Chapter C: OXYACANTHA, L. (ENGLISH HAWTHORN.) Smooth; leaves obovate,

cut-lobed and toothed, _wedge-form_ at the base; calyx not glandular. More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. C. apiifolia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young; _leaves roundish_, with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, _pinnately 5--7-cleft_, the crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate; petioles slender; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, slender.--S. Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

[+][+][+] _Fruit large (1/2--1' long), red; flowers large; styles and stones even in the same species 1--3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped) or 4--5 (in globular fruit); stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, etc., often beset with glands; shrubs or low trees._ [Species as characterized by Prof. C. S. SARGENT.]

5. C. coccinea, L. Branches reddish; spines stout, chestnut-brown; villous-pubescent on the shoots, glandular peduncles, and calyx; leaves on slender petioles, thin, pubescent beneath or often glabrous, round-ovate, cuneate or subcordate at base, acutely glandular-toothed, sometimes cut-lobed; flowers 1/2' broad; fruit coral-red, globose or obovate, 1/2' broad.--Newf. to Minn. and southward.--Var. MACRACANTHA, Dudley; spines longer; leaves thicker, cuneate at base, on stout petioles, often deeply incised; cymes broader; flowers and fruit rather larger.--From the St. Lawrence and E. Mass. to Minn.

Var. mollis, Torr. & Gray. Shoots densely pubescent; leaves large, slender-petioled, cuneate, truncate or cordate at base, usually with acute narrow lobes, often subscabrous above, more or less densely pubescent beneath; flowers 1' broad, in broad cymes; fruit bright scarlet with a light bloom, 1' broad. (C. tomentosa, var. mollis, _Gray_. C. subvillosa, _Schrad._)--E. Mass, to Mo. and Tex. Sometimes 20--30 deg. high, blooming two weeks before the type.

6. C. tomentosa, L. Branches gray, rarely with stout gray spines; shoots, peduncles, and calyx villous-pubescent; glands none; leaves large, pale, prominently veined, densely pubescent beneath, ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply serrate, usually incisely lobed, contracted into a margined petiole; flowers small, ill-scented; fruit dull red, obovate, rarely globose (1/2' broad), upright.--Western N. Y. to Mich., Mo., and Ga. In flower 2--3 weeks after n. 3.

7. C. punctata, Jacq. Branches horizontal; glands none; leaves smaller, mostly wedge-obovate, attenuate and entire below, unequally toothed above, rarely lobed, villous-pubescent becoming smooth but dull, the many veins more impressed, prominent beneath; fruit globose (1' broad), red or bright yellow. (C. tomentosa, var. punctata, _Gray_.)--Quebec to Ont. and south to Ga.

8. C. Crus-galli, L. (COCKSPUR THORN.) Branches horizontal, with slender thorns often 4' long; _glabrous; leaves thick_, dark green, _shining above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate_, tapering into a very short petiole, serrate above the middle; fruit globular, dull red ({1/3}' broad).--Thickets, common.

[*][*] _Corymbs simple, few- (1--6-) flowered; calyx, bracts, etc., glandular._

9. C. flava, Ait. (SUMMER HAW.) Tree 15--20 deg. high, somewhat pubescent or glabrous; _leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate_, narrowed into a glandular petiole, _unequally toothed and somewhat cut_ above the middle, _rather thin_, the teeth _glandular_; styles 4--5; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or reddish (1/2' broad).--Sandy soil, Va. to Mo., and southward.

Var. pubescens, Gray. Downy or villous-pubescent when young; leaves thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit; fruit larger (3/4' broad), scarlet or sometimes yellow.--Va. to Fla.

10. C. parvifolia, Ait. (DWARF THORN.) Shrub 3--6 deg. high, downy; _leaves thick, obovate-spatulate, crenate-toothed_ (1/2--11/2' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length shining; flowers solitary or 2--3 together on _very short peduncles; calyx-lobes as long as the petals_; styles 5; fruit globular or pear-shaped, yellowish.--Sandy soil, N. J. to Fla. and La.

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. JUNE-BERRY.

Calyx 5-cleft; lobes downy within. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled, but a projection grows from the back of each and forms a false cartilaginous partition; the berry-like pome thus 10-celled, with one seed in each cell (when all ripen).--Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white racemose flowers. (_Amelancier_ is the name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.)

1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.) A tree 10--30 deg. high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, usually somewhat cordate at base, pointed, very sharply serrate, 1--31/2' long; bracts and stipules very long-silky-ciliate; flowers large, in drooping nearly glabrous racemes; petals oblong, 6--8'' long; fruit on elongated pedicels, globose, crimson or purplish, sweet and edible. (Var. Botryapium, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry open woodlands; Newf. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and La. Fruit ripening in June.--Var. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray, appears to be only a broad-leaved form.

Var. (?) oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray. A smaller tree or shrub (6--10 deg. high), the young leaves and racemes densely white-tomentose; leaves oblong or sometimes rather broadly elliptical, acute, mostly rounded at base, finely serrate, 1--2' long; flowers in denser and shorter racemes; petals 3--4'' long, oblong-spatulate; fruit similar but more juicy, on shorter pedicels.--Low moist grounds or swampy woods; N. Brunswick to Va., west to Minn. and Mo.--A form of this with broader leaves (broadly elliptical or rounded), often very obtuse at the summit, and rounded, subcordate or acute at base, and usually coarsely toothed, is common from Manitoba to Minn. and Iowa, and is sometimes cultivated for its fruit.

