Chapter III: Preface (2)

Flowers separate, not involucrate; corolla irregular.
LOBELIACEAE, 305

Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its
lobes; stipules none; juice milky. CAMPANULACEAE, 307

Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla,

One to three, always fewer than the corolla-lobes.
VALERIANACEAE, 228

Four or five; leaves opposite or whorled.

Ovary 1-celled; flowers in a dense involucrate head.
DIPSACEAE, 229

Ovary 2--5-celled.

Leaves whorled and without stipules. RUBIACEAE, 222

Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. RUBIACEAE, 222

Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles sometimes with
stipule-like appendages). CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 216

[2.] _Ovary free from the calyx (superior)._

[*] _Corolla irregular; stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2._

Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1--4) cells.

Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes.
LABIATAE, 403

Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. VERBENACEAE, 401

Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell.

Ovary and pod 1-celled,

With a free central placenta; stamens 2. LENTIBULACEAE, 395

With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentae; stamens 4.
OROBANCHACEAE, 393

Ovary and fruit more or less 4--5-celled. PEDALIACEAE, 399

Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal.
BIGNONIACEAE, 398

Ovary and pod 2-celled; placentae in the axis.

Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen.
SCROPHULARIACEAE, 377

Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections of the
placentae; no albumen. ACANTHACEAE, 399

[*][*] _Corolla somewhat irregular; stamens (with anthers) 5._

Stamens free from the corolla; anthers with their cells opening by a
hole or chink at the top. Rhododendron, in ERICACEAE, 320

Stamens inserted on the corolla.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. Echium, in BORRAGINACEAE, 367

Ovary not lobed; pod many-seeded.

Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, SCROPHULARIACEAE, 379

Filaments not woolly. Hyoscyamus, SOLANACEAE, 376

[*][*][*] _Corolla regular._

[+] _Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla._

Ovaries 2, separate; their

Styles and stigmas also wholly separate.
Dichondra, CONVOLVULACEAE, 368

Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one.

Filaments distinct; pollen in ordinary grains. APOCYNACEAE, 337

Filaments monadelphous; pollen in masses. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 338

Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style (or 2-lobed in
Heliotropium).

Leaves alternate. BORRAGINACEAE, 360

Leaves opposite. Mentha, in LABIATAE, 407

Ovary one; pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. LOGANIACEAE, 345

Ovary one; not deeply lobed,

One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. PLANTAGINACEAE, 422

One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentae.

Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. GENTIANACEAE, 346

Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound. HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 357

Two- to ten-celled.

Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACEAE, 370

Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected by stipules or
a stipular line. LOGANIACEAE, 345

Leaves when opposite without stipules.

Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so; style 1.
ERICACEAE, 309

Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none. ILICINEAE, 107

Stamens in the sinuses of the corolla; style 1. DIAPENSIACEAE, 326

Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla,

Four; pod 2-celled, circumscissile. PLANTAGINACEAE, 422

Four; ovary 2--4-celled; ovules solitary. VERBENACEAE, 401

Five or rarely more.

Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. BORRAGINACEAE, 360

Fruit a few-seeded pod.

Calyx 5-cleft; style 3-lobed or -cleft. POLEMONIACEAE, 354

Sepals 5; styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft; seeds large,
only one or two in a cell. CONVOLVULACEAE, 367

Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry.

Styles 2. Hydrolea, in HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 360

Style single. SOLANACEAE, 373

[+][+] _Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla._

Stamens 4, didynamous.

Ovary 2-celled; the cells several-seeded. ACANTHACEAE, 399

Ovary 2--4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. VERBENACEAE, 401

Stamens only 2 with anthers; ovary 4-lobed. Lycopus, in LABIATAE, 408

Stamens 2, rarely 3; ovary 2-celled.

Low herbs; corolla scarious, withering on the pod.
PLANTAGINACEAE, 422

Herbs; corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and slightly
irregular. Veronica, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, 386

Shrubs or trees; corolla perfectly regular. OLEACEAE, 335

DIVISION III. APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting.

[A.] _Flowers not in catkins._

[1.] _Ovary or its cells containing many ovules._

Ovary and pod inferior (i.e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary),

Six-celled; stamens 6--12. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 444

Four-celled; stamens 4. Ludwigia, in ONAGRACEAE, 187

One-celled, with parietal placentae.
Chrysosplenium, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, 172

Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx),

Two-celled, 2-beaked; flowers capitate; tree. HAMAMELIDEAE, 179

Two-celled, many-ribbed; aquatic herb. PODOSTEMACEAE, 444

Ovary and pod superior, i.e. free from the calyx.

Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which fall off
at maturity; stamens 10. Penthorum, in CRASSULACEAE, 176

Three-celled and 3-valved, or 3--5-celled and circumscissile.
FICOIDEAE, 198

Two-celled or one-celled; placentae central.

Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx.
LYTHRACEAE, 184

Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx,

Alternate with the 5 sepals. Glaux, in PRIMULACEAE, 331

Opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 82

One-celled, with one parietal placenta. RANUNCULACEAE, 34

Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. RANUNCULACEAE, 34

[2.] _Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules._

[*] _Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so._

Stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves with stipules. ROSACEAE, 150

Stamens inserted on the receptacle.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Xanthoxylum, in RUTACEAE, 106

Leaves not dotted.

Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like.
RANUNCULACEAE, 34

Calyx absent; flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked.
PIPERACEAE, 446

[*][*] _Pistil one, either simple or compound._

Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled;
styles 2; stamens many. HAMAMELIDEAE, 179

Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers).

Aquatic herbs; ovary 3--4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled.
HALORAGEAE, 180

Mostly woody plants; style or stigma one, entire; ovary 1-celled.

Stigma running down one side of the style.
Nyssa, in CORNACEAE, 215

Stigma terminal, with or without a style.

Parasitic on the branches of trees; anthers sessile.
LORANTHACEAE, 449

Not parasitic above ground; anthers on filaments.
SANTALACEAE, 450

Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its
tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior.

Shrubs, with scurfy leaves; flowers mostly dioecious.
ELAEAGNACEAE, 448

Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla.

Leaves opposite, simple. NYCTAGINACEAE, 425

Leaves alternate, pinnate. Poterium, in ROSACEAE, 161

Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting.

Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes.

