Chapter C: BIGNONIOIDES, Walt., of Ga., Ala. and Miss., very widely cultivated,

and formerly including the above species, is a low much branched tree, with thin bark, smaller (11/2' long) thickly spotted corolla (with oblique limb and lower lobe entire), and a much thinner capsule.

ORDER 79. PEDALIACEAE.

_Herbs, with chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the preceding Order, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former being 1-celled, the latter fleshy-drupaceous, with wingless seeds and thick entire cotyledons._--Ovary (in ours) 1-celled, with 2 parietal intruded placentae expanded into 2 broad lamellae or united into a central columella.

1. MARTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT.

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Fruit fleshy, the flesh at length falling away in 2 valves; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the horns, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each placenta, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a thick roughened coat.--Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, stems thickish; leaves simple, rounded; flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to _Prof. John Martyn_, of Cambridge, England.)

1 M. proboscidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or undulate, the upper alternate; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yellow and purple; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked.--Banks of the Mississippi and its lower tributaries, from S. Ind., Ill., and Iowa, to northern Mexico. Also cultivated and naturalized farther north.

ORDER 80. ACANTHACEAE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

_Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are convolute or imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4--12-) seeded capsule; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and supported by hooked projections of the placentae (retinacula)._--Flowers commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form; stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat.--Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the world; represented in gardens by THUNBERGIA, which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks.

[*] Corolla not obviously bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading; stamens 4.

1. Calophanes. Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2--4-seeded.

2. Ruellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6--20-seeded.

[*][*] Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading; stamens 2.

3. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded.

1. CALOPHANES, Don.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; its lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate or aristiform. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, the anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2--4-seeded.--Low branching perennials, pubescent or hirsute, with proportionally large axillary nearly sessile flowers (solitary or few), and blue corolla. (Name from [Greek: kalo/s], _beautiful_, and [Greek: phai/no], _to appear_.)

1. C. oblongifolia, Don. Stems visually erect and simple, 1/2--1 deg. high; leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (1' long or less); corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 1' long; calyx-lobes nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute.--Pine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla.

2. RUELLIA, Plumier.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, the cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Capsule narrow, in our species somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8--12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat, when wet exhibiting under the microscope innumerable tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals.--Perennials, with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters, sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, _John Ruelle_.)

1. R. ciliosa, Pursh. _Hirsute_ with soft whitish hairs (1--3 deg. high); _leaves nearly sessile, oval_ or ovate-oblong (1--2' long); flowers 1--3 and almost sessile in the axils; _tube of the corolla_ (1--11/2' long) fully _twice the length of the setaceous calyx-lobes_; the throat short.--Dry ground, Mich. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. June--Sept.--Var. AMBIGUA, Gray. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent or glabrate; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled, larger; tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.--Va. and Ky. to Ala. Appearing like a hybrid with the next.

2. R. strepens, L. _Glabrous or sparingly pubescent_ (1--4 deg. high); _leaves narrowed at base into a petiole_, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (21/2--5' long); _tube of the corolla_ (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion, _slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes_.--Rich soil, Penn. to Wisc., south to Fla. and Tex. July--Sept.--Var. CLEISTANTHA, Gray. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous.--Common with the ordinary form.

3. DIANTHERA, Gronov. WATER-WILLOW.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched; the lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled, the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Capsule obovate, flattened, contracted at base into a short stalk, 4-seeded.--Perennial herbs, growing in water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name formed of [Greek: di/s], _double_, and [Greek: a)nthera/], _anther_; the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)

1. D. Americana, L. Stem 1--3 deg. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled; corolla 4--5'' long.--In water, N. W. Vt. to Wisc., south to S. C. and Tex. July--Sept.

ORDER 81. VERBENACEAE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

_Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2--4-celled_ (in Phryma 1-celled) _fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets_; differing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil.--Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no albumen.--A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly represented in cool regions.

Tribe I. VERBENEAE. Ovary 2--4-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule in each cell.

1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets.

2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets.

3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets.

Tribe II. PHRYMEAE. Ovary 1-celled; ovule erect, orthotropous.

4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achene.

1. VERBENA, Tourn. VERVAIN.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets.--Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled spikes, bracted; produced all summer. (The Latin name for any sacred herb; derivation obscure.)--The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids.

Sec. 1. _Anthers not appendaged; flowers small, in narrow spikes._

[*] _Spikes filiform, with flowers or at least fruits scattered, naked, the inconspicuous bracts shorter than the calyx._