Chapter X: STRUMARIUM, L. Low (1--2 deg. high); fruit 6--8'' long, glabrous or

puberulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.--A weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?).

1. X. Canadense, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit about 1' long, densely prickly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks usually hooked or incurved.--River-banks and waste places, common.--Var. ECHINATUM, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, conspicuously hirsute or hispid prickles. Sandy sea-shores and on the Great Lakes.

45. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6--9, fertile. Involucre double; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, as many as the ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff. Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat at the top; pappus none.--Erect perennial herbs, with opposite coarsely toothed leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of [Greek: tetra/gonos], _four-angled_, and [Greek: the/ke], _a case_, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. helianthoides, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1--2 deg. high, simple; leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral scales and rays about 1' long.--Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.

46. ECLIPTA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed, all fertile. Involucral scales 10--12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff. Achenes short, 3--4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown.--An annual rough herb, with slender stems and opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; anthers brown. (Name from [Greek: e)klei/po], _to be deficient_, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1. E. alba, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent, or ascending and 1--3 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E. procumbens, _Michx._)--Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward. Peduncles very variable. (All tropical countries.)

47. HELIOPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral scales in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff linear. Achenes smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border.--Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of [Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: o)/psis], _appearance_, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)

1. H. laevis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1--4 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2--4 obscure teeth.--Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and southward. Aug.

2. H. scabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. laevis, var. scabra, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

48. ECHINACEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border.--Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3--5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from [Greek: e)chi~nos], _the hedgehog_, or _sea-urchin_, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purpurea, Moench. _Leaves_ rough, often serrate; the lowest _ovate, 5-nerved_, veiny, long-petioled; the others _ovate-lanceolate_; involucre imbricated in 3--5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.--Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.--Rays 15--20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1--2' long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of _Black Sampson_.--Very variable, and probably connects with

2. E. angustifolia, DC. _Leaves_, as well as the slender simple stem, _bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire_; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12--15 (2' long), rose-color or red.--Plains from Ill. and Wisc., southwestward. June--Aug.

49. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the _Professors Rudbeck_, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.)

[*] _Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and cut._

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (2--7 deg. high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5--7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves irregularly 3--5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first globular or hemispherical; chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays oblanceolate (1--2' long), drooping.--Low thickets; common. July--Sept.--Var. HUMILIS, Gray, low and glabrous, some of the radical leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller (1/2' high) and ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward.

[*][*] _Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown._

[+] _Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted._

2. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2--5 deg. high), the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff of the black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, awned.--Dry soil, Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.--Heads small, but numerous and showy.

3. R. subtomentosa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3--4 deg. high), downy, as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath; heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented; chaff downy at the blunt apex.--Prairies, Wisc., Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+] _Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed._

4. R. hirta, L. _Biennial_, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1--2 deg. high), naked above, bearing single large heads; _leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile_; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; _chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip_, acutish.--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed in eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West. June--Aug.

5. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bearing single heads; _leaves spatulate-oblong_ or lanceolate, _partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse_; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the ample involucre; _chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth_ and blunt.--Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., and southward.--Variable, 1--3 deg. high; the rays orange-yellow.

6. R. spathulata, Michx. Pubescence short and appressed; slender, 8'--3 deg. high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate, sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads long-peduncled, smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader.--Pine woods, Va. to Tenn., and southward.

7. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1--2 deg. high), branched; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads; _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3--5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised_; involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated (1--11/2') rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth.--Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. July.

50. LEPACHYS, Raf.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth.--Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name from [Greek: lepi/s], _a scale_, and [Greek: pachy/s], _thick_, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)

1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender (4 deg. high), branching; leaflets 3--7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long).--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.--The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

2. L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1--2 deg. high; leaflets 5--9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2--3-cleft; disk columnar, often 1' long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. PULCHERRIMA, Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple.--Minn. to Tex.

51. BORRICHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and persistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3--4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown.--Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for _Olof Borrich_, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'--3 deg. high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; chaff rigidly pointed.--Va. and southward.

52. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate scales.--Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (Named from [Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_.)

