Chapter I: PSEUDACORUS, L., the YELLOW IRIS of European marshes, with very long

linear leaves and bright yellow beardless flowers, is reported as having become established in Mass. and N. Y.

2. NEMASTYLIS, Nutt.

Perianth spreading, the segments similar and nearly equal. Filaments more or less united into a tube. Style short, its slender 2-parted branches alternate with the anthers and exserted between them; stigmas minute, terminal. Capsule oblong or ovate, truncate, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds globose or angled.--Stems terete, from coated bulbs, with few plicate leaves, and few fugacious flowers from 2-bracted spathes. (Name from [Greek: ne~ma], _a thread_, and [Greek: styli/s], _style_, for the slender style-branches.)

1. N. geminiflora, Nutt. Stem 1--2 deg. high; spathes 2-flowered; perianth pale blue-purple, 1--2' broad, the divisions oblong-obovate; capsule obovate, 1/2' long.--E. Kan. to Tex.

3. BELAMCANDA, Adans. BLACKBERRY-LILY.

Perianth 6-parted almost to the ovary; the divisions widely and equally spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. Stamens monadelphous only at base; anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, the narrow divisions tipped with a small dilated stigma. Capsule pear-shaped; the valves at length falling away, leaving the central column covered with the globose black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the popular name).--Perennial, with rootstocks, foliage, etc., of an Iris; the branching stems (3--4 deg. high) loosely many-flowered; the orange-yellow perianth mottled above with crimson-purple spots. (An East Indian name of the species.)

B. CHINENSIS, Adans. (Pardanthus Chinensis, _Ker._)--Sparingly escaped from gardens, Md. to S. Ind. and Mo. (Adv. from China, etc.)

4. SISYRINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

Perianth 6-parted; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous to the top. Stigmas thread-like. Capsule globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular.--Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branching 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. (A meaningless name, of Greek origin.)

1. S. angustifolium, Mill. Scape (4--12' high) winged or wingless, _simple, the spathe solitary_ and terminal, its outer bract more or less elongated; flowers delicate blue, changing to purplish (rarely white), the divisions of the perianth more or less notched, bristle-pointed and ciliate; mature _seeds_ globose, _large_ (1/2'' broad), faintly pitted or _nearly smooth_. (S. Bermudiana, var. mucronatum, _Gray_, excl. descr.)--Moist meadows, etc., among grass; common everywhere. June--Aug. (Addendum)--Sisyrinchium angustifolium. What appears to be a form of this species with pale yellow flowers is found near Independence, Mo. (_Bush_).

2. S. anceps, Cav. Scape (6--18' high) usually branching and bearing 2 or more peduncled spathes; seeds more ovate, much smaller, deeply pitted. (S. Bermudiana, var. anceps, _Gray_, excl. descr.)--Similar localities; common.

ORDER 114. AMARYLLIDACEAE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

_Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear flat root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) and perfect 6-androus flowers, the tube of the corolline 6-parted perianth coherent with the 3-celled ovary; the lobes imbricated in the bud._--Anthers introrse. Style single. Capsule 3-celled, several--many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.--An order represented in our gardens by the _Narcissus, Daffodil, Snowdrop_, etc., but with very few indigenous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Differs from Liliaceae chiefly in the inferior ovary.

[*] Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal; anthers versatile; perianth funnel-shaped; glabrous.

1. Zephyranthes. Flower naked in the throat; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated.

2. Hymenocallis. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes; a cup-shaped crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated.

3. Agave. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent, no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous.

[*][*] Capsule indehiscent; anthers sagittate; villous.

4. Hypoxis. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary, persistent. Bulb solid.

1. ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb.

Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base; the 6 divisions petal-like and similar, spreading above; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat; anthers versatile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed.--Leaves and low scape from a coated bulb. Flowers solitary from a scarious simple bract. (From [Greek: ze/phyros], _a wind_ and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_.)

1. Z. Atamasco, Herb. (ATAMASCO LILY.) Leaves bright green and shining, very narrow, channelled, the margins acute; scape 6--12' high; peduncle short; spathe 2-cleft at the apex; perianth white and pink, 3' long; stamens and style declined.--Penn. to Va. and Fla. June. (Addendum) (Amaryllis Atamasco, _L._).

