Chapter V: OLITORIA, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as (1)

large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking up.--Old fields, N. Y. to Penn. and La. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] _Corolla white; no corky mass behind the fertile cell._

[+] _Fertile cell broader than the empty ones; cross-section of fruit triangular._

1. V. chenopodifolia, DC. Stems with long internodes and few forks; glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled; bracts broadly lanceolate; fruit glabrous or pubescent, 2'' long. (Fedia Fagopyrum, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Moist grounds, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Va. and Ky.

[+][+] _Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked; cross-section quadrate._

2. V. radiata, Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, _downy-pubescent_ (sometimes glabrous); empty cells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, _a broad shallow groove between them_. (Fedia radiata, _Michx._)--Low grounds, Penn. to Minn., Tex., and Fla.

3. V. stenocarpa, Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, _commonly glabrous_; oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty ones. (Fedia stenocarpa, _Engelm._)--W. Mo. and E. Kan. to Tex.

[+][+][+] _Fertile cell much the narrowest, dorsally 1-nerved; section roundish._

4. V. Woodsiana, Walp. Fruit 1'' long or more; fertile cell ovate, tipped with a tooth; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression (sometimes an open cavity) in the middle.--Moist grounds, N. Y. and Penn. to Tex.

Var. umbilicata, Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular by incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round umbilication. (Fedia umbilicata, _Sulliv._)--N. Y. to Ohio and southward.

Var. patellaria, Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and apex, winged by the divergent cells. (Fedia patellaria, _Sulliv._)--Same range.

ORDER 54. DIPSACEAE. (TEASEL FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the_ Composite Family; _but the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen._--Represented by the following introduced species and by the cultivated Sweet Scabious (_Scabiosa atropurpurea_).

1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL.

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts among the densely capitate flowers; each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender.--Stout and coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from [Greek: dipsa/o], _to thirst_, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.)

1. D. SYLVESTRIS, Mill. (WILD TEASEL.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point.--Roadsides; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of

2. D. FULLONUM, L., the FULLER'S TEASEL, which has a shorter involucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth; it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

(Addendum) 2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. SCABIOUS.

Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from _scabies_, the itch, from its use as a remedy.)

S. AUSTRALIS, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 11/2--3 deg. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla pale blue.--Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 55. COMPOSITAE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

_Flowers in a close head_ (the compound flower of the older botanists), _on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious)._--Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a _pappus_) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like (_achene_), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen.--An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped (_ligulate_) corolla are called _rays_ or _ray-flowers_; the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is _radiate_. The tubular flowers compose the _disk_; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be _discoid_. When the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to be _heterogamous_; when only one sort, _homogamous_. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, are termed _scales_. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are called the _chaff_; when these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be _naked_.--The largest order of Phaenogamous plants. The genera are divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much the larger.

Systematic Synopsis.

SERIES I. TUBULIFLORAE.

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3--4-) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).

Tribe I. VERNONIACEAE. Heads discoid; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy all over.--Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. Elephantopus. Heads 3--5-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head. Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.

2. Vernonia. Heads several--many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pappus double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy bristles.

Tribe II. EUPATORIACEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent; the stigmatic lines indistinct.

[*] Pappus a row of hard scales.

3. Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.

[*][*] Pappus of slender bristles.

[+] Achene 5-angled; bristles of the pappus roughish.

4. Mikania. Flowers and involucral scales only 4. Stems twining.

5. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 scales and the flowers few or many. Stems not twining.

[+][+] Achene 10-ribbed; involucral scales striate-nerved.

6. Kuhnia. Pappus very strongly plumose. Scales of the involucre few.

7. Brickellia. Involucral scales in several series. Pappus merely scabrous.

8. Liatris. Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, strongly 5-lobed. Heads spicate or racemose, the involucre well imbricated.

9. Trilisa. Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads corymbed or panicled, the involucre little imbricated.

Tribe III. ASTEROIDEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular; or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside.--Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species.

[*] 1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.

[+] Pappus of not numerous slender bristles. Heads radiate. Involucre of firm scales with greenish tips, commonly coated with resin. West of the Mississippi.

10. Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray and disk-flowers 3 or 4 each, all fertile. Pappus of several short chaffy scales. Suffrutescent; leaves very narrow.

11. Amphiachyris. Heads small. Ray-flowers 5--10; pappus coroniform. Disk-flowers infertile; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual; leaves very narrow.

12. Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus of 2--8 rigid caducous awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.

[+][+] Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.

[=] Pappus double.

13. Heterotheca. Resembling Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thicker than those of the disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.

14. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered; rays numerous. The outer pappus of very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.

[=][=] Pappus simple.

15. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre hemispherical. Pappus of many unequal bristles. Western.

