Chapter V: NIGRUM, Moench. More or less twining, nearly smooth; leaves ovate or

lance-ovate; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle shorter than the leaves.--N. Eng. to Penn.; a weed escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. GONOLOBUS, Michx.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown small and fleshy, annular or cup-shaped, in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Follicles turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds with a coma.--Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite heart-shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong to the typical section, with the crown simple and unappendaged, and the corolla nearly veinless. (Name composed of [Greek: goni/a], _an angle_, and [Greek: lobo/s], _a pod_, from the angled follicles of some species.)

[*] _Crown a low undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk; follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3--5-costate or angled._

1. G. suberosus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or sometimes deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy (3--5' long); umbels 3--9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; _corolla broadly conical in bud, abruptly pointed, twisted; lobes ovate_ or triangular-lanceolate, _acute, pubescent inside; calyx half as long_. (G. macrophyllus, _Chapman_.)--Near the coast, Va. to Fla.

2. G. laevis, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate with a deep and narrow open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3--6' long); umbels 5--10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole; _corolla elongated-conical in bud, not twisted; lobes narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 3--4 times as long as the calyx_.--South of our range.--Passes into var. MACROPHYLLUS, Gray, with _larger_ broadly cordate _leaves_, the _sinus often closed_, finely pubescent beneath. (G. macrophyllus, _Michx._)--River-banks, Va. to S. Ind., Mo., S. C., and Tex.

[*][*] _Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers; follicles muricate, not costate._

[+] _Crown fleshy, merely 10-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate._

3. G. obliquus, R. Br. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate (3--8' long); _umbel many-flowered; corolla in bud oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate_ (5--6'' long, 1'' wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and _minutely pubescent outside_.--River-banks, mountains of Penn. and Va., to Ohio and Mo. Flowers said to be fragrant.

4. G. hirsutus, Michx. Commonly more hairy; leaves with the basal lobes sometimes overlapping; _peduncles fewer-flowered; corolla in bud ovate, its lobes elliptical-oblong_ (3--4'' long), _barely puberulent outside_, dull or brownish-purple.--Md. and Va. to Tenn. and Fla.

[+][+] _Crown thinner, the border lobed or toothed; leaves as in the preceding._

5. G. Shortii, Gray. Resembles n. 3, but larger-leaved; corolla oblong-conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully 6'' long); _crown about 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate or 2-parted_.--Along the mountains, E. Ky. (_Short_) to N. W. Ga. (_Chapman_).

6. G. Carolinensis, R. Br. Flower-bud oblong; corolla brownish-purple; its lobes oblong or linear-oblong (4--5'' long); _crown undulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid subulate process in each sinus_.--From Va. to La., extending north to Ark. and central Mo.

ORDER 68. LOGANIACEAE. (LOGANIA FAMILY.)

_Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4--5-merous 4--5-androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx_; a connecting group between Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, Scrophulariaceae (from all which they are known by their stipules) and Rubiaceae, from which they differ in their free ovary; our representatives of the family are all most related to the Rubiaceae, to which, indeed, they have been appended.

[*] Woody twiners; leaves evergreen, stigmas 4.

1. Gelsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender.

[*][*] Herbs; stigma single, entire or 2-lobed.

2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.

3. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.

4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the summit, and with a common stigma.

1. GELSEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender; stigmas 2, each 2-parted, the divisions linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle.--Smooth and twining shrubby plants with ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. (_Gelsomino_, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. G. sempervirens, Ait. (YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South.) Stem climbing high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in short axillary clusters; pedicels scaly-bracted; flowers very fragrant (the bright yellow corolla 1--11/2' long); capsule flat, pointed.--Low grounds, E. Va. to Fla. and Tex. March, April.

2. POLYPREMUM, L.

Calyx 4-parted; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short; anthers globular. Style 1, very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.--A smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves, connected at base by a slight stipular line; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from [Greek: poly/premnos], _many-stemmed_.)

1. P. procumbens, L.--Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Tex.; also adventive in Penn. June--Oct.

3. SPIGELIA, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS.

Calyx 5-parted; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded.--Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for _Adrian Spiegel_, latinized _Spigelius_, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.)