2. HYMENOCALLIS, Salisb.

Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb; lobes long and narrow, recurved; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corolla-like delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers linear, versatile. Capsule thin, 2--3-lobed; seeds usually 2 in each cell, basal, fleshy, often like bulblets.--Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers white, fragrant, large and showy, sessile in an umbel-like head or cluster, subtended by 2 or more scarious bracts. (Name composed of [Greek: y(me/n], _a membrane_, and [Greek: ka/llos], _beauty_.)

1. H. occidentalis, Kunth. Leaves strap-shaped, glaucous, 1--11/2 deg. long, 9--18'' broad; scape 3--6-flowered; bracts narrow, 2' long; perianth-tube about 21/2--4' long, the linear segments scarcely shorter; the crown 12--15'' long, tubular below, broadly funnel-form above, the margin deltoid and entire, or 2-toothed and erose, between the white filaments, which are twice longer; anthers yellow; style green.--Marshy banks of streams, S. Ill. to N. Ga. and Ala.--Apparently distinct from H. lacera, _Salisb._ (Pancratium rotatum, _Ker._), of the southern coast.

3. AGAVE, L. AMERICAN ALOE.

Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted; the divisions nearly equal, narrow. Stamens 6; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, many-seeded. Seeds flattened.--Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick fibrous-rooted crown. (Name from [Greek: a)gaue/], _noble_,--not inappropriate as applied to A. AMERICANA, the CENTURY-PLANT.)

1. A. Virginica, L. (FALSE ALOE.) Herbaceous; leaves entire or denticulate; scape 3--6 deg. high; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish-yellow, fragrant, the perianth 9--12'' long, its narrow tube twice longer than the erect lobes.--Dry or rocky banks, Md. and Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Tex.

4. HYPOXIS, L. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading; the 3 outer divisions a little herbaceous outside. Stamens 6; anthers sagittate, erect. Capsule crowned with the withered or closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent quite down to the micropyle, the persistent seed-stalk thus forming a sort of lateral beak. Radicle inferior!--Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender few-flowered scapes, from a solid bulb. (An old name for a plant having sourish leaves, from [Greek: y(/poxys], _sub-acid_.)

1. H. erecta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately 1--4-flowered scape; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yellow within.--Meadows and open woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex.

ORDER 115. DIOSCOREACEAE. (YAM FAMILY.)

_Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and regular flowers, with the 6-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile plant to the 3-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct._--Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged capsule. Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen.

1. DIOSCOREA, Plumier. YAM.

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, loculicidally 3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist, _Dioscorides_.)

1. D. villosa, L. (WILD YAM-ROOT.) Herbaceous. Stems slender, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy beneath, heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9--11-ribbed; flowers pale greenish-yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes; capsules 8--10'' long.--Thickets, S. New Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and Tex.

ORDER 116. LILIACEAE. (LILY FAMILY.)

_Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always 6-androus flowers; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3-celled ovary; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes_ (i.e. 6, in one instance 4), _with 2-celled anthers; fruit a few--many-seeded pod or berry; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen._ Seeds anatropous or amphitropous (orthotropous in Smilax). Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium; the outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally similar, except in Trillium.

SUBORDER I. Smilaceae. Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, the petiole of the 3--9-nerved netted-veined leaves often tendril-bearing. Flowers (in ours) dioecious, in axillary umbels, small, with regular 6-parted deciduous perianth. Anthers apparently 1-celled. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit a 3-celled berry, with 1--2 pendulous orthotropous seeds in each cell. Embryo minute in horny albumen.

1. Smilax. Characters as above.

SUBORDER II. Liliaceae proper. Never climbing by tendrils. Very rarely dioecious. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous.

SERIES A. Floral bracts scarious. Stamens perigynous on the usually withering-persistent nerved perianth; anthers introrse. Style undivided, mostly persistent. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Leaves transversely veined.

[*] Scape from a coated bulb; fruit capsular; leaves linear.

[+] Flowers umbellate; segments 1-nerved; pedicels not jointed.

