Chapter V: HEDERAEFOLIA, L. (IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Leaves rounded

or heart-shaped, _3--7-toothed or lobed_; calyx-lobes somewhat heart-shaped; flowers small; _capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 2--4-seeded_.--Shaded places, N. J., Penn., etc. April--June. (Adv. from Eu.)

17. BUCHNERA, L. BLUE-HEARTS.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or curved tube and an almost equally 5-cleft limb, the lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs; anthers one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded.--Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate; the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in honor of _I. G. Buchner_, an early German botanist.)

1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1--2 deg. high); lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny; spike interrupted; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (1' long).--Moist sandy ground, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June--Aug.

18. SEYMERIA, Pursh.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens 4, somewhat equal; anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled; the cells equal and pointless. Capsule many-seeded.--Erect branching herbs, with the general aspect and character of Gerardia, leaves mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named for _Henry Seymer_, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macrophylla, Nutt. (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.) Rather pubescent (4--5 deg. high); leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate; tube of the corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except at the apex; style short, dilated and notched at the point; capsule ovate, pointed.--Shady river-banks, Ohio to Iowa, south to Tex. July.

19. GERARDIA, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, or somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, included, hairy; anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells parallel, often pointed at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Capsule globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded.--Erect branching herbs (more or less root-parasitic); stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 flowered peduncles, which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow; in late summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, _John Gerarde_.)

Sec. 1. DASYSTOMA. _Corolla yellow, the tube woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments; anthers alike, awn-pointed at base; leaves rather large, more or less incised or pinnatifid._

[*] _Pubescence partly glandular and viscid; corolla pubescent outside._

1. G. pedicularia, L. Annual or biennial, smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2--3 deg. high), very leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, and the lobes cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lobes.--Dry copses; N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.

[*][*] _No glandular pubescence; corolla glabrous outside; perennial._

2. G. grandiflora, Benth. _Minutely downy_; stem much branched (2--4 deg. high); _leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid_; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2' long) 4 times the length of the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes.--Oak openings, Wisc. and Minn. to Tenn. and Tex.

3. G. flava, L. (DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE.) _Pubescent with a fine close down_; stem (3--4 deg. high) mostly simple; _leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; pedicels very short_; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube, corolla 11/2' long.--Open woods, N. Eng. to Wisc. and Iowa, south to Ga. and Ark.

4. G. quercifolia, Pursh. (SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.) _Smooth and glaucous_ (3--6 deg. high), usually branching; lower _leaves commonly twice-pinnatifid; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx_; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube; corolla 2' long.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ill.

5. G. laevigata, Raf. _Smooth, not glaucous_; stem (1--2 deg. high) mostly simple; _leaves lanceolate, acute, entire_, or the lowest obscurely toothed; _pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube_; corolla 1' long. (G. integrifolia, _Gray_.)--Oak-barrens, etc., Penn. to Mich, and Ill., south in the mountains to Ga.

Sec. 2. OTOPHYLLA. _Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as well as the very unequal filaments; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous or sparingly hairy._

6. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9--20' high); _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate_, sessile, _the lower entire_, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; _flowers nearly sessile in the axils_ (1' long).--Low grounds and prairies, W. Penn. to Minn., south to N. C. and Mo.

7. G. densiflora, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; _leaves rigid, pinnately parted into 3--7 narrowly linear acute divisions_, those subtending the _densely spicate flowers_ similar and crowded; corolla over 1' long.--Prairies, E. Kan. to Tex.

Sec. 3. GERARDIA proper. _Corolla purple or rose-color (rarely white); calyx-teeth short; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent; cauline leaves linear or narrower, entire._

[*] _Perennnial; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves._

8. G. linifolia, Nutt. Glabrous, 2--3 deg. high, sparingly or paniculately branched; leaves flat, thickish, 1'' wide; calyx-teeth minute; corolla 1' long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate; anthers and filaments very villous.--Low pine barrens, Del. to Fla.

[*][*] _Annuals; herbage blackish in drying_ (except n. 13).

[+] _Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule._

9. G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1--2 deg. high); leaves long and linear, rough; _pedicels (most of them alternate) equalling or moderately exceeding the calyx_, which has _triangular-lanceolate acute lobes about half as long as the tube_; corolla over 1' long.--Plains and prairies, Mich, and W. Ind. to Dak. and W. Ark.