2. A. oligocarpa, Roem. A low shrub 2--4 deg. high, soon glabrous; leaves thin, _oblong, acute at both ends, finely serrate_, 1--2' long; _flowers few_ (1--4), rather long-pedicelled; _petals oblong-obovate; fruit broad-pyriform_, dark purple with a dense bloom. (A. Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Cold swamps and mountain bogs; Lab. to northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and the shores of Lake Superior.

3. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3--8 deg. high, usually glabrate or nearly so; leaves _somewhat glaucous_ and thickish, _broadly elliptical or roundish_, very _obtuse or rarely acute_, often subcordate at base, _coarsely toothed toward the summit_, 1/2--2' long; raceme short and rather dense; petals cuneate-oblong, 3--8'' long; fruit globose, purple. (A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, _Torr. & Gray_.)--A western mountain species, which occurs in Minn. and N. Mich., and which the broad-leaved form of A. Canadensis sometimes closely simulates.

ORDER 34. CALYCANTHACEAE. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.)

_Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute; the fruit like a rose-hip._ Chiefly represented by the genus

1. CALYCANTHUS, L. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB.

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with some leaf-like bractlets growing from it); the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored like the petals, which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling those of the Rose; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenes.--The lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawberries. (Name composed of [Greek: ka/lyx], _a cup_ or _calyx_, and [Greek: a/nthos], _flower_, from the closed cup which contains the pistils.)

1. C. floridus, L. _Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath_.--Virginia(?) and southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April--Aug.

2. C. laevigatus, Willd. _Leaves oblong_, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, _bright green and glabrous_ or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath; flowers smaller.--Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (_Prof. Porter_), and southward along the Alleghanies. May--Aug.

3. C. glaucus, Willd. _Leaves_ oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, _conspicuously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath_, roughish above, glabrous, large (4--7' long), probably a variety of the preceding.--Virginia (?) near the mountains and southward. May--Aug.

ORDER 35. SAXIFRAGACEAE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

_Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from_ Rosaceae _by having copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually no stipules; the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals_, either separate or partly so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous.

Tribe I. SAXIFRAGEAE. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in n. 2 and 6). Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the carpels distinct.

[*] Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled with axile placentas, or of as many nearly distinct carpels.

1. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) twice as many as the small petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound.

2. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.

3. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close.

4. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined.

[*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas alternate with the stigmas. Sterile stamens none.

5. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Placentas nearly basal.

6. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. Stamens 10.

7. Henchera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. Stamens 5.

8. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 10.

[*][*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 3--4 parietal placentas opposite the sessile stigmas. A cluster of united sterile filaments at the base of each petal.

9. Parnassia. Sepals, petals and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered.

Tribe II. HYDRANGEAE. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple. Ovary 2--5-celled; the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit capsular.

[*] Stamens 8 or 10.

10. Hydrangea. Calyx-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud.

[*][*] Stamens 20--40.

11. Decumaria. Calyx-lobes small. Petals 7--10, valvate in the bud. Filaments subulate. Style 1.

12. Philadelphus. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4--5, convolute in the bud. Filaments linear. Styles 3--5.

Tribe III. ESCALLONIEAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary 2--5-celled. Fruit capsular.

13. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal capsule.

Tribe IV. RIBESIEAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry.

14. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Placentas 2, parietal, many-seeded.

1. ASTILBE, Don. FALSE GOATSBEARD.

Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4--5-parted, small. Petals 4--5, spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost free, many-ovuled; styles 2, short. Capsule 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end.--Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of [Greek: a)]- privative and [Greek: sti/lbe], _a bright surface_, because the foliage is not shining.)

1. A. decandra, Don. Somewhat pubescent (3--5 deg. high); leaflets mostly heart-shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers, stamens 10.--Rich woods; mountains of S. W. Va. to N. C. and Ga. Closely imitating Spiraea Aruncus, but coarser.

2. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from _saxum_, a rock, and _frango_, to break; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)

[*] _Stems prostrate, in tufts, leafy; leaves opposite; calyx free from the capsule._

1. S. oppositifolia, L. (MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (1--2'' long); flowers solitary, large; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft-calyx.--Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt., and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Stems ascending; leaves alternate; calyx coherent below with the capsule._

2. S. rivularis, L. (ALPINE BROOK-S.) Small, stems weak, 3--5-flowered; lower _leaves rounded, 3--5-lobed_, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate; _petals white, ovate_.--Alpine region of the White Mts., to Lab. (Eu.)

3. S. aizoides, L. (YELLOW MOUNTAIN-S.) Low (3--5' high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers; _leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy_, distantly spinulose-ciliate; _petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong_.--N. Vt. to S. W. New York, N. Mich., and northward. June. (Eu.)

