Chapter L: MACULATUM, L. Like the last, but leaves more frequently marked with a

white spot on the upper face, and flowers purplish, with the ring of hairs transverse instead of oblique.--Sparingly escaped. (Adv. from Eu.)

34. GALEOPSIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate, arched, entire; the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; _anther-cells transversely 2-valved_; the inner valve of each cell bristly-fringed, the outer one larger and naked.--Annuals, with spreading branches, and several--many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of [Greek: gale/e], _a weasel_, and [Greek: o)/psis], _resemblance_, from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

G. TETRAHIT, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) _Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy; leaves ovate_, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish or variegated, about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. GRANDIFLORA, 3--4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip.--Waste places, common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. LADANUM, L. (RED H.) _Stem smooth or pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate_, more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (often spotted with yellow), much exceeding the calyx.--E. New Eng., rare. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

35. STACHYS, Tourn. HEDGE-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5--10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering); anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate.--Whorls 2--many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from [Greek: sta/chus], _a spike_). Flowers purple or rose-red, in summer.

[*] _Root annual; stems decumbent, low._

S. ARVENSIS, L. (WOUNDWORT.) Hairy; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate; whorls 4--6-flowered, distant; corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the unarmed calyx.--Waste places, E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] _Root perennial; stem erect._

[+] _Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short-petioled._

1. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. _Smooth and glabrous_, or the nodes hirsute; stems slender (1 deg. high); _leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear, sessile_, obscurely toothed toward the apex; whorls 4--6-flowered, rather distant; _corolla glabrous_, twice or thrice the length of the triangular-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth.--Wet sandy places, Mass. to Mich., south to Fla. and Mo.--Var. AMBIGUA, Gray, is stouter (1--2 deg. high), sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles on the angles of the stem, and with broader (3--6'') serrulate leaves.--Ill. and Ky. to Ga.

2. S. palustris, L. Stem 4-angled (2--3 deg. high), leafy, _hirsute with spreading or reflexed hairs_, especially on the angles; _leaves_ sessile, or the lower short-petioled, _oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate_, rounded at base, _downy or hairy-pubescent_, obtusish (2--4' long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx; whorls 6--10-flowered, the upper crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat spiny, half the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit; _upper lip of corolla pubescent_.--Wet ground, Newf. to Penn., westward across the continent.

3. S. aspera, Michx. Taller; _stem more commonly smooth on the sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles_; leaves hairy or smoothish, as in the last, but _nearly all distinctly petioled_, the lower floral as long as the flowers; spike often slender and more interrupted; _calyx mostly glabrous_, the tube rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny; _corolla glabrous throughout_. (S. palustris, var. aspera, _Gray_.)--Wet ground, common.

Var. glabra, Gray. More slender, _smooth and glabrous throughout_, or with few bristly hairs; leaves taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at the base, _all more conspicuously petioled_. (S. palustris, var. glabra, _Gray_.)--Western N. Y. to Ill., and southward.

[+][+] _Nearly all the leaves long-petioled and cordate._

4. S. cordata, Riddell. Rather weak, hirsute, 2--3 deg. high; leaves all ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2--5' long), the floral mostly minute; spikes slender, of numerous few-flowered clusters; calyx only 2'' long; corolla glabrous throughout (or nearly so), barely 5'' long. (S. palustris, var. cordata, _Gray_.)--Thickets, S. Ohio to Iowa, south to Va., Tenn., and Mo.

ORDER 83. PLANTAGINACEAE. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

_Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopetalous corolla, alternate with its lobes_;--chiefly represented by the two following genera.

1. PLANTAGO, Tourn. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT.

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous margins. Corolla salver-form or rotate, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in n. 5 falsely 3--4-) celled, with 1--several ovules in each cell. Style and long hairy stigma single, filiform. Capsule 2-celled, 2--several-seeded, opening transversely, so that the top falls off like a lid and the loose partition (which bears the peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.--Leaves ribbed. Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. (The Latin name.)

Sec. 1. _Stamens 4; flowers all perfect; corolla not closed over the fruit_.