10. G. purpurea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stem (1--2 deg. high) with long and rigid widely spreading branches; _leaves linear, acute, rough-margined_; flowers large (1' long), bright purple, often downy; _pedicels shorter than the calyx, mainly opposite; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed_, from very short to about half as long as the tube.--Low grounds, mainly near the coast and in the region of the Great Lakes. Very variable.--Var. PAUPERCULA, Gray. Smoother, more simple; corolla usually only 1/2' long, lighter rose-purple.--N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ill., Minn., and northward.

11. G. maritima, Raf. (SEA-SIDE G.) Low (4--12' high), with shorter branches; _leaves and short broad calyx-teeth rather fleshy and obtuse_; pedicels about as long as the calyx; corolla 1/2' long.--Salt marshes along the coast.

[+][+] _Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; woolly anthers cuspidate at base._

12. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. (SLENDER G.) _Leaves narrowly linear_, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others; _calyx-teeth very short, acute; capsule globular, not exceeding the calyx_; corolla about 1/2' long.--Low or dry ground, common.--Var. MACROPHYLLA, Benth. Stouter; larger leaves 11/2--2' long and almost 2'' wide, scabrous; pedicels ascending; calyx-teeth larger; corolla little over 1/2' long. W. Iowa to W. La. and Col.--Var. ASPERULA, Gray. Leaves all nearly filiform and upper face hispidulous scabrous; inflorescence more paniculate; corolla small, the expanded limb only 6'' in diameter. Dry bare hills, Mich, and N. Ind. to Minn. and Mo.

13. G. Skinneriana, Wood. _Leaves bristle-shaped_, as are the branchlets, or the lower linear; _capsule ovate, mostly longer than the calyx_, which has short setaceous teeth; corolla 4--6'' long. (G. setacea, _Gray_, Man., not of _Walt._)--Sandy low ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP.

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla included in the calyx; its upper lip (_galea_) long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule many-seeded.--Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to _Castillejo_, a Spanish botanist.)

1. C. coccinea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Hairy biennial or annual; stem simple; root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate or oblong; those of the stem incised; the floral 3--5-cleft, bright scarlet toward the summit (rarely yellow); calyx about the length of the pale yellow corolla, _equally cleft both sides, the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or retuse_.--Low sandy ground, Maine to Minn., south to N. J., Tenn., and Tex.

2. C. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. Perennial, smooth or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly; _leaves mainly entire_, the lower linear, upper broader; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red; _calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2-cleft_; corolla 1/2--1' long, the _galea decidedly shorter than the tube_, not over 2 or 3 times as long as the lip.--Alpine summits of N. Eng., N. shore of L. Superior, west and northward.

3. C. sessiliflora, Pursh. Perennial, 6--8' high, very leafy, cinereous-pubescent; leaves mostly 3--5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft lobes; the floral similar or broader, _not at all colored; calyx deeper cleft in front_, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft; corolla 2' long, _the short galea but twice as long as the slender-lobed lip_.--Prairies, Wisc. and Ill. to Dak. and Tex.

21. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt.

Corolla with the upper lip (_galea_) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1--3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleia. (Name from [Greek: o)rtho/s], _upright_, and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_.)

1. O. luteus, Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, erect, 1 deg. high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft; spike dense; bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers, not colored; corolla golden-yellow, not 6'' long, 2--3 times as long as the calyx.--Plains, N. Minn. to Col., and westward.

22. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10--12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much the smaller, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip; anther-cells equal and parallel. Capsule ovate, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat.--A perennial minutely pubescent upright herb (1--2 deg. high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts; pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to _C. G. Schwalbe_, an obscure German botanist.)

1. S. Americana, L.--Wet sandy soil, Mass. to La., near the coast. May--July.

23. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anther-cells equal, pointed at the base. Capsule oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous.--Herbs, with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers, small, spiked. (Name [Greek: eu)thrasi/a], _cheerfulness_, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)

1. E. officinalis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched.--Coast of Maine and Lower Canada; perhaps introduced from Eu.--Var. TATARICA, Benth., a low form with small flowers (2--3'' long), and mostly rounded leaves.--Alpine region of N. H., shore of L. Superior, and far northward.

24. BARTSIA, L.

Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded back. Otherwise much as Euphrasia.--Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike.