Sec. 1. _Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate; receptacle flat; disk brownish._

1. H. annuus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1' broad or more.--Minn. to Tex., and westward; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds.

2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. More slender, 1--3 deg. high; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1--3' long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk 1/2' broad or more.--Minn. to Tex., and westward.

Sec. 2. _Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower leaves usually opposite._

[*] _Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, pointed (1/2' long); disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear, 1-nerved._

3. H. orgyalis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly alternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate; scales filiform-attenuate.--Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south and westward.

4. H. angustifolius, L. Stem slender (2--6 deg. high), usually scabrous; leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads loosely corymbed, long-peduncled; scales acute or pointed.--Low pine barrens, N. J. to Ky., and southward.

[*][*] _Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not foliaceous; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and 3-nerved._

[+] _Disk dark._

5. H. atrorubens, L. _Rough-hairy; stem slender_ (2--4 deg. high), smooth and naked and forking above; _leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate_, or the lowest heart-shaped (3--6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; rays 10--16; pappus of 2 fringed scales.--Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.

6. H. rigidus, Desf. _Stem stout_ (2--6 deg. high or more), simple or sparingly branched, rough; _leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate_, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the lowest oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed; rays 20--25, pappus of 2 large and often several small scales.--Dry prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward.

[+][+] _Disk yellow._

7. H. laetiflorus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), narrower and acute or mostly acuminate.--Dry open places, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.--Rays showy, 1--2' long.

8. H. occidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem _slender, simple, naked above_ (1--3 deg. high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1--5 small heads on long peduncles; _lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate_, entire or obscurely serrate, _roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small and remote_; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes ciliate.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.

[*][*][*] _Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or foliaceous; disk yellow (anthers dark)._

[+] _Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft._

9. H. mollis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2--3 deg. high); leaves ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward.

[+][+] _Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute._

10. H. tomentosus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4--8 deg. high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large (5--12' long), somewhat petioled; disk 1' broad; rays 12--16, about 1' long.--Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along the mountains.

[+][+][+] _Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate._

11. H. grosse-serratus, Martens. _Stem smooth and glaucous_, 6--10 deg. high; _leaves elongated-lanceolate_ or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, _petioled_, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.--Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and southwestward.--Probably runs into the next.

12. H. giganteus, L. _Stem hairy or rough_ (3--10 deg. high), branched above; _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but _nearly sessile_; scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.--Var. AMBIGUUS, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.--Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow rays 15--20; roots often becoming tuber-like.

13. H. Maximiliani, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple, 1--10 deg. high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly denticulate; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper axils; scales longer attenuate, more rigid.--Prairies, Minn. to Tex.

[+][+][+][+] _Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in n. 15)._

[++] _Heads very small (about 4'' broad); rays 5--8; scales few, short, irregularly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems smooth._

14. H. parviflorus, Bernh. Stem 3--6 deg. high, with numerous slender branches above; _leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed_, somewhat serrate, petioled, _rough above_, pale and puberulent beneath; peduncles slender, rough; scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. microcephalus, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Thickets, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

15. H. laevigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1--6 deg. high), simple or sparingly branched, glaucous, _glabrous throughout_, as well as the slightly serrate _lanceolate leaves_ which are usually narrow and attenuate to the base.--Dry soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward.

[++][++] _Heads larger; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping root stocks._

[=] _Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire._

16. H. doronicoides, Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 3--7 deg. high; leaves _sessile_, ovate-oblong, acute, _triply-nerved above, the broadly cuneate base, serrulate_; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6--8'' long, hairy. (H. cinereus, var. Sullivantii, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry ground, Ohio to Mo.

17. H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top (1--4 deg. high), _smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base_, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3--6' long), serrate, _thickish, rough both sides_; scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 8--12.--Thickets and barrens; common.--Disk 6'' wide; rays 1' long.

18. H. hirsutus, Raf. _Stem_ simple or forked above, stout (1--4 deg. high), _bristly-hairy; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate_, gradually pointed, _slightly serrate_, rounded or obtuse at the base, _very rough_ above, usually rough-hairy beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about 12.--Dry plains, Ohio to Wisc., and southward.