4. S. tricuspidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4--8' high), naked above; flowers corymbose, _leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth_ at the summit; _petals obovate-oblong, yellow_.--Shore of L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Leaves clustered at the root; scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent._

[+] _Petals all alike._

5. S. Aizoon, Jacq. Scape 5--10' high; _leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilaginous toothed margins_; calyx partly adherent; petals obovate, cream-color, often spotted at the base.--Moist rocks, Lab. to N. Vt., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

6. S. Virginiensis, Michx. (EARLY S.) Low (4--9' high); _leaves obovate or oval-spatulate_, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled; lobes of the nearly free _calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals_; follicles united merely at the base, divergent, purplish.--Exposed rocks and dry hillsides; N. Brunswick to Ga., and west to Minn., Ohio, and Tenn.; common, especially northward. April--June.

7. S. Pennsylvanica, L. (SWAMP S.) Large (1--2 deg. high); _leaves oblanceolate, obscurely toothed_ (4--8' long), narrowed at base into a short and broad petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered; lobes of the nearly free _calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small petals; filaments awl-shaped_, follicles at length divergent.--Bogs, N. Eng. to Va., west to Minn. and Iowa.

8. S. erosa, Pursh. (LETTUCE S.) _Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply toothed_, tapering into a margined petiole (8--12' long); scape slender (1--3 deg. high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender; _calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals; filaments club-shaped_; follicles nearly separate, diverging, _narrow, pointed_, 2--3'' long.--Cold mountain brooks, Penn. to Va. and N. C.

9. S. Forbesii, Vasey. Stem stout, 2--4 deg. high; _leaves denticulate, oval to elongated oblong_ (4--8' long); _filaments filiform; follicles short, ovate_; otherwise as in the last.--Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, S. Ill. (_Forbes_); E. Mo. (_Lettermann._)

[+][+] _Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow spots near the base; leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate; calyx free and reflexed._

10. S. leucanthemifolia, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed or cut, tapering into a petiole; stems (5--18' high) bearing one or more leaves or leafy bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; _petals_ lanceolate, the _3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base_ and a pair of spots, the 2 smaller with a tapering base and no spots.--Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga.

11. S. stellaris, L., var comosa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more or less toothed; scape (4--5' high) bearing a small contracted panicle, many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves, _petals all lanceolate and tapering into the claw_.--Mt. Katahdin, Maine, north to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.)

3. BOYKINIA, Nutt.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule. Stamens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the bud. Otherwise as in Saxifraga.--Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5--7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late _Dr. Boykin_ of Georgia.)

1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6--20' high); leaves deeply 5--7-lobed.--Mountains of southwestern Va. to Ga. and Tenn. July.

4. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray.

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the petals. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks, the seeds wing-margined, imbricated upward.--A low and reclined-spreading perennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed or slightly lobed smooth leaves, on slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, raised on a nearly leafless slender stem (6--12' long). Peduncles and calyx glandular; pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryologist who discovered our species.)

1. S. Ohionis, Torr. & Gray.--Limestone cliffs, Ohio to Ind., Iowa, and Minn. June.

5. TIARELLA, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth.--Perennials; flowers white. (Name a diminutive from [Greek: tia/ra], _a tiara_, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of _Mitre-wort_ properly belongs.)

1. T. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath; stem leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves (5--12' high); raceme simple; petals oblong, often subserrate.--Rich rocky woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and southward in the mountains. April, May.

6. MITELLA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP.

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, pinnatifid. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and shining.--Low and slender perennials, with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles; those on the flowering stems opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. Fruit soon widely dehiscent. (Diminutive of _mitra_, a cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.)

1. M. diphylla, L. _Hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acute_, somewhat 3--5-lobed, toothed, _those on the many-flowered stem 2, opposite, nearly sessile_, with interfoliar stipules; flowers white, in a raceme 6--8' long; stamens 10.--Hillsides in rich woods; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. May.

2. M. nuda, L. Small and slender; _leaves rounded or kidney-form_, deeply and doubly crenate; _stem usually leafless, few-flowered_, very slender (4--6' high); flowers greenish; stamens 10.--Deep moist woods, in moss, N. Eng. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and northward. May--July.

7. HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT.

Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat.--Perennials, with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock; those on the stems, if any, alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. (Named in honor of _John Henry Heucher_, a German botanist of the beginning of the 18th century.)

[*] _Flowers small, loosely panicled; stamens and styles exserted; calyx regular._

1. H. villosa, Michx. Stems (1--3 deg. high), petioles, and veins of the _acutely_ 7--9-lobed leaves _villous with rusty hairs_ beneath; calyx 11/2'' long; _petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens_, soon twisted.--Rocks, Md. to Ga., west to Ind. and Mo. Aug., Sept.

2. H. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Stems slender, 1/2--2 deg. high, glandular-hirsute, as well as the petioles, etc.; _leaves round-reniform, with 7--9 short and broad rounded lobes_; flowers very small (1'' long); petals linear-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit narrow.--Shaded cliffs, S. Ill. to Tenn. and N. C.

3. H. Americana, L. (COMMON ALUM-ROOT.) Stems (2--3 deg. high), etc., _glandular_ and more or less _hirsute with short hairs_; leaves roundish, with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; _calyx very broad_, 2'' long, the _spatulate petals not longer than its lobes_.--Rocky woodlands, Conn. to N. C., west to Minn., Mo., and Miss.

