Chapter C: GLOMERATA, L. (CLUSTERED B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 1 deg

high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers sessile, clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1' long.--Roadsides, E. Mass.

[+][+] _Slender perennials, mostly glabrous; flowers one or few, on slender peduncles._

1. C. rotundifolia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slender, branching (5--12' high), 1--10-flowered; _root-leaves round-heart-shaped_ or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away; _stem-leaves_ numerous, _linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, smooth; calyx-lobes awl-shaped_, from {1/3} to {2/3} the length of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6--9'' long); _capsule nodding_.--Rocky shaded banks, throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in the mountains.--A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.)

Var. arctica, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid; lowest leaves spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed; corolla {2/3}--1' long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, _of Man_.)--Shores of the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)

Var. velutina, DC., has the whole herbage canescently pubescent.--Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Mich. (_E. J. Hill_).

2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) _Stem simple and slender, weak_ (8--20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, _rough backward on the angles, as are the_ slightly toothed _edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate leaves; peduncles diverging_, slender; _lobes of the calyx triangular_, half the length of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla; _capsule erect_.--Wet grassy grounds, throughout our range. With somewhat the habit of a Galium.

3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1--3 deg. high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate_, pointed at both ends, _coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers numerous_ on the branches of the large compound panicle; _calyx-lobes awl-shaped_, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (3'' long); style exserted.--Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Va., E. Ky., and southward.

[*][*] _Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate corolla; openings of the capsule close to the summit; inflorescence spicate._

4. C. Americana, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Annual; stem mostly simple (3--6 deg. high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (21/2--6' long); spike 1--2 deg. long; corolla light blue, 1' broad.--Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.

ORDER 58. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

_Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens as many or twice as many as the 4--5-lobed or 4--5-petalled corolla, free from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or opening by terminal chinks or pores, introrse_ (except in Suborder 3); _style 1; ovary 3--10-celled_. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Suborder 4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen.--A large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows:--

SUBORDER I. Vaccinieae. (WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.) Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex.--Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.

1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 10 small seed-like nutlets.

2. Vaccinium. Berry 4--5-celled (or imperfectly 8--10-celled by false partitions), many-seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen.

SUBORDER II. Ericineae. (HEATH FAMILY proper.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous.--Shrubs or small trees.

Tribe I. ARBUTEAE. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.

4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5--10-seeded.

Tribe II. ANDROMEDEAE. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6). Corolla deciduous.

[*] Anther cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.

5. Epigaea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.

[+] Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.

6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top.

[+][+] Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.

[++] Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed; not heath-like.

7. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule globular. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta.

8. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal. Seeds all ascending. A small tree.

9. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.

10. Cassandra. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.

[++][++] Corolla campanulate, 4--5-lobed or -parted; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves.

11. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4--5-valved, the valves 2-cleft.

Tribe III. ERICEAE. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septicidal.

12. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.

Tribe IV. RHODODENDREAE. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.

[*] Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.

[+] Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.

13. Bryanthus. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.

14. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.

[+][+] Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.

15. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.

16. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.

17. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5--10. Leaves evergreen.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent.

18. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.

19. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

SUBORDER III. Pyroleae. (PYROLA FAMILY.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.

Tribe I. CLETHREAE. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen-grains simple. Capsule 3-celled.

20. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.

Tribe II. PYROLEAE. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains compound. Capsules 5- (rarely 4-) celled.

21. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

22. Moneses. Scape 1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted; stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

23. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.

SUBORDER IV. Monotropeae. (INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.) Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3.

[*] Corolla monopetalous; anthers 2-celled.

24. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.

25. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed; anthers opening at the top.

[*][*] Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like.

26. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.

1. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. HUCKLEBERRY.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets.--Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, _Gay-Lussac_.)

[*] _Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted._

1. G. brachycera, Gray. (BOX-HUCKLEBERRY.) Very smooth (1 deg. high); leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped.--Wooded hills, Perry Co., Penn., to Del. and Va. May.--Leaves resembling those of the Box.

[*][*] _Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms._

2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. (DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.) _Somewhat hairy_ and glandular, low (1--5 deg. high from a creeping base), bushy; _leaves_ obovate-oblong, _mucronate, green both sides_, rather thick and shining when old; racemes elongated; _bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels; ovary bristly or glandular_; corolla bell-shaped, fruit black (insipid).--Var. HIRTELLA has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy.--Sandy swamps, Newf., along the coast to Fla. and La.; the var. chiefly southward. June.

3. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. (BLUE TANGLE. DANGLEBERRY.) _Smooth_ (3--6 deg. high); branches slender and divergent; _leaves_ obovate-oblong, blunt, _pale, glaucous beneath_; racemes slender, loose, _bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels_; corolla globular-bell-shaped; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible).--Low copses, coast of N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to Ky., south to La. and Fla. May, June.

4. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY.) Much branched, rigid, _slightly pubescent_ when young (1--3 deg. high), _leaves_ oval, oblong-ovate or oblong, thickly clothed and at first _clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining resinous globules_, racemes short, clustered, one-sided; pedicels about the length of the flowers; _bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous_, corolla ovoid-conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant, very rarely white).--Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to N. Ga. May, June.--The common _Huckleberry_ of the markets.

2. VACCINIUM, L. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. CRANBERRY.

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4--5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged upward into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4--5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8--10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta.--Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers; the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)

Sec. 1. BATODENDRON. _Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers with long tubes, and 2-awned on the back; berry (hardly edible) spuriously 10-celled; leaves deciduous but firm; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, slender-pedicelled._

1. V. arboreum, Marshall. (FARKLE-BERRY.) _Tall_ (6--25 deg. high), smoothish; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright green, shining above, at the south evergreen; _corolla white; anthers included_; berries black, globose, small, many-seeded.--Sandy soil, S. Ill. to Tex., Fla., and N. C.

2. V. stamineum, L. (DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.) Diffusely branched (2--3 deg. high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous or whitish underneath; _corolla greenish-white or purplish; anthers much exserted_; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, large, few-seeded.--Dry woods, Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

Sec. 2. CYANOCOCCUS. (BLUEBERRIES.) _Corolla cylindraceous to campanulate, 5-toothed; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless; berry (sweet and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely 10-celled; flowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from large scaly buds with or before the leaves._

[*] _Corolla cylindraceous when developed._

3. V. virgatum, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining at least above; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches; corolla rose-color; berry black.--In swamps, south of our range, but represented by

Var. tenellum, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters.--Va. to Ark., and southward.

[*][*] _Corolla shorter and broader._ (BLUEBERRIES or BLUE HUCKLEBERRIES.)

4. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf (6--15' high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; _leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides_ (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped; berries bluish-black and glaucous.--Dry hills, N. J. to Ill., north to Newf. and Sask. The lowest and earliest ripened of the blueberries.--Var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Gray; a dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with narrower lanceolate leaves.--White Mts. of N. H., Newf., and far northward.

5. V. Canadense, Kalm. Low (1--2 deg. high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides_, as well as the crowded branchlets; corolla shorter; otherwise as the last.--Swamps or moist woods, N. New Eng. to mountains of Penn., Ill., Minn., and northward.

6. V. vacillans, Solander. (LOW BLUEBERRY.) _Low_ (1--21/2 deg. high), _glabrous_, with yellowish-green branchlets; _leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous_, at least underneath, minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted.--Dry places, especially in sandy soil, New Eng. to Mich. and Iowa, south to N. C. and Mo.--Berries ripening later than those of n. 4.

7. V. corymbosum, L. (COMMON or SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) _Tall_ (5--10 deg. high); _leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate_; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, 3--4'' long.--Swamps and low thickets, throughout our range and southward. This yields the common _blueberry_ or _blue huckleberry_ of the latter part of the season. The typical form has leaves with naked entire margins, and may be pubescent or glabrous (var. GLABRUM, _Gray_, Man.) Numerous gradations unite the following varieties:--

Var. amoenum, Gray. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins.--Middle Atlantic States.

Var. pallidum, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth.--Common in the Alleghanies southward, mostly on the higher ridges.

Var. atrococcum, Gray. The most distinct form; leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom.--New Eng. to Penn.

Sec. 3. VACCINIUM proper. (BILBERRIES.) _Corolla ovate to globular, 4--5-toothed; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-awned on the back, included; berry 4--5-celled; leaves deciduous; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or few together, appearing with or after the leaves; mostly glabrous._

[*] _Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8._

8. V. uliginosum, L. (BOG BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (4'--2 deg. high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubescent underneath; flowers single or 2--3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; berries black with a bloom, sweet.--Alpine tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Parts of the flower in fives; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous; flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding._

9. V. caespitosum, Michx. Dwarf (3--6' high), tufted, _leaves obovate_, narrowed at the base, smooth and _shining, serrate; corolla oblong_, slightly urn-shaped; berries blue.--Alpine region of the White Mts., and high northward.--Var. CUNEIFOLIUM, Nutt., is a foot high or less, bushy, with cuneate-spatulate leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one form to spatulate-lanceolate and acute.--Shores of L. Superior and westward.