19. H. strumosus, L. Stem (3--6 deg. high) very smooth below, often glaucous; _leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point_, or the lower ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, _whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath_; scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 9--15.--Var. MOLLIS, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy underneath, often subcordate, the scales looser and more attenuate.--River-banks and low copses; common, especially westward.

20. H. tracheliifolius, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled; scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated.--Copses, Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward.

[=][=] _Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, commonly broad; scales loose, hirsute-ciliate._

21. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (2--5 deg. high), smooth below; leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, sometimes foliaceous, the outer longer than the disk; rays about 10.--Copses and low banks of streams; N. Eng. to Minn. and southward, common.

22. H. tuberosus, L. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.) Pubescent or hirsute, 5--10 deg. high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath; scales lanceolate, attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12--20. (H. doronicoides, former ed.)--Penn. to Minn., and southward; often cultivated.--Var. SUBCANESCENS, Gray; usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with soft fine pubescence. Minn. to Mo.

53. VERBESINA, L. CROWNBEARD.

Heads several--many-flowered; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3); the chaff concave. Achenes flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned.--Mostly perennial herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow. ("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.")

[*] _Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile; involucre erect._

1. V. occidentalis, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged; _leaves opposite_, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs; receptacle flattish; _flowers yellow_; rays 1--5, lanceolate; achenes wingless. (V. Siegesbeckia, _Michx._)--Rich soil, S. Penn. to Ill., and southward. July.

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, _downy-pubescent, like the lower surface of the_ ovate-lanceolate feather-veined _alternate leaves_; heads in compound corymbs; receptacle convex; _flowers white_; rays 3--4, oval; achenes winged.--Dry soil, Penn.(?) to Ill., and southward. Aug.

[*][*] _Heads broader, solitary or few._

3. V. helianthoides, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1--3 deg. high), widely winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays 8--15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, _Nutt._)--Prairies and copses, Ohio to Iowa and southward. July.

4. V. encelioides, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1--2 deg. high, cinereous; leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles mostly winged and auriculate at base; involucral scales linear, equal, foliaceous, spreading; rays numerous, fertile.--Kan. to Tex., and westward.

54. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few, herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. Receptacle small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity spreading in all directions; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns.--Tall branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed; flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from [Greek: a)kti/s], _a ray_, and [Greek: meri/s], _a part_; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.)

1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above (4--8 deg. high); leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; rays 2--8, irregular.--Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York to Iowa, and southward. Sept.

55. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and somewhat spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat, obcompressed (i.e., parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly.--Herbs, generally with opposite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from [Greek: ko/ris], _a bug_, and [Greek: o)/psis], _resemblance_; from the form of the achene.)

Sec. 1. _Style-tips truncate or nearly so; outer involucre small and short; rays rose-color or yellow with brown base; pappus an obscure border or none._

1. C. rosea, Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth (6--20' high); leaves linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles; rays rose-color, 3-toothed; achenes oblong, wingless.--Sandy grassy swamps, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., and southward; rare. Aug.

2. C. cardaminefolia, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 6'--2 deg. high; leaves 1--2-pinnately divided, the lobes oval to lanceolate or above linear; rays yellow with brown-purple base; achenes short, smooth or papillose, winged.--Kan. to La. and Tex.

3. C. tinctoria, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2--3 deg. high; leaves 1--2-pinnately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear; achenes oblong, wingless; rays yellow with more or less of crimson-brown.--Minn. to Tex., etc.; common in cultivation.

Sec. 2. _Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none; ray mostly yellow and palmately lobed; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads; lower leaves petiolate._

4. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (1--2 deg. high), tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lateral lobes), lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate; outer scales ovate-lanceolate.--Rich or damp soil, Mich. and Ill. to Va., and southward. July. Also cultivated in gardens. Heads showy; rays 1' long.--Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray, is a low form with crowded narrow leaves and elongated peduncles.--Var. VILLOSA, Michx., is hirsute below, the leaves rather broad.