Tree; calyx none; flowers monoecious, in heads. PLATANACEAE, 466

Herbs; calyx present and commonly petal-like. POLYGONACEAE, 436

Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none.

Aquatic herbs, submerged or nearly so.

Leaves whorled and dissected; style single.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 488

Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled.
HALORAGEAE, 180

Not aquatics, herbs.

Ovary 10-celled; berry 10-seeded. PHYTOLACCACEAE, 436

Ovary 3- (rarely 1--2-) celled; juice usually milky.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 451

Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky.

Style, if any, and stigma only one; leaves simple; no scarious
bracts around the flowers. URTICACEAE, 461

Styles 3; embryo straight; flowers involucrate.
Eriogonum, in POLYGONACEAE, 436

Style or stigmas 2 or 3; embryo coiled or curved.

Stipules not scarious, leaves palmately cleft or palmately
compound. Cannabineae, in URTICACEAE, 461

Stipules scarious (or none); leaves opposite.
ILLECEBRACEAE, 426

Stipules none; but flowers with scarious bracts.
AMARANTACEAE, 427

Stipules and scarious bracts none. CHENOPODIACEAE, 430

Shrubs or trees.

Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary.

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineae, in SAPINDACEAE, 115

Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe.
OLEACEAE, 335

Ovules single in each cell of the

Three-nine-celled ovary; leaves heath-like. EMPETRACEAE, 487

Three-celled ovary; leaves broad. RHAMNACEAE, 111

One--two-celled ovary; styles or stigmas 2-cleft.
URTICACEAE, 461

One-celled ovary; style and stigma single and entire.

Anthers opening longitudinally. THYMELAEACEAE, 448

Anthers opening by uplifted valves. LAURACEAE, 446

[B.] _Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins._

[1.] _Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads._

Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. URTICACEAE, 461

Fertile flowers single or clustered; sterile in slender catkins
(except in Fagus).

Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked. JUGLANDACEAE, 467

Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1--3 in an involucre or cup.
CUPULIFERAE, 470

[2.] _Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads._

Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in HAMAMELIDEAE, 180

Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with a downy tuft
at one end. SALICACEAE, 480

Ovary 1--2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1-seeded.

Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry. LORANTHACEAE, 449

Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.

Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit.
URTICACEAE, 461

Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.

Style and stigma one, simple; the flowers in heads.
PLATANACEAE, 466

Styles or long stigmas 2.

Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin.
CUPULIFERAE, 470

Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked,
waxy-coated or drupe like. MYRICACEAE, 469

SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. CONIFERAE, 489

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 15.)

[A.] SPADICEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some_ Araceae _and_ Naiadaceae, _where, however, they are on a spadix), and also without glumes (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted veins._

Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage.
LEMNACEAE, 551

Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. NAIADACEAE, 557

Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved
leaves; flowers in spikes or heads.

Flowers monoecious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes.
TYPHACEAE, 547

Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix; sepals 6.
Acorus, in ARACEAE, 550

Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly with a distinct
netted-veined blade, petioled. ARACEAE, 548

[B.] PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like (wholly glumaceous in_ Juncaceae).

[1.] _Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary._

Flowers dioecious (or rarely perfect), regular.

Aquatics; ovules and seeds several or numerous.
HYDROCHARIDACEAE, 495

Twiners; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell.
DIOSCOREACEAE, 517

Flowers perfect; ovules and seeds usually numerous.

Stamens only one or two; flower irregular, gynandrous.
ORCHIDACEAE, 497

Stamens three.

Anthers introrse, opening transversely. BURMANNIACEAE, 496

Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise.
HAEMODORACEAE, 512

Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. IRIDACEAE, 513

Stamens 6; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb.
AMARYLLIDACEAE, 515

[2.] _Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary._

Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant.
HAEMODORACEAE, 512

Perianth smooth; the leaves grass-like.
Stenanthium, etc., in LILIACEAE, 517

[3.] _Perianth wholly free from the ovary._

Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. ALISMACEAE, 553

Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3).

Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy; flowers not in dense heads.

Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect.

Scurfy-leaved epiphyte; seeds hairy-tufted. BROMELIACEAE, 511

Marsh herbs; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from
the axis; seed without albumen. Juncagineae, in NAIADACEAE, 557

Terrestrial, not rush-like; seeds with albumen.

Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored.
LILIACEAE, 517

Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 colored
withering-persistent petals. Trillium in LILIACEAE, 517

Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 ephemeral
deliquescent petals. COMMELINACEAE, 538

Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers.

Sepals 3, herbaceous; ephemeral petals 3, unequal.
COMMELINACEAE, 538

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed. PONTEDERIACEAE, 535

Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. MAYACEAE, 537

Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. JUNCACEAE, 539

Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like; flowers in very dense
heads. Rush-like or aquatic.

Flowers perfect; inner perianth of three yellow petals; perfect
stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 3; pod 1-celled,
many-seeded on 3 parietal placentae. XYRIDACEAE, 536

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, whitish-bearded; stamens 4 or 3;
pod 2--3-celled, 2--3-seeded. ERIOCAULEAE, 566

[C.] GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. _Flowers destitute of proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by scale-like bracts or glumes._

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil.
CYPERACEAE, 567

Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. GRAMINEAE, 623

CLASS III. CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS. (See p. 17.)

SUBCLASS I. PTERIDOPHYTES: with woody fibres and vessels.

Spores of only one kind; spore-cases

Borne beneath shield-shaped scales in a terminal spike; stems naked,
sheathed at the nodes. EQUISETACEAE, 675

On the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation.
FILICES, 678

Bivalvular, in special spikes or panicles; fronds erect in
vernation, from short erect rootstocks. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 693

Solitary in the axils of leaves, 2--3-valved; low long-stemmed
moss-like evergreens; leaves small, in 4--16 ranks.
LYCOPODIACEAE, 695

Spores of two kinds, large and small; spore-cases

Solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves, or in the bases of
linear radical leaves. SELAGINELLACEAE, 697

Enclosed in peduncled sporocarps; leaves 4-foliolate.
MARSILIACEAE, 700

Sporocarps sessile beneath the stem; small, floating, pinnately
branched, with minute imbricate leaves. SALVINIACEAE, 701

SUBCLASS II. BRYOPHYTES: with cellular tissue only. [Capsules not operculate, containing spores and usually elaters, in the following Orders.]

