood_; the latter name now obsolete in England.

2. T. pubescens, Ait. Leaves smaller (2--3' long), thinner, and rather pubescent beneath; floral bract usually rounded at base; fruit globose, smaller (3'' broad). (T. Americana, var. pubescens, _Man._)--N. Y. to Fla., and westward.

3. T. heterophylla, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD.) Leaves larger, smooth and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath.--Mountains of Penn. to S. Ill., and southward.

T. EUROPAEA, the EUROPEAN LINDEN, several varieties of which are planted in and near our cities for shade, is at once distinguished from any native species by the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the _Lin_) gave the family name to _Linnaeus_.

ORDER 22. LINACEAE. (FLAX FAMILY.)

_Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers 4--6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, 5 stamens monadelphous at base, and an 8--10-seeded pod, having twice as many cells as there are styles._ Represented by the genus,

1. LINUM, Tourn. FLAX.

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each cell, which is partly or completely divided into two by a false partition projecting from the back of the carpel, the pod thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons.--Herbs, with tough fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), without stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or panicled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)

[*] _Flowers rather small, yellow; glabrous, 1--2 deg. high._

1. L. Virginianum, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corymbose spreading or recurving _branches terete and even_; no stipular glands; leaves oblong or lanceolate, or the lower spatulate and often opposite; flowers scattered, small (barely 3'' long); sepals ovate, pointed, smooth-edged or nearly so, equalling the depressed 10-celled pod; styles distinct.--Dry woods; common.--Root apparently annual; but the plant propagates by suckers from the base of the stem.