Chapter C: MACULATUM, L. A large branching European herb, in waste places,

N. Eng. to Penn., and west to Iowa and Minn.

31. CHAEROPHYLLUM, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at base, with short beak or none, and equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, seed-face more or less deeply grooved.--Moist ground annuals, with ternately decompound leaves, pinnatifid leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes, mostly no involucre, involucels of many bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from [Greek: chai/ro], _to gladden_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _a leaf_, alluding to the agreeable odor of the foliage.)

1. C. procumbens, Crantz. More or less hairy; stems slender, spreading (6--18' high); umbels few-rayed; fruit narrowly oblong (21/2--31/2'' long), glabrous, contracted but not tapering at the summit, the intervals broader than the ribs.--N. Y. to N. C., west to Mich., Iowa, Ark., and Miss.

Var. Shortii, Torr. & Gray, has more broadly oblong to ovate (often somewhat pubescent) fruit, not at all contracted at the summit.--Ky. to Ark. and La.

32. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, with prominent caudate attenuation at base, very bristly, with equal ribs; oil-tubes obsolete; seed-face concave.--Glabrous to hirsute perennials (1--3 deg. high) from thick aromatic roots, with ternately compound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, few-leaved involucres and involucels, and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels. (Name from [Greek: o)sme/], _a scent_, and [Greek: r(i/za], _a root_.)

1. O. brevistylis, DC. Rather stout, _villous-pubescent_; leaves 2--3-ternate; leaflets 2--3' long, acuminate; fruit (not including the caudate attenuation) 6'' long; _stylopodium and style 1/2'' long_.--From N. Scotia westward through the Northern States, and in the mountains to N. C. May, June.

2. O. longistylis, DC. _Glabrous or slightly pubescent_; like the last, but with the _style 1'' long or more_, and the seed-face more deeply and broadly concave.--N. Scotia to Va., and west to Tenn., E. Kan., and Dak.

33. ERIGENIA, Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit didymous, nearly orbicular and laterally flattened, the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1--3) small oil-tubes in the intervals; inner face of the seed hollowed into a broad deep cavity.--A small glabrous vernal plant, producing from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2--3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white. (Name from [Greek: e)rige/neia], _born in the spring_.)

1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. Stem 3--9' high; leaf-segments linear-oblong; fruit 1'' long, 11/2'' broad.--W. New York to Md. and Tenn., and west to Wisc., S. E. Minn., and Kan.

34. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. WATER PENNYWORT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened margin; oil-tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer beneath the epidermis.--Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous (one above another), appearing all summer. (Name from [Greek: y(/dor], _water_, and [Greek: koty/le], _a flat cup_, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup-shaped.)

[*] _Pericarp thin except at the broad corky dorsal and lateral ribs; leaves round-peltate, crenate; peduncles as long as the petioles, from creeping rootstocks._

[+] _Fruit notched at base and apex; intermediate ribs corky._

1. H. umbellata, L. _Umbels many-flowered, simple_ (sometimes proliferous); _pedicels 2--6'' long; fruit about 11/2'' broad_, strongly notched, the dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse.--Mass. to Minn., south to the Gulf.

2. H. Canbyi, Coult. & Rose. _Umbels 3--9-flowered, generally proliferous; pedicels very short_, but distinct; _fruit about 2 lines broad_; carpels broader and more flattened than in the preceding, sharper margined, the dorsal and lateral ribs much more prominent; seed-section much narrower. (H. umbellata, var.? ambigua, _Gray_, Manual).--N. J. to Md.

[+][+] _Fruit not notched; intermediate ribs not corky._

3. H. verticillata, Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an interrupted spike; pedicels very short or none; fruit 11/2--2'' broad; dorsal and lateral ribs very prominent. (H. interrupta, _Muhl._)--Mass. to Fla.

