Chapter C: SATIVA, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped; pods

margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

10. SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT.

Pod ovoid or globular, with a broad partition; the turgid valves 1-nerved. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i.e., the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none.--A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 1--3' high. Flowers minute, white.

1. S. aquatica, L. Margin of lakes in Maine; Echo Lake, Franconia, N. H.; also in alpine regions of the western mountains. June, July. (Eu.)

11. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS.

Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds usually numerous, small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except in N. sylvestre). Cotyledons accumbent.--Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from _Nasus tortus_, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pungent qualities.)

Sec. 1. _Petals white, twice the length of the calyx; pods linear; leaves pinnate._

N. OFFICINALE, R. Br. (TRUE WATER-CRESS.) Perennial; stems spreading and rooting; leaflets 3--11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6--8'' long) ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels.--Brooks and ditches; escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

Sec. 2. _Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx; pods linear, oblong, or even ovoid or globular; leaves mostly pinnatifid._

[*] _Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots; flowers rather large, yellow._

N. SYLVESTRE, R. Br. (YELLOW CRESS.) Stems ascending; _leaves pinnately parted_, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods (1/2' long) on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row; _style very short_.--Wet meadows, Mass. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; _leaves pinnately cleft_, the short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4--6'' long), on slender pedicels; _style slender_.--Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June.

[*][*] _Annual or biennial, rarely perennial (?), with simple fibrous roots; flowers small or minute, greenish or yellowish; leaves somewhat lyrate._

2. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple; _leaves obtusely incised_ or toothed, obovate or oblong; _flowers minute, nearly sessile_; pods elongated-oblong (5--6'' long), thick; style very short.--W. Ill. to E. Kan., Tenn., and southward. April--June.

3. N. obtusum, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading; _leaves pinnately parted or divided_, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand; _flowers minute, short-pedicelled; pods longer than the pedicels_, varying from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short.--With n. 1 and 2.

4. N. palustre, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect; _leaves pinnately cleft or parted_, or the upper laciniate; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed; _pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than_ the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid _pods_; style short.--Wet places or in shallow water; common. June--Sept.--Flowers only 1--11/2'' long. Stems 1--3 deg. high.--The typical form with oblong pods is rare. Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var. HISPIDUM is a form with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.)

Sec. 3. _Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular; leaves undivided, or the lower ones pinnatifid; root perennial._

5. N. lacustre, Gray. (LAKE CRESS.) Aquatic; immersed leaves 1--3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions; emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid; pedicels widely spreading; _pods ovoid, 1-celled, a little longer than the style_.--Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to N. J., Minn., and southwestward. July--Aug.--Near N. amphibium.

N. ARMORACIA, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, oblong, crenate, rarely pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate; fruiting pedicels ascending; _pods globular_ (seldom formed); _style very short_. (Cochlearia Armoracia, _L._)--Roots large and long; a well-known condiment. Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. BARBAREA, R. Br. WINTER CRESS.

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid-nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.--Mostly biennials, resembling Nasturtium; flowers yellow. (Anciently called the Herb of St. Barbara.)

1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (COMMON WINTER CRESS. YELLOW ROCKET.) Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the lateral 1--4 pairs or rarely wanting; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pods erect or slightly spreading; or in var. STRICTA, appressed; in var. ARCUATA, ascending on spreading pedicels.--Low grounds and roadsides; apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior northward and westward. (Eu.)

B. PRAECOX, R. Br. (EARLY WINTER C.), with 5--8 pairs of lateral lobes to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels,--yet probably only a variety of the other,--somewhat cultivated from N. Y. southward as a winter salad, under the name of SCURVY-GRASS,--is beginning to run wild. (Eu.)

13. HESPERIS, Tourn. ROCKET.

Pod linear, nearly cylindrical; stigma lobed, erect. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent.--Biennial or perennial, with serrate sessile or petiolate leaves, and large purple flowers. (Name from [Greek: e(spe/ra], evening, from the evening fragrance of the flowers.)

H. MATRONALIS, L. (DAME'S VIOLET.) Tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, mostly petiolate; pods 2--4' long, spreading.--Sparingly naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)

14. ERYSIMUM, Tourn. TREACLE MUSTARD.

Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib; stigma broadly lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent.--Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2--3-parted hairs. (Name from [Greek: e)ry/o], _to draw blisters_.)