10. V. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1--5 deg. high; branchlets somewhat angled; _leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed_, sharply and closely _serrulate, bright green_, nearly smooth; border of the calyx almost entire; _corolla depressed-globular_, rather large; berries large, black, rather acid.--Damp woods, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May, June.--Pedicels 3--6'' long, drooping in flower, erect in fruit.

11. V. ovalifolium, Smith. Straggling, 2--12 deg. high; _leaves elliptical, obtuse, nearly entire, pale_, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth; _corolla ovoid_; berries blue.--Peat-bogs, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May.

Sec. 4. VITIS-IDAEA. _Corolla, berry, etc., as in Sec. 3; filaments hairy; anthers awnless; leaves coriaceous and persistent; flowers in clusters from separate buds, 4-merous (in our species); mostly glabrous; leaves 3--6'' long._

12. V. Vitis-Idaea, L. (COWBERRY. MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY. FOXBERRY.) Low (6--10' high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems; leaves obovate with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft; berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. Coast and mountains of N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Superior, and far northward. June. (Eu.)

Sec. 5. OXYCOCCUS. _Corolla deeply 4-parted or -cleft, with linear reflexed lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes; berry 4-celled; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels._

[*] _Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries; flowers axillary and solitary; corolla deeply 4-cleft; berries light red, turning purple, insipid._

13. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1--4 deg. high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin.--Damp woods, higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

[*][*] _Stems very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, evergreen; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding; corolla 4-parted; berries red, acid._--CRANBERRIES.

14. V. Oxycoccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Stems very slender (4--9' long); _leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins_ (2--3'' long); pedicels 1--4, terminal; filaments fully 1/2 as long as the anthers.--Peat-bogs, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. June.--Berry 3--4'' broad, often speckled with white when young, seldom gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.)

15. V. macrocarpon, Ait. (LARGE or AMERICAN CRANBERRY.) Stems elongated (1--4 deg. long), the flowering branches ascending; _leaves oblong, obtuse_, less revolute (4--6'' long); pedicels several, becoming lateral, filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers.--Peat-bogs, N. C. to Minn. and everywhere northward, but scarcely westward. June.--Berry 1/2--1' long.

3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk, filaments very short and broad; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded.--A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from [Greek: chio/n], _snow_, and [Greek: ge/nos], _offspring_, in allusion to the snow-white berries.)

1. C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. Leaves 3--4'' long; berries 3'' broad, bright white. (C. hispidula, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Peat-bogs, and mossy woods, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward; also southward in the Alleghanies to N. C. May.--Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Sweet Birch.

4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY.

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5--10 seed-like nutlets.--Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of [Greek: a)/rktos], _a bear_, and [Greek: staphyle/], _a grape_ or _berry_, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing; _leaves thick and evergreen_, obovate or spatulate, _entire, smooth; fruit red_.--Rocks and bare hills, N. J. and Penn. to Mo., and far north and westward. May. (Eu., Asia.)

2. A. alpina, Spreng. (ALPINE BEARBERRY.) Dwarf, tufted and depressed; _leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled_ with strong netted veins, obovate; _fruit black_.--Alpine summits in N. Eng., and high northward. (Arctic-alpine around the world.)

5. EPIGAEA, L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS.

Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded.--A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of [Greek: e)pi/], _upon_, and [Greek: ge~], _the earth_, from the trailing growth.)

1. E. repens, L.--Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla., and Ky.--Flowers appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style and stamens and subdioecious. In New England called MAYFLOWER.

6. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN.

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included; anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red berry!--Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves and axillary (nearly white) flowers; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by Kalm to "_Dr. Gaulthier_," of Quebec.)

1. G. procumbens, L. (CREEPING WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender and extensively creeping on or below the surface; the flowering branches ascending, leafy at the summit (3--5' high); leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding.--Cool damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens, Maine to Minn., and southward to N. Ga.; also far northward. July.--The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. Usually called _Wintergreen_, or sometimes in the interior _Tea-berry_. Eastward it is often called _Checkerberry_ or _Partridge-berry_ (names also applied to Mitchella, the latter especially so), also _Boxberry_.

7. ANDROMEDA, L.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate (in ours), 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule globular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit or middle of the columella. Seeds pendulous or spreading.--Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnaeus in allusion to the fable of _Andromeda_.)