[*][*] _Pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform; leaves not peltate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles._

[+] _Fruit small, without secondary ribs or reticulations; involucre small or none._

4. H. Americana, L. Stems filiform, _branching and creeping; leaves thin_, round-reniform, _crenate-lobed_ and the lobes crenate, shining; few-flowered umbels _axillary and almost sessile_; fruit less than 1'' broad; intermediate ribs prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section broadly oval.--Common. (Addendum) Propagating by filiform tuberiferous stolons.

5. H. ranunculoides, L. f. _Usually floating; leaves thicker_, round-reniform, 3--7-cleft, the lobes crenate; _peduncles 1--3' long, reflexed in fruit_; capitate umbel 5--10-flowered; fruit 1--11/2'' broad; ribs rather obscure; seed-section oblong.--E. Penn. to Fla., thence westward.

[+][+] _Fruit larger (2--21/2'' broad), with prominent secondary ribs and reticulations; the 2--4-flowered umbel subtended by two conspicuous bracts._

6. H. Asiatica, L. Petioles and peduncles (1--2' long) clustered on creeping stems or runners; leaves ovate-cordate, repand-toothed, thickish; seed-section narrowly oblong. (H. repanda, _Pers._)--Md. to Fla. and Tex. (Widely distributed in the tropics and southern hemisphere.)

35. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. ERYNGO.

Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid and persistent. Styles slender. Fruit ovate or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and usually 5 slender oil-tubes on each carpel.--Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.)

[*] _Stout, with parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves._

1. E. yuccaefolium, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON SNAKE-ROOT.) Branching above, 1--6 deg. high; leaves rigid, tapering to a point (lower sometimes 2--3 deg. long), the margins remotely bristly; heads ovate-globose (9'' long), with ovate-lanceolate mostly entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than the head, and similar bractlets.--Dry or damp soil, N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July--Sept.

[*][*] _Tall and often stout; leaves thick, not parallel-veined._

2. E. Virginianum, Lam. _Slender_ (1--3 deg. high); _radical and lower stem-leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long_ (sometimes 1 deg. long) _fistulous petioles_, entire or with small hooked teeth; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed or laciniate; heads ovate-oblong (6'' long), with spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts, and _bractlets with 3 spiny cusps_ (the middle one largest).--Margins of ponds and streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept.

3. E. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stout (1--3 deg. high); lowest stem-leaves broadly oblanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile and _deeply palmately-parted into narrow incisely-pinnatifid spreading pungent segments_; heads ovate-oblong (1--11/2' long), with pinnatifid spinose bracts and 3--7-cuspidate bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts.--Dry soil, E. Kan., Ark., and Tex.

[*][*][*] _Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small thin unarmed leaves and very small heads._

4. E. prostratum, Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or lobed at base; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-toothed or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones); reflexed bracts longer than the oblong heads (2--4'' long).--Wet places, S. Mo. to Fla. and Tex.

36. SANICULA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes.--Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name said to be from _sano_, to heal; or perhaps from _San Nicolas_.)

1. S. Marylandica, L. Stem 1--3 deg. high; leaves 3--7-parted, the divisions mostly sharply cut and serrate; sterile flowers numerous and long-pedicelled; fruit 11/2--2'' long, the styles longer than the prickles.--Throughout our range, south to Ga. and Tenn., west to E. Kan. and Minn. May--Aug.

Var. Canadensis, Torr., has comparatively few and short-pedicelled sterile flowers, and styles shorter than the prickles. (S. Canadensis, _L._)--With the last, but westward only to Minn. and E. Kan.

ORDER 49. ARALIACEAE. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

_Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as_ Umbelliferae, _but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few--several-celled drupe._--Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed.

1. ARALIA, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA.

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate, lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the petals. Styles 2--5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short and united. Ovary 2--5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as cells. Embryo minute.--Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, etc., warm and aromatic. (Derivation obscure.)