[*] _Flowers proterogynous, the style first projecting from the unopened corolla, the anthers long-exserted after the corolla has opened; seeds not hollowed on the face (except in_ P. lanceolata).

[+] _Corolla glabrous; leaves strongly ribbed; perennial._

[++] _Ribs of the broad leaves rising from the midrib._

1. P. cordata, Lam. Tall, glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate (3--8' long), long-petioled; spike at length loosely flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy; capsule 2--4-seeded.--Along streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward.

[++][++] _Ribs of the leaf free to the contracted base_.

2. P. major, L. (COMMON PLANTAIN.) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely roughish; _leaves ovate, oblong, oval_, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; _spike dense, obtuse_; sepals round-ovate or obovate; _capsule ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8--18-seeded; seeds angled, reticulated_.--Waysides and near dwellings everywhere. Doubtless introduced from Eu., but native from L. Superior and N. Minn., northward.

3. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves as in the last, but paler and thinner; _spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex_; sepals oblong, acutely carinate; _capsules cylindraceous-oblong, circumscissile much below the middle, 4--9-seeded; seeds oval-oblong, not reticulated_. (P. Kamtschatica, _Gray_, Man., not _Cham._)--Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

4. P. eriopoda, Torr. _Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the base; leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate_, with short stout petioles; spike dense or loose; _sepals and bract more or less scarious but not carinate; capsule ovoid, never over 4-seeded_.--Moist and saline soil; Red River valley, Minn., and westward; also on the Lower St. Lawrence.

P. LANCEOLATA, L. (RIBGRASS. RIPPLEGRASS. ENGLISH PLANTAIN.) Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the _lanceolate or lance-oblong leaves_, slender (9'--2 deg. high); spike dense, at first capitate, in age cylindrical; bract and sepals scarious, brownish; _seeds 2, hollowed on the face_.--Very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] _Corolla-tube externally pubescent; leaves linear or filiform, fleshy, indistinctly ribbed; seeds 2--4; maritime, often woolly at base_.

5. P. decipiens, Barneoud. _Annual_, or sometimes biennial with a stout rootstock, smooth, or the scape pubescent; leaves flat or flattish and channelled, erect, nearly as long as the scape (5--12'), acuminate; spike slender, rather loose. (P. maritima, var. juncoides, _Gray_, Man.)--Salt marshes, Atlantic coast, from Labrador to N. J. The characters distinguishing biennial specimens of this from the next are obscure.

6. P. maritima, L. _Perennial_; spikes dense.--Coast of Mass.; Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Flowers of 2 sorts (as respects length of anthers and filaments) on different plants, mostly cleistogamous; corolla-lobes broad, rounded, persistently spreading; seeds 2, boat-shaped; inflorescence and narrow leaves silky-pubescent or woolly; annual._

7. P. Patagonica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioides, Gray. White with silky wool; leaves 1--3-nerved, varying from oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (1/4--4' long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with a thick centre.--Prairies and dry plains, Minn. to Ind., Ky., and Tex., westward to the Pacific. Very variable.--Var. NUDA, Gray; with sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts.--Var. SPINULOSA, Gray; a canescent form with aristately prolonged and rigid bracts.--Var. ARISTATA, Gray; loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous, with narrowly linear bracts 2--3 times the length of the flowers. (Nat. on Martha's Vineyard, and about Boston.)

Sec. 2. _Flowers subdioecious or polygamo-cleistogamous; the corolla in the fertile (or mainly fertile) plant closed over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted; sterile flowers with spreading corolla and long-exserted filaments; seeds mostly flat; small annuals or biennial._

[*] _Leaves comparatively broad, short-petioled or subsessile; stamens 4._

8. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2--9' high); leaves oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3--5 nerved, slightly or coarsely and sparingly toothed; spikes mostly dense (1--2' long); seeds usually 2.--Sandy grounds, S. New Eng. to S. Ill., south to Fla. and Ariz.