Capsule 4-valved, pedicellate; plants leafy-stemmed, rarely thallose.
JUNGERMANNIACEAE, 702

Capsule 2-valved or valveless; plants thallose.

Thallus without epidermis; capsule with a columella,
short-pedicelled or sessile on the thallus. ANTHOCEROTACEAE, 726

Capsules borne beneath a pedunculate receptacle. MARCHANTIACEAE, 727

Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent.
RICCIACEAE, 730

ABBREVIATIONS

OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME.

_Adans._--Adanson, Michel. _Ait._--Aiton, William. _Ait. f._--Aiton, William Townsend. _All._--Allioni, Carlo. _Anders._--Andersson, Nils Johan. _Arn._--Arnott, George A. Walker. _Aust._--Austin, Coe Finch. _Baldw._--Baldwin, William. _Bart._--Barton, William P. C. _Beauv._--Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. _Benth._--Bentham, George. _Benth. & Hook._--G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker. _Bernh._--Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. _Bess._--Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. _Bieb._--Bieberstein, F. A. M. von. _Bigel._--Bigelow, Jacob. _Bisch._--Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm. _Boeckl._--Boeckeler, Otto. _Boiss._--Boissier, Edmond. _Borkh._--Borkhausen, M. B. _Br., R. Br._--Brown, Robert. _Britt._--Britton, Nathaniel Lord. _Carr._--Carriere, Elie Abel. _Carring._--Carrington, Benjamin. _Cass._--Cassini, Henri. _Cav._--Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. _Cerv._--Cervantes, Vicente. _Cham._--Chamisso, Adalbert von. _Chapm._--Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. _Chois._--Choisy, Jacques Denis. _Clayt._--Clayton, John. _Cogn._--Cogniaux, Alfred. _Coult._--Coulter, John Merle. _Darl., Darling._--Darlington, William. _DC._--DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus. _A. DC._--DeCandolle, Alphonse. _Decsne._--Decaisne, Joseph. _Desf._--Desfontaines, Rene Louiche. _Desv._--Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin. _Dicks._--Dickson, James. _Dill._--Dillenius, Johan Jacob. _Dougl._--Douglas, David. _Dufr._--Dufresne, Pierre. _Dumort._--Dumortier, Barthelemy C. _Eat._--Eaton, Amos. _Ehrh._--Ehrhart, Friedrich. _Ell._--Elliott, Stephen. _Endl._--Endlicher, Stephan L. _Engelm._--Engelmann, George. _Esch._--Eschscholtz, J. F. _Fisch._--Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von. _Foug._--Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. _Forst._--Forster, J. R. and George. _Froel._--Froelich, Joseph Aloys. _Gaertn._--Gaertner, Joseph. _Gaertn. f._--Gaertner, Carl Friedrich. _Gal._--Galeotti, Henri. _Gaud._--Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles. _Gey._--Geyer, Charles (Carl Andreas). _Ging._--Gingins de Lassaraz, F. C. J. _Glox._--Gloxin, Benjamin Peter. _Gmel._--Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. _Gooden._--Goodenough, Samuel. _Grev._--Greville, Robert Kaye. _Griseb._--Grisebach, Heinrich R. A. _Gronov._--Gronovius, Jan Fredrik. _Guss._--Gussone, Giovanni. _Hack._--Hackel, Eduard. _Hartm._--Hartman, Carl Johann. _Hassk._--Hasskarl, Justus Carl. _Hausskn._--Haussknecht, Carl. _Haw._--Haworth, Adrian Hardy. _HBK._--Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Aime Bonpland, and C. S. Kunth. _Hegelm._--Hegelmaier, Friedrich. _Herb._--Herbert, William. _Hochst._--Hochstetter, Christian F. _Hoffm._--Hoffman, Georg Franz. _Holl._--Hollick, Arthur. _Hook._--Hooker, William Jackson. _Hook. f._--Hooker, Joseph Dalton. _Hornem._--Hornemann, Jens Wilken. _Huds._--Hudson, William. _Huebn._--Huebener, J. W. P. _Jacq._--Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. _Juss._--Jussieu, Antoine Laurent. _A. Juss._--Jussieu, Adrien de. _L., Linn._--Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von Linne. _L. f._--Linne, Carl von (the son). _L'Her._--L'Heritier de Brutelle, C. L. _Lag._--Lagasca, Mariano. _Lam._--Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet. _Ledeb._--Ledebour, Carl F. von. _Lehm._--Lehmann, J. G. C. _Less._--Lessing, Christian Friedrich. _Light._--Lightfoot, John. _Lindb._--Lindberg, Sextus Otto. _Lindenb._--Lindenberg, Johann B. W. _Lindl._--Lindley, John. _Loisel._--Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. L. A. _Lour._--Loureiro, Juan. _Marsh._--Marshall, Humphrey. _Mart._--Martens, Martin. _Maxim._--Maximowicz, Carl Johann. _Medic._--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. _Meisn._--Meisner, Carl Friedrich. _Mey._--Meyer, Ernst (Heinrich F.). _Mich._--Micheli, Pier' Antonio. _Michx._--Michaux, Andre. _Michx. f._--Michaux, Francois Andre. _Mill._--Miller, Philip. _Mitch._--Mitchell, J. _Mitt._--Mitten, William. _Mont._--Montagne, (J. F.) Camille. _Moq._--Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. _Muell._--Mueller, Jean (of Aargau). _Muhl._--Muhlenberg, Henry (H. Ernst). _Murr._--Murray, Johann Andreas. _Neck._--Necker, Noel Joseph de. _Nutt._--Nuttall, Thomas. _Pall._--Pallas, Peter Simon. _Pers._--Persoon, Christian Hendrik. _Planch._--Planchon, Jules Emile. _Poir._--Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. _Poll._--Pollich, Johann Adam. _R. & S._--Roemer, J. J., and Joseph August Schultes. _Raf._--Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. _Reichenb._--Reichenbach, H. G. L. _Richards._--Richardson, John. _Roem._--Roemer, Johann Jacob. _Rostk._--Rostkovius, F. W. G. _Rottb._--Rottboell, Christen Fries. _St. Hil._--St. Hilaire, Auguste de. _Salisb._--Salisbury, Richard Anthony. _Sartw._--Sartwell, Henry P. _Sav._--Savi, Gaetano. _Schlecht._--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von. _Schleich._--Schleicher, J. C. _Schleid._--Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. _Schrad._--Schrader, Heinrich A. _Schreb._--Schreber, Johann C. D. _Schum._--Schumacher, Christian F. _Schwein._--Schweinitz, Lewis David de. _Scop._--Scopoli, Johann Anton. _Scribn._--Scribner, F. Lamson. _Shuttlw._--Shuttleworth, Robert. _Sibth._--Sibthorp, John. _Sieb. & Zucc._--Siebold, P. F. von, and J. G. Zuccarini. _Spreng._--Sprengel, Kurt. _Steph._--Stephani, F. _Steud._--Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb. _Sulliv._--Sullivant, William Starling. _Tayl._--Taylor, Thomas. _Thuill._--Thuillier, Jean Louis. _Thunb._--Thunberg, Carl Peter. _Thurb._--Thurber, George. _Torr._--Torrey, John. _Tourn._--Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. _Tratt._--Trattenick, Leopold. _Tuckerm._--Tuckerman, Edward. _Turcz._--Turczaninow, Nicolaus. _Underw._--Underwood, Lucien M. _Vaill._--Vaillant, Sebastien. _Vent._--Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. _Vill._--Villars, Dominique. _Wahl._--Wahlenberg, George. _Wahlb._--Wahlberg, Pehr Fredrik. _Walp._--Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. _Walt._--Walter, Thomas. _Wang._--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von. _Web._--Weber, Friedrich. _Wigg._--Wiggers, F. H. _Willd._--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. _Wils._--Wilson, William. _Wimm._--Wimmer, Friedrich. _With._--Withering, William. _Wormsk._--Wormskiold, M. von. _Wr. (Eat. & Wr.)_--Wright, John. _Wulf._--Wulfen, Franz Xaver.

SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

deg., ','' . The sign of degrees ( deg.) is used for feet; of minutes ('), for inches; of seconds (''), for lines,--the line being the twelfth part of an inch, and very nearly equivalent to two millimetres.

mu. In microscopic measurements, the conventional sign for the micromillimetre or the one-thousandth part of a millimetre = one two-thousandth part of a line.

[male] Bearing only stamens or antheridia.

[female] Pistillate or bearing archegonia.

? A mark of doubt.

! A mark of affirmation or authentication.

Figures or words separated by a short dash (--) indicate the extremes of variation, as "5--10'' long, few--many-flowered," i.e. varying from 5 to 10 lines in length, and with from few to many flowers.

BOTANY

OF THE

NORTHERN UNITED STATES.

SERIES I.

PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having stamens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or fours.

SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.

DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; the petals not united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals, or have them more or less united.)

ORDER 1. RANUNCULACEAE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

_Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice, polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) pistils all distinct and unconnected._--Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3--15. Petals 3--15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes), or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo.--Leaves often dissected, their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like appendages. (A large family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

Tribe I. CLEMATIDEAE. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended.--Leaves all opposite.

1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.

Tribe II. ANEMONEAE. Sepals 3--20, often petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or spike.--Herbs, never climbing; leaves alternate, or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled.

[*] Petals none (rarely some staminodia). Seed suspended.

[+] All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled. Peduncles 1-flowered.

2. Anemone. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dissected. Pistils very many.

3. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, calyx-like. Leaves radical, simple and lobed. Pistils several.

4. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre compound. Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4--15, many-ribbed.

[+][+] Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often dioecious.

5. Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish, Achenes few.

[*][*] Petals none. Sepals 3--5, caducous. Seed erect. Leaves alternate.

6. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers corymbose. Filaments white, clavate.

[*][*][*] Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many.

7. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5--16, crimson or scarlet) flat, unappendaged. Seed suspended.

8. Myosurus. Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. Scapes 1-flowered. Seed suspended.

9. Ranunculus. Petals 5, yellow or white, with a scale or gland at base. Achenes capitate. Seed erect.

Tribe III. HELLEBOREAE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in n. 20, 21) few, rarely single, few--many-seeded.--Leaves alternate.

[*] Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair. Herbs.

[+] Flowers regular, not racemose. Petals inconspicuous nectaries or slender or none. Sepals tardily deciduous.

10. Isopyrum. Petals none. Sepals broad, white. Pods few. Leaves compound.

11. Caltha. Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided.

12. Trollius. Petals 5--20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile. Leaves palmately lobed.

13. Coptis. Petals 5--6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stalked. Leaves radical, trifoliolate.

14. Helleborus. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals 5, broad, persistent and turning green. Pods sessile.

15. Eranthis. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Sepals 5--8, narrow, deciduous. Flower solitary, involucrate.

[+][+] Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5.

16. Aquilegia. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternately compound.

[+][+][+] Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular. Sepals 5.

17. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx.

18. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals.

[+][+][+][+] Flowers regular, racemose. Sepals caducous. Petals very small, stamen-like, or none. Leaves decompound.

19. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1--8, becoming many-seeded pods.

20. Actaea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry.

[*][*] Ovules a single pair. Flowers regular. Roots yellow and bitter.

21. Hydrastis. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded berries. Leaves simple, lobed.

22. Xanthorrhiza. Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5--10. Pods 1-seeded. Shrub with pinnate leaves.

1. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER.

Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inward in the bud. Petals none or small. Achenes numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails.--Perennial herbs or vines, mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of the leaf-stalks, rarely low and erect. Leaves opposite. ([Greek: Klemati/s], a name of Dioscorides for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.)

Sec. 1. FLAMMULA. _Flowers cymose-paniculate, rather small, in our species dioecious. Sepals petaloid, whitish, spreading, thin. Petals none. Anthers short, blunt._

1. C. Virginiana, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S-BOWER.) Smooth; leaves bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base; tails of the fruit plumose.--River-banks, etc., common; climbing over shrubs. July, August.

2. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Very similar, but the leaves 5-foliolate or quinate-ternate.--Long Pine, Neb., and west to the Pacific.

Sec. 2. VIORNA. _Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, usually nodding. Sepals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull purple. Petals none. Anthers linear._

[+] _Stems climbing; leaves pinnate; calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent._

3. C. Viorna, L. (LEATHER-FLOWER.) Calyx ovate and at length bell-shaped; the purplish _sepals_ (1' long) _very thick and leathery, wholly connivent_ or only the tips recurved; long tails of the _fruit very plumose_; leaflets 3--7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2--3-lobed or entire; uppermost leaves often simple.--Rich soil, Penn. to Mo., and southward. May--Aug.