Sec. 1. ARALIA. _Flowers monoeciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually in corymbs or panicles; styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5; stems herbaceous or woody; ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate._

[*] _Umbels numerous in a large compound panicle; leaves very large, decompound._

1. A. spinosa, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HERCULES' CLUB.) _Shrub, or a low tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly_; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale beneath.--River-banks, Penn. to Ind., and south to the Gulf. July, Aug.

2. A. racemosa, L. (SPIKENARD.) _Herbaceous; stem widely branched; leaflets heart-ovate_, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels racemose; _styles united_.--Rich woodlands, N. Brunswick to Minn., south to the mountains of Ga. July. Well known for its spicy-aromatic large roots.

[*][*] _Umbels 2--7, corymbed; stem short, somewhat woody._

3. A. hispida, Vent. (BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD ELDER.) _Stem_ (1--2 deg. high) _bristly, leafy_, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate.--Rocky and sandy places, Newf. to Dak., south to the mountains of N. C. June.

4. A. nudicaulis, L. (WILD SARSAPARILLA.) _Stem scarcely rising out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf_ (1 deg. high) _and a shorter naked scape_, with 2--7 umbels; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions.--Moist woodlands; range of n. 3. May, June. The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla.

Sec. 2. GINSENG. _Flowers dioeciously polygamous; styles and cells of the red or reddish fruit 2 or 3; stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing a whorl of 3 palmately 3--7-foliolate leaves, and a simple umbel on a slender peduncle._

5. A. quinquefolia, Decsne. & Planch. (GINSENG.) _Root large and spindle-shaped, often forked_ (4--9' long, aromatic); stem 1 deg. high; _leaflets long-stalked_, mostly 5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed; styles mostly 2; _fruit bright red_.--Rich and cool woods, Vt. and W. Conn. to Minn., south to the mountains of Ga. July.

6. A. trifolia, Decsne. & Planch. (DWARF GINSENG. GROUND-NUT.) _Root or tuber globular_, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic); stems 4--8' high; _leaflets 3--5, sessile_ at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse; styles usually 3; _fruit yellowish_.--Rich woods, N. Scotia to Minn., south to Ga. April, May.

ORDER 50. CORNACEAE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

_Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves, the calyx-tube coherent with the 1--2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals (valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigynous disk in the perfect flowers; style one; a single anatropous ovule hanging from the top of the cell; the fruit a 1--2-seeded drupe; embryo nearly as long as the albumen, with large foliaceous cotyledons._--Including two genera, of which Nyssa is partly apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic.

1. Cornus. Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Leaves mostly opposite.

2. Nyssa. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, 5-merous. Leaves alternate.

1. CORNUS, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD.

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4; filaments slender. Style slender; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone.--Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from _cornu_, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)

Sec. 1. _Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, surrounded by a large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre; fruit bright red._

1. C. Canadensis, L. (DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY.) _Stems low and simple_ (5--7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody trunk; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed; _leaves of the involucre ovate_; fruit globular.--Damp cold woods, N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and the far north and west. June.

2. C. florida, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) _Tree_ 12--40 deg. high; leaves ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; _leaves of the involucre obcordate_ (11/2' long); _fruit oval_.--Dry woods, from S. New Eng. to Ont. and S. Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. Very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.

Sec. 2. _Flowers white, in open flat spreading cymes; involucre none; fruit spherical; leaves all opposite (except in n. 9)._

[*] _Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading._

3. C. circinata, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD.) Shrub 6--10 deg. high; _branches greenish_, warty-dotted; _leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly beneath_ (2--5' broad); cymes flat; _fruit light blue_.--Copses, in rich or sandy soil, or on rocks, N. Scotia to Dak., south to Va. and Mo. June.

4. C. sericea, L. (SILKY CORNEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Shrub 3--10 deg. high; _branches purplish; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy_ (often rusty), pale and dull; cymes flat, close; calyx-teeth lanceolate; _fruit pale blue_.--Wet places, Canada to Dak., south to Fla. and La. June.