[*][*] _Leaves linear or filiform; flowers very small; stamens 2; spike slender._

9. P. pusilla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1--4' high); leaves entire; _capsule short-ovoid, 4-seeded_, little exceeding the calyx and bract.--Sandy soil, southern N. Y. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. Apr.--Aug.

10. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some of them below 2--4-lobed or toothed; _capsule oblong-conoidal, 10--28-seeded_, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract.--Low sandy ground, Penn. to Fla. and Tex. Apr.--June.

2. LITTORELLA, L.

Flowers monoecious; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape; calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla; stamens exserted on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at the base of the scape; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals; corolla urn-shaped, with a 3--4-toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long laterally stigmatic style, maturing as an achene. (Name from _litus_ or _littus_, shore, from the place of growth.)

1. L. lacustris, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless; leaves terete, linear-subulate, 1--2' long.--In water or on gravelly shores, Nova Scotia and N. Brunswick, to L. Champlain (_Pringle_) and Ont.

DIVISION III. APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Corolla none; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or sometimes wanting altogether.

ORDER 84. NYCTAGINACEAE. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

_Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp; the stamens few, slender, and hypogynous; the embryo coiled around the outside of mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledons_ (in Abronia monocotyledonous by abortion).--Represented in our gardens by the FOUR-O'CLOCK, or MARVEL OF PERU (MIRABILIS JALAPA), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx.

1. Oxybaphus. Involucre of united bracts. Fruit wingless. Calyx bell shaped.

2. Abronia. Involucre of distinct bracts. Fruit 5-winged. Calyx salver-form.

1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl.

Flowers 3--5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. Stamens mostly 3 (3--5), hypogynous. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit achene-like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in ours).--Herbs, abounding on the western plains, with very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name [Greek: o)xyba/phon], _a vinegar-saucer_, or small shallow vessel; from the shape of the involucre.)

1. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. _Nearly smooth_; stem becoming repeatedly forked, 1--3 deg. high; _leaves all petioled_ (except the uppermost reduced ones), _from broadly ovate to lanceolate, rounded or cordate or cuneate at base_; inflorescence loose and but slightly pubescent, the peduncles slender (at first solitary in the axils); fruit oblong-obovate, 2'' long, rather acutely angled.--Minn. and Wisc. to Tex. and La.; rare escape from gardens in E. Mass. and R. I.

2. O. hirsutus, Sweet. More or less _glandular-hirsute_, especially about the nodes and the usually contracted inflorescence, 1--3 deg. high; _leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sessile_ and cuneate at base or narrowed to a short petiole; stamens often 5; fruit with thickened obtuse angles.--Plains of the Sask. to Wisc., Iowa., Neb., and Tex.

3. O. angustifolius, Sweet. Often tall, _glabrous_ except the more or less hirsute peduncles and involucres; _leaves linear_, thick and glaucous, often elongated (2--6' long); fruit as in the last.--Minn. to Tex., and westward.

2. ABRONIA, Juss.

Involucre of 5--15 distinct bracts, enclosing numerous sessile flowers. Calyx salver-form, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the calyx-tube. Style included; stigma linear-clavate. Perfect fruit 3--5-winged. Embryo monocotyledonous.--Low herbs, with thick opposite petioled unequal leaves, axillary or terminal peduncles, and showy flowers in solitary heads. (Name from [Greek: a(bro/s], _graceful_.)

1. A. fragrans, Nutt. More or less viscid-pubescent, from a perennial root; leaves oblong or ovate, truncate or cuneate at base; involucre conspicuous, of broad ovate white and scarious bracts; flowers white, fragrant, 4--10'' long; fruit coriaceous, obpyramidal, with narrow undulate coarsely reticulated wings.--From W. Iowa to Utah and N. Mex.

ORDER 85. ILLECEBRACEAE. (KNOTWORT FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules_ (except in Scleranthus), _a 4--5-toothed or -parted herbaceous or coriaceous persistent calyx_, no petals, _stamens borne on the calyx, as many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer, styles 2 and often united, and fruit a 1-seeded utricle._ Seed upon a basal funicle, the embryo (in ours) surrounding the mealy albumen.--Small diffuse or tufted herbs, with small greenish or whitish flowers in clusters or dichotomous cymes.

1. Anychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Styles hardly any.

2. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx; the sepals hooded at the summit and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top.

3. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx. Styles 2. Stipules none.

1. ANYCHIA, Michx. FORKED CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. Stamens 2--3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downward.--Small, many times forked annuals, with small stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all summer. (Same derivation as the next genus.)

1. A. dichotoma, Michx. _More or less pubescent, short-jointed, low and spreading_; leaves somewhat petioled, mostly very narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate; _flowers nearly sessile_ and somewhat clustered.--Mostly in open places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.

2. A. capillacea, DC. _Smooth, longer-jointed, slender and erect; leaves thinner, broader and longer_ (5--15'' long); _flowers more stalked and diffuse._ (A. dichotoma, var. capillacea, _Torr._)--Dry woodlands, same range as the last, but more abundant northward.

2. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT.

Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals (or staminodia) bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending.--Tufted herbs (ours perennial), with dry and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a _whitlow_, and for a plant thought to cure it.)

1. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, _spreading; leaves linear_ (1/2' long); _flowers densely clustered_, surrounded by conspicuous _large silvery bracts_; calyx hairy, short-awned; petals mere teeth between the stamens.--Bare mountain slopes of the White Mts., and in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.; also coast of Maine and near Newburyport, Mass. July.

2. P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6--12' high) _ascending_ from a rather woody base; _leaves_ (1/2--11/2' long) _and bracts_ narrowly _awl-shaped_; _cymes open, many-times forked_; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals.--Rocks, Md. to N. C. and Tex. July--Sept.

3. P. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Subcespitose, much branched from the somewhat woody base, minutely puberulent; leaves filiform-subulate, obtuse or mucronate; forked cymes rather close; calyx narrow-campanulate with turbinate base.--Central Kan. to W. Neb., Col., and Tex.

3. SCLERANTHUS, L. KNAWEL.

Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the utricle. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct.--Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from [Greek: sklero/s], _hard_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_, from the hardened calyx-tube.)

S. ANNUUS, L. Much branched, spreading (3--5' high); flowers sessile in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined.--Waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

ORDER 86. AMARANTACEAE. (AMARANTH FAMILY)

_Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the next family, but the flowers mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts; these often colored, commonly 3 in number_; the 1-celled ovary in our genera 1-ovuled. (The greater part of the order tropical.)

[*] Anthers 2-celled; flowers unisexual; leaves alternate.

1. Amarantus. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinct erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit.

2. Acnida. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers.

[*][*] Anthers 1-celled; flowers perfect; leaves opposite.

3. Iresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. Flowers paniculate.

4. Froelichia. Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers spicate.

(Addendum) 5. Cladothrix. Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely white-tomentose.

1. AMARANTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH.

Flowers monoecious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, 2--3-beaked at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen.--Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled setosely tipped leaves, and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters; in late summer and autumn. ([Greek: A)ma/rantos], _unfading_, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, which the early botanists incorrectly altered to _Amaranthus_.)

Sec. 1. _Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid; flowers polygamous._

[*] _Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes; stem erect (1--6 deg. high); leaves long-petioled; stamens and sepals 5._

[+] RED AMARANTHS. _Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or purple._

A. HYPOCHONDRIACUS, L. Glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; _spikes very obtuse_, thick, crowded, the terminal one elongated and interrupted; _bracts long-awned; fruit 2--3-cleft at the apex_, longer than the calyx.--Rarely spontaneous about gardens. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

A. PANICULATUS, L. Stem mostly pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; _spikes numerous and slender, panicled_, erect or spreading; _bracts awn-pointed_; flowers small, green tinged with red, or sometimes crimson; _fruit 2--3-toothed_ at the apex, longer than the calyx.--Roadsides, etc. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

[+][+] GREEN AMARANTHS, PIGWEED. _Flowers green, rarely a little reddish._

A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Roughish and more or less pubescent; leaves dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate; the thick spikes crowded in a stiff or glomerate panicle; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the acute or obtuse sepals.--Cultivated grounds, common; indigenous southwestward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