16. Bigelovia. Heads 3--4-flowered; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles.

17. Solidago. Heads few--many-flowered; rays 1--16. Pappus of numerous slender and equal capillary bristles.

18. Brachychaeta. Heads 8--10-flowered, clustered; rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute bristles shorter than the achene.

[*] 2. Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.

[+] Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns.

[++] Receptacle conical. Awns none.

19. Bellis. Achenes marginless, flattened; pappus none. Involucral scales equal.

20. Aphanostephus. Achenes prismatic; pappus coroniform. Outer scales shorter.

[++][++] Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus usually with awns.

21. Chaetopappa. Achenes fusiform; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaff and alternating awns. Western.

22. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged; pappus of short bristles and usually 2--4 awns.

[+][+] Pappus of a single row of awns or coarse rigid bristles, or in the ray scale-like.

23. Townsendia. Low or stemless, with linear-spatulate leaves and large aster-like flowers.

[+][+][+] Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles; receptacle flat.

24. Sericocarpus. Heads 12--20-flowered; rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed downward, silky.

25. Aster. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales unequal, loosely or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish; pappus simple (rarely double), copious.

26. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow equal scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened; pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales.

[*] 3. Rays none. Heads dioecious (all pistillate or all staminate).

27. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous shrubs.

Tribe IV. INULOIDEAE. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none.

[*] 1. Receptacle naked. Involucre not scarious, imbricated. Not woolly.

28. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many pistillate fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary.

[*] 2. Receptacle chaffy. Involucral scales few, mostly scarious. Low floccose-woolly annuals; flowers as in n. 28.

29. Evax. Receptacle convex. Achenes obcompressed. Pappus none. Western.

30. Filago. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without pappus.

[*] 3. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious. Floccose-woolly herbs.

31. Antennaria. Heads dioecious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped, of the fertile united at base and deciduous together.

32. Anaphalis. Heads dioecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above nor at all united at base.

33. Gnaphalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary.

[*] 4. Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed. Involucre not scarious. Receptacle naked. Pappus none.

34. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered and scales few; outer flowers pistillate. Somewhat woolly.

[*] 5. Heads radiate. Receptacle naked. Involucre herbaceous. Pappus copious.

35. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial.

Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDEAE. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious (nut-like in fruit in n. 43, 44). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never capillary, sometimes none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged.

[*] 1. Heads radiate (obscurely so in n. 41, sometimes discoid in n. 36), the ray pistillate and fertile, the disk perfect but sterile.

[+] Achenes turgid, triangular-obovoid; pappus none.

36. Polymnia. Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer leaf-like, the inner small.

[+][+] Achenes flattened dorsally (obcompressed).

37. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows; pappus none or 2 teeth. Scales thick, in several rows.

38. Berlandiera. Achenes wingless, 5--12 in one row, without pappus. Inner involucral scales obovate, outer smaller and more foliaceous. Western.

39. Chrysogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5; pappus a one-sided 2--3-toothed crown. Inner scales 5, chaff-like, the 5 outer longer and leaf-like.

40. Engelmannia. Achenes wingless, 8--10; pappus a scarious hispid crown. Outer scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green tips. Western.

41. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small scales. Involucral scales short, roundish, in 2 rows.

[*] 2. Fertile flowers 1--5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube; staminate corolla funnel-form. Pappus none.

[+] Heads with 1--5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chaffy.

42. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales.

[+][+] Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1--4 flowers in a closed bur-like involucre.

43. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1-seeded.

44. Xanthium. Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1--4-celled, 1--4-beaked.

[*] 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers blackish. Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy scales.--Leaves more commonly opposite.

[+] Involucre double; the outer forming a cup.

45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid; pappus none.

[+][+] Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.

[++] Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped.

46. Eclipta. Ray short. Involucral scales 10--12, in two rows, herbaceous.

[++][++] Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes.

[=] Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown.

47. Heliopsis. Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite.

48. Echinacea. Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, 4-sided. Chaff spinescent.

49. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless.

50. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined.

[=][=] Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat.

51. Borrichia. Achenes 3--4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. Shrubby.

52. Helianthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales.

[=][=][=] Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed laterally, winged or wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent.

53. Verbesina. Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows.

54. Actinomeris. Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading.

[*] 4. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i.e., flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre (rarely terete). Involucre double; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite.

55. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or barbed upward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.

56. Bidens. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth.

57. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns retrorsely bearded.

[*] 5. Heads radiate or discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of several chaffy scales.

[+] Leaves alternate, entire. Disk-flowers purplish.

58. Baldwinia. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle deeply honey-combed.

59. Marshallia. Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales. Receptacle chaffy.

[+][+] Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow.

60. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4--5 thin ovate scales. Receptacle chaffy.

Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEAE. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy (somewhat so in n. 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile; the pappus a row of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in n. 65); the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious in n. 61).

[*] Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate.

61. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored. Western.

62. Actinella. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed. Western.

63. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3--5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed. Leaves decurrent.

64. Gaillardia. Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine fimbrillate chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy. Pappus-chaff tipped with the projecting midvein. Western.

[*][*] Dotted with oil-glands. Involucral scales united into a cup.

65. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads radiate (ray mostly white) or discoid, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. Achenes small; pappus a short crown or none.--Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate.

[*] Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered.

66. Anthemis. Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, rather large.

67. Achillea. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovate.

[*][*] Receptacle naked.

[+] Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless.

68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none.

69. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none.

[+][+] Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate.

70. Tanacetum. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit; pappus a short crown.

71. Artemisia. Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow summit; pappus none.

Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDEAE. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.

[*] Heads monoecious or subdioecious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligulate or tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style-branches obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical.

72. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monoecious.

73. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdioecious. Flowers white or purplish.

[*][*] Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged. Involucral scales connivent-erect.

[+] Leaves opposite.

74. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous.

[+][+] Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious.

75. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed.

76. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft.

77. Erechtites. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas.

Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEAE. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly.--Leaves alternate.

[*] Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike.

[+] Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments glabrous.

78. Arctium. Involucral scales hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles.

[+][+] Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below.

79. Cnicus. Pappus bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.

80. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.

81. Onopordon. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.

[*][*] Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like.

82. Centaurea. Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly, or very short or none.

SERIES II. LIGULIFLORAE. Tribe X. CICHORIACEAE.

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers perfect.--Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

[*] Pappus none.

83. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8--12-flowered.

[*][*] Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.

84. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles.

85. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales.

[*][*][*] Pappus plumose.

86. Tragopogon. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy.

87. Leontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical.

88. Picris. Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems leafy.

[*][*][*][*] Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.

[+] Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender.

[++] Achenes not beaked.

[=] Flowers yellow or orange.

89. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials.

90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not pilose.

[=][=] Flowers white or cream color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate.

91. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy and heads often nodding.

92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless; heads erect. Western.

[++][++] Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow.

93. Troximon. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed.

94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4--5-ribbed.

95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base surrounded by a soft villous ring.

96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Pappus white.

[+][+] Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy-stemmed, with panicled heads.

97. Lactuca. Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish.

98. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow.

The technical characters of the tribes, taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner.

Artificial Key to the Genera of the Tubuliflorae.

Sec. 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none; corollas all tubular (or rarely none).

[*] 1. Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.

Pappus composed of bristles:

Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. 2

Simple, the bristles all of the same sort.

Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense
cluster 1

Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.

Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy
78, 79, 80

Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like 81

Receptacle naked.

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 8

Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish 6

Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles
4, 5, 7, 9, 16

Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 76, 77

Pappus composed of scales or chaff.

Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls 3

Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate, dissected 61

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers 59, 64

Pappus of 2 or few awns or teeth 53, 57, barbed in 55, 56

Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit 36, 68, 71

[*] 2. Flowers of two kinds in the same head.

Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or
inconspicuous 82

Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.

Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers
29, 30

Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achene flat, 2-awned 52

Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 28, 32, 33

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales
26, 73, 77

Pappus a short crown or none.

Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre 34

Achenes not exceeding the involucre 42, 70, 71

[*] 3. Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate.

Heads dioecious; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary
27, 31, 32, 79

Heads monoecious; the fertile 1--2-flowered and closed. Pappus none
43, 44

Sec. 2. Rays present; i.e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas.

[*] 1. Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk. (Rays all pistillate.)

Rays occupying several rows 26, 72, 73

Rays in one marginal row, and

White, purple or blue, never yellow 17, 24, 25, 26, 73

Yellow, of the same color as the disk.

Pappus (at least in the disk) double, the outer short and minute
13, 14

Pappus simple.

Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves
alternate 75

Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 74

Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate
10, 11, 15, 17, 35

[*] 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk).

Ray yellow, awns few (2--8) 12

Ray rose-color 23

[*] 3. Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles 65

[*] 4. Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.

Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 60

Heads 8--10-flowered. Receptacle naked 18

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 58

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked 62, 63

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 64

[*] 5. Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achene, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.

[+] Receptacle naked.

Achene flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles and
usually 2--4 awns 22

Achene flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 19

Achene terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 69

Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle
conical 20, 68

Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alternating awns
21

[+][+] Receptacle chaffy.

Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect
and fertile.

Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and

Chaffy only at the summit; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 66

Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all
48, 49, 50, 52, 54

Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened, parallel with the
scales or chaff 55, 56

Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned 57

Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers also perfect and
fertile.

Achene much flattened laterally, 1--2-awned 53

Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none 67

Achene 3--4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless.

Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 66

Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.

Achene obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 45

Achene 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 47

Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 46, 51

Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers staminate and sterile
(pistil imperfect).

Receptacle chaffy 36-41

1. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT.

Heads discoid, 2--5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound pedunculate head; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base.--Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of [Greek: e)/lephas], _elephant_, and [Greek: pou~s], _foot_.)

[*] _Stem leafy; upper leaves very like the basal._

1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves ovate-oblong, thin.--Dry soil, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., and southward.

[*][*] _Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked._

2. E. tomentosus, L. Somewhat hairy; basal leaves obovate to narrowly spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath; heads large; pappus-scales attenuate.--Va., Ky., and southward.

3. E. nudatus, Gray. Strigose-puberulent; basal leaves thin, green, spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath; heads smaller; pappus scales broadly deltoid.--Del. and southward.

2. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.

Heads discoid, 15--many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect. Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales. Receptacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed; pappus double, the outer of minute scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary bristles.--Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or very acute leaves and mostly purple flowers. Species very difficult. (Named for _Wm. Vernon_, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.)

[*] _Heads large, 50--70-flowered._

1. V. Arkansana, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely denticulate; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform tips.--Mo., Kan., and southward.

[*][*] _Heads 1/2' high or less, 15--40-flowered._

[+] _Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire._

2. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flowered; scales obtuse or acute.--Plains of Neb. and southward.

[+][+] _Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, veined._

3. V. fasciculata, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate; achene smooth.--Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to Dak., and southward. Aug.

4. V. altissima, Nutt. Usually tall; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong; cyme loose; scales close, obtuse or mucronate; achenes hispidulous on the ribs.--Low grounds, W. Penn. to Ill., and southward.--Heads variable, 2--4'' high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var. GRANDIFLORA, Nutt., with large heads, the involucre of 35--40 scales in many ranks.

5. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Rather tall; leaves long-lanceolate to lance-oblong; cyme open; involucre usually purplish; scales ovate and lance-ovate tipped with a slender cusp or awn.--Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug.

Var. latifolia, Gray. Leaves broader; heads few; scales merely acute or acuminate.--Penn. to Ohio and southward.

6. V. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose, the scales acute or acuminate.--Prairies and barren hills; E. Mo. to Kan. and Tex. July, Aug. Passes into n. 4.

3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass.

Head discoid, many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse scales.--A smooth perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 4--6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of [Greek: sklero/s], _hard_, and [Greek: lepi/s], _a scale_, from the pappus.)

1. S. verticillata, Cass.--In water; pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug.

4. MIKANIA, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED.

Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers, achenes, etc., as in Eupatorium.--Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for _Prof. Mikan_, of Prague.)

1. M. scandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base.--Copses along streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward. July--Sept.

5. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

Heads discoid, 3--many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles.--Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to _Eupator Mithridates_, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)

Sec. 1. EUPATORIUM proper. _Receptacle flat._

[*] _Heads cylindrical, 5--15-flowered; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate; stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers._

1. E. purpureum, L. (JOE-PYE WEED. TRUMPET-WEED.) Stems tall and stout, simple; leaves 3--6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound.--Varies greatly in size (2--12 deg. high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted stems, etc.,--including several nominal species.--Low grounds; common.

Var. amoenum, Gray. Low; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong; heads few, 3--5-flowered.--Mountains of Va. and N. Y.

[*][*] _Heads 3--20-flowered; involucre 8--15 more or less imbricated and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter; flowers white._

[+] _Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected; heads panicled, very small, 3--5-flowered._

2. E. foeniculaceum, Willd. (DOG-FENNEL.) Smooth or nearly so, paniculately much-branched (3--10 deg. high); leaves 1--2-pinnately parted, filiform.--Va., near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia.

[+][+] _Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads 12--15-flowered, in compound corymbs._

3. E. serotinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched (3--7 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (3--6' long); involucre very pubescent.--Alluvial ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward.

[+][+][+] _Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads mostly 5-flowered._

[=] _Involucral scales with white and scarious acute tips._

4. E. album, L. _Roughish-hairy_ (2 deg. high), _leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, veiny_; heads clustered in the corymb; _involucral scales_ closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, _longer than the flowers_.--Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., and southward.

Var. subvenosum, Gray. Less rough; leaves 1--2' long, finely toothed and less veiny.--Long Island and N. J.

5. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent, simple (1--2 deg. high); _leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved_, obtuse, _minutely serrate, rough both sides_; corymb hoary.--Sandy bogs, Long Island, N. J., and southward.

[=][=] _Scales not scarious or obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers._

6. E. hyssopifolium, L. Minutely pubescent (1--2 deg. high); _leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate_, elongated, obtuse, 1--3-nerved, entire, or the lower toothed, often crowded in the axils, _acute at the base_.--Sterile soil, Mass. to Va., E. Ky., and southward.

Var. laciniatum, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed or laciniate.--Penn., Ky., and southward.

7. E. semiserratum, DC. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2--3 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny_, serrate above the middle, _tapering to the base_, the lower slightly petioled; heads small. (E. parviflorum, _Ell._)--Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.--Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.

8. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3--7 deg. high), _downy; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved_, entire, or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; _scales of the involucre obtuse_, shorter than the flowers.--Dry soil, Penn. to Minn. and Ky.--Leaves 3--4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.

[+][+][+][+] _Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes; heads pubescent._

[=] _Heads 5--8-flowered; leaves not clasping._

9. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2--8 deg. high); _leaves ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate_, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple-nerved, veiny, _coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly petioled, the upper alternate_; branches of the corymb few, unequal; _scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers_.--Low grounds, Mass. to Va., and southward near the coast.

10. E. rotundifolium, L. Downy-pubescent (2 deg. high); _leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse_, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1--2' long); corymb large and dense; _scales of the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate_, slightly pointed.--Dry soil, R. I. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

Var. ovatum, Torr. Usually taller, leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate; heads 5--8-flowered. (E. pubescens, _Muhl._)--Mass. to Va., near the coast.

11. E. sessilifolium, L. (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4--6 deg. high), _smooth_, branching; _leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the sharp point_, serrate, veiny, smooth (3--6' long); corymb very compound, pubescent; _scales of the 5-flowered involucre oval and oblong, obtuse_.--Copses and banks, Mass. to Ill., and southward along the mountains.

[=][=] _Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading; heads mostly 10--15-flowered; corymbs very compound and large._

12. E. perfoliatum, L. (THOROUGHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout (2--4 deg. high), _hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem_ (connate-perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy beneath (5--8' long); scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate.--Low grounds; common and well-known.--Varies with the heads 30--40-flowered, or with some or all of the leaves separated and truncate at base.

Var. cuneatum, Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate, and heads fewer-flowered. Perhaps a hybrid with n. 7.--Mo. and southward.

13. E. resinosum, Torr. _Minutely velvety-downy_ (2--3 deg. high); _leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated_, serrate, _partly clasping_, tapering to the point, slightly veiny beneath (4--6' long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.--Wet pine barrens, N. J.--Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.

[*][*][*] _Heads 8--30-flowered; involucral scales nearly equal, in one row; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved, not resinous-dotted; flowers white._

14. E. ageratoides, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching (3 deg. high); _leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled_, thin (3--5' long); corymbs compound.--Rich woods; common northward.

15. E. aromaticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple; _leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed_, thickish.--Copses, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.--Lower and more slender than n. 14, with fewer, but usually larger heads; not aromatic.

Sec. 2. CONOCLINIUM. _Receptacle conical; involucral scales nearly equal, somewhat imbricated._

16. E. coelestinum, L. (MIST-FLOWER.) Somewhat pubescent (1--2 deg. high), leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed; heads many-flowered, in compact cymes; flowers blue or violet. (Conoclinium coelestinum, _DC._)--Rich soil, N. J. to Mich., Ill., and southward. Sept.

6. KUHNIA, L.

Heads discoid, 10--25-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales thin, few and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate; pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles.--A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to _Dr. Kuhn_, of Pennsylvania, who carried the living plant to Linnaeus.)

1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stems 2--3 deg. high; pubescence minute; leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire.--Dry soil, N. J. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Sept. Very variable.--Var. CORYMBULOSA, Torr. & Gray, is a western form, stouter and somewhat more pubescent, the heads rather crowded.

7. BRICKELLIA, Ell.

Characters as in Kuhnia; involucral scales more numerous, and the bristles of the pappus merely scabrous or at the most barbellate or subplumose; leaves often all opposite. (_Dr. John Brickell_ of Georgia, correspondent of Elliott and Muhlenberg.)

1. B. grandiflora, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 2--3 deg. high; leaves deltoid, cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate, 4' long or less; heads about 40-flowered.--Shannon Co., Mo. (_Bush_), Kan. to Col., New Mex., and westward.