B. ODONTITES, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, scabrous-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate; spikes elongated, loosely-flowered; corolla small, rose-red.--Coast of Maine and N. Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.)

25. RHINANTHUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but with a minute tooth on each side below the apex; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, hairy, transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged.--Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the yellow flowers crowded in a one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed of [Greek: r(i/n], _a snout_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_, from the beaked upper lip in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. R. Crista-galli, L. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, the floral bracts more incised with bristle-tipped teeth; corolla 6'' long; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, whence the popular name.)--Coast of N. Eng. and alpine region of N. H., to L. Superior, and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

26. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT.

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed; lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several seeded.--Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Name from _pediculus_, a louse; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONY.)

Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5--12' high); _leaves scattered, the lowest pinnately parted, the others half-pinnatifid_; spike short and dense; _calyx split in front, otherwise almost entire_, oblique; _upper lip of the_ (dull greenish-yellow and purplish) _corolla hooded, incurved_, 2-toothed under the apex; capsule _flat, somewhat sword-shaped_.--Copses and banks, common. May--July.

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (1--3 deg. high), nearly simple, mostly smooth; _leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed_; spike crowded; _calyx 2-lobed_, leafy-crested; _upper lip of the_ (pale yellow) _corolla incurved_ and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex, the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat; _capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx_.--Swamps, Conn. to Va., Ohio, and Minn.

3. P. Furbishiae, Watson. Tall (2--3 deg. high) pubescent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate, _pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnatifid-incised_, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate; bracts ovate, laciniate-dentate; _calyx-lobes_ 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed; _upper lip of corolla straight_ and beakless, the truncate apex bicuspidate, the lower erect, truncately 3-lobed; _capsule broadly ovate_.--Banks of the St. John's, Aroostook Co., Maine (_Miss Kate Furbish_), and adjacent N. Brunswick.

27. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. COW-WHEAT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of corolla cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy; the equal cells minutely pointed at base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule flattened, oblique, 1--4-seeded.--Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary in the upper axils. (Name from [Greek: me/las], _black_, and [Greek: pyro/s], _wheat_; from the color of the seeds of some species as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. M. Americanum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly teeth; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla (5'' long).--Open woods; common, from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa, especially eastward. June--Sept.

ORDER 76. OROBANCHACEAE. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

_Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didynamous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentae; pod very many-seeded; seeds minute, with albumen and a very minute embryo._--Calyx persistent, 4--5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and withering; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; each valve bearing on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute.--Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

[*] Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches.

1. Epiphegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.

[*][*] Flowers all alike and perfect; sterns mostly simple.

2. Conopholis. Flowers, densely spicate. Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped Stamens exserted.

3. Aphyllon. Flowers pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens included.

4. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate. Calyx cleft before and behind almost to the base. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches; the upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth of the pod; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentae on each valve.--Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, with small scattered scales, 6--12' high. (Name from [Greek: e)pi/], _upon_, and [Greek: phego/s], _the Beech_, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6--8'' long, curved, 4-toothed.--Common under Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots; N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Ark. Aug.--Oct.

2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irregularly 4--5-toothed calyx; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2 lipped; upper lip arched, notched at the summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Capsule with 4 placentae, a pair on the middle of each valve.--Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from [Greek: ko~nos], _a cone_, and [Greek: pholi/s], _a scale_).

1. C. Americana, Wallroth.--Oak woods, growing in clusters among fallen leaves; N. Eng. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tenn. May, June.--A singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3--6' high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard.

3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip more or less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule with 4 placentae, equidistant or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or yellowish) and naked scapes minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from [Greek: a-] privative and [Greek: phy/llon], _foliage_, alluding to the naked stalks.)

[*] _Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets; corolla with a long curved tube and spreading 5-lobed limb._

1. A. uniflorum, Gray. (ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.) _Stem subterranean or nearly so, very short_, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1--3 slender one-flowered scapes (3--5' high); _divisions of the calyx lance-awl-shaped_, half the length of the corolla, which is 1' long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the throat, and obovate lobes.--Damp woodlands, Newf. to Va. and Tex., and west to the Pacific. April, May.

2. A. fasciculatum, Gray. _Scaly stem erect and rising 3--4' out of the ground_, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles; _divisions of the calyx triangular, very much shorter than the corolla_, which has rounded short lobes.--Sandy ground, L. Michigan to Minn., southward west of the Mississippi, and westward. On Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc. May.