A. CHLOROSTACHYS, Willd. Very similar, but smoother and deeper green, with more slender, linear-cylindric, more or less flexuous spikes, the lateral ones spreading or divaricate, and the sepals more frequently acute or acuminate. (A. retroflexus, var. chlorostachys, _Gray_.)--Cultivated grounds; apparently also indigenous southwestward.--Var. HYBRIDUS, Watson, is similar, but smooth and still more loosely panicled. (A. retroflexus, var. hybridus, _Gray_.) (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] _Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters; stems low, spreading or ascending; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2._

1. A. albus, L. (TUMBLE WEED.) Smooth, pale green; _stems whitish, erect or ascending_, diffusely branched; leaves small, obovate and spatulate-oblong, very obtuse or retuse; flowers greenish; sepals acuminate, half the length of the _rugose fruit_, much shorter than the _subulate rigid pungently pointed bracts; seed small, {2/3}'' broad_.--Waste grounds, common.

2. A. blitoides, Watson. Like the last, but _prostrate or decumbent_; spikelets usually contracted; _bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate_; sepals obtuse or acute; _fruit not rugose; seed about 1'' broad_.--From Minn. to Mo. and Tex., and westward, and introduced eastward as far as western N. Y.

A. BLITUM, L., resembles the last, but is usually erect, with shorter and more scarious bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the hilum.--Near N. Y. City and Boston. (Adv. from Eu.)

Sec. 2. _Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumscissile; flowers monoecious._

A. SPINOSUS, L. (THORNY AMARANTH.) Smooth, bushy-branched; stem reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of _spines in their axils_; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes; the fertile globular and mostly in the axils; flowers yellowish-green, small.--Waste grounds, N. Y. to E. Kan., and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

Sec. 3. EUXOLUS. _Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregularly; no spines; bracts inconspicuous._

3. A. pumilus, Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves fleshy and obovate, emarginate, strongly nerved; flower-clusters small and axillary; _stamens and sepals_ 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit.--Sandy beaches, R. I. to Va.

A. CRISPUS, Braun. Very slender, procumbent, pubescent; leaves small, light green, rhombic-ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the margin crisped and undulate; flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts and sepals scarious, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse; utricle about as long, roughened, not nerved nor angled. (A. viridis, _Man._)--Streets of Albany, New York City and Brooklyn; doubtless introduced, but the native habitat unknown.

2. ACNIDA, Mitch. WATER-HEMP.

Characters of Amarantus, except that the flowers are completely dioecious and the pistillate ones without calyx. Bracts 1--3, unequal. Staminate calyx of 5 thin oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts; stamens 5, the anther-cells united only at the middle. Stigmas 2--5, often long and plumose-hispid. Fruit somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent, or a thin membranous utricle dehiscing irregularly (rarely circumscissile), usually 3--5-angled. (Name from [Greek: a-] privative, and [Greek: kni/de], _a nettle_.)

Sec. 1. ACNIDA proper. _Fruit indehiscent, with firm and close pericarp._

1. A. cannabina, L. Usually stout, 2--6 deg. high or more, glabrous; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled; sepals of sterile flowers ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish; bracts usually thin and lax, much shorter than the fruit, sometimes more rigid and longer; fruit about 1'' long, obovate, the pericarp rather thin, more or less rugosely angled; seed somewhat turgid, not angled, usually less than 1'' long, shining.--Salt or brackish marshes, coast of N. Eng. to Fla.

2. A. rusocarpa, Michx. Very similar; fruit larger, 11/2--2'' long, the pericarp thicker, and the larger seed flattened with thick margins, usually thickest on the cotyledonar side.--N. Y. (?) and Penn. to S. Car.; apparently much less common than the last, though it is often difficult to positively distinguish the species from the immature fruit.