1. S. Marilandica, L. (MARYLAND PINK-ROOT.) Stems simple and erect from a perennial root (6--18' high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike simple or forked, short; corolla 11/2' long, red outside, yellow within; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; anthers and style exserted.--Rich woods, N. J. to Wisc. and Tex. June, July.--A well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant.

4. MITREOLA, L. MITREWORT.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled; styles 2, short, converging and united above by a common stigma. Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded.--Annual smooth herbs, 6'--2 deg. high, with small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme. (Diminutive of _mitra_, a mitre, from the shape of the pod.)

1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled.--Damp soil, from E. Va. to Tex.

ORDER 69. GENTIANACEAE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

_Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves_ (except in Tribe II.) _without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely imbricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentae, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous; the fruit usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded capsule_.--Flowers solitary or cymose (racemose in n. 8). Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.)

SUBORDER I. Gentianeae. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, never alternate. AEstivation of corolla never valvate.

[*] Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud.

[+] Style filiform, usually deciduous; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving in age.

1. Erythraea. Parts of flower 5 or 4; corolla salver-form; anthers twisting spirally.

2. Sabbatia. Parts of flower 5--12; corolla rotate; anthers recurved or revolute.

3. Eustoma. Parts of flower 5 or 6; corolla campanulate-funnel-form; anthers versatile, straight or recurving; calyx-lobes long-acuminate.

[+][+] Style stout and persistent or none; anthers remaining straight.

4. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, without spurs or glands. Calyx 4--5-cleft.

5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe.

6. Halenia. Corolla 4--5-cleft, campanulate, and 4--5-spurred at the base.

[*][*] Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud; no appendages.

7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate.

8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate.

SUBORDER II. Menyantheae. Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. AEstivation of corolla induplicate-valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials.

9. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.

10. Limnanthemum. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded.

1. ERYTHRAEA, Richard. CENTAURY.

Calyx 4--5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, with slender tube and 4--5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped.--Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name, from [Greek: e)rythro/s], _red_); in summer.

E. CENTAURIUM, Pers. (CENTAURY.) Stem upright (6--12' high), _corymbosely branched_ above; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate, the uppermost linear; _cymes clustered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile_; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes.--Waste grounds, shores of Lakes Ontario and Michigan. (Adv. from Eu.)

E. RAMOSISSIMA, Pers. Low (2--6' high); _stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme_; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosulate below; _flowers all on short pedicels_; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes.--Wet or shady places, N. J., E. Penn., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

E. SPICATA, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6--10' high); the _flowers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches_; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong.--Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. SABBATIA, Adans.

Calyx 5--12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5--12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5--12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender.--Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to _L. Sabbati_, an early Italian botanist.)

[*] _Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6--7-parted._

[+] _Branches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled; flowers cymose; calyx with long and slender lobes._

[++] _Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying._

1. S. paniculata, Pursh. _Stem brachiately much-branched_ (1--2 deg. high); _leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved_, nearly equalling the internodes; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla.--Low grounds, Va. to Fla.

2. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. _Stem simple_ (2--3 deg. high) bearing a flat-topped cyme; _leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved_, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in n. 1.--Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

[++][++] _Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye._

3. S. brachiata, Ell. _Stem slightly angled_, simple below (1--2 deg. high); _leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse_, or the upper acute; branches rather few-flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the corolla.--Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla.

4. S. angularis, Pursh. _Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled_, much branched above (1--21/2 deg. high), many-flowered; _leaves ovate_, acutish, 5-nerved, with a _somewhat heart-shaped clasping_ base; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of the corolla.--Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and La.

[+][+] _Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in n. 5); peduncles 1-flowered_.

[++] _Calyx-lobes foliaceous._

5. S. calycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1 deg. high or less; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate ({2/3}--1' long), exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla.--Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex.

[++][++] _Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate in n. 6, and longer, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule)._

6. S. campestris, Nutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above; leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base (1/2--1' long), on the branches lanceolate; calyx equalling the lilac corolla (11/2--2' broad).--Prairies, S. E. Kan. and W. Mo. to Tex.