5. C. asperifolia, Michx. _Branches brownish; the branchlets, etc., rough-pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate_, on short petioles, pointed, _rough_ with a harsh pubescence _above, and downy beneath_; calyx-teeth minute; fruit white. (C. Drummondii, _Mey._)--Dry or sandy soil, N. shore of L. Erie to Minn. and the Gulf. May, June. A rather tall shrub.

[*][*] _Pubescence closely appressed, straight and silky, or none._

6. C. stolonifera, Michx. (RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.) _Branches, especially the osier-like shoots_ of the season, _bright red-purple, smooth; leaves ovate_, rounded at base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both sides, _whitish underneath_; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth; _fruit white or lead-color_.--Wet places; common, especially northward. Multiplies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad clumps, 3--6 deg. high. June.

7. C. stricta, Lam. (STIFF CORNEL.) A shrub 8--15 deg. high; branches brownish or reddish, smooth; _leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate_, taper-pointed, acutish at base, _glabrous, of nearly the same hue both sides; cymes loose, flattish_; _anthers and fruit pale blue_.--Swamps, Va. to Ga. and Fla. April, May.

8. C. paniculata, L'Her. (PANICLED CORNEL.) Shrub 4--8 deg. high, much branched; _branches gray, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate_, taper-pointed, acute at base, _whitish beneath_ but not downy; _cymes convex, loose_, often panicled; _fruit white_, depressed-globose.--Thickets and river-banks. June.

9. C. alternifolia, L. f. Shrub or tree 8--25 deg. high; _branches greenish streaked with white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends_, ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at base, whitish and minutely pubescent beneath; cymes very broad and open; _fruit deep blue_ on reddish stalks.--Hillsides in copses, N. Brunswick to Minn., south to Ga. and Ala. May, June.

2. NYSSA, L. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR-GUM TREE.

Flowers dioeciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit of axillary peduncles. _Stam. Fl._ numerous in a simple or compound dense cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none. Stamens 5--12, oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk; filaments slender; anthers short. No pistil. _Pist. Fl._ solitary, or 2--8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short repand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5--10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seeded stone.--Trees with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph: "so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.")

1. N. sylvatica, Marsh. (TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK or SOUR GUM.) Middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches; leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous pubescent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old (2--5' long); _fertile flowers 3--8_, at the summit of a slender peduncle; _fruit ovoid_, acid, _bluish-black_ (about 1/2' long). (N. multiflora, _Wang._)--Rich soil, either moist or nearly dry, S. Maine and N. Vt. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. April, May. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. Wood firm, close-grained and very unwedgeable, on account of the oblique direction and crossing of its fibres.

2. N. uniflora, Wang. (LARGE TUPELO.) A large tree; leaves oblong or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate at base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4--12' long); _fertile flower solitary_ on a slender peduncle; _fruit oblong, blue_ (1' or more in length).--Deep swamps, S. Va. to S. Ill. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. April. Wood soft; that of the roots very light and spongy.

DIVISION II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.[A]

[Footnote A: In certain families, as in Ericaceae, etc., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Compositae and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student might look for these in the first or the third division; but the _artificial analysis_ prefixed to the volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead him to the proper order.]

ORDER 51. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

_Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2--5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as_ (one fewer in Linnaea, doubled in Adoxa) _the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube._--Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1--several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy albumen.

Tribe I. SAMBUCEAE. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3--5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.

[*] Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster.

1. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3--5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a single pair and ternate.

[*][*] Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in broad compound cymes.

2. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.

3. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.

Tribe II. LONICEREAE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender; stigma capitate.

[*] Herbs, with axillary flowers.

4. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. Erect; flowers sessile.

5. Linnaea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers.

[*][*] Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds.

6. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded; two of the cells sterile.

7. Lonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.

8. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, slender.

1. ADOXA, L. MOSCHATEL.

Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3--5-celled ovary; limb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4--6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3--5-parted. Dry drupe greenish, with 3--5 cartilaginous nutlets.--A dwarf perennial herb with scaly rootstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An anomalous genus. (From [Greek: a)/doxos], obscure or insignificant.)