Sec. 2. MONTELIA. _Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose and usually roughened; not salt-marsh plants._

3. A. tuberculata, Moq. Tall and erect, or sometimes low and decumbent; leaves lanceolate, acute or acutish or sometimes obtuse; sepals of sterile flowers lanceolate, acute or acuminate; pistillate flowers closely clustered in more or less dense naked or leafy axillary and terminal spikes (or the axillary capitate); bracts rather rigid, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the fruit; utricle about 1/2'' long; seed shining, 1/2--{1/3}'' in diameter. (Montelia tamariscina, _Gray_, in part.)--Ohio to Dak., Mo., Ala., and La.

Var. subnuda, Watson. Erect or often prostrate, the lower clusters at least of pistillate flowers more or less cymose and often in globose heads; bracts thinner, narrow and lax, shorter than the fruit. (M. tamariscina, var. concatenata, _Gray_, in part.)--W. Vt. (_Oakes_); Ont. to Minn., and southward. Often appearing quite distinct from the type, but intermediate forms are not rare.

3. IRESINE, P. Browne.

Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Stamens mostly 5; filaments slender, united into a short cup at base; anthers 1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening.--Herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked and branching panicles; the calyx, etc., often bearing long wool (whence the name, from [Greek: ei)resio/ne], a wreath or staff entwined with fillets of wool).

1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous, annual, erect, slender (2--4 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate; panicles very slender, often broad and diffuse, naked; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the fertile calyx twice longer than the broad bracts and densely silky-villous at base.--Dry banks, Ohio to Kan., and far southward. Sept.

4. FROELICHIA, Moench.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2--5-crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehiscent thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages.--Hairy or woolly herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for _J. A. Froelich_, a German botanist of the last century.)

1. F. Floridana, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (1--3 deg. high); leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath; spikelets crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings irregularly toothed.--Dry sandy places, S. Minn, to Ill., Col., Tex., and Fla.

2. F. gracilis, Moq. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets smaller, and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct rigid processes--Col. to Tex., and is reported from Kansas.

(Addendum) 5. CLADOTHRIX, Nutt.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat pilose. Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, 1-celled. Stigma large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent.--Densely stellate-tomentose low herbs or woody at base, with opposite petiolate leaves and very small flowers solitary or few in the axils. (Name from [Greek: kla/dos], _a branch_, and [Greek: thri/x], _hair_, for the branching tomentum.)

1. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3--10'' long.--Central Kan. (_Meehan_) and southwestward.

ORDER 87. CHENOPODIACEAE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

_Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate leaves and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, with the free calyx imbricated in the bud; the stamens as many as its lobes, or occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base; the 1-celled ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achene. Embryo coiled into a ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else conduplicate, or spiral._--Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or stigmas 2, rarely 3--5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants; several are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.)

[*] Embryo coiled into a ring about usually copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny. Stem not jointed.

[+] Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or panicled; calyx obvious, persistent. Seed-coat crustaceous.

1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membranaceous wing. Seed horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves sinuate-toothed.

2. Kochia. Like n. 1, but wing 5-lobed and seed-coat membranaceous. Leaves entire.

3. Chenopodium. Calyx 3--5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in fruit.

4. Roubieva. Calyx 3--5-toothed, becoming saccate. Leaves pinnatifid.

[+][+] Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the staminate in clusters, mostly spiked; the pistillate without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed axillary bracts.

5. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate.

[+][+][+] Flowers perfect, naked or 1-sepaled, solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves.

6. Corispermum. Pericarp oval, flattened, adherent to the vertical seed. Leaves linear.

[*][*] Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed; leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect.

7. Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like.

[*][*][*] Embryo coiled into a spiral; albumen mostly none. Leaves fleshy, alternate.

8. Suaeda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.

9. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent.

1. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.

Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3 (rarely 2). Seed horizontal, flat; coats crustaceous. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen.--An annual and much-branched coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and very small scattered sessile flowers in open panicles. (Name composed of [Greek: ky/klos], _a circle_, and [Greek: lo/ma], _a border_, from the encircling wing of the calyx.)

1. C. platyphyllum, Moquin.--Diffuse (6--15' high), more or less arachnoid-pubescent or glabrate, light green or often deep purple.--Sandy soil, Minn, to W. Ill., S. Ind., Ark., and westward across the plains.