[*][*] _Flowers larger, in a very narrow panicle; calyx (3--4'' long) more or less oblique; stamens short; leaves rounded, slightly 5--9-lobed._

4. H. hispida, Pursh. Stems 2--4 deg. high; _hispid or hirsute_ with long spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; _stamens soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals_.--Mountains of Va. and N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan. May, June.

5. H. pubescens, Pursh. Stem (1--3 deg. high) and petioles _granular-pubescent or glandular above_, not hairy, below often glabrous; _stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx_ and the spatulate petals.--Rich woods, in the mountains, from Penn. to Ky., and southward. June, July.

8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4--5, yellow within. Petals none. Stamens 8--10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded.--Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of [Greek: chryso/s], _golden_, and [Greek: sple/n], _the spleen_; probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.)

1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, _decumbent_ and forking; _leaves principally opposite_, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely crenate-lobed; _flowers distant_, inconspicuous, _nearly sessile_ (greenish tinged with yellow or purple).--Cold wet places, N. Scotia to N. Ga., west to Minn.

2. C. alternifolium, L. _Stems erect; leaves alternate_, reniform-cordate, doubly crenate or somewhat lobed; _flowers corymbose_.--Decorah, Iowa, west to the Rocky Mts., and north through Brit. Amer. (Eu., Asia.)

9. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and sometimes also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud; a cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent; anthers introrse or subextrorse. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentae; stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae. Capsule 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very numerous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any albumen. Embryo straight; cotyledons very short.--Perennial smooth herbs, with entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like stems, which usually bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus; called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.)

1. P. parviflora, DC. _Petals sessile_, little longer than the calyx (3'' long); _sterile filaments about 7 in each set, slender; leaves ovate or oblong_, tapering at base.--Sandy banks, Lab. to Mich., N. Minn., and westward.

2. P. palustris, L. Scapes 3--10' high; leaves heart-shaped; flower nearly 1' broad; _petals sessile_, rather longer than the calyx, few-veined; _sterile filaments 9--15 in each set, slender_.--Same range as the last. (Eu.)

3. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Scapes 9'--2 deg. high; flower 1--11/2' broad; _petals sessile_, more than twice as long as the calyx, many-veined; _sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base_; leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often heart shaped, usually but one low down on the scape and clasping.--Wet banks, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Iowa, and La.

4. P. asarifolia, Vent. _Petals abruptly contracted into a claw_ at base; _sterile filaments 3 in each set; leaves rounded, kidney-shaped_; otherwise as in the foregoing.--High mountains of Va. and N. C.

10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov.

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8--10 ribbed, coherent with the ovary, the limb 4--5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8--10, slender. Capsule 15-ribbed, crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the styles.--Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules, and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a showy membranaceous and colored flat and dilated calyx. (Name from [Greek: y(/dor], _water_, and [Greek: a)/ggos], _a vase_, from the shape of the capsule.)

1. H. arborescens, L. (WILD HYDRANGEA.) Glabrous or nearly so, 1--8 deg. high; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, _green both sides_; cymes flat; flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant.--Rocky banks, Penn. to Fla., west to Iowa and Mo.

2. H. radiata, Walt. Leaves _densely tomentose and paler or white beneath_.--S. C. and Ga. to Tenn. and Mo.

11. DECUMARIA, L.

Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, 7--10-toothed, coherent with the ovary. Petals oblong, valvate in the bud. Stamens 20--30. Styles united into one, persistent. Stigma thick, 7--10-rayed. Capsule 10--15-ribbed, 7--10-celled, many-seeded, bursting at the sides, the thin partitions at length separating into numerous chaffy scales.--A smooth climbing shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, no stipules, and numerous fragrant white flowers in compound terminal cymes. (Name said to be derived from _decem_, ten, referring to the fact of its being often 10-merous.)

1. D. barbara, L. Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent; capsule with the persistent style and stigma urn-shaped, pendulous.--Banks of streams; Dismal Swamp, Va., to Fla. and La.

12. PHILADELPHUS, L. MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4--5-parted, spreading, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20--40. Styles 3--5, united below or nearly to the top. Stigmas oblong or linear. Capsule 3--5-celled, splitting at length into as many pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentae projecting from the axis, pendulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends.--Shrubs, with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white flowers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnaeus to this genus for no obvious reason.)

1. P. inodorus, L. _Glabrous_; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, entire or with some spreading teeth; flowers single or few at the ends of the diverging branches, pure white, scentless; _calyx-lobes acute_, scarcely longer than the tube.--Mountains of Va. to Ga. and Ala.

2. P. grandiflorus, Willd. A tall shrub, with long and recurved branches; like the last, but _somewhat pubescent_, with _larger flowers_, and the _calyx-lobes long and taper-pointed_. (P. modorus, var. grandiflorus, _Gray_.)--Along streams, Va. to Fla. Often cultivated.

P. CORONARIUS, L., the common MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA of cultivation, from S. Eu., with cream-colored odorous flowers, has sometimes escaped.

13. ITEA, Gronov.

Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Capsule oblong, 2-grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, several-seeded.--Shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, without stipules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.)