1. A. Moschatellina, L. Smooth, musk-scented; radical leaves 1--3-ternate, the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft; flowers several in a close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish.--N. Iowa, Wisc., and Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELDER.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets.--Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from [Greek: sambu/ke], an ancient musical instrument.)

1. S. Canadensis, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Stems scarcely woody (5--10 deg. high); _leaflets 5--11, oblong_, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted; _cymes flat; fruit black-purple_.--Rich soil, in open places, throughout our range, and south and west. June, July.--Pith white.

2. S. racemosa, L. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2--12 deg. high), the bark warty; _leaflets 5--7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red_ (rarely white). (S. pubens, _Michx._)--Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across the continent. May; the fruit ripening in June.--Pith brown. Both species occur with the leaflets divided into 3--5 linear-lanceolate 2--3-cleft or laciniate segments.

3. VIBURNUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTINUS.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1--3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous (flattened or tumid) stone.--Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

Sec. 1. _Cyme radiant, the marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas as in_ Hydrangea; _drupes coral-red turning darker, not acid; stone sulcate; leaves pinnately veined; winter-buds naked._

1. V. lantanoides, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFARING-TREE.) Leaves (4--8' across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy; cymes sessile, very broad and flat.--Cold moist woods, N. Brunswick to Ont. and Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. May. A straggling shrub; the reclining branches often taking root.

Sec. 2. _Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2; drupe light red, acid, globose; stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves palmately veined; winter-buds scaly._

2. V. Opulus, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright (4--10 deg. high); leaves 3--5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex.--Low ground, along streams, from N. Brunswick far westward, and south to Penn. June, July.--The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the names _High Cranberry-bush_, etc. The well-known SNOW-BALL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers. (Eu.)

3. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. A low straggling shrub; leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the summit; cyme few-flowered; stamens shorter than the corolla.--Cold woods, Newf. and Lab. to the mountains of N. Eng., westward to N. Mich. and the Rocky Mts.

Sec. 3. _Cyme never radiant; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity._

[*] _Leaves 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat 3-lobed; stipules bristle-shaped._

4. V. acerifolium, L. (DOCKMACKIE. ARROW-WOOD.) Shrub 3--6 deg. high; leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed; cymes small, slender-peduncled; stamens exserted; fruit crimson turning purple; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate.--Cool rocky woods, from N. Brunswick to N. C., and west to S. Minn.

[*][*] _Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pinnately veined; stipules narrowly subulate; no rusty scurf; fruit ovoid, blue or purple; the stone grooved; cymes peduncled._

[+] _Stone flat; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile._

5. V. pubescens, Pursh. (DOWNY A.) A low, straggling shrub; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young; fruit dark-purple; the stone lightly 2-sulcate on the faces.--Rocks, etc., Lower Canada to the mountains of Ga., west to Iowa and Minn. June.

[+][+] _Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally; leaves rather slender-petioled._

6. V. dentatum, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Smooth, 5--15 deg. high, with ash-colored bark; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined; fruit 3'' long; cross-section of stone between kidney- and horseshoe-shaped.--Wet places, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., and west to Minn. June.--The pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the axils of the straight veins.

7. V. molle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely pointed, coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, branchlets and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; fruit oily, larger and more pointed, the stone as in n. 6, but less deeply excavated.--Coast of N. Eng. (Martha's Vineyard), to Tex.

[*][*][*] _Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green; veins not prominent; stipules none; whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf; fruit black or with a blue bloom, sweet, stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular._

[+] _Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed; drupes globose-ovoid, 3'' long, shrubs 5--12 deg. high, in swamps._

8. V. cassinoides, L. (WITHE-ROD.) Shoots scurfy-punctate; leaves thickish and _opaque or dull_, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, _obscurely veiny_ (1--3' long), _with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate_ or sometimes entire; _peduncle shorter than the cyme_. (V. nudum, var. cassinoides, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Newf. to N. J. and Minn. Flowers earlier than the next.