8. LIATRIS, Schreb. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR.

Head discoid, few--many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales well imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base, 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15--40 capillary bristles, manifestly plumose or only barbellate.--Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted, with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid alternate narrow entire leaves (sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), and spicate or racemed heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

[*] _Pappus very plumose; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers._

1. L. elegans, Willd. Stem (2--3 deg. high) and involucre hairy; leaves linear, short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (3--20' long).--Barren soil, Va. and southward.

[*][*] _Pappus very plumose; scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like; corolla-lobes hairy within._

2. L. squarrosa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, etc.) Often hairy (6'--2 deg. high); leaves rigid, linear, elongated; heads usually few (1' long); _scales mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips._--Dry soil, Penn. to Minn., and southward.--Var. INTERMEDIA, DC. Heads narrow; scales shorter, erect or nearly so.--Ont. to Neb. and Tex.

3. L. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6--18' high); leaves linear; _heads_ few (1/2--{2/3}' long); _scales with short and rounded abruptly mucronate appressed tips._--Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Minn. and Mo.

[*][*][*] _Pappus very plumose; heads 4--6-flowered; scales acuminate; corolla-lobes naked._

4. L. punctata, Hook. Stout (10--30' high), from a branching or globose rootstock; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose, rigid; heads usually many in a dense spike.--Minn. to Kan., and southward.

[*][*][*][*] _Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye; corolla-lobes smooth inside._

5. L. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout (2--5 deg. high), pubescent or hoary; _leaves_ (smooth, rough, or pubescent) _lanceolate_; the lowest _oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong_, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 25--40-flowered; _scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins._--Dry soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward.--Widely variable; heads 1' or less in diameter.

6. L. pycnostachya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (3--5 deg. high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; _spike thick and dense_ (6--20' long), heads about 5-flowered (1/2' long); _scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips_.--Prairies, from Ind. to Minn., and southward.

7. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy, stout (2--5 deg. high); leaves linear, the lower 3--5-nerved; heads 8--12-flowered ({1/3}--1/2' long), crowded in a long spike; _scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins; achenes pubescent or smoothish_.--Moist grounds; common from Mass. to Minn., and southward.--Involucre often resinous, very smooth.

Var. montana, Gray. Low and stout; leaves broader, obtuse; spike short and heads large.--Mountain-tops, Va., and southward.

8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1--3 deg. high) slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7--12-flowered; _scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed; achenes hairy_.--Va. and southward.--Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dubia, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate.--Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward.

9. TRILISA, Cass.

Heads discoid, 5--10-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or oblong. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose.--Perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose-purple, in autumn. (Name an anagram of _Liatris_.)

1. T. odoratissima, Cass. (VANILLA-PLANT.) _Very smooth; leaves pale_, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping; _heads corymbed_. (Liatris odoratissima, _Willd._)--Low pine barrens, Va., and southward.--Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised.

2. T. paniculata, Cass. _Viscid-hairy_; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, _heads panicled_. (Liatris paniculata, _Willd._)--Va. and southward.

10. GUTIERREZIA, Lag.

Heads few--several-flowered, radiate; rays 1--6, pistillate. Involucre oblong-clavate; scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete; pappus of about 9 chaffy scales, shorter in the ray-flowers.--Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes. (From _Gutierrez_, a noble Spanish family.)

1. G. Euthamiae, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1--2' long; heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each.--Dry plains, Mont. and Minn. to central Kan., southward and westward.

11. AMPHIACHYRIS, Nutt.

Heads hemispherical; rays 5--10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pappus of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost bristle-like scales, more or less dilated and united at base.--A diffusely much-branched annual, with heads solitary on the branchlets; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From [Greek: a)mphi/], _around_, and [Greek: a)/chyron], _chaff_.)

1. A. dracunculoides, Nutt. Rather low, slender; leaves narrowly linear, the upper filiform; disk-flowers 10--20, their pappus of 5--8 bristle-like chaff united at base and slightly dilated upward.--Plains, Kan. and southward.

12. GRINDELIA, Willd.

Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); ray pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, truncate, glabrous; pappus of 2--8 caducous awns. Coarse perennial or biennial herbs, often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and leafy with sessile or clasping alternate and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads terminating leafy branches. Disk and ray yellow. (Prof. _Grindel_, a Russian botanist.)

1. G. squarrosa, Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; involucre squarrose; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3.--Prairies, Minn., southward and westward; Evanston, Ill.--Var. NUDA, Gray. Rays wanting. About St. Louis and westward.

2. G. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear; involucral scales erect or the lower tips spreading; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at the summit; awns 2.--Prairies, eastern Kan. to Ark., and southward.