5. C. grandiflora, Nutt. Mostly glabrous; lower leaves lanceolate and spatulate, entire, the _upper 3--5-parted with lanceolate to linear and sometimes 2--3-parted lobes_; heads as in the last or larger.--S. Mo. to Tex. and Ga.

6. C. pubescens, Ell. More leafy, 1--4 deg. high, pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the upper oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2--4 small lateral lobes; heads usually smaller.--Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward.

7. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1--4 deg. high, branching, sometimes with runners; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-lanceolate, entire; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3--5-lobed or divided; outer scales oblong-linear or lanceolate; achenes narrowly winged and strongly involute.--Rich woods and banks, Va. to Ill., and southward. June--Sept.

Sec. 3. _Style-tips cuspidate; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without callus, the wing narrow or none; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed._

[*] _Outer scales narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at base; rays mostly entire, acute; pappus 2-toothed or none; leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as if whorled; perennial, 1--3 deg. high._

[+] _Leaves 3-cleft, but not to the base._

8. C. palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed.--Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward. July.

[+][+] _Leaves divided to the base, uppermost and lowest sometimes simple._

9. C. senifolia, Michx. Plant minutely soft-pubescent; leaves each divided into 3 sessile _ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets_, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl.--Sandy woods, Va. and southward. July.

Var. stellata, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower.--Va., Ky., and southward.

10. C. delphinifolia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into 3 sessile _leaflets_ which are 2--5-_parted, their divisions lance-linear_ (1--3'' broad), rather rigid; disk brownish.--Pine woods, Va. and southward. July.

11. C. verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile _leaflets_ which are 1--2-_pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions_.--Damp soil, from Ont. and Mich. to Md., Ark., and southward. Cultivated in old gardens, but not showy. July--Sept.

[*][*] _Outer scales narrow, shorter, all united at base; rays entire, obtuse; pappus none; leaves petiolate, pinnately 3--5-divided; perennial._

12. C. tripteris, L. (TALL COREOPSIS.) Smooth; stem simple (4--9 deg. high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire.--Penn. to Wisc., Iowa, and southward. Aug.--Sept.--Heads exhaling the odor of anise when bruised; disk turning brownish.

[*][*][*] _Scales mostly distinct, the outer leafy, reflexed or spreading; achenes flat, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1-nerved on each face, 2-toothed or 2-awned (rarely 4-awned); leaves petiolate, usually pinnately 3--7-divided, the lobes serrate; annuals (or biennial), branching. Approaching_ Bidens.

[+] _Rays conspicuous, golden yellow._

[++] _Achenes cuneate, obscurely ciliate or naked; outer scales about 8._

13. C. aurea, Ait. Nearly glabrous, 1--3 deg. high; leaves variable, commonly 3--7-divided, or some or all undivided, the segments incisely serrate or lobed; _achenes broadly cuneate_, 1--2'' long, with 2 _very short blunt spreading teeth_.--Wet ground, Va. to Fl.

14. C. trichosperma, Michx. (TICKSEED SUNFLOWER.) Smooth, branched; leaves short-petioled, nearly all 3--7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves only 3--5-cleft and almost sessile; heads panicled-corymbose; _achenes narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge-linear_, about 4'' long, smooth or sparsely hairy, marginless, _crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth_.--Swamps, Mass. to Va. near the coast. Also Buffalo, N. Y., to Ill., where is a var. TENUILOBA, Gray, with shorter achenes, approaching the last. Aug.--Oct.

[++][++] _Achenes obovate, very flat, with thin ciliate margins._

15. C. aristosa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1--2-pinnately 5--7-divided, petioled; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid; heads panicled-corymbose; outer scales 8--10, not exceeding the inner, barely ciliate; _achenes_ with 2 (rarely 4) _long and slender diverging awns_ as long as the achene itself.--Swamps, Ohio to Mich., Minn., and southwestward. Aug.--Oct.--Var. MUTICA has two short divergent teeth or points in place of the awns.--W. Ill. and southwestward. Forms occur with the barbs of the awns spreading or retrorse, hybrids with _Bidens frondosa_ or other species.