9. V. nudum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate; _leaves more veiny_, thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, _lucid above_ (2--4' long); _peduncle usually equalling the cyme_.--N. J. to Fla.

[+][+] _Compound cymes sessile, 3--5-rayed; drupes oval, 5--7'' long._

10. V. Lentago, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP-BERRY.) _Leaves ovate, strongly pointed_, closely and very _sharply serrate_; petioles long and margined; cyme large; fruit oval, 1/2' long or more, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15--30 deg. high.--Woods and banks of streams, from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward. Fl. in spring.

11. V. prunifolium, L. (BLACK HAW.) _Leaves oval, obtuse_ or slightly pointed, _finely and sharply serrate_, smaller than in the preceding (1--2' long); fruit similar or rather smaller.--Dry or moist ground, N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southward. Flowering early.--A tall shrub or small tree.

12. V. obovatum, Walt. Shrub 2--8 deg. high; leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1--11/2' long), shining; cymes small; fruit 5'' long, black.--River-banks and swamps, Va. to Fla. May.

4. TRIOSTEUM, L. FEVER-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets.--Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs, leafy to the top; the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name an abbreviation of _Triosteospermum_, alluding to the three bony nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliatum, L. _Softly hairy_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves oval, abruptly narrowed below_, downy beneath; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered; fruit orange-color, 1/2' long.--Rich woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and Ala. June. Also called TINKER'S-WEED, WILD COFFEE, etc.

2. T. angustifolium, L. Smaller, _bristly-hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base_; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils.--Shady grounds, Va. to Ill., Mo., and Ala. May.

5. LINNAEA, Gronov. TWIN-FLOWER.

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of the cells having only abortive ovules.--A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal _Linnaeus_, who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a special favorite.)

1. L. borealis, Gronov.--Moist mossy woods and cold bogs, N. Eng. to N. J. and the mountains of Md., west to Minn.; also far north and west. June. (Eu.)

6. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4--5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds bony.--Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of [Greek: symphore/o], _to bear together_, and [Greek: karpo/s], _fruit_; from the clustered berries.)

[*] _Style bearded; fruit red; flowers all in short dense axillary clusters._

1. S. vulgaris, Michx. (INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY.) Flowers in the axils of nearly all the leaves; corolla sparingly bearded; berries small.--Rocky banks, western N. Y. and Penn. to Dak., Neb., and Tex. July.

[*][*] _Style glabrous; fruit white; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary._

2. S. occidentalis, Hook. (WOLFBERRY.) _Flowers in dense terminal and axillary spikes_; corolla much bearded within; stamens and style protruded.--Rocky ground, N. Mich. and Ill., west to the Rocky Mts.--Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next.

3. S. racemosus, Michx. (SNOWBERRY.) _Flowers in a loose and somewhat leafy interrupted spike_ at the end of the branches; corolla bearded inside; berries large.--Rocky banks, N. New Eng. and Penn., to Minn. and westward; common in cultivation. June--Sept. Berries ripe in autumn.--Var. PAUCIFLORUS, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading; leaves smaller (about 1' long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the uppermost axils.--Mountains of Vt. and Penn. to Minn., Dak., and westward.

7. LONICERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE.

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2--3-celled. Berry several-seeded.--Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. (Named in honor of _Adam Lonitzer_, latinized _Lonicerus_, a German herbalist of the 16th century.)

Sec. 1. XYLOSTEON. _Upright bushy shrubs; leaves all distinct; peduncles axillary, single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes united into one; calyx-teeth not persistent._

[*] _Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute._

1. L. ciliata, Muhl. (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches straggling (3--5 deg. high); _leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin_, downy beneath; _filiform peduncles shorter than the leaves_; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred at the base (greenish-yellow, 3/4' long), the lobes nearly equal; _berries separate (red)_.--Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to Penn. and Minn. May.