2. Allium. Perianth 6-parted. Capsule deeply lobed, often crested; cells 1--2-seeded. Very alliaceous.

3. Nothoscordum. Perianth 6-parted. Seeds several in each cell. Not alliaceous.

4. Androstephium. Perianth tubular-funnel form. Filaments in the throat, united into a crown.

[+][+] Flowers racemose, 6-parted, the segments 3--several-nerved.

5. Camassia. Flowers light blue, long racemose. Filaments filiform.

6. Ornithogalum. Flowers greenish white, sub-corymbose. Filaments dilated.

[+][+][+] Flowers densely racemose; perianth urn-shaped, 6-toothed.

7. Muscari. Flowers deep blue, small. Stamens included.

[*][*] Stem or scape not from a bulb, several-flowered; capsule many-seeded.

8. Hemerocallis. Scape from a fleshy-fibrous root. Flowers few, large, yellow, tubular-funnel-form; limb 6-parted. Stamens and long style declined. Seeds globose.

9. Yucca. Stem woody, leafy. Flowers white, campanulate, 6-parted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds flat.

[*][*][*] Leafy stems (scape in n. 10) from running rootstocks; fruit a berry; leaves cordate to lanceolate (except n. 12); flowers white; pedicels jointed.

[+] Perianth gamophyllous, 6-lobed.

10. Convallaria. Leaves sheathing the scape. Flowers racemose; perianth bell-shaped.

11. Polygonatum. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary; perianth cylindrical.

[+][+] Perianth-segments distinct, small, spreading, persistent.

12. Asparagus. Stems branching, the apparent leaves thread-like. Flowers axillary.

13. Smilacina. Stem simple, leafy. Flowers 6-parted, racemose or paniculate.

14. Maianthemum. Stem low, 2-leaved. Flowers 4-merous, racemose.

SERIES B. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Stamens hypogynous or at the base of the distinct segments of the deciduous perianth (persistent in n. 23); anthers extrorse or dehiscent laterally. Style undivided, deciduous (stigmas sessile and persistent in n. 23). Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Veinlets anastomosing (transverse in n. 15, 17--19).

[*] Fruit a berry; stem or scape from a creeping rootstock; leaves broad, alternate or radical; flowers narrowly campanulate.

15. Streptopus. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary, on bent pedicels. Anthers sagittate, acute; filaments deltoid or subulate.

16. Disporum. Stem leafy. Flowers few, in terminal umbels. Anthers oblong, obtuse; filaments slender. Veinlets anastomosing.

17. Clintonia. Flowers umbellate on a scape, few or many.

[*][*] Fruit a capsule.

[+] Stems leafy, from a short or creeping rootstock; flowers few, solitary, pendulous; capsule few-seeded.

18. Uvularia. Stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flowers terminal. Capsule truncate, 3-lobed.

19. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves. Capsule acutely 3-winged.

[+][+] Stem or scape from a bulb or corm; capsule many-seeded.

20. Erythronium. Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower solitary. Seeds angled, obovoid.

21. Lilium. Stem leafy from a scaly bulb. Seeds horizontal, flattened.

[*][*][*] Fruit a berry; stem from a tuber-like rootstock, bearing 1 or 2 whorls of leaves; flowers terminal; stigmas sessile.

22. Medeola. Leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Perianth-segments similar, colored, deciduous.

23. Trillium. Leaves (3) in a terminal whorl. Flower solitary; outer sepals leaf-like, persistent.

SERIES C. Floral bracts green or greenish (rarely scarious), or none. Stamens at the base of the distinct 1--several-nerved persistent perianth-segments; anthers small, versatile. Styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Capsule mostly septicidal. Seeds with a loose testa or appendaged. Leaves with transverse veinlets (except in n. 24 and 25).

[*] Stems leafy or bracteate, from a thick tuberous rootstock; flowers racemose; anthers 2-celled; stigmas linear.

24. Helonias. Leaves radical, oblanceolate. Flowers perfect. Capsule broadly obovate, many-seeded.

25. Chamaelirium. Stem very leafy. Flowers dioecious. Capsule oblong, many-seeded.

26. Xerophyllum. Stem very leafy; leaves very narrow. Flowers perfect. Capsule few-seeded.

[*][*] Stems distichously equitant-leafy, from a creeping rootstock; flowers on bracteolate pedicels, racemose; anthers 2-celled; stigmas small, terminal; seeds often appendaged.