7. S. stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; _leaves oblong to lanceolate_, the upper narrowly linear; _calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla_; style nearly 2-parted.--Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Appears to pass into the next; corolla in both at times pink or white.

8. S. gracilis, Salisb. _Stem very slender_, at length diffusely branched; branches and long peduncles filiform; _leaves linear_, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the _setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla_; style cleft to the middle.--Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Mass., and N. J., to Fla. and La.

9. S. Elliottii, Steud. Effusely much branched; _leaves small_, lower cauline (6'' long or less) thickish, _from obovate to lanceolate_, upper narrowly linear and rather longer, on the flowering branches subulate; _calyx-lobes slender-subulate, very much shorter than the white corolla_; style 2-parted.--Pine barrens, S. Va. (?) to Fla.

[*][*] _Corolla 8--12-parted, large (about 2' broad)._

10. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem (1--2 deg. high), loosely panicled above; peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla.--Borders of brackish ponds, Mass. to Fla. and Ala.

3. EUSTOMA, Salisb.

Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted; its lobes long-acuminate, with carinate midrib. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5--6-lobed. Anthers oblong, versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent; stigma of 2 broad lamellae.--Glaucous large-flowered annuals, with more or less clasping and connate leaves, and slender terminal and more or less paniculate 1-flowered peduncles. (From [Greek: eu~)], _well_, and [Greek: sto/ma], _mouth_, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.)

1. E. Russellianum, Griseb. One or two feet high; leaves from ovate- to lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (11/2' long), 4 times longer than the tube; anthers hardly curving in age.--Neb. to Tex.

4. GENTIANA, Tourn. GENTIAN.

Calyx 4--5-cleft. Corolla 4--5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the pod.--Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from _Gentius_, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.)

Sec. 1. GENTIANELLA. _Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses; root annual._

[*] (FRINGED GENTIANS.) _Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles, mostly 4-merous; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned; a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. Autumn-flowering._

1. G. crinita, Froel. Stem 1--2 deg. high; _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base_; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue corolla (2' long), the _lobes_ of which are _wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit; ovary lanceolate_.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Dak., south to Iowa, Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga.

2. G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3--18' high; _leaves linear or lanceolate-linear_; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed; _lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong_, with ciliate-fringed margins, _the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit; ovary elliptical or obovate_. (G. detonsa, _Manual_.)--Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward.

[*][*] _Flowers smaller, 4--5-merous; corolla somewhat funnel-form or salver-form, its lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-angled stem._

3. G. Amarella, L. Stems 2--20' high; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous; calyx-lobes (4--5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear; corolla mostly blue, 1/2' long or more, _with a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes; capsule sessile._--Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setae.--Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward.

4. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1--2 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3--7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear; corolla pale blue, 6--9'' long, its lobes _triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without crown, but the glands at the base_ of the slender obconical tube _manifest; capsule stipitate_.--Moist hills, Maine to Ont., Ill., and south along the mountains to Fla.--Var. OCCIDENTALIS, Gray. Sometimes 2--3 deg. high, and paniculately much-branched; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-form corolla.--Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to Tenn. and La.

Sec. 2. PNEUMONANTHE. _Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with thin-membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no crown nor glands, capsule stipitate; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12)._

[*] _Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined; seeds winged._

5. G. affinis, Griseb. _Stems clustered_, 1 deg. high or less; leaves oblong or lanceolate to linear; _flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose_ or few or rarely almost solitary; _calyx-lobes_ unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or bluish) 1' long or less, rather _narrowly funnel-form_, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with _conspicuous laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes_.--Minn. to the Pacific.

6. G. puberula, Michx. Stems (_mostly solitary_) erect or ascending (8--16' high), mostly _rough_ and minutely pubescent above; _leaves rigid_, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1--2' long); _flowers clustered_, rarely solitary; _calyx-lobes lanceolate_, much shorter than the _bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla_, the spreading ovate _lobes_ of which are _twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages_.--Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and Ky., to Minn. and Kan. Oct.