2. L. caerulea, L. (MOUNTAIN F.) Low (1--2 deg. high); branches upright; _leaves oval_, downy when young; _peduncles very short; bracts awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries, which are united into one (blue) berry_; flowers yellowish.--Mountain woods and bogs, Lab. to R. I., Minn., and northward. May. (Eu.)

3. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. (SWAMP F.) Shrub 2--5 deg. high, branches upright; _leaves_ (2--3' long) _oblong_, downy when young, smooth when old; _peduncles long and slender; bracts minute or deciduous; corolla deeply 2-lipped_ (1/2' long, yellowish-white); _berries (purple) united_ or nearly distinct.--Bogs, N. New Eng. and N. Y., to Minn. June.

[*][*] _The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts._

4. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous; branches 4-angular; leaves (2--5' long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle; corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, cylindraceous (6--8'' long); ovaries and globose dark-purple berries distinct.--Deep woods; shores of L. Superior, and north and westward.

Sec. 2. CAPRIFOLIUM. _Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, forming interrupted terminal spikes; calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry._

[*] _Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular; stamens and style little exserted._

5. L. sempervirens, Ait. (TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.) Flowers in somewhat distant whorls, scentless, nearly 2' long, deep red outside, yellowish within or rarely throughout; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs connate.--Copses, Conn. to Ind., and southward; common in cultivation. May--Oct.--Leaves deciduous at the north.

[*][*] _Corolla ringent; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed; stamens and style conspicuously exserted._

[+] _Corolla-tube an inch long, glabrous inside; stamens and style glabrous._

6. L. grata, Ait. (AMERICAN WOODBINE.) Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorled in the uppermost axils; corolla whitish with a purple tube, fading yellowish, not gibbous at base, fragrant.--Rocky woodlands, N. J. and Penn. to Mich. and Mo., and southward; also cultivated. May.

[+][+] _Corolla hairy within, the tube 6'' long or less._

7. L. hirsuta, Eaton. (HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE.) Twining and rather high-climbing; leaves deep green above, downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled; flowers in approximate whorls; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at base, slender.--Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Penn., Mich., and Minn. July.--A coarse large-leaved species.

8. L. Sullivantii, Gray. At length _much whitened with glaucous bloom_, 3--6 deg. high, glabrous; leaves oval and obovate-oblong (2--4' long), sessile and mostly connate on the flowering stems, the uppermost into an orbicular disk; corolla pale yellow; _filaments nearly glabrous_. (L. flava of former edition, mainly.)--Ohio to Ill., Minn., and L. Winnipeg; also in Tenn. and N. C.

9. L. glauca, Hill. Glabrous, or lower leaf surface sometimes puberulent, 3--5 deg. high; leaves oblong (2--3' long), glaucous but less whitened than in the last, the 1--4 _upper pairs connate_; corolla greenish-yellow or purplish; _tube only 3--4'' long, within and also style and base of filaments hirsute_. (L. parviflora, _Lam._, and part of var. Douglasii, _Gray._)--Rocky grounds, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

8. DIERVILLA, Tourn. BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE.

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded.--Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3--several-flowered peduncles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to _Dr. Dierville_, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.)

1. D. trifida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled; peduncles mostly 3-flowered; pod long-beaked.--Rocks, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Minn. June--Aug.--Flowers honey-color, not showy, as are the Japanese species cultivated under the name of WEIGELA.

ORDER 52. RUBIACEAE. (MADDER FAMILY.)

_Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2--4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (4--5), and inserted on its tube._--Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitchella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen.--A very large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical.

I. CINCHONEAE. Ovules numerous in each cell; leaves opposite.

1. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble-shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs.

2. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and minute, angular. Low herbs.

II. COFFEINEAE. Ovules solitary in the cells; leaves mostly opposite.

[+] Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.

3. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2--4-seeded.

[+][+] Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry.

4. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.

[+][+][+] Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.

5. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening.

6. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels; otherwise as n. 5.