16. C. involucrata, Nutt. Heads rather larger, the outer scales 12--20, mostly exceeding the inner, slender and hispid; achenes with 2 short acute teeth.--W. Ill. to Kan. and Tex.

[+][+] _Rays none, or rarely rudimentary; outer scales usually 3--5, loose, leafy, commonly surpassing the short-pedunculate heads; achenes narrowly cuneate; plants glabrous, 1--3 deg. high; leaves petiolate._

17. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Paniculately branched; _leaves undivided, lanceolate_, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends; heads 6--10'' long; _achenes nearly subulate_, bearing a pair of _very slender_ upwardly roughened _awns surpassing the corolla_ (4'' long), but shorter than the achene, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns.--Shores of Delaware River, near Philad., and Delaware Bay, to Md. Hybridizes with _Bidens frondosa_.

18. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched, 1--2 deg. high; _leaves ternately divided_, slender-petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate; heads 2--3'' long; _achenes linear-wedge-shaped_ (2--3'' long), bearing a pair of _short and stout_ upwardly-barbed _awns of the length of the corolla_.--Wet banks and swamps, Conn. to Ohio, Ill., and southward. July.

56. BIDENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD.

Heads many-flowered; the rays when present 3--8, neutral. Involucre double, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish; the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed.--Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, _bidens_, two-toothed.)

[*] _Achenes flat, not tapering at the summit; outer involucre foliaceous; annuals._

[+] _Heads erect, nearly rayless; leaves mostly petiolate._

1. B. frondosa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS. STICK-TIGHT.) Smooth or rather hairy, tall (2--6 deg. high), branching, _leaves 3--5-divided; leaflets mostly stalked_, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed; outer involucre much longer than the head, ciliate below; _achenes wedge-obovate, 2-awned, ciliate_ (the bristles ascending except near the summit).--Moist waste places; a coarse troublesome weed, the achenes, as in the other species, adhering to clothing, etc., by their retrorsely barbed awns. Hybrids occur with _Coreopsis aristosa_ and other species. July--Oct.

2. B. connata, Muhl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth (1--2 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate_ or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into margined slightly united petioles; _the lower often 3-divided, their lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole_; outer scales longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse; _rays none; achenes narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2--4-) awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate_.--E. New Eng. to Minn., and southward.--Var. COMOSA, Gray, is stouter, the leaves commonly all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with very leafy involucre. Ill., Ky., and westward. Aug.--Oct.--Var. PINNATA, Watson; leaves nearly all pinnately divided, the 5--7 narrow divisions sparingly incised; achenes 4-awned. Hennepin Co., Minn. (_F. L. Conillard_).

[+][+] _Heads somewhat nodding, commonly radiate; leaves sessile, undivided._

3. B. cernua, L. (SMALLER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Nearly smooth (5'--3 deg. high), _leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; heads_ nodding, _with or without_ (light yellow) _rays_; outer involucre longer than the head; achenes wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Va., Mo., Minn., and northward. July--Sept.--Rays, if any, smaller than in n. 4, and the outer involucre more leaf-like. (Eu.)

4. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. (LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Smooth, erect, or reclining at the base (6'--2 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate_, tapering at both ends, more or less connate, _regularly serrate_; outer involucre mostly shorter than the _showy golden-yellow (1' long) rays_; achenes wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins; awns 2, 3, or 4.--Swamps; common. Aug.--Oct.

[*][*] _Achenes linear, 4-sided, the inner longer and tapering upward._

5. B. bipinnata, L. (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Smooth annual, branched; leaves 1--3-pinnately parted, petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base; heads small, on slender peduncles; outer involucre of linear scales equalling the short pale yellow rays, achenes 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3--4-awned.--Damp soil, R. I. to N. Y., Ill., and southward.

[*][*][*] _Achenes terete, truncate at both ends, with 3--6 very long awns smooth below._

6. B. Beckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, smooth; stems long and slender; immersed leaves crowded, capillary, many times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed; heads single, short-peduncled; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth (1/2' long), the stout divergent awns (1' long) barbed only toward the apex.--Ponds and slow deep streams, Mass. to N. J., Mo., and northward. Aug.--Oct.