[*][*] _Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal and often axillary clusters._

[+] _Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous; seeds conspicuously winged; leaves rough-margined._

7. G. Saponaria, L. (SOAPWORT G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base; _calyx-lobes linear or spatulate_, acute, _equalling or exceeding the tube_, half the length of the corolla; _lobes_ of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but _distinct_, and more or less _longer than the conspicuous_ 2-cleft and minutely toothed _appendages_.--Moist woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

8. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. (CLOSED G.) Stems upright, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed; _calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate_, recurved, _shorter than the top-shaped tube_, and much shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, _its proper lobes obliterated_, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages.--Moist ground, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. Ga. Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white.

[+][+] _Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal flower-cluster leafy-involucrate; seeds winged._

9. G. alba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout; flowers sessile and crowded in a dense terminal cluster; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.--Low grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to Ill., Ky., and Va.

10. G. linearis, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1--2 deg. high; flowers 1--5 in the terminal cluster; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with somewhat narrowed base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. linearis, _Gray_.)--Bogs, mountains of Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward.

Var. lanceolata, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost ovate-lanceolate, appendages of corolla sometimes very short and broad.--Minn. and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y.

Var. latifolia, Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base, the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate; appendages broad, acute or subtruncate.--L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue).

[+][+][+] _Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; seeds completely marginless._

11. G. ochroleuca, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages.--Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La.

[*][*][*] _Anthers not connected; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled and naked; seeds wingless._

12. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6--15' high), mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-funnel-form (2' long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as the cut-toothed appendages.--Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

PLEUROGYNE CARINTHIACA, Griseb., var. PUSILLA, Gray, a low few-flowered annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4--5 parted corolla and a pair of scale-like appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found.

5. FRASERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at base; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4--14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined.--Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to _John Fraser_, an indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century.)

1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3--8 deg. high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny; panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (1' broad) light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves.--Rich dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., south to Ga.

6. HALENIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.

Calyx 4--5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4--5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong.--Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Named for _John Halen_, a German botanist.)

1. H. deflexa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9--18' high), simple or branched above; leaves 3--5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla.--Damp and cool woods, from N. Maine and W. Mass. to L. Superior, Minn., and northward.

7. BARTONIA, Muhl.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod.--Small annuals or biennials (3--10' high), with thread-like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated to _Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton_, of Philadelphia.)

1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1--3-flowered; _lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calyx_, or sometimes twice as long; _anthers roundish_; ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform.--Open woods, Newf. to Wisc., south to Va. and La. Aug.--Scales and branches occasionally alternate.

2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem 1--few-flowered; flowers 3--4'' long, larger; _lobes of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers oblong_; ovary flat.--Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La. March.

8. OBOLARIA, L.

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls.--A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3--8' high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile; in spring. (Name from [Greek: o)bolo/s], a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.)

1. O. Virginica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like; flowers 4'' long.--Moist woods, N. J. to Ill., south to Ga. and Tex.

9. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining.--A perennial alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1 deg. high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from [Greek: me/n], _month_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliata, L.--Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.)

10. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none; stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule few--many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard.--Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of [Greek: li/mne], _a marsh_ or _pool_, and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _a blossom_, from the situations where they grow.)

1. L. lacunosum, Grisebach. _Leaves entire_, round-heart-shaped (1--2' broad), thickish, petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; _seeds smooth and even_.--Shallow water, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

2. L. trachyspermum, Gray. _Leaves larger_ (2--6' broad) and rounder, thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted beneath; petioles stouter; _seeds glandular-roughened_.--Ponds and streams, Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex.

ORDER 70. POLEMONIACEAE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few--many-seeded, the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column._--Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; many are ornamental in cultivation.)

1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire.

2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, partly scarious. Leaves mostly alternate, entire.

3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1. PHLOX, L.

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only a single seed in each cell.--Perennials (except a few southern species, such as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. ([Greek: Phlo/x], _flame_, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species are cultivated in gardens.

Sec. 1. _Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves._

[*] _Stem strictly erect; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered; peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in gardens.)_

1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2--4 deg. high), smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; _panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed; calyx-teeth awn-pointed_; corolla pink-purple varying to white.--Open woods, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and La. June, July.

2. P. maculata, L. (WILD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely roughish; _stem spotted with purple_, rather slender (1--2 deg. high); lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base, _panicle narrow, oblong_, leafy below; _calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed_; corolla pink-purple.--Rich woodlands and along streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.--Var. CANDIDA, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. With the ordinary form.