27. Tofieldia. Bractlets 3, verticillate. Styles short. Seeds horizontal.

28. Narthecium. Bractlet linear. Stigma slightly lobed. Seeds ascending.

[*][*][*] Anthers heart- or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled and peltate after opening; stigmas terminal; capsule 3-beaked by the persistent styles; seeds angled or flattened and margined.

[+] Stems tall, leafy, from a thick rootstock, pubescent above; flowers polygamous, racemose-paniculate; seeds flat, winged.

29. Melanthium. Sepals free from the ovary, their long claws bearing the filaments.

30. Veratrum. Sepals without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary. Leaves strongly nerved and plicate.

[+][+] Root mostly bulbous; glabrous; flowers racemose or panicled; seeds narrow, angled; leaves linear.

31. Stenanthium. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, without glands.

32. Zygadenus. Sepals oblong to ovate, glandular toward the base.

33. Amianthium. Flowers in a dense raceme. Sepals ovate-oblong, glandless, free from the ovary. Cells of the capsule widely divergent, 1--2-seeded.

1. SMILAX, Tourn. GREENBRIER. CAT-BRIER.

Flowers dioecious in umbels or axillary peduncles, small, greenish or yellowish, regular, the perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Filaments linear, inserted on the very base, the introrse anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base, apparently 1-celled. Ovary of fertile flowers 3-celled (1-celled, with single stigma, in n. 11); stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, pendulous, orthtropous; fruit a small berry.--Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, usually climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

Sec. 1. _Stems herbaceous, not prickly; flowers carrion-scented; ovules 2 in each cell; leaves membranous, mucronate-tipped; berries bluish-black with a bloom._

1. S. herbacea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem climbing, 3--15 deg. high; _leaves ovate or rounded, mostly heart-shaped_ or truncate at base, abruptly acute to short-acuminate, _7--9-nerved_, smooth; petioles 1/2--1' long; peduncles elongated (3--4' long, or sometimes even 6--8' and much longer than the leaves), 20--40-flowered; seeds 6.--Moist meadows and river-banks; common, from the Atlantic to Minn., Mo., and Tex. June. Very variable.--Var. PUBERULENTA, Gray, has the leaves more or less soft-downy beneath.

2. S. tamnifolia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing; leaves _mostly 5-nerved_, smooth, broadly ovate to lanceolate, truncate or cordate at base, abruptly acute to acuminate, some of them _hastate with broad rounded lobes_; peduncles longer than the petioles; berry smaller, 2--3-seeded.--Pine-barrens, N. J. to S. C.

3. S. ecirrhata, Watson. Erect, 1/2--3 deg. high, _without tendrils_ (or only the uppermost petioles tendril-bearing), glabrous; lower leaves reduced to narrow scale-like bracts, the rest thin, 5--7-nerved, _broadly ovate-elliptical_ to roundish, acute, mostly cordate at base, 2--5' long, sometimes verticillate, sparsely pubescent beneath; peduncles about equalling the petioles (1--21/2' long), on the lower part of the stem; umbels 10--20-flowered; berry 3-seeded.--Md. to S. C., west to Mich. and Mo. May, June.

Sec. 2. _Stems woody, often prickly; ovules solitary; glabrous throughout._

[*] _Leaves ovate or roundish, etc., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at base, and 5--9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous._

[+] _Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles (2--6''), flattened; leaves thickish, green both sides._

4. S. Walteri, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the base or unarmed; _leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat heart-shaped_ or rounded at base (3--4' long); _berries coral-red_.--Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

5. S. rotundifolia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER. HORSE-BRIER.) Stem armed with scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches; branchlets more or less 4-angular; _leaves ovate or round-ovate_, often broader than long, slightly heart-shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2--3' long); _berries blue-black_, with a bloom.--Moist thickets, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Tex. Very variable, passing into var. QUADRANGULARIS, Gray, which has branches, and especially branchlets, 4-angular, and is more common west.