57. THELESPERMA, Less.

Heads many-flowered; rays about 8, neutral, or none. Involucre as in Coreopsis, the inner connate to the middle, scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, the scarious chaff falling with the nearly terete wingless and beakless achenes; pappus of 2 stout subulate retrorsely hispid awns.--Smooth herbs, with opposite dissected leaves and pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From [Greek: thele/], _a nipple_, and [Greek: spe/rma], _seed_, on account of the papillose achenes.)

1. T. gracile, Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, 1--2 deg. high; leaves with narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire; outer scales very short; rays short or usually none; achenes papillose.--Kan., south and westward.

58. BALDWINIA, Nutt.

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate, the long and narrowly wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes; pappus of 7--9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales.--A perennial herb, smoothish, with slender simple stems (2--3 deg. high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow (1' long); the disk often turning dark purple. (Named for the late _Dr. William Baldwin_.)

1. B. uniflora, Nutt.--Borders of swamps, Va. (?) and southward. Aug.

59. MARSHALLIA, Schreb.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes slender and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales.--Smooth and low perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate heads (like those of a Scabious) terminating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish; anthers blue. (Named for _Humphrey Marshall_, of Pennsylvania, author of _Arbustum Americanum_, one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.)

1. M. latifolia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sessile.--Dry soil, Va. and southward.

2. M. caespitosa, Nutt. Stem commonly leafy only at base; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse.--Kan. to Tex.

60. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pavon.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; rays 4--5, small, roundish, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. Achenes angled; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting).--Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads; disk yellow; rays whitish. (Named for _Galinsoga_, a Spanish botanist.)

G. PARVIFLORA, Cav. Smoothish (1 deg. high); leaves ovate, acute, somewhat toothed; scales of the pappus 8--16.--Waste places, especially eastward; spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

61. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6--12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-shaped, with a slender base, striate; pappus of 15--20 blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from [Greek: y(me/n], _membrane_, and [Greek: pa/ppos], _pappus_.)--Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers.

[*] _Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales._

1. H. scabiosaeus, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young, leafy to the top (1--3 deg. high); leaves 1--2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish.--Sandy barrens, Ill. and southward. May, June.

2. H. corymbosus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked above; scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex.--Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

[*][*] _Pappus of conspicuous spatulate 1-nerved scales; involucre greener._

3. H. tenuifolius, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, 1--2 deg. high; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute; involucral scales obovate-oblong; achenes long-villous.--Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

62. ACTINELLA, Pers., Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Achenes top-shaped, densely silky-villous; pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very thin chaffy scales.--Low herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted or sprinkled with resinous atoms as in the next genus and bitter-aromatic; the solitary heads terminating scapes or slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Name a diminutive of _Actinea_, from [Greek: a)kti/s], _ray_.)

[*] _Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales; leaves entire._

1. A. linearifolia, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or glabrate, 1 deg. high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles filiform.--S. Kan. to La., and Tex.

2. A. acaulis, Nutt. Perennial, densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous or silky; leaves spatulate to linear, short.--Hills and plains bordering the Rocky Mts. and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. GLABRA, Gray (A. scaposa, var. glabra, _Man._), a greener glabrate form, has been found on an Indian mound near Joliet, Ill. The less densely cespitose A. SCAPOSA, Nutt., more loosely villous and the caudex with more slender branches, is probably in S. Kan.

[*][*] _Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base; leaves ternately parted._

3. A. odorata, Gray. Annual, 1--2 deg. high, branching, leafy, somewhat floccose-woolly; heads small, scattered; leaves 1--3-pinnately divided, the lobes filiform.--Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

63. HELENIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3--5-cleft, fertile or rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed; pappus of 5--8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point.--Erect, branching herbs (ours perennial), with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter aromatic resinous globules. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after _Helenus_, son of Priam.)

1. H. nudiflorum, Nutt. Somewhat puberulent, 1--3 deg. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and dentate; heads mostly small; disk brownish, globose; ray yellow or partly brown-purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceeding the disk. (Leptopoda brachypoda, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Ill. and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex.; nat. near Philadelphia. Hybridizes with the next. June--Aug.