[*][*] _Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect; flowers in corymbed or simple cymes; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate._

[+] _Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or nearly so._

3. P. ovata, L. Stems ascending (1/2--2 deg. high), often from a prostrate base; _leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate_, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-peduncled; _calyx-teeth_ short and broad, _acute_. (P. Carolina, _L._)--Open woods, in the mountain region from Penn. to Ala. June, July.

4. P. glaberrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1--3 deg. high); _leaves linear-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate_, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3--4' long); cymes few-flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); _calyx-teeth_ narrower and very _sharp-pointed_.--Prairies and open woods, N. Va. to Ohio and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. July.

[+][+] _Calyx-teeth long and slender; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent._

[++] _No runners or prostrate sterile shoots._

5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1--11/2 deg. high), usually hairy, as are the _lanceolate or linear leaves_ (1--4' long), which commonly _taper to a sharp point_; cymes at length open; _calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like_, longer than the tube, loose or spreading; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire.--Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

6. P. amoena, Sims. Stems ascending (1/2--11/2 deg. high), mostly simple; _leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong_, abruptly acute or blunt (1/2--11/2' long), on sterile shoots often ovate; _cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-bracted; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear_, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer than the tube, straight; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. procumbens, _Gray_; not _Lehm._)--Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla.

[++][++] _Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent; leaves rather broad._

7. P. reptans, Michx. _Runners creeping_, bearing _roundish-obovate_ smoothish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4--8' high) and their _oblong or ovate obtuse leaves_ (1/2' long) _pubescent_, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; _lobes of the reddish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostly entire_.--Damp woods, in the Alleghany region, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. May, June.

8. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9--18' high); _leaves oblong- or lance-ovate_ or the lower oblong-lanceolate (11/2' long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube; _lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched_ at the end, or _often entire_, 1/2--{2/3}' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them.--Rocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. May.--A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flowers, the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tube.

[*][*][*] _Stems low, diffuse and branching; flowers scattered or barely cymulose; corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate._

9. P. bifida, Beck. _Minutely pubescent_; stems ascending, branched (5--8' high); leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (1/2--11/2' long, 11/2'' wide); flowers few, on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the tube; _lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle_ (4'' long), equalling the tube, the _divisions linear-oblong_.--Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo.

10. P. Stellaria, Gray. _Very glabrous_; leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (1--2' long, 1'' wide or more), acute, rather rigid; flowers scattered, mostly long-peduncled; _lobes of the pale blue or almost white corolla bifid at the apex into barely oblong lobes_.--Cliffs of Ky. River (_Short_), S. Ill., and Tenn. (_Gattinger_). May.

Sec. 2. _Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves._

11. P. subulata, L. (GROUND or MOSS PINK.) Depressed, in broad mats, pubescent (glabrate when old); leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (3--6'' long); cymes few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white); lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire.--Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Ky.

2. GILIA, Ruiz & Pav.

Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally inserted. Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds.--Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. Our species belongs to the Sec. _Collomia_, in which the flowers are capitate-glomerate and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules solitary, and leaves sessile and entire; annuals. (Dedicated to _Philip Gil_, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. linearis, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6--18' high; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla 6'' long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with small limb. (Collomia linearis, _Nutt._)--From Minn. west to the Pacific.

3. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN.

Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Capsule few--several-seeded.--Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from [Greek: po/lemos], _war_, of doubtful application.)

1. P. reptans, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems weak and spreading (6--10' high, never creeping as the name denotes); leaflets 5--15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; corymbs few-flowered; flowers nodding, calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube; _stamens and style_ included; corolla light blue, about 1/2' wide; _capsules about 3-seeded_.--Woods, N. Y. to Minn., south to Ala. and Mo. May, June.

2. P. caeruleum, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Stem erect (1--3 deg. high); leaflets 9--21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded; flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube; _stamens and style mostly exserted_ beyond the bright blue corolla, which is nearly 1' broad; capsule several-seeded.--Rare in our range, occurring in swamps and on mountains in N. H., N. Y., N. J., and Md., but common in the western mountains and far northward.