[*] _Anthers awned; capsule more or less globose; leaves thick and evergreen._

1. A. polifolia, L. _Glabrous_, 6--18' high; leaves linear to lanceolate-oblong, strongly revolute, _white beneath_; flowers in terminal umbels; pedicels from axils of persistent scaly bracts; _each anther-cell with a slender terminal ascending awn_.--Wet bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

2. A. floribunda, Pursh. Very leafy, 2--6 deg. high; _young branchlets, etc., strigose-hairy_; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, _glandular-dotted beneath_ (2' long); _racemes crowded in short terminal panicles_, densely flowered; _each anther-cell with a slender deflexed awn on the back_.--Moist hillsides, in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.

[*][*] _Anthers awnless; capsule 5-angled, with a thickened ridge at the dorsal sutures; leaves thinnish and deciduous._

3. A. Mariana, L. (STAGGER-BUSH.) _Mostly glabrous_, 2--4 deg. high; leaves oblong or oval (1--3' long); _fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex_.--Low grounds, R. I. to Fla.; also in Tenn. and Ark. Foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

4. A. ligustrina, Muhl. _Minutely pubescent_, 3--10 deg. high; leaves obovate to lanceolate-oblong (1--2' long), serrulate or entire; _racemes crowded in naked or leafy panicles; filaments flat, not appendaged; capsule globular_.--Wet grounds, Canada to Fla. and Ark.--Var. PUBESCENS, Gray, is a form with dense soft pubescence.--Va. to Ga.

8. OXYDENDRUM, DC. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upward and opening by a long chink. Capsule oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentae at the base of the cells. Seeds _all ascending_, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages.--A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, terminating the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage acid (whence the name, from [Greek: o)xy/s], _sour_, and [Greek: de/ndron], _tree_.)

1. O. arboreum, DC. Tree 15--40 deg. high; leaves in size and shape like those of the peach.--Rich woods, from Penn. to Ind., and southward, mostly along the Alleghanies, to Fla. June, July.

9. LEUCOTHOE, Don.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened; valves entire; the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit of the short columella. Seeds mostly pendulous.--Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.)

[*] _Anthers awnless; stigma 5-rayed; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts, in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; calyx not bracteolate._

1. L. axillaris, Don. _Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed_ or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, _on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate_.--Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb.--April.--Shrub 2--4 deg. high.

2. L. Catesbaei, Gray. _Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed_, serrulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, _conspicuously petioled_ (3--6' long); _sepals ovate-oblong_, often acute.--Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the mountains. May.--Shrub 2--4 deg. high, with long spreading or recurved branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

[*][*] _Anthers awned; stigma simple; flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduous; leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate; calyx bibracteolate._

3. L. recurva, Buckley. _Branches and racemes recurved-spreading_; leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed; _sepals ovate; anther-cells 1-awned; pod 5-lobed, seeds flat and cellular-winged_.--Dry hills, Alleghanies of Va. to Ala. April.--Lower and more straggling than the next.

4. L. racemosa, Gray. _Branches and racemes mostly erect_; leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute; _sepals ovate-lanceolate; anther-cells each 2-awned; pod not lobed; seeds angled and wingless_.--Moist thickets, Mass. to Fla. and La., near the coast. May, June.--Shrub 4--10 deg. high. Corolla cylindrical.

10. CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF.

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the apex, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded, the pericarp of 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. Seeds flattened, wingless.--Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes. (_Cassandra_, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)

1. C. calyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat.--Bogs, Newf. to Minn., and south to Ga.

11. CASSIOPE, Don.

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4--5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers fixed by the apex; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule ovoid or globular, 4--5-celled, 4--5-valved, the valves 2-cleft; placentae many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless.--Small, arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (_Cassiope_ was the mother of Andromeda.)

1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1--4' high); leaves needle-shaped, imbricated; corolla 5-cleft; style short and conical.--Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward.

12. CALLUNA, Salisb. HEATHER. LING.

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Stamens 8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved.--Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named from [Greek: kally/no], _to brush_ or _sweep_, brooms being made of its twigs.)

1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W. Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., etc. Probably only introduced.

Two European heaths, ERICA CINEREA and E. TETRALIX, have been found in small patches on Nantucket Island.

13. BRYANTHUS, Steller.

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded.--Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse smooth or rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Our species belongs to Sec. Phyllodoce. ([Greek: Bry/on], _moss_, and [Greek: a)/nthos] _flower_, because growing among mosses.)

1. B. taxifolius, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia, _Salisb._)--Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and northward. July.

14. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded.--Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to _Peter Kalm_, a pupil of Linnaeus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.)

Sec. 1. _Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs; pedicels from the axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx smaller than the pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous, or nearly so._

1. K. latifolia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON-WOOD.) _Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate_ or oblong, acute at each end, petioled; flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from deep rose-color to nearly white; _corymbs terminal_, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent; pod depressed, glandular.--Rocky hills and damp soil, Canada and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., west to Ohio, Ky., and Tenn. Usually a shrub 4--8 deg. high, but in the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets and often tree-like (10--30 deg. high). May, June.