[+][+] _Peduncle longer than but seldom twice the length of the short petiole, flattened; leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent; berries black, with a bloom._

6. S. glauca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked; _leaves ovate_, rarely subcordate, _glaucous beneath_ and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked.--Dry thickets, E. Mass. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Tex.

7. S. bona-nox, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branchlets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; _leaves_ varying from round-heart-shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and halberd-shaped or 3-lobed, _green and shining both sides_, cuspidate-pointed, the margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. tamnoides, _Man._; probably not _L._)--Thickets; Nantucket, Mass. (_L. L. Dame_); N. J. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and Tex.

[+][+][+] _Peduncle 2--4 times the length of the petiole; leaves ample (3--5' long), thin or thinnish, green both sides; berries black; stem terete and branchlets nearly so._

8. S. hispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated; stem (climbing high) below densely _beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles_, the flowering branchlets mostly naked; _leaves_ ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed, slightly rough-margined, _membranaceous and deciduous_; peduncles 11/2--2' long; sepals lanceolate, almost 3'' long.--Moist thickets, Conn. to Va., west to Minn. and Tex. June.

9. S. Pseudo-China, L. _Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed_, or with very few weak prickles; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture; peduncles flat (2--3' long).--Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Mo. July.

[*][*] _Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at base into a short petiole, 3--5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without tendrils; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the petioles, terete; the umbels sometimes panicled; branches terete, unarmed._

10. S. lanceolata, L. _Leaves thinnish_, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or lance-oblong; _stigmas 3; berries dull red_.--Rich woods and margins of swamps, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. June.

11. S. laurifolia, L. _Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen_, varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear (21/2--5' long); _stigmas solitary_ and _ovary 1-celled; berries black_ when ripe, 1-seeded, maturing in the second year.--Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. July, Aug.

2. ALLIUM, L. ONION. GARLIC.

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very base, 1-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent; the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at base. Style persistent, but jointed upon the very short axis of the ovary, thread-like; stigma simple. Capsule lobed, loculicidal, 3-valved, with 1--2 ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell.--Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb; flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblets; spathe scarious, 1--2-valved. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)

Sec. 1. _Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a rhizome; coats membranous._

[*] _Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate; ovules solitary in each cell._

1. A. tricoccum, Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Scape naked (4--12' high from clustered pointed bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves 5--9' long, 1--2' wide; sepals oblong (greenish white), equalling the nearly distinct filaments; capsule strongly 3-lobed.--Rich woods, W. N. Eng. to Minn. and Iowa, south in the mountains to N. C. Leaves appearing in early spring and dying before the flowers are developed.

[*][*] _Leaves linear; ovules a pair in each cell._

2. A. Schoenoprasum, L. (CHIVES.) Scape naked or leafy at base (6--12' high), bearing a globular _capitate umbel_ of many rose-purple flowers; sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments; _leaves awl-shaped, hollow; capsule not crested_.--From N. Brunswick and the Great Lakes to the Pacific. (Eu., Asia.)

3. A. cernuum, Roth. (WILD ONION.) _Scape naked, angular_ (1/2--2 deg. high), nodding at the apex, bearing a _loose or drooping few--many-flowered umbel; leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled_ (1 deg. long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), shorter than the slender filaments and style; _capsule 6-crested_.--In the Alleghanies to S. C., west to Minn., Mo., Tex., and westward.

Sec. 2. _Bulbs mostly solitary, not rhizomatous; coats often fibrous; leaves narrowly linear, flat or channelled (terete in A. vineale)._

4. A. stellatum, Nutt. _Scape terete_ (6--18' high), slender, bearing an _erect umbel_; bulb-coats membranous; _sepals broad_, acute; _stamens and style exserted; capsule prominently 6-crested_.--Rocky slopes, Minn. to W. Ill. and Mo., and westward.

5. A. reticulatum, Fraser. Scape 3--8' high; _bulbs densely and coarsely fibrous-coated_; spathe 2-valved; umbel rarely bulbiferous; sepals ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, _thin and lax_ in fruit, _a third longer than the stamens; capsule crested_.--Sask. to Iowa and N. Mex.

6. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Scape 4--6 deg. high, from a _very fibrous-coated bulb_; spathe usually 3-valved; sepals usually broader, _rather rigid_ in fruit; _capsule not crested_.--Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

7. A. Canadense, Kalm. (WILD GARLIC.) Scape 1 deg. high or more; bulb-coats somewhat fibrous; _umbel densely bulbiferous_ or few-flowered; sepals narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or exceeding the stamens; _capsule not crested_.--Moist meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., south to the Gulf. May, June.

A. VINEALE, L. (FIELD GARLIC.) Scape slender, clothed with the sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (1--3 deg. high); _leaves terete and hollow_, slender, channelled above; _umbel often densely bulbiferous; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones cuspidate_ on each side of the anther.--Moist meadows and fields; a vile weed eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. NOTHOSCORDUM, Kunth.

Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Capsule oblong-obovate, somewhat lobed, obtuse, with the style obscurely jointed on the summit; cells several-ovuled and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. Bulb tunicated, not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from [Greek: no/thos], _false_, and [Greek: sko/rdion], _garlic_.)

1. N. striatum, Kunth. Scape 1 deg. high or less; bulb small, often bulbiferous at base; leaves narrowly linear; flowers few, on slender pedicels, the segments narrowly oblong, 4--6'' long; ovules 4--7 in each cell. (Allium striatum, _Jacq._)--Prairies and open woods, Va. to Ind., Neb., and southward.

4. ANDROSTEPHIUM, Torr.

Perianth funnel-form, the cylindrical tube equalling the somewhat spreading limb or shorter; segments 1-nerved. Stamens 6, in one row upon the throat; the filaments united to form an erect tubular crown, with bifid lobes alternate with the oblong versatile anthers. Capsule sessile, subglobose-triquetrous, beaked by the stout persistent style; seeds large, few to several in each cell.--Scape and linear leaves from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm; pale lilac flowers umbellate; pedicels not jointed; involucral bracts several. (Name from [Greek: a)ne/r], for _stamen_, and [Greek: ste/phos], _crown_, referring to the stamineal crown.)

1. A. violaceum, Torr. Scape 2--6' high; flowers 8--12'' long or more, usually exceeding the stout pedicels, the tube nearly as long as the limb; crown scarcely shorter than the limb.--Kan. to Tex.

5. CAMASSIA, Lindl.

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, 3--7-nerved, slightly irregular, mostly deciduous; the 6 filiform filaments at their base. Style thread-like, the base persistent. Capsule oblong or obovate, 3-angled, loculicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell.--Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb; the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed pedicels. (From the native Indian name _quamash_ or _camass_.)

1. C. Fraseri, Torr. (EASTERN CAMASS. WILD HYACINTH.) Scape 1 deg. high or more; leaves keeled; raceme elongated; bracts longer than the pedicels; sepals pale blue, 3-nerved, 4--7'' long; capsule acutely triangular-globose. (Scilla Fraseri, _Gray_.)--Rich ground, W. Penn. to Minn. and E. Kan., and in the mountains to Ga.

6. ORNITHOGALUM, Tourn. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM.

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3--7-nerved sepals. Filaments 6, flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided; stigma 3-angled. Capsule membranous, roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal.--Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted; pedicels not jointed. (An ancient whimsical name from [Greek: o)/rnis], _a bird_, and [Greek: ga/la], _milk_.)

O. UMBELLATUM, L. Scape 4--9' high; flowers 5--8, on long and spreading pedicels; sepals green in the middle on the outside.--Escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)

O. NUTANS, L. Scape 1 deg. high or more; flowers 5 or 6, large (1' long), nodding on very short pedicels; filaments very broad.--Rarely escaped from gardens; Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. MUSCARI, Tourn. GRAPE-HYACINTH.

Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue). Stamens 6, included; anthers short, introrse. Style short. Capsule loculicidal, with 2 black angular seeds in each cell.--Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb; the small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-scented (whence the name).

M. BOTRYOIDES, Mill. Leaves linear, 3--4'' broad; flowers globular (1--11/2'' long), deep blue, appearing like minute grapes.--Escaped from gardens into copses and fence-rows. (Adv. from Eu.)