1. E. asperum, DC. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely roughish-hoary; stem simple, leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed; _pods nearly erect_ or widely spreading _on short pedicels, elongated_ (3--4' long), exactly 4-sided; stigma 2-lobed.--Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Ill., Ark., Dak., and common westward. June, July.--Plant stout, 1--2 deg. high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. Petals orbicular, on very slender claws.

2. E. cheiranthoides, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely roughish, branching, slender; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed; flowers small; _pods small and short_ (7--12'' long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender _divergent pedicels_.--Banks of streams, Mass. to Penn., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.)

3. E. parviflorum, Nutt. Stem erect, often simple; leaves linear-oblanceolate, entire or the lowest coarsely toothed; flowers small (3'' long); pods narrow, 1--21/2' long, ascending on short pedicels.--Minn. to Kan. and westward.

15. SISYMBRIUM, Tourn. HEDGE MUSTARD.

Pod terete, flattish or 4--6-sided, the valves 1--3-nerved; stigma small, entire. Seeds oblong, marginless, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open.--Flowers small, white or yellow. Pubescence spreading. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours are mostly annuals or biennials.

1. S. humile, Meyer. Perennial, branching from the base, sparingly pubescent, 6' high or less; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers white or rose-color; pods very narrow, subterete, 4--9'' long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked with a short style, seeds 1-ranked. (Arabis petraea, _Man._, not _Lam._)--Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; Canada and westward. (N. Asia.)

2. S. canescens, Nutt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) _Leaves 2-pinnatifid_, often hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed; flowers yellowish, very small; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter than their mostly horizontal pedicels; _seeds 2-ranked_ in each cell.--Penn. and N. Y. to Lake Superior, thence southward and westward. June--Aug.

S. SOPHIA, L. A similar hoary species, with decompound leaves; pods slender, 6--15'' long, ascending; seeds 1-ranked.--Sparingly naturalized from Europe.

S. OFFICINALE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) _Leaves runcinate_; flowers very small, pale yellow; _pods awl-shaped, close pressed_ to the stem, scarcely stalked.--Waste places. May--Sept.--An unsightly branched weed, 2--3 deg. high. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. THALIANA, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) _Leaves obovate or oblong, entire_ or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels.--Old fields and rocks, Mass. to Kan. April, May.--A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. ALLIARIA, Scop. Stout, erect; leaves reniform to ovate-cordate, coarsely repand-dentate; flowers white; pods tapering, 1--2' long, ascending on very stout spreading pedicels.--Near Georgetown, D. C. (Nat. from Eu.)

16. THELYPODIUM, Endl.

Pod terete or teretish; valves 1-nerved; stigma mostly entire. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons obliquely incumbent.--Stout biennials or perennials, with mostly large purplish or white flowers. Leaves or petioles often auricled at base. (Name from [Greek: the~lys], _female_, and [Greek: pou/s], _foot_, the ovary in some species being stipitate.)

1. T. pinnatifidum, Watson. Glabrous (1--3 deg. high), often branched above; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles; stem-leaves auricled, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate (2--6' long), sharply and often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, rarely bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes; flowers purplish; pods 1--11/2' long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Arabis hesperidoides, _Gray_.) Alluvial river-banks, Ohio to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. May, June.

17. BRASSICA (Brassica and Sinapis), Tourn.

Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-seeded beak or a rigid style; valves 1--5-nerved. Seeds globose, 1-rowed. Cotyledons incumbent, folded around the radicle.--Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name of the Cabbage. Sinapis is the Greek [Greek: si/napi], which is said to come from the Celtic _nap_, a turnip.)

B. SINAPISTRUM, Boiss. (or SINAPIS ARVENSIS, L., the English CHARLOCK), with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak (which is either empty or 1-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a noxious weed in grain-fields, from N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y. westward. (Adv. from Eu.)

B. (or SINAPIS) ALBA. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, ascending on spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped 1-seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult. and adv. from Eu.)

B. (or SINAPIS) NIGRA, Koch. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Pods smooth (1/2' long), 4-cornered (the valves only 1-nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style; seeds dark brown, smaller and more pungent than in the last; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones.--Fields and waste places. (Adv. from Eu.)

B. CAMPESTRIS, L., in the form of the RUTABAGA and the TURNIP, sometimes persists a year or two in neglected grounds.

18. CAPSELLA, Medic. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent.--Annuals; flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of _capsa_, a box.)