4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish _sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points; tails of the fruit filiform and naked or shortly villous_; leaflets 3--9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple.--S. Ind. to Kan., and Tex. June.

5. C. crispa, L. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the bluish-purple _sepals_ (1--2' long) _dilated_ and widely spreading, with _broad and wavy thin margins; tails of the fruit silky_ or glabrate; leaflets 5--9, thin, varying from ovate or cordate to lanceolate, entire or 3--5-parted. (C. cylindrica, _Sims._)--Va. near Norfolk, and southward. May--Aug.

[+][+] _Low and erect, mostly simple; flowers solitary, terminal; leaves sessile or nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated._

6. C. ochroleuca, Ait. Leaves ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, silky beneath; peduncles long; tails of the fruit very plumose.--Copses, Long Island to Penn. and Ga.; rare. May.

7. C. Fremonti, Watson. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed, sparingly villous-tomentose; peduncles very short; tails villous or glabrate, not plumose.--Mo. and Kan.

Sec. 3. ATRAGENE. _Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less petaloid; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely spreading._

8. C. verticillaris, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles; leaflets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or sparingly toothed or lobed; flower bluish-purple, 2--3' across; tails of the fruit plumose.--Rocky places in mountainous districts, Maine and W. New Eng. to Va., Minn., and northwestward; rare. May.--A pair of leaves with a peduncle between them, developed in spring from each of the opposite buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name.

2. ANEMONE, Tourn. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.

Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in n. 1 resembling abortive stamens. Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended.--Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, from [Greek: a)nemo/o], to be shaken by the wind.)

Sec. 1. PULSATILLA. _Carpels numerous in a head, with long hairy styles which in fruit form feathery tails, as in_ Clematis; _flower large, usually with some minute or indistinct gland-like abortive stamens answering to petals._

1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. (PASQUE-FLOWER.) Villous with long silky hairs; peduncle solitary; flower erect, developed before the leaves, which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes; lobes of the sessile involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup; sepals 5--7, purplish or whitish (1--11/2' long), spreading when in full anthesis.--Prairies, Ill. and Mo., thence northward and westward. March--April.--A span high. Tail of carpels 2' long. (Eu. Siberia.)

Sec. 2. ANEMONE proper. _Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none._

[*] _Achenes densely long-woolly, compressed; involucre far below the flower._

[+] _Stem single, from a small tuber; sepals 10--20; style filiform._

2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3--6' high; root-leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft; involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft; sepals 10--20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish; head of fruit oblong.--Ill. to Neb. and southward. May.

[+][+] _Stems several; sepals 5--8; style filiform._

3. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3--12' high from a slender rootstock, 1-flowered; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crenate-incised or lobed; involucre 2--3-leaved; sepals 5 or 6, oval, white; head of fruit globular.--Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June.

4. A. multifida, DC. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy (6--12' high); principal involucre 2--3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear; sepals obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or oval.--Rocks, etc., N. E. Maine to Lake Superior, north and westward; rare. June.

[+][+][+] _Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles; involucral leaves long-petioled; sepals 5--8, silky or downy beneath (4--6'' long), oval or oblong; style subulate._

5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED A.) Slender (2 deg. high), silky-pubescent; flowers 2--6, on very long upright _naked peduncles_; involucral leaves twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, 3-divided; their divisions _wedge-lanceolate_, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; lobes cut and toothed at the apex; _sepals 5, rather obtuse_, greenish-white; _head of fruit cylindrical_ (1' long).--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Mo., and northwestward. May.--Peduncles 7--12' long, all from the same involucre and naked throughout, or one involucellate in the middle.

6. A. Virginiana, L. More loosely pubescent or glabrate; involucral leaves 3, 3-parted; their _divisions ovate-lanceolate_, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle, repeatedly proliferous; _sepals 5_, _acute_, greenish (in one variety white and obtuse); _head of fruit oval or oblong_.--Woods and meadows; common. June--August.--Plant 2--3 deg. high; the upright peduncles 6--12' long.

[*][*] _Achenes naked, orbicular, compressed, wing-margined; sepals 5, obovate; involucre sessile._

7. A. Pennsylvanica, L. Hairy, rather low; primary involucre 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed; radical leaves 5--7-parted or cleft; sepals white (6--9'' long); head of fruit spherical.--W. New Eng. to Penn., Ill., and northwestward. June--Aug.

[*][*][*] _Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong; stems slender, 1-flowered; leaves radical._

8. A. nemorosa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD A.) Low, smoothish; stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock; _involucre of 3 long-petioled trifoliolate_ leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and toothed or cut, or the lateral ones (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock; peduncle not longer than the involucre; sepals 4--7, oval, white, sometimes blue, or tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15--20, oblong, with a hooked beak.--Margin of woods. April, May.--A delicate vernal species; the flower 1' broad. (Eu.)

9. A. nudicaulis, Gray. Glabrous, rootstock filiform; radical leaves reniform, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate with rounded crenate-incised or -lobed summit; involucre of a single similar petiolate leaf or wanting; achenes glabrous, tipped with a slender-subulate hooked style.--North shore of Lake Superior near Sand Bay, Minn., in bogs. (_Joseph C. Jones._) Imperfectly known.

3. HEPATICA, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA.

Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a calyx; otherwise as in Anemone.--Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.)

1. H. triloba, Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse; sepals 6--12, blue, purplish, or nearly white; achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy.--Woods; common from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward, flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. (Eu.)

2. H. acutiloba, DC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed; those of the involucre acute or acutish.--Passes into the other and has the same range.

4. ANEMONELLA, Spach.

Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5--10, white and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4--15, ovoid, terete, strongly 8--10-ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and depressed.--Low glabrous perennial; leaves all radical, compound.

1. A. thalictroides, Spach. (RUE-ANEMONE.) Stem and slender petiole of radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous roots; leaves 2--3-ternately compound; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2--3-leaved 1--2-ternate involucre similar; flowers several in an umbel; sepals oval (1/2' long, rarely pinkish), not early deciduous. (Thalictrum anemonoides, _Michx._)--Woods, common, flowering in early spring with Anemone nemorosa, and considerably resembling it. Rarely the sepals are 3-lobed like the leaflets.