ORDER 71. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

_Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but the ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal 4--many-ovuled placentae, or rarely 2-celled by the union of the placentae in the axis; style 2-cleft, or 2 separate styles; fruit a 2-valved 4--many-seeded capsule._--Seeds mostly reticulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen.--Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or false racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. A small order of plants of no marked properties; some cultivated for ornament.

Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEAE. Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Seeds pitted or reticulated; albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft.

[*] Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp.

1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. Nemophila. Stamens included; anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses.

3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.

[*][*] Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inward more or less.

4. Phacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages.

Tribe II. HYDROLEAE. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placentae often projecting from the axis far into the cells. Albumen fleshy. Leaves entire. Styles 2.

5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. WATERLEAF.

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inward, forming a nectariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted; filaments more or less bearded; anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family); the 2 fleshy placentae expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Capsule ripening 1--4 seeds, spherical.--Perennials, with petioled ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of [Greek: y(/dor], _water_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_; of no obvious application.)

[*] _Calyx with minute if any appendages; rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed._

1. H. macrophyllum, Nutt. _Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and pinnatifid; the divisions 9--13, ovate, obtuse_, coarsely cut-toothed; root-leaves 1 deg. long; _peduncle shorter than the petiole_; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy; flowers (6'' long) crowded in a globular cluster; anthers short-oblong.--Rich woods, Ohio to Va. and Ala., west to the Mississippi. July.

2. H. Virginicum, L. _Smoothish_ (1--2 deg. high); _leaves pinnately divided_; _the divisions 5--7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed_, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; _peduncles longer than the petioles_ of the upper leaves, forked; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate; flowers 3'' long; anthers oblong-linear.--Rich woods. June--Aug.

3. H. Canadense, L. _Nearly smooth_ (1 deg. high); _leaves_ (3--5' broad) _palmately 5--7-lobed, rounded_, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those from the root sometimes with 2--3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; _peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles_, forked, the nearly white flowers on very short pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute teeth in the sinuses.--Damp rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Va., and west to the Mississippi. June--Aug.--Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles.

[*][*] _Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus; stamens little exserted._

4. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided, cymes rather loosely flowered; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly-hairy.--Damp woods, Ont. to mountains of N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo. June, July.

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, more or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Stamens included; anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentae (bearing each 2--12 ovules), capsule and seeds as in Hydrophyllum.--Diffuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered peduncles; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of [Greek: ne/mos], _a grove_, and [Greek: phile/o], _to love_.) Some handsome species are garden annuals.

1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems diffusely spreading (2--8' long); leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3--5 roundish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate; peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles; flowers minute; corolla white, longer than the calyx; placentae each 2-ovuled; capsule 1--2-seeded.--Moist woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. April--June.

3. ELLISIA, L.

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above; the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. Placentae (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum.--Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for _John Ellis_, a distinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnaeus.)

1. E. Nyctelea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently branched (6--12' high); leaves pinnately parted into 7--13 lanceolate or linear-oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions; peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves, 1-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed, about the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit ovate-lanceolate, nearly 1/2' long), capsule pendulous. (E. ambigua, _Nutt._; merely a slender form.)--Shady damp places, N. J. to Va., west to Minn. and Mo. May--July.

4. PHACELIA, Juss.

Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exserted; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentae adherent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inward more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4--many seeded capsule. (Ovules 2--30 on each placenta.)--Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes. (Name from [Greek: pha/kelos], _a fascicle_.)

Sec. 1. PHACELIA proper. _Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta); corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes entire._

1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, hairy (1--2 deg. high), leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3--5-divided, the divisions or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid, racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved.--Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio to Ill. and southward. May, June.--Corolla bright blue, 6'' broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal ciliate folds, covering as many externally keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.

Sec. 2. COSMANTHUS. _Ovules and seeds as in Sec. 1; corolla almost rotate, with fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within; filaments villous-bearded, rarely exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping._

2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched (8--12' high); _lobes of the stem-leaves 5--9, oblong or lanceolate, acute; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue_, varying to white (about 1/2' in diameter).--Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Minn., and southward. April--June.