13. HETEROTHECA, Cass.

Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or triangular, without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed, with a double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, the outer of many short and stout bristles.--(From [Greek: e(/teros], _different_, and [Greek: the/ke], _case_, alluding to the unlike achenes.)

1. H. Lamarckii, Cass. Annual or biennial, 1--3 deg. high, bearing numerous small heads; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping.--S. E. Kan., and southward.

14. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenes obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy; pappus in all the flowers double, the outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary bristles.--Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. (Name composed of [Greek: chryso/s], _gold_, and [Greek: o)/psis], _aspect_, from the golden blossoms.)

[*] _Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; achenes linear._

1. C. graminifolia, Nutt. _Silvery-silky_, with long close-pressed hairs; stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few heads; _leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining_, entire.--Dry sandy soil, Del. to Va., and southward. July--Oct.

2. C. falcata, Ell. _Stems_ (4--10' high) very woolly; _leaves crowded, linear, rigid, about 3-nerved_, entire, _somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy_, or smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed.--Dry sandy soil on the coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. Aug.

[*][*] _Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not nerved; achenes obovate, flattened._

3. C. gossypina, Nutt. _Densely woolly all over; leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse_ (1--2' long); heads larger than in the next.--Pine barrens, Va., and southward. Aug.--Oct.

4. C. Mariana, Nutt. _Silky with long and weak hairs_, or when old smoothish; _leaves oblong_; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles.--Dry barrens, from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug.--Oct.

5. C. villosa, Nutt. _Hirsute and villous-pubescent_; stem corymbosely branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; _leaves narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence_ (as also the involucre), _bristly-ciliate_ toward the base.--Dry plains and prairies, Wisc. to Ky., and westward. July--Sept. Very variable.--Var. HISPIDA, Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not canescent; heads small. Kan., west and southward.--Var. CANESCENS, Gray. Wholly canescent with short appressed pubescence; leaves narrow, mostly oblanceolate.--Kan. to Tex.

6. C. pilosa, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves oblong-lanceolate; involucre viscid; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous--Kan. and southward.

15. APLOPAPPUS, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemispherical, of many closely imbricated scales in several series. Receptacle flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of numerous unequal bristles.--Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray- and disk-flowers yellow. (From [Greek: a(plo/os], _simple_, and [Greek: pa/ppos], _pappus_.)

1. A. ciliatus, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2--5 deg. high, leafy; leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth; heads very large, few and clustered, the outer scales spreading; achenes glabrous, the central abortive.--Mo., Kan., and southward.

2. A. spinulosus, DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate, low; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped; achenes pubescent.--Minn. to Kan., and southward.

3. A. divaricatus, Gray. Annual, 1--2 deg. high, slender and diffusely paniculate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or with a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above; heads small and narrow, the appressed scales subulate, attenuate; achenes silky.--Southern Kan.

16. BIGELOVIA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads 3--4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre club-shaped, yellowish; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in centre. Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy; pappus a single row of capillary bristles.--Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1--3-nerved. A large western genus, few species approaching our limits. (Dedicated by De Candolle to _Dr. Jacob Bigelow_, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.)

1. B. nudata, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1--2 deg. high) simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb.--Low pine barrens, N. J. (rare), and southward. Sept.

17. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads few--many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1--16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except n. 1 and 2). Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete; pappus simple, of equal capillary bristles.--Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clustered; flowers both of the disk and ray (except n. 6) yellow. (Name from _solidus_ and _ago_, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) Flowering in autumn.

Conspectus of Groups.

Heads small, sessile in flat-topped corymbs; leaves linear 41, 42

Heads all more or less pedicelled.

Involucral scales rigid, with spreading herbaceous tips 1, 2

Involucral scales without green tips.

Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all racemose 37--40

Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined
leaves 3--7

Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

Western species 8, 9

Northern or mountain species 10--12

Heads mostly small or middle-sized; inflorescence paniculate
(sometimes thyrsoidal).

Leaves 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes.

Stem and leaves smooth and glabrous 29--32

Pubescent or scabrous 33--36

Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved.

Heads large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore 13

Panicle virgate or thyrsoid; leaves nearly entire 14--17

Heads very small in a short broad panicle; leaves nearly
entire 18--20

Heads racemosely paniculate; leaves ample, the lower serrate
21--28

Sec. 1. VIRGAUREA. _Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers; heads all more or less pedicelled._

[*] _Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike._

1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2--5 deg. high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or acute; disk-flowers 16--24, the rays 12--16.--Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Vt. to Penn., Ohio, and the mountains of Va.; rather rare.

2. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy; stem strict, simple (1--3 deg. high); leaves small (1/2--2' long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-ciliolate; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated; scales of the pubescent involucre lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or less foliaceous.--S. W. Ill. to Kan. and southward.--The name is misleading, as the leaves are hardly petioled.