1. I. Virginica, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely serrate; seeds oval, flattish, with a crustaceous coat.--Wet places, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

14. RIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.

Calyx 5-lobed, often colored; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx, the surface of the numerous seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Embryo minute at the base of hard albumen.--Low, sometimes prickly shrubs, with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except in one species), often fascicled on the branches; the small flowers from the same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (From _riebs_, a German popular name for the currant. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted for the genus.)

Sec. 1. GROSSULARIA. (GOOSEBERRY.) _Stems mostly bearing thorns at the base of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly prickles; berries prickly or smooth. (Our species are indiscriminately called_ WILD GOOSEBERRY; _the flowers greenish.)_

[*] _Peduncles 1--3-flowered; calyx as high as broad; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3--5-lobed._

[+] _Calyx-lobes decidedly shorter than the tube; berries apt to be prickly._

1. R. Cynosbati, L. Stamens and undivided style not longer than the broadly bell-shaped calyx; berries large, armed with long prickles or rarely smooth.--Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to the mountains of N. C., and west to Minn. and Mo.

[+][+] _Calyx-lobes decidedly longer than the short and rather narrow tube; berries smooth, purple, sweet and pleasant._

2. R. gracile, Michx. (MISSOURI GOOSEBERRY.) Spines often long, stout and red; _peduncles long and slender; flowers white_ or whitish; filaments capillary, 4--6'' _long_, generally connivent or closely parallel, soon _conspicuously longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes_. (R. rotundifolium, _Man._, in part.)--Mich. to Tenn., west to Tex., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.

3. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Spines short; _peduncles short; flowers greenish_ or the lobes dull purplish; filaments slender, 2--3'' _long, more or less exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate calyx-lobes_.--W. Mass, and N. Y., south in the Alleghanies to N. C.

4. R. oxyacanthoides, L. _Peduncles very short, flowers greenish or dull purplish; stamens usually scarcely equalling the rather broadly oblong calyx-lobes_. (R. hirtellum, _Michx._)--Newf. to N. J., west to Ind., Minn., and westward. The common smooth-fruited gooseberry of the north, the whitish spines often numerous.

[*][*] _Flowers several in a nodding raceme, small and flattish, greenish._

5. R. lacustre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles and with weak thorns; leaves heart-shaped, 3--5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut; calyx broad and flat; stamens and style not longer than the petals; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant).--Cold woods and swamps, Newf. to N. Eng., west to N. Y., Mich., and Minn.

Sec. 2. RIBESIA. (CURRANT.) _Thornless and prickless; racemes few--many-flowered, stamens short._

6. R. prostratum, L'Her. (FETID CURRANT.) Stems reclined; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5--7-lobed, smooth, the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate; _racemes erect_, slender, calyx flattish; _pedicels and the (pale red) fruit glandular-bristly_.--Cold damp woods and rocks, Lab. to mountains of N. C., west to Mich., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.

7. R. floridum, L'Her. (WILD BLACK CURRANT.) _Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots_, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3--5-lobed, doubly serrate; _racemes drooping, downy; bracts longer than the pedicels_; flowers large, whitish; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth; _fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth_.--Woods, N. Eng. to Va., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn.

8. R. rubrum, L., var. subglandulosum, Maxim. (RED CURRANT.) Stems straggling or reclined; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3--5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath when young; _racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping_, calyx flat (green or purplish); _fruit globose, smooth, red_.--Cold bogs and damp woods, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Ind. and Minn.

Sec. 3. SIPHOCALYX. _Thornless and prickless; leaves convolute in the bud; racemes several-flowered; calyx-tube elongated; berry naked and glabrous._

9. R. aureum, Pursh. (MISSOURI or BUFFALO CURRANT.) Shrub 5--12 deg. high; leaves 3--5-lobed, rarely at all cordate; racemes short; flowers golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant; tube of salverform calyx (6'' long or less) 3 or 4 times longer than the oval lobes; stamens short; berries yellow or black.--Banks of streams, Mo. and Ark. to the Rocky Mts., and westward. Common in cultivation.

ORDER 36. CRASSULACEAE. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

_Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers; viz., the petals and pistils equalling the sepals in number (3--20), and the stamens the same or double their number_,--technically different from Saxifrageae only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the genera) being quite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture, many-rarely few-seeded.--Stipules none. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy.

[*] Not succulent; the carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule.

1. Penthorum. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded.

[*][*] Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct.

2. Tillaea. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many.

3. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8--10. Seeds many.

1. PENTHORUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP.

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the falling off of the beaks, many-seeded.--Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from [Greek: pe/nte], _five_, and [Greek: o(/ros], _a mark_, from the quinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends.--Open wet places, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July--Oct. Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens.

2. TILLAEA, Mich.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2--many-seeded.--Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named in honor of _Michael Angelo Tilli_, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (1--2' high); leaves linear-oblong; flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish-white) petals and the narrow 8--10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of each.--Muddy river-banks, Mass. to Md. July--Sept.

3. SEDUM, Tourn. STONE-CROP. ORPINE.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Follicles many-seeded; a little scale at the base of each.--Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with the flowers cymose or one-sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute or pointed. (Name from _sedeo_, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)

[*] _Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flowering branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first or central flower mostly 5-merous and 10-androus, the others often 4-merous and 8-androus._

[+] _Flowers white or purple._

1. S. pulchellum, Michx. Stems ascending or trailing (4--12' high); _leaves terete, linear-filiform_, much crowded; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; _petals rose-purple_.--Va. to Ga., west to Ky., E. Kan., and Tex.; also cultivated in gardens. July.