2. K. angustifolia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL. WICKY.) Shrub 1--3 deg. high; _leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong_, obtuse, petioled; _corymbs lateral_ (appearing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth; _pedicels recurved in fruit_.--Hillsides, Newf. to Mich., south to N. Ga.; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glauca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) _Branchlets 2-edged; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins_; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers 1/2' broad, lilac-purple; pod ovoid, smooth.--Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to Penn., Minn., and northward. May, June.--Straggling, about 1 deg. high.

Sec. 2. _Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous; leaves and branches bristly-hairy._

4. K. hirsuta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4'' long), becoming glabrous.--Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla. May--Sept.--Shrub 1 deg. high; corolla rose-color.

15. MENZIESIA, Smith.

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat.--A low shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate deciduous leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Named for _Archibald Menzies_, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.)

1. M. glabella, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting; leaves obovate, barely mucronate-tipped, _glabrous_ or nearly so (1--2' long); _filaments ciliate below; capsule glabrous_ or nearly so; _seeds long-caudate at each end_.--Minnesota Point, L. Superior, and northwestward.

2. M. globularis, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2--5 deg. high; leaves obovate-oblong, prominently glandular-mucronate, _strigose-hirsute_ especially above; _filaments glabrous; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate_. (M. ferruginea, var. globularis, of Manual.)--In the Alleghanies from Penn. to Ga.

16. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE BAY, AZALEA, etc.

Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined; anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like.--Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large scaly-bracted terminal buds. ([Greek: R(ododendron], _rose-tree_; the ancient name.)

Sec. 1. AZALEA. _Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens (5 to 10) and style more or less exserted and declined._

[*] _Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-exserted; 3--10 deg. high, with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate._

[+] _Flowers appearing after the leaves._

1. R. arborescens, Torr. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) _Branchlets smooth; leaves_ obovate, obtuse, _very smooth both sides, shining above_, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate; _calyx-lobes long and conspicuous_, corolla slightly clammy. (Azalea arborescens, _Pursh._)--Mountains of Penn. to N. C. June. Rose-colored flowers very fragrant.

2. R. viscosum, Torr. (CLAMMY A. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUCKLE.) _Branchlets bristly_, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves; _calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes_. (Azalea viscosa, _L._)--Swamps, mostly near the coast, Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July.--Var. GLAUCUM, Gray. Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va.--Var. NITIDUM, Gray. Dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va.

[+][+] _Flowers appearing before or with the leaves._

3. R. nudiflorum, Torr. (PURPLE A. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Leaves downy underneath; _tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular_. (Azalea nudiflora, _L._)--Swamps, Canada to Fla., Ill., Mo., and Tex. April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 stamens.

4. R. calendulaceum, Torr. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Leaves hairy; _tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy_. (Azalea calendulacea, _Michx._)--Woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. May. Covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant.

[*][*] _Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla irregular, with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style._

5. R. Rhodora, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1--2 deg. high); leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent; corolla hardly 1' long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, _L._)--Cool bogs, Newf. and N. Eng. to mountains of Penn.

Sec. 2. RHODODENDRON proper. _Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens (commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally spreading._

6. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) _Leaves_ 4--10' long, very thick, _elliptical-oblong_ or lance-oblong, _acute, narrowed toward the base, very smooth_, with somewhat revolute margins; pedicels viscid; corolla bell-shaped, 1' broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.--Damp deep woods, rare from Maine to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. July.--Shrub or tree 6--35 deg. high.

7. R. Catawbiense, Michx. _Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth_, pale beneath (3--5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy.--High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June. Shrub 3--6 deg. (rarely 20 deg.) high.

8. R. Lapponicum, Wahl. _Dwarf_, prostrate in broad tufts (6' high); _leaves_ (1/2' long) _elliptical, obtuse, dotted_ (like the branches) with rusty scales; umbels few-flowered; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, violet-purple; _stamens_ 5--10.--Alpine summits of northern N. Y. and N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast. July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.)

17. LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5--10; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded; placentae borne on the summit of the columella.--Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute; herbage slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds; bracts or scales thin and caducous. ([Greek: Le~don], the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.)

1. L. latifolium, Ait. Erect, 1--3 deg. high; leaves oblong or linear-oblong (1--2' long), mostly 1/2' wide, very obtuse; stamens 5--7; capsule oblong, acutish.--N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs and mountain woods.