5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE.

Sepals 4--5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. Petals none. Achenes 4--15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Stigma unilateral. Seed suspended.--Perennials, with alternate 2--3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked; petioles dilated at base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or dioecious. (Derivation obscure.)

[*] _Flowers dioecious or sometimes polygamous, in ample panicles; filaments slender; stigmas elongated, linear or subulate; achenes sessile or short-stipitate, ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and grooved._

1. T. dioicum, L. (EARLY MEADOW-RUE.) Smooth and pale or glaucous, 1--2 deg. high; leaves (2--3) all with general petioles; leaflets drooping, rounded and 3--7-lobed; flowers purplish and greenish, dioecious; the yellowish anthers linear, mucronate, drooping on fine capillary filaments.--Rocky woods, etc.; common. April, May.

2. T. polygamum, Muhl. (TALL M.) Smooth, not glandular, 4--8 deg. high; stem-leaves sessile; leaflets rather firm, roundish to oblong, commonly with mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberulent beneath; panicles very compound; flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens; anthers not drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white filaments decidedly thickened upwards. (T. Cornuti, _Man._, not _L._)--Wet meadows and along rivulets, N. Eng. to Ohio and southward; common. July--Sept.

3. T. purpurascens, L. (PURPLISH M.) Stem (2--4 deg. high) usually purplish; stem-leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets more veiny and reticulated beneath, with or without gland-tipped or glandless hairs or waxy atoms; panicles compound; flowers (sepals, filaments, etc.) greenish and purplish, dioecious; anthers linear or oblong-linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary filaments occasionally broadened at the summit.--Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward. May, June.

[*][*] _Flowers all perfect, corymbed; the filaments strongly club-shaped or inflated under the small and short anther; stigma short; achenes gibbous, long-stipitate._

4. T. clavatum, DC. Size and appearance of n. 1; leaves only twice ternate; flowers white, fewer; achenes 5--10, flat, somewhat crescent-shaped, tapering into the slender stipe.--Mountains of Va. and southward. June.

6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. FALSE BUGBANE.

Sepals 3--5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenes numerous, capitate, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and inflated. Seed erect.--A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves, and corymbose white flowers. (For _Prof. Trautvetter_, a Russian botanist.)

1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 2--3 deg. high; root-leaves large, 5--11-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut.--Moist ground along streamlets, Md. to S. Ind., and south to Ga.

7. ADONIS, Dill.

Sepals and petals (5--16) flat, unappendaged, deciduous. Achenes numerous, in a head, rugose-reticulated. Seed suspended.--Herbs with finely dissected alternate leaves and showy flowers. ([Greek: A)/donis], a favorite of Venus, after his death changed into a flower.)

A. AUTUMNALIS, L. A low leafy annual, with scarlet or crimson flowers, darker in the centre.--Sparingly naturalized from Europe.

8. MYOSURUS, Dill. MOUSE-TAIL.

Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slender claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5--20. Achenes numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from [Greek: my~s], _a mouse_, and [Greek: ou)ra/], _a tail_), the seed suspended.--Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root-leaves, and naked 1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.

1. M. minimus, L. Fruiting spike 1--2' long; achenes quadrate, blunt.--Alluvial ground, Ill. and Ky., thence south and west. (Eu.)

9. RANUNCULUS, Tourn. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenes numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect.--Annuals or perennials; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few.)--(A Latin name for a little frog; applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs abound.)

R. FICARIA, L. (representing the Sec. _Ficaria_), which has tuberous-thickened roots, Caltha-like leaves, and scape-like peduncles bearing a 3-sepalous and 8--9-petalous yellow flower, has been found as an escape from gardens about New York and Philadelphia.

Sec. 1. BATRACHIUM. _Petals with a spot or naked pit at base, white, or only the claw yellow; achenes marginless, transversely wrinkled; aquatic or subaquatic perennials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected (mostly by threes) into capillary divisions; peduncles 1-flowered, opposite the leaves._

[*] _Receptacle hairy._

1. R. circinatus, Sibth. (STIFF WATER-CROWFOOT.) _Leaves_ all under water and _sessile_, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and subdivisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, _rigid, not collapsing when withdrawn from the water_. (R. divaricatus, _Man._, not _Schrank_.)--Ponds and slow streams, Maine and Vt., to Iowa, north and westward, much rarer than the next. June--Aug. (Eu.)

2. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Gray. (COMMON WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT.) _Leaves_ all under water and mostly _petioled_, their capillary divisions and subdivisions _rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or less when withdrawn from the water_; petiole rather narrowly dilated.--Common, especially in slow-flowing waters, the eastern form with more soft and flaccid leaves. June--Aug. (Eu.)

Var. caespitosus, DC. A dwarf terrestrial form, rooting at the nodes, the small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader rigid divisions.--S. Ill. (_Schneck_), and westward.

[*][*] _Receptacle glabrous; no submersed leaves._

R. HEDERACEUS, L. Rooting freely in shallow water; leaves all reniform, angulate-lobed.--Fresh-water marshes at Norfolk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

Sec. 2. HALODES. _Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels thin-walled, striate, in an oblong head; scapose, spreading by runners._

3. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Glabrous; scapes 1--6' high, 1--7-flowered; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, crenate, rather fleshy, long-petioled; petals 5--8.--Sandy shores, from New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes to Ill., Kan. and westward; also at salt springs. June--Aug.

Sec. 3. RANUNCULUS proper. _Petals with a little scale at the base, yellow; achenes nerveless._

[*] _Achenes smooth; mostly perennial._

[+] _Aquatic; immersed leaves filiformly dissected, as in_ Sec. Batrachium.

4. R. multifidus, Pursh. (YELLOW WATER-CROWFOOT.) Stems floating or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud (perennial by rooting from the nodes, if at all); emersed leaves with shorter and linear or wedge-shaped divisions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly lobed or toothed; petals 5--8, deep bright yellow, 4--6'' long, much larger than the calyx; carpels in a round head, pointed with a straight beak.--E. New Eng. to S. Penn., Mo., and northward. May--July.--Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in

Var. terrestris, Gray. Stem rooting in the mud or ascending from the base; leaves all smaller, coarsely dissected, round-reniform in outline; flowers and fruit twice or thrice smaller.--N. Ohio to N. Ill., Minn., and westward.