2. S. Nevii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3--5' high); _leaves all alternate_, those of the sterile shoots _wedge-obovate or spatulate_, on flowering stems _linear-spatulate_ and flattish; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered; _petals white_, more pointed than in the next; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later; leaves and blossoms smaller.--Rocky cliffs, mountains of Va. to Ala.

3. S. ternatum, Michx. Stems spreading (3--6' high); _leaves flat, the lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate_, the upper scattered, _oblong_; cyme 3-spiked, leafy; _petals white_.--Rocky woods, N. Y. to Ga., west to Ind. and Tenn.

[+][+] _Flowers yellow._

S. ACRE, L. (MOSSY STONE-CROP.) Spreading on the ground, moss-like; leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate, very thick; petals yellow.--Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, etc. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. S. Torreyi, Don. Annual; stems simple or branched from the base (2--4' high); _leaves flat_ or teretish, scattered, _oblong_, 2--3'' long; petals rather longer than the _ovate sepals_; carpels at length widely divergent.--Mo. to Ark. and Tex.

[*][*] _Flowers in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less peduncled; leaves flat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate._

[+] _Flowers perfect, 5-merous, 10-androus._

5. S. telephioides, Michx. Stems ascending (6--12' high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme small; _petals flesh-color_, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; _follicles tapering into a slender style_.--Dry rocks, N. J. to Ga., west to western N. Y. and S. Ind. June.

S. TELEPHIUM, L. (GARDEN ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVER.) Stems erect (2 deg. high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; _petals purple_, oblong-lanceolate; _follicles abruptly pointed with a short style_.--Rocks and banks, escaped from cultivation in some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. REFLEXUM, L. Glabrous, erect, 1 deg. high; _leaves crowded, cylindric, subulate-tipped, spreading or reflexed; flowers yellow_, pedicelled.--Coast of Mass.; western N. Y.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] _Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-merous and 8-androus._

6. S. Rhodiola, DC. (ROSEROOT.) Stems erect (5--10' high); leaves oblong or oval, smaller than in the preceding; flowers in a close cyme, greenish-yellow, or the fertile turning purplish.--Throughout Arctic America, extending southward to the coast of Maine, and cliffs of Delaware River; also in the western mountains. May, June. (Eu.)

ORDER 37. DROSERACEAE. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

_Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pentamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers fixed by the middle and turned outward, and a 1-celled capsule with twice as many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentae._--Calyx imbricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the base of the albumen.--Leaves circinate in the bud, i.e., rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. A small family of insectivorous plants.

1. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3- (rarely 5-) valved; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole length.--Low perennials or biennials; the leaves clothed with reddish gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base; the naked scape bearing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the undeveloped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops, whence the name, from [Greek: drosero/s], _dewy_.)

1. D. rotundifolia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.) _Leaves orbicular_, abruptly narrowed into the _spreading hairy petioles_; seeds spindle-shaped, the coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes.--Peat-bogs, Lab. to Minn., Ind., and southward; common. July, Aug. (Eu.)

2. D. intermedia, Hayne, var. Americana, DC. _Leaves spatulate-oblong_, tapering into the long rather _erect naked petioles_; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat; flowers white. (D. longifolia, _Gray_, Manual.)--Bogs, with the same range but less common. June--Aug.--Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)

3. D. linearis, Goldie. (SLENDER SUNDEW.) _Leaves linear_, obtuse, the blade (2--3' long, scarcely 2'' wide) _on naked erect petioles_ about the same length; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white.--Shore of L. Superior, Mich., and Minn.

4. D. filiformis, Raf. (THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.) _Leaves very long and filiform_, erect, with no distinction between blade and stalk; seeds spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (1/2' broad).--Wet sand, near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.

* * * * *

DIONAEA MUSCIPULA, Ellis, the VENUS'S FLY-TRAP,--so noted for the extraordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch,--is a native of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of N. C. It differs in several respects from the character of the order given above; the stamens being 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.

ORDER 38. HAMAMELIDEAE. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

_Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules; flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious; the calyx cohering with the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the summit, with a single bony seed in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening._--Petals inserted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen; cotyledons broad and flat.

[*] Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell.

1. Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.

2. Fothergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long; filaments thickened upward.

[*][*] Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell.

3. Liquidambar. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Capsules consolidated by their bases in a dense head.

1. HAMAMELIS, L. WITCH-HAZEL.

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like 3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Petals 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule opening loculicidally from the top; the outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces.--Tall shrubs, with straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From [Greek: a(/ma], _at the same time with_, and [Greek: meli/s], _an apple-tree_; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or some similar tree.)

1. H. Virginiana, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer.--Damp woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to E. Minn. and La.

2. FOTHERGILLA, L.

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, the summit truncate, slightly 5--7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike; filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule cohering with the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell.--A low shrub; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished _Dr. John Fothergill_.)

1. F. Gardeni, L. (F. alnifolia, _L. f._)--Low grounds, Va. to N. C. April, May.

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. SWEET-GUM TREE.

Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins; the sterile arranged in a conical cluster, naked; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute scales; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head; the capsules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed-coat.--Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from _liquidus_, fluid, and the Arabic _ambar_, amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.)

1. L. Styraciflua, L. (SWEET GUM. BILSTED.) Leaves rounded, deeply 5--7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed.--Moist woods, from Conn. to S. Ill., and south to Fla. and Tex. April.--A large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust.

ORDER 39. HALORAGEAE. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.)

_Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the inconspicuous symmetrical_ (perfect or unisexual) _flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts, calyx-tube coherent with the ovary_ (or calyx and corolla wanting in Callitriche), _which consists of 2--4 more or less united carpels_ (or in Hippuris of only one carpel), _the styles or sessile stigmas distinct_. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small or none. Stamens 1--8. Fruit indehiscent, 1--4-celled, with a single anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons minute.

1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed pinnately dissected.

2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate, the immersed pinnately dissected.

3. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary only one. Leaves entire, in whorls.

4. Callitriche. Flowers monoecious. Calyx and petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 4-celled, with 2 filiform styles. Leaves entire, opposite.

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. WATER-MILFOIL.

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4--8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed; stigmas 4, recurved.--Perennial aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water in summer; the uppermost staminate. (Name from [Greek: myri/os], _a thousand_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _a leaf_, i.e., Milfoil.)

[*] _Stamens 8; petals deciduous; carpels even; leaves whorled in threes or fours._

1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except the _floral ones or bracts_; these _ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the flowers_, which thus form an interrupted spike.--Deep water, Newf. to N. Eng. and N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., and the Pacific. (Eu.)

2. M. verticillatum, L. _Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pectinate-pinnatifid_; otherwise nearly as n. 1.--Ponds, etc., common. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels 1--2-ridged and roughened on the back; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower with capillary divisions._

3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem stout; _floral leaves ovate and lanceolate_, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid; _fruit obscurely roughened._--Lakes and rivers, Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnately parted with few capillary divisions; _floral leaves linear_ (rarely scattered), _pectinate-toothed or cut-serrate; carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back_.--Shallow ponds, S. New Eng. to S. C., west to Mo. and La.

[*][*][*] _Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels even on the back, leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems._

5. M. ambiguum, Nutt. _Immersed leaves pinnately parted_ into about 10 very delicate capillary divisions; _the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral linear_ and sparingly toothed or entire; _flowers mostly perfect_; fruit (minute) smooth.--Ponds and ditches, Mass. to N. J. and Penn.; also in Ind.--Var. CAPILLACEUM, Torr. & Gray, has stems floating, long and very slender, and leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. LIMOSUM, Torr., is small, rooting in the mud, with leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or entire.

6. M. tenellum, Bigelow. _Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like_ (3--10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted, bracts small, entire; _flowers alternate, monoecious_; fruit smooth.--Borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng., west to Mich.

2. PROSERPINACA, L. MERMAID-WEED.

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like.--Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at base, alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3--4 together, in summer. (Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, meaning _pertaining to Proserpine_.)

1. P. palustris, L. _Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate_, the lower pectinate when under water; fruit sharply angled.--Wet swamps, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

2. P. pectinacea, Lam. _Leaves all pectinate_, the divisions linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusely angled.--Sandy swamps, near the coast, Mass. to Fla. and La.

3. HIPPURIS, L. MARE'S TAIL.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded.--Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils in summer. (Name from [Greek: i(/ppos] _a horse_, and [Greek: ou)ra/], _a tail_.)

1. H. vulgaris, L. Stems simple (1--2 deg. high); leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute; fruit nearly 1'' long.--Ponds and springs, Penn. to Ind. and Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

4. CALLITRICHE, L. WATER-STARWORT.

Flowers monoecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf, wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a single stamen; filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence becomes 1-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually persistent stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seed pendulous, filling the cell; embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length of the oily albumen.--Low, slender and usually tufted, glabrous, or beset with minute (microscopic) stellate scales, with spatulate or linear entire leaves, both forms of leaves often occurring on the same stem. (Name from [Greek: kalo/s], _beautiful_, and [Greek: thri/x], _hair_, from the often almost capillary stems.)

[*] _Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales; leaves uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, crowded; bracts none._

1. C. deflexa, Braun. var. Austini, Hegelm. Stems 1/2--1' high; fruit small ({1/3}'' broad), broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length or nearly sessile; lobes of the fruit narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them; persistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed; leaves 1--2'' long. (C. Austini, _Engelm_)--On damp soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. (S. Am.)

[*][*] _Amphibious perennials; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate and 3-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrow in terrestrial forms) flowers usually between a pair of bracts._

2. C. verna, L. Fruit (1/2'' long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly obcordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them; stigmas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole.--Common in stagnant waters, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. (Eu.)

3. C. heterophylla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long as the fruit, erect, persistent; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole.--Stagnant water, N. Y. and N. J. to S. Ind. and Mo.

[*][*][*] _Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear 1-nerved leaves; flowers without bracts; carpels separate nearly to the axis._

4 C. autumnalis, L. Stems 3--6' high; fruit large (1'' wide or more), flattened, circular, deeply and narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between them; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous; leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at the tip (2--6'' long).--W. Mass., Lake Champlain and N. New York, Lake Superior, and westward. (Eu.)