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or ascending (5--8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3--5-divided into roundish leaflets; the upper 5--7-cleft or cut-toothed, the _lobes obtuse; raceme 3--10-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse_, becoming spatulate; _corolla white_ (3--4'' broad).--Woods, high mountains of Va. to Ala. May.

Sec. 3. COSMANTHOIDES. _Ovules and seeds 2--8 on each placenta; corolla rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages._

4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading (3--8' high); leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3--5 short lobes; racemes solitary, loosely 5--15-flowered, pedicels filiform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla open-campanulate, bluish-white (4--6'' broad); filaments hairy; capsule globular, 6--12-seeded, a half shorter than the calyx.--Shaded banks, Penn. and Ohio to Mo., south to S. C. and Tex. April--June.

Var. hirsuta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing in more open dry soil; corolla larger, 5--7'' in diameter; seeds 4--8.--Prairies and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. Tex.; also Va. and Ga.

5. P. Covillei, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2--5-flowered; calyx-lobes linear, in fruit 3'' long or more; corolla tubular-campanulate with erect limb; filaments glabrous; capsule depressed-globose; seeds 4, large.--Larkspur Island in the Potomac, five miles above Washington. (_F. V. Coville._)

Sec. 4. EUTOCA. _Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta; corolla rotate-campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellae within._

6. P. Franklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6--15' high), rather stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue.--Shores of L. Superior, thence north and westward.

5. HYDROLEA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule globular, 2-celled, with very large and fleshy many-seeded placentae, thin-walled, 2--4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed.--Herbs or scarcely shrubby, growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from [Greek: y(/dor], _water_), with entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers.

1. H. affinis, Gray. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creeping base, armed with small axillary spines; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose capsule.--Banks of streams, S. Ill. to Tex.

ORDER 72. BORRAGINACEAE. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

_Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla_ (except in Echium), _5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply 4-lobed ovary_ (_as in_ Labiatae), _forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets_.--Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.)

Tribe I. HELIOTROPIEAE. Ovary not lobed; fruit separating into 2--4 nutlets.

1. Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1--2-celled.

Tribe II. BORRAGINEAE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded nutlets in fruit; style rising from the centre between them.

[*] Corolla and stamens regular.

[+] Nutlets armed, attached laterally; corolla short, closed by 5 scales.

2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered with barbed prickles.

3. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed prickles.

[+][+] Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally.

4. Krynitzkia. Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets attached along the inner angle.

5. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. Nutlets fleshy, attached just above the base.

[+][+][+] Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining.

[++] Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6.

6. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested.

7. Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading; the throat either naked or with low crests.

8. Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute.

[++][++] Scar large and excavated.

9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales.

[*][*] Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal.

10. Lycopsis. Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included.

11. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.

ASPERUGO PROCUMBENS, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn.

1. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. TOURNSOLE, HELIOTROPE.

Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or capitate. Fruit 2--4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets.--Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient name, from [Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: trope/], _a turn_, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.)

Sec. 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. _Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled 1-seeded nutlets. Style short._

[*] _Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes._

H. EUROPAEUM, L. Erect annual (6--18' high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy.--Waste places, southward; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. H. Curassavicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascending; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in pairs.--Sandy seashore, Va.; saline soils, S. Ill., and south and westward.

[*][*] _Inflorescence not at all scorpioid; flowers scattered._

2. H. tenellum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, slender, strigose-canescent; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins; flowers often bractless.--Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., south to Ala. and Tex.

Sec. 2. EUPLOCA. _Fruit didymous, the 2 carpels each splitting into two 1-seeded nutlets; style elongated; flowers scattered, large._

3. H. convolvulaceum, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short-petioled; flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6'' broad, the strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals.--Sandy plains, Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers.

Sec. 3. TIARIDIUM. _Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels, with sometimes a pair of empty false cells; style very short; flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes._

H. INDICUM, L. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indicum, _DC._)--Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to Mo., and southward. (Adv. from India.)

2. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. HOUND'S-TONGUE.

Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles.--Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. all summer. (Name from [Greek: ky/on], _a dog_, and [Greek: glo ssa], _tongue_; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)