[*][*] _Caulescent, flowers densely spicate, with 1--2 bractlets at base of calyx; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft._

3. A. Ludovicianum, Gray. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3--12' high); corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. (Phelipaea Ludoviciana, _Walp._)--Minn. to Ill. and Tex., and westward.

4. OROBANCHE, Tourn. BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or quite to the base, the divisions usually 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens included.--Old World parasites, on roots of various plants.

O. MINOR, L. A span to a foot high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike; corolla 6'' long.--Parasitic on clover, N. J. to Va. Sparingly and probably recently introduced.

(Addendum) O. RAMOSA, L. Often branched, 6' high or less, of a pale straw-color; flowers 3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small; calyx 4-toothed, split at the back; corolla pale blue, 6--8'' long.--On the roots of hemp and tobacco; Ky. (Int. from Eu.)

ORDER 77. LENTIBULARIACEAE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

_Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatropous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen._--Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed and with a prominent palate, spurred at the base in front; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free; style very short or none; stigma 1--2-lipped. Capsule often bursting irregularly. Scapes 1--few-flowered.--The following are the two principal genera.

1. Utricularia. Calyx-lobes mostly entire. Upper lip of corolla erect. Filaments strongly incurved. Foliage dissected; bladder-bearing.

2. Pinguicula. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft. Corolla-lobes spreading. Filaments straighter. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground.

1. UTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT.

Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat; upper lip erect. Anthers convergent.--Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which float the plant at the time of flowering; or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1--few-flowered; usually flowering all summer. Bladders furnished with a valvular lid and usually with a few bristles at the orifice. (Name from _utriculus_, a little bladder.)

[*] _Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large bladders formed of the inflated petioles; the lower leaves dissected and capillary, bearing small bladders; rootlets few or none._

1. U. inflata, Walt. Swimming free; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 3--10 (large, yellow); the appressed spur half the length of the corolla; style distinct.--In still water, Maine to Tex., near the coast.

[*][*] _Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed branching stems, which commonly swim free, bearing capillary dissected leaves with small bladders on their lobes; roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial, propagated from year to year by tuber-like buds.)_

[+] _Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems._

2. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed stems, several times forked, capillary; scapes slender (3--5' high); lips of the yellow corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur.--Ponds, from N. Brunswick and N. Eng. to N. J., near the coast.

[+][+] _No cleistogamous flowers._

[++] _Pedicels recurved in fruit; corolla yellow._

3. U. vulgaris, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems (1--3 deg. long) _crowded with 2--3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many bladders_; scapes 5--12-flowered (6--12' long); _corolla closed_ (6--9'' broad), the sides reflexed; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt in the European and the high northern plant; in the common American plant less thick and rather acute.--Common in ponds and slow streams, Newf. to Minn., south to Va. and Tex., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

4. U. minor, L. (SMALLER B.) _Leaves scattered_ on the thread-like immersed stems, 2--4 times _forked_, short; scapes weak, 2--8-flowered (3--7' high); _upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed palate; spur very short and blunt, or almost none_.--Shallow water, E. Mass, to Minn., south to N. J. and Ark., and westward. (Eu.)

[++][++] _Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender; corolla yellow._

5. U. gibba, L. _Scape_ (1--3' high) _1--2-flowered_, at base furnished with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like leaves and scattered bladders; corolla 3--4'' broad, the lips broad and rounded, nearly equal; the _lower_ with the sides reflexed, _exceeding and approximate to the very thick and blunt conical gibbous spur_.--Shallow water, Mass. to Mich., south to Va. and Ill.; Mt. Desert (_F. M. Day_).

6. U. biflora, Lam. _Scape_ (2--5' high) _1--3-flowered_, at the base bearing somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves and numerous bladders; _corolla 4--6'' broad, the spur oblong, equalling the lower lip_; seeds scale-shaped.--Ponds and shallow waters, S. Ill. and Iowa to Tex.; also S. Va. (?), and Barnstable, Mass. (_W. Deane_).

7. U. fibrosa, Walt. _Leaves_ crowded or whorled on the small immersed stems, several times forked, _capillary_; the bladders borne mainly along the stems; flowers 2--6 (6'' broad); lips nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle; _spur nearly linear, obtuse_, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. (U. striata, _LeConte_.)--Shallow pools in pine barrens, L. Island and N. J. to Fla. and Ala.