ORDER 40. MELASTOMACEAE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.)

_Plants with opposite 3--7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much as in the_ Onagraceae.--All tropical, except the genus

1. RHEXIA, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, inserted along with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1; stigma 1. Capsule invested by the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentae projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail shell, without albumen.--Low perennial herbs, often bristly, with mostly sessile 3--5-nerved and bristly-edged leaves, and large showy cymose flowers; in summer; the petals falling early. (A name in Pliny for some unknown plant, probably from [Greek: r(e~xis], _a crevice_, from the place of growth.)

[*] _Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the filament above its base; flowers cymose, peduncled._

1. R. Virginica, L. _Stem square_, with wing-like angles; _leaves oval-lanceolate, sessile, acute_; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland-tipped hairs; petals bright purple.--Sandy swamps; coast of Maine to Fla., west to northern N. Y., Ind., Mo., and La. Slender rootstocks tuberiferous.

2. R. aristosa, Britt. Branches somewhat wing-angled; leaves linear-oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy; hairs of the calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped; petals sparsely villous, bright purple.--Egg Harbor City, N. J. (_J. E. Peters_); also Sumter Co., S. C. (_J. D. Smith_).

3. R. Mariana, L. _Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong_, narrowed below, mostly petiolate; petals paler.--Sandy swamps; N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

[*][*] _Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur; flowers few, sessile._

4. R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, ciliate with long bristles; calyx glabrous.--Md. to Fla. and La.

ORDER 41. LYTHRACEAE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing but free from the 1--4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule, and bearing the 4--7 deciduous petals and 4--14 stamens on its throat; the latter lower down. Style 1; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed._--Flowers axillary or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even trimorphous, those on different plants with filaments and style reciprocally longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often 1-celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions; placentae in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen.--Branches usually 4-sided.

[*] Flowers regular or nearly so.

[+] Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile or nearly so.

1. Didiplis. Calyx short, without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule indehiscent. Small aquatic.

2. Rotala. Calyx short, the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule septicidal, with 3--4 valves.

3. Ammannia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule bursting irregularly.

[+][+] Flowers in 3--many-flowered axillary cymes (rarely solitary).

4. Lythrum. Calyx tubular. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. Flowers cymose-spicate in one species.

5. Decodon. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens 8--10. Capsule 3--4-valved, loculicidal.

[*][*] Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11 stamens.

6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal.

1. DIDIPLIS, Raf. WATER PURSLANE.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with no appendages at the sinuses (or a mere callous point). Petals none. Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, indehiscent, 2-celled.--Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in the mud, with opposite linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary in their axils. ("Didiplis means _two doubling_;" from [Greek: dis], _twice_, and [Greek: diploos], _double_.)

1. D. linearis, Raf. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin, closely sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base; calyx with broad triangular lobes; style very short; capsules very small. (Ammannia Nuttallii, _Gray_.)--From Minn. and Wisc. to Tex., east to N. C. and Fla.

2. ROTALA, L.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with tooth-like appendages at the sinuses (abnormally, in our species). Petals 4 (in ours). Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, 4-celled, septicidal, the valves (under a strong lens) transversely and densely striate. (Name a diminutive of _rota_, a wheel, from the whorled leaves of the original species.)

1. R. ramosior, Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole, linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate; flowers solitary (rarely 3) in the axils and sessile; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter. (Ammannia humilis, _Michx._)--Low or wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and Tex.--With Ammannia-like habit, an exception in the genus.

3. AMMANNIA, Houston.

Flowers in 3--many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4--8. Capsule globular, 2--4-celled, bursting irregularly.--Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. (Named after _Paul Ammann_, a German botanist anterior to Linnaeus.)

1. A. coccinea, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2--3' long), with a broad auricled sessile base; cymes subsessile, dense; petals purplish; stamens more or less exserted; style usually slender; capsule included. (A. latifolia, _Gray_, Manual, not _L._)--N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. The style varies much in length, sometimes in the same specimen. Apparently the more developed form of the southern A. latifolium, L., which, as limited by Koehne, has apetalous flowers, with included stamens and short style.

4. LYTHRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5--7-toothed, with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 5--7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, inserted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-celled.--Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple (rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from [Greek: ly/thron], _blood_; perhaps from the styptic properties of some species.)

[*] _Stamens and petals 5--7; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the mostly scattered upper leaves; proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the intermediate processes; plants smooth._

1. L. Hyssopifolia, L. Low annual (6--10' high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals pale-purple; stamens usually 4--6, included.--Marshes, near the coast, Maine to N. J. (Eu.)

2. L. lineare, L. Stem slender and tall (3--4 deg. high), bushy at top, _with 2 margined angles; leaves linear, chiefly opposite_; petals whitish; flowers with 6 included stamens and a short style, or the stamens exserted and style short; _ovary on a thick short stalk; no fleshy hypogynous ring_.--Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. L. alatum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; _branches with margined angles; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, with a cordate or rounded base_, the upper mostly _alternate; calyx 2--4'' long_; petals rather large, deep-purple; _stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fleshy hypogynous ring prominent_.--Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., Ark., and Col.; also near Boston.

[*][*] _Stamens 12 (rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6 shorter; flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted spike._