Chapter L: AUTUMNALIS, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or

pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5--15' high; peduncles thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.--Meadows and roadsides; N. Eng. to Penn. June--Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)

88. PICRIS, L.

Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spreading. Achenes terete, with 5--10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose bristles.--Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from [Greek: pikro/s], _bitter_.)

P. HIERACIOIDES, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak.--Sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

89. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED.

Heads 12--many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles.--Hispid or hirsute and often glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from [Greek: i(e/rax], _a hawk_.)

Sec. 1. _Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate; achenes oblong; pappus not copious._

H. AURANTIACUM, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; heads clustered; flowers deep orange to flame-color.--Roadsides and fields; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

H. PRAEALTUM, Vill. Glaucous, 2 deg. high, only the base and lanceolate leaves hairy; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow.--N. New York (_Ward_). (Nat. from Eu.)

Sec. 2. _Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated; achenes columnar; pappus copious, unequal._

H. MURORUM, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular.--Open woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit (1--3 deg. high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward.

Sec. 3. _Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated._

[*] _Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not virgate._

2. H. paniculatum, L. _Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched_, hairy only below (1--3 deg. high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth; _heads_ (very small) _in a loose panicle_, on slender and diverging pedicels, _12--20-flowered; achenes short_.--Open woods; rather common.

3. H. venosum, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or _scape_ (1--2 deg. high) _naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb_; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with purple veins; pedicels very slender; involucre 12--35-flowered; _achenes linear_.--Dry plains and pine woods; common from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa.

4. H. Marianum, Willd. _Somewhat leafy_, 2--3 deg. high, hairy below; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, _the radical petiolate, rarely purplish-veiny_; heads 20--40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, _the slender inflorescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly glandular-hispid_.--Open woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., and southward.--Var. SPATHULATUM, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn.

5. H. scabrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1--3 deg. high), leafy, _rough-hairy_, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish pedicels and the hoary 40--50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy.--Dry open woods; common.

[*][*] _Achenes tapering upward; heads 15--30-flowered in a narrow or virgate panicle._

6. H. Gronovii, L. (HAIRY H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1--3 deg. high), _leafy and very hairy below, naked above_ and forming a long and narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; slender peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; _achenes with a very taper summit_.--Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward.

7. H. longipilum, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED H.) Stem wand-like, simple, stout (2--3 deg. high), _very leafy toward the base, naked above_, and bearing a small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly _clothed with very long and upright bristles_ (often 1' long); peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly; _achenes narrowed at the apex_.--Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward.

90. CREPIS, L.

Involucre few--many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some plant, from [Greek: krepi/s], _a sandal_.)

C. BIENNIS, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2 deg. high, leafy; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong, glabrous.--Vt., Mass.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)