2. KOCHIA, Roth.

Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and the albumen wanting.--Annuals or suffruticose perennials, with flat or more usually linear and terete leaves. (Named for _W. D. J. Koch_, a German botanist.)

K. SCOPARIA, Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate, branching; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear; flowers in small axillary clusters, sessile, each sepal developing a thick wing.--Sparingly introduced; Vt., Ont., and Ill. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. CHENOPODIUM, Tourn. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED.

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted or lobed, unchanged in fruit or becoming succulent and berry-like, more or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5; filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal or vertical, lenticular; the coat crustaceous; embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen.--Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from [Greek: che/n], _a goose_, and [Greek: pou~s], _foot_, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.)--Our species are mostly annuals, flowering through late summer and autumn, growing around dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places.

Sec. 1. _Annual, more or less mealy, not glandular nor aromatic; fruiting calyx dry; seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring._

[*] _Pericarp very easily separated from the seed; leaves entire or rarely sinuate-dentate._

1. C. Boscianum, Moq. Erect, slender (2 deg. high), loosely branched, often _nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate_ (1--2' long), attenuate into a _slender petiole_, acute, the lower sinuate-dentate or often all entire; flowers small, solitary or in small clusters upon the slender branchlets; _calyx not strongly carinate_. (C. album, var. Boscianum, _Gray_, Manual.)--N. Y. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.

2. C. leptophyllum, Nutt. _Densely mealy_ or rarely nearly glabrous (1/2--11/2 deg. high), simple or branched, often strict; _leaves linear_ (1/2--1' long), entire, _rather shortly petioled_; flowers closely clustered, in dense or interrupted spikelets; _calyx-lobes strongly carinate_.--Sea-coast, Conn. to N. J., north shore of L. Erie, and from Dak. to Col., N. Mex., and westward.

[*][*] _Pericarp persistent upon the smooth seed; leaves more or less sinuate-dentate (except in_ C. polyspermum).

C. POLYSPERMUM, L. Low, often spreading, green and _wholly destitute of mealiness; leaves all entire_, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles; flowers very small, in slender panicles in all the axils, the thin lobes of the calyx very incompletely enclosing the fruit; seed obtuse-edged.--Sparingly naturalized in the Eastern States. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. ALBUM, L. (LAMB'S-QUARTERS. PIGWEED.) Erect (1--4 deg. high), _more or less mealy; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate_ or the uppermost even linear, acute, _all or only the lower more or less angulate-toothed_; clusters spiked-panicled, mostly dense; calyx (3/4'' wide in fruit) with strongly carinate lobes, nearly or quite covering the seed.--Introduced everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)--Var. VIRIDE, Moq., more common eastward, is less mealy and with less dense inflorescence.

C. URBICUM, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of mealiness, with erect branches (1--3 deg. high); _leaves_ triangular, acute, _coarsely and sharply many-toothed; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose panicle_; calyx-lobes not keeled; _seed with rounded margins_.--Apparently throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. MURALE, L. Resembles the preceding, but less erect, loosely branched (1--2 deg. high); _leaves rhomboid-ovate_, acute, _coarsely and sharply unequally toothed_, thin, bright green; _spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed_; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled; _seed sharp-edged_.--From N. Eng. to Mich, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. C. hybridum, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright green throughout; stem widely much branched (2--4 deg. high); _leaves thin_ (2--6' long), somewhat triangular and heart shaped, taper-pointed, _sinuate-angled_, the angles extending into a _few large and pointed teeth_; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled.--Indigenous from western N. Y. and Ky., westward across the continent; introduced eastward.

Sec. 2. _Annual or perennial herbs, somewhat mealy, not glandular-pubescent; fruiting calyx dry; seed large, subglobose, vertical, exserted; embryo a complete ring._

C. GLAUCUM, L. (OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) _Low_ (5--12' high), _spreading, glaucous-mealy; leaves sinuately pinnatifid-toothed_, oblong, obtuse, pale green above; _clusters in axillary spikes_, small; _seed sharp-edged_.--Throughout our range and westward. (Nat. from Eu.)