[+][+] _Terrestrial but growinq in very wet places, glabrous or nearly so; leaves entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate or linear; carpels forming a globular head._ (SPEARWORT.)

5. R. ambigens, Watson. (WATER PLANTAIN SPEARWORT.) Stems ascending (1--2 deg. high), often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate or the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3--5' long), contracted into a margined half-clasping petiole; petals 5--7, bright yellow, oblong (2--3'' long); _carpels flattened, large_ (1'' long), _pointed with a long narrow-subulate beak_. (R. alismaefolius, _Man._, not _Gey._)--N. Eng. to Ont., Minn. and southward; common, especially at the north. June--Aug.

6. R. Flammula, L. (SMALLER SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below, leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate-oblong to lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (1--2' long), petals 5--7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow, _carpels small, flattish but turgid, mucronate with a short abrupt point_.--Only a small form (var. INTERMEDIUS) met with in this country (shore of L. Ontario, and northward), a span high, with flowers 3--5'' in diameter, passing into

Var. reptans, E. Meyer. (CREEPING S.) Small, slender, the _filiform creeping stems rooting at all the joints_; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (1/4--1' long); flowers small.--Gravelly or sandy banks; Newf. to Penn., north and westward. June--Sept. (Eu.)

7. R. oblongifolius, Ell. Usually annual; stem erect or ascending, often pubescent below, slender (1--2 deg. high), _diffusely branched above and many-flowered; leaves serrate or denticulate_, lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong (1/2--11/2' long), uppermost linear; flowers 3--5'' broad; _petals_ 5, bright yellow, 1--3'' long; _carpels_ minute, almost _globular_, the small style deciduous.--Wet prairies, Ill., Mo., and in S. States. June.

8. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6--18' long); _leaves entire_ or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-ovate or heart-shaped (1/2' long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (1--11/2' long); _flowers very small; petals 1--5, yellowish_; stamens 3--10; carpels very turgid, smooth or slightly papillose, tipped with a minute sessile stigma.--Wet places, S. New York, and southward along the coast. June--Aug.

[+][+][+] _Terrestrial, but often in wet places; leaves mostly cleft or divided._

[++] _Root-leaves not divided to the very base; achenes marginless._

9. R. affinis, R. Br. Somewhat hairy or glabrous; low or slender, 1 deg. high or less; leaves pedately cleft, the cauline with linear or narrow oblanceolate divisions; petals light yellow, 3--4'' long or smaller; _heads oblong; achenes turgid_, with small and mostly recurved style, pubescent or glabrous.--And var. VALIDUS, Gray, stouter and with more fleshy leaves, the lower mostly undivided and roundish, cordate, truncate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenate or more or less cleft.--Minn., Iowa, north and westward.

10. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Low (3--8' high), _hairy; root-leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate_, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3--5-lobed, the upper 3--5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear; _carpels_ orbicular _with a minute beak_, in a globose head; _petals large_, deep yellow.--Prairies, Mich. to N. Ill., Minn., and northward. April, May.

11. R. abortivus, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED C.) Biennial, _glabrous_, branching, 6'--2 deg. high; primary _root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form_, barely crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or 3-parted; those of the stem and branches 3--5-parted or divided, subsessile, the divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly toothed; head globose; _carpels mucronate, with a minute curved beak; petals pale yellow, shorter than the small reflexed calyx_.--Shady hillsides and along brooks, common. April--June.

Var. micranthus, Gray. _Pubescent_, roots often fusiform-thickened; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some 3-parted or 3-divided; peduncles more slender and carpels fewer.--E. Mass. to Ill., Minn., and westward.

12. R. sceleratus, L. (CURSED C.) Annual, glabrous; _root-leaves 3-lobed_, rounded; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire; _carpels barely mucronulate_, very numerous, _in oblong or cylindrical heads; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx_.--Wet ditches; appearing as if introduced. June--Aug.--Stem thick and hollow, 1 deg. high; juice acrid and blistering; leaves thickish; flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.)

[++][++] _Leaves variously cleft or divided; achenes in globular heads (except n. 17), compressed, with an evident firm margin; hirsute or pubescent._

[=] _Achenes with long recurved beak; root-leaves rarely divided._

13. R. recurvatus, Poir. (HOOKED C.) Hirsute, 1--2 deg. high; leaves of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large; the lobes broadly wedge-shaped, 2--3-cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale.--Woods, common. May, June.

[=][=] _Style long and attenuate, stigmatose at the tip, persistent or the upper part usually deciduous; early root-leaves only 3-parted, the later 3--5-foliolate; petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx (except n. 18)._

14. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY C.) Low, ascending, 5--9' high, pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs; _root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres; radical leaves appearing pinnate_, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the sessile lateral ones, itself 3--5-divided or parted and 3--5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear; petals often 6 or 7, spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading calyx; _carpels scarcely margined_, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved beak.--Dry or moist hills. April, May.

15. R. septentrionalis, Poir. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; _stems ascending, or in wet ground some of them procumbent or forming long runners_; leaves 3-divided, the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut, never pinnately compound; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx; _carpels strongly margined_, pointed by a stout straightish beak. (R. repens, of _Manual_, mainly.)--Moist or shady places, etc., May--Aug.--Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright stems in spring before any long runners are formed.

[=][=][=] _Style subulate, stigmatose along the inner margin, mostly persistent._

16. R. repens, L. In habit and foliage closely similar to the last species; leaves frequently white-variegated or spotted; commencing to flower somewhat later.--In low grounds; generally in waste grounds near the coast and probably introduced from Europe, but indigenous westward.

17. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. f. (BRISTLY C.) Stout and erect from a usually annual root, hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs, leafy to the top, 1--2 deg. high; leaves all ternately divided or compound, the stalked leaflets unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute; flowers inconspicuous; calyx reflexed; head of carpels oblong.--Wet places, common. June--Aug.