[*][*] _Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed._

[+] _Heads small (3'' long), clustered along the stem in the axils of the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse._

[++] _Achenes pubescent._

3. S. caesia, L. Smooth; _stem terete, mostly glaucous_, at length much branched and diffuse; _leaves lanceolate_ or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches.--Rich woodlands, common; west to S. E. Minn., Ill., and Ky.

4. S. latifolia, L. Smooth or nearly so; _stem angled, zigzag_, simple or paniculate-branched (1--3 deg. high); _leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends_ (thin, 3--6' long); heads in very short axillary clusters, or the clusters somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches; rays 3--4.--Moist shaded banks; common northward, and south along the mountains.

5. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, usually branched; leaves oblong to long-lanceolate with narrowed entire base, serrate above with subulate teeth; heads in small, loose clusters; rays 4--7.--Open woods at low elevations in the mountains of Va. and southward.

[++][++] _Achenes glabrous; inflorescence more thyrsoid._

6. S. bicolor, L. _Hoary or grayish with soft hairs_; stem mostly simple; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; _clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves_, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; scales very obtuse; _rays (5--14) small, cream-color or nearly white_.--Var. CONCOLOR, Torr. & Gray, has the _rays yellow_.--Dry copses, west to Minn. and Mo.

7. S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1--2 deg. high; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the lower sparingly serrate; heads small, the scales acutish; rays 5--6.--Alleghany Mts., from Md. southward.

[+][+] _Heads mostly large (smaller in n. 12), many-flowered, forming an erect terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined._

[++] _Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and shape; western._

8. S. Bigelovii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2 deg. high; leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends; thyrse rather loose; involucre broad.--S. Kan. and southward. Probably running into the next.

9. S. Lindheimeriana, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate or oblong, more acute; heads narrower and more densely clustered; achenes glabrous.--S. Kan. and southward.

[++][++] _Northern or mountain species, bright green._

10. S. macrophylla, Pursh. _Stem stout_ (1--4 deg. high), _wand-like_, pubescent near the summit, simple; _leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate with sharp salient teeth, large_ (lower 3--4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into _long and margined petioles; heads large_ (5--6'' long), many-flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2--18' long); scales loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8--10, elongated; achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, _E. Mey_.)--Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior and northward.--Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea.

11. S. Virgaurea, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species in the Old World, represented in North America by

Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (1--8' high), with few (1--12) pretty large heads (3--4'' long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrate or nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate; heads few in a terminal cluster or subsolitary in the upper axils; _scales_ lanceolate, _acute or acutish_; rays about 12.--Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and N. Y., and shore of L. Superior.

12. S. humilis, Pursh. Low (6--12' high) and smooth, bearing several or numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, etc., are mostly somewhat glutinous; _scales obtuse_; rays 6--8, short; upper leaves lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate and sparingly serrate. (S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, _Gray_.)--Rocky banks, W. Vt., along the Great Lakes, and northward; also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, and at the Falls of the Potomac.--At the base of the White Mountains, on gravelly banks, occurs a form with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1--2 deg. high, the leaves larger, broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme; rays occasionally almost white.

Var. Gillmani, Gray. Larger (2 deg. high), rigid, with compound ample panicle and laciniately toothed leaves.--Sand-hills of the lake-shores, N. Mich.

[+][+][+] _Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled or sometimes thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme; not alpine._

[++] _Leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved._

[=] 1. _Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated._

13. S. sempervirens, L. Smooth and stout (1--8 deg. high); leaves lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle.--Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Va.--Heads showy; the golden rays 7--10. Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle.

[=] 2. _Heads small, in a narrow virgate or thyrsoid panicle; scales thin, acute; leaves nearly entire._

14. S. stricta, Ait. _Very smooth_ throughout; _stem strict and simple, wand-like_ (2--4 deg. high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-oblong thickish leaves, gradually reduced upward to mere bracts, the lowest oblong-spatulate; _heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme_; rays 5--7. (S. virgata, _Michx._)--Damp pine barrens, N. J. and southward.

15. S. puberula, Nutt. _Stem_ (1--3 deg. high, simple or branched) _and panicle minutely hoary; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base_, smoothish; the lower wedge-lanceolate and _sparingly toothed, heads_ very numerous and _crowded in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense_ narrow or pyramidal _panicle; scales linear-awl-shaped_, appressed; rays about 10.--Sandy soil, Maine to Va. and southward, mostly near the coast.

[=] 3. _Heads middle-sized, in a thyrsoid panicle; involucral scales rather firm, obtuse; leaves entire or little serrate, smooth._