2. H. autumnale, L. Nearly smooth, 1--6 deg. high; leaves mostly toothed, lanceolate to ovate-oblong; heads larger (about 6'' broad); disk yellow; ray fertile, yellow.--Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn. to Minn., south and westward. Sept.

64. GAILLARDIA, Foug.

Heads many-flowered; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile, or none. Involucral scales in 2--3 rows, the outer larger, loose and foliaceous. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with bristle-like or subulate or short and soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous; pappus of 5--10 long thin scales, awn-tipped by the excurrent nerve.--Erect herbs with alternate leaves and large showy heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or scapiform peduncles. (Named after _Gaillard de Merentonneau_.)

1. G. simplex, Scheele. Annual; leaves all radical, usually spatulate, pinnatifid to entire; head globose on a naked scape, usually rayless.--S. Kan. to Tex.

2. G. lanceolata, Michx. Annual, leafy-stemmed, branched, 1--2 deg. high, finely pubescent; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire; rays rather few or none; chaff very short or obsolete.--S. Kan. to Tex. and Fla.

3. G. aristata, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2 deg. high; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatifid; rays usually numerous and long; chaff bristly or subulate.--Dak., west and southward.

65. DYSODIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate; rays pistillate. Involucre of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.--Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor (as in Tagetes, the FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, which belongs to the same group); heads terminating the branches; flowers yellow. (Name [Greek: dysodi/a], _an ill smell_, which the plants exemplify.)

1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6--18' high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre.--Roadsides, and banks of rivers, Minn. to Ill., Tenn., and southwestward. Aug.--Oct.

66. ANTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate or (in n. 1) neutral. Involucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious scales shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, with slender chaff at least near the summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate; pappus none or a minute crown.--Branching strong-scented herbs, with finely pinnately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads; rays white; disk yellow. ([Greek: A)nthemi/s], the ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.)

A. COTULA, DC. (MAY-WEED.) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral; receptacle without chaff near the margin; pappus none; leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected. (Maruta Cotula, _DC._)--Common by roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN CHAMOMILE.) Pubescent _annual or biennial_, resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1--2-pinnately parted; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed; pappus a minute border.--Waste places; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. NOBILIS, L. (GARDEN CHAMOMILE.) More downy and _perennial_, pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus none.--Established near Lewiston, Delaware, _Nuttall._ (Adv. from Eu.)

67. ACHILLEA, L. YARROW.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes oblong, flattened, margined; pappus none.--Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by _Achilles_.)

1. A. Millefolium, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Stems simple; _leaves twice-pinnately parted_; the divisions linear, 3--5-cleft, crowded; corymb compound, flat-topped; _involucre oblong; rays 4--5, short_, white (sometimes rose-color).--Fields and hills; common. Green and more glabrate in fields in the Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases introduced. Aug. (Eu.)

A. PTARMICA, L. (SNEEZEWORT.) _Leaves simple, lance-linear_, sharply serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; _rays 8--12, much longer than the broader campanulate involucre_; flowers white.--Mass., Mich., etc.; rare. Apparently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from Eu.)

68. MATRICARIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, naked. Achenes 3--5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or none.--Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none; disk yellow. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

M. INODORA, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform lobes; _heads large_, naked-peduncled, and _with many long rays_; achenes strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border.--(Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, _Prof. Verrill_. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. DISCOIDEA, DC. Low (6--9' high); leaves 2--3-pinnately parted into short linear lobes; _heads rayless_, short-peduncled; scales oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more terete; pappus obsolete.--Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near railroad stations; also established in N. Europe. July--Sept.

69. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY.

Heads many-flowered; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate, without pappus.--Perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white; disk yellow. (Old Greek name, [Greek: chrysa/nthemon], i.e. golden flower.)

C. LEUCANTHEMUM, L. (OX-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed; scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins. (Leucanthemum vulgare, _Lam._)--Fields and meadows; abundant eastward. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)