18. R. hispidus, Hook. (not Michx. or DC.). Resembling the last, but the ascending or reclining stems few-leaved, rarely if ever rooting, not always hirsute; petals (about 3'' long) surpassing the hardly reflexed and soon deciduous calyx; achenes with a stout straight beak, in a globose or oval head.--On the northern shore of Lake Superior, and north and westward; probably in N. Minn.

R. BULBOSUS, L. (BULBOUS C. or BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; _stem erect from a bulb-like base_, 1 deg. high; radical leaves 3-divided; _the lateral divisions sessile, the terminal stalked_ and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed; peduncles furrowed; petals round, wedge shaped at base; calyx reflexed; carpels tipped with a very short beak.--Fields; very abundant only in E. New England; rare westward. May--July.--Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.)

R. ACRIS, L. (TALL C. or BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem erect (2--3 deg. high); leaves 3-divided; _the divisions all sessile_ and 3-cleft or parted, their segments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx.--Fields; common, especially eastward. June--Aug.--Flower nearly as large as the last, but not so deep yellow.--The _Buttercups_ are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering juice, which property, however, is dissipated in drying when these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] _Achenes beset with rough points or small prickles; annuals._

R. MURICATUS, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reniform, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base; _petals longer than the calyx; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate_ on the sides, strongly beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin.--Eastern Virginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

R. PARVIFLORUS, L. Hairy, slender and diffuse; lower leaves roundish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3--5-parted; _petals not longer than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough_, beaked, narrowly margined.--Norfolk, Va., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. ISOPYRUM, L.

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American species. Stamens 10--40. Pistils 3--6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2--several-seeded.--Slender smooth perennial herbs, with 2--3-ternately compound leaves; the leaflets 2--3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (From [Greek: i)so/pyron], the ancient name of a Fumaria.)

1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; filaments white, club-shaped; pistils 3--6 (commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2--3-seeded; seeds smooth.--Moist shady places, Ohio to Minn. and southward. May.--Fibres of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much as in Anemonella.

11. CALTHA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD.

Sepals 5--9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5--10, with scarcely any styles. Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded.--Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (An ancient Latin name for the common Marigold.)

1. C. palustris, L. Stem hollow, furrowed; leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or dentate or nearly entire; sepals broadly oval (bright yellow).--Swamps and wet meadows, common northward. April, May.--Often called incorrectly _Cowslips_; used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming into flower. C. FLABELLIFOLIA, Pursh, is a weak slender form, with open-reniform leaves and smaller flowers (1' broad or less), occurring in cold mountain springs, N. Y. to Md. (Eu.)

12. TROLLIUS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER.

Sepals 5--15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many-seeded.--Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranunculus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from the old German word _troll_, a globe, or something round.)

1. T. laxus, Salisb. (SPREADING GLOBE-FLOWER.) Leaves 5--7-parted; sepals 5--6, spreading; petals 15--25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens.--Deep swamps, N. H. to Del. and Mich. May.--Flowers twice the size of the common Buttercup; the sepals spreading, so that the name is not appropriate, as it is to the _European Globe-flower_ of the gardens, nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or nearly white.

13. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD.

Sepals 5--7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5--7, small, club-shaped, hollow at the apex. Stamens 15--25. Pistils 3--7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4--8-seeded.--Low smooth perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name from [Greek: ko/pto], _to cut_, alluding to the divided leaves.)

1. C. trifolia, Salisb. (THREE-LEAVED GOLDTHREAD.) Leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed, scape 1-flowered.--Bogs, abundant northward, extending south to Maryland along the mountains, and west to Iowa. May.--Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining. Scape naked, slender, 3--5' high. (Eu.)

14. HELLEBORUS, Tourn. HELLEBORE.

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8--10, very small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pistils 3--10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods.--Perennial herbs, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (An ancient name of unknown meaning.)

H. VIRIDIS, L. (GREEN HELLEBORE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate; calyx spreading, greenish.--Has been found wild on Long Island, in Penn., and W. Va. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. ERANTHIS, Salisb. WINTER ACONITE.

Sepals 5--8, petal-like, deciduous. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Carpels few, stipitate, several-seeded.--Perennial herbs, with palmately multifid radical leaves, the scape bearing a single large yellow flower surrounded by an involucre of a single leaf. (Name from [Greek: e)~r], _spring_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_.)

E. HYEMALIS, Salisb. Dwarf; flowers cup-shaped, 11/2' in diameter; petals shorter than the stamens.--Near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE.

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded.--Perennials, with 2--3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from _aquilegus_, water-drawing.)

1. A. Canadensis, L. (WILD COLUMBINE.) Spurs nearly straight; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals.--Rocks, common. April--June.--Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit.

2. A. brevistyla, Hook. Flowers small, blue or purplish or nearly white; spurs incurved.--Red River valley, Dak.; Rocky Mts., northward.

A. VULGARIS, L., the common GARDEN COLUMBINE, of Europe, with hooked spurs, is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.

17. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LARKSPUR.

Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backward into long spurs which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws; rarely only 2, united into one. Pistils 1--5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit.--Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from _Delphin_, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not unlike the classical figures of the dolphin.)

[*] _Perennials, indigenous; pistils 3._

1. D. exaltatum, Ait. (TALL LARKSPUR.) Stem slender, 2--5 deg. high; leaves deeply 3--5-cleft, the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute; _racemes wand-like_, panicled, _many-flowered_; flowers purplish-blue, downy; spur straight; _pods erect_.--Rich soil, Penn. to Minn. and southward. July.

2. D. tricorne, Michx. (DWARF L.) Leaves deeply 5-parted, their divisions unequally 3--5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish; _raceme few-flowered, loose_; spur straightish, ascending; _pods strongly diverging_.--W. Penn. to Minn. and southward. April, May.--Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6'--3 deg. high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white, occasionally numerous.

3. _D. azureum_, Michx. Leaves deeply 3--5-parted, the divisions 2--3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; _raceme strict_; spur ascending, usually curved upward; _pods erect_.--Wisc. to Dak. and southward. May, June.--Stem 1--2 deg. high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish.

[*][*] _Annual, introduced; petals 2, united into one body; pistil single._

D. CONSOLIDA, L. (FIELD L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes; inflorescence loosely paniculate; pedicels shorter than the bracts; pod glabrous.--Old grain-fields, Penn. and Va.; also sparingly along roadsides farther north. (Nat. from Eu.)