8. U. intermedia, Hayne. _Leaves_ crowded on the immersed stems, _2-ranked_, 4--5 times forked, _rigid_, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the margins; _the bladders borne on separate leafless branches_; upper lip of corolla much longer than the palate; _spur conical-subulate, acute, appressed to the very broad (6--8'') lower lip and nearly as long as it_.--Shallow pools, Newf. to N. J., west to Iowa, Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

[++][++][++] _Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long; corolla violet-purple._

9. U. purpurea, Walt. Leaves whorled along the long immersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 2--4 (6'' wide); spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the corolla and about half its length.--Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Fla., mainly near the coast; also Lake Co., Ind.

[*][*][*] _Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil; leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the water, commonly few or fugacious; air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or commonly none._

[+] _Flower purple, solitary; leaves bearing a few delicate lobes._

10. U. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Scape (2--8' high) 2-bracted above; leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches; corolla (4--5'' long) deeply 2-parted; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote from it, _both ascending_, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape.--Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to R. I., near the coast; also N. New York and Presque Isle, L. Erie.

[+][+] _Flowers 2--10, (chiefly) yellow; leaves entire, rarely seen._

11. U. subulata, L. Stem capillary (3--5' high); _pedicels capillary; lower lip of the corolla flat_ or with its margins recurved, _equally 3-lobed_, much larger than the ovate upper one; _spur oblong_, acute, straight, _appressed_ to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length.--Sandy swamps, and pine-barrens, Nantucket, Mass., to N. J., Fla., and Tex., near the coast.

Var. cleistogama, Gray. Only 1--2' high, bearing 1 or 2 evidently cleistogamous purplish flowers, not larger than a pin's head; capsule becoming 1'' long. (The unnamed Utricularia in the Man., p. 320).--With the ordinary form; Barnstable and Nantucket, Mass., pine-barrens of N. J., and southward.

12. U. cornuta, Michx. Stem strict (3'--1 deg. high), 1--5-flowered; _pedicels not longer than the calyx_; corolla 1' long, the _lower lip large and helmet-shaped_, its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed; upper lip obovate and much smaller; _spur awl-shaped, turned downward_ and outward, about as long as the lower lip.--Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.; common.

2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. BUTTERWORT.

Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate, the lobes spreading.--Small and stemless perennials, growing on damp rocks, with 1-flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from _pinguis_, fat).

1. P. Vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form; spur straightish.--Wet rocks, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Minn., and far northward. (Eu., Asia.)

ORDER 78. BIGNONIACEAE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)

_Woody plants, monopetalous, didynamous or diandrous, with the ovary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal placentae or of a projection from them, many-ovuled; fruit a dry capsule, the large flat winged seeds with a flat embryo and no albumen, the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends._--Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous; the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the fifth or posterior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary; anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma.--Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy.--Chiefly a tropical family.

1. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-bearing.

2. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils.

3. Catalpa. Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees; leaves simple.

1. BIGNONIA, Tourn.

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Capsule linear, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely winged.--Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, terminating in a tendril. (Named for the _Abbe Bignon_.)

1. B. capreolata, L. (CROSS-VINE.) Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resembling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered; corolla orange, 2' long; pod 6' long; seeds with the wing 11/2' long.--Rich soil, Va. to S. Ill and south to Fla. and La. April. Climbing tall trees; a transverse section of the wood showing a cross.

2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the partition at right angles to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged.--Woody, with compound leaves, climbing by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican name.)

1. T. radicans, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Leaves pinnate; leaflets 9--11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; stamens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (21/2--3' long); pod oblanceolate, 4--5' long.--Moist soil, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex. Common in cultivation farther north.

3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling; the undulate 5-lobed spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4; the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the partition at right angles to the valves. Seeds winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe.--Trees, with ovate or cordate and mainly opposite leaves. (The aboriginal name.)

1. C. speciosa, Warder. A large and tall tree, with thick bark; leaves ample, heart-shaped, long-acuminate; corolla 2' long, nearly white, inconspicuously spotted, with obconical tube and slightly oblique limb, the lower lobe emarginate; capsule thick.--Low rich woodlands, S. Ind. to Tenn., Mo., and Ark. May.