Chapter C: MAJUS, L. (CELANDINE.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May--Aug. (Adv

from Eu.)

4. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. HORN-POPPY.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition; seeds crestless.--Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, [Greek: glau/kion], from the glaucous foliage.)

G. LUTEUM, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sinuate-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6--10' long).--Waste places S. E. New Eng., Md., and Va.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. PAPAVER, Tourn. POPPY.

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4--20-rayed crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule; the latter short and turgid, with 4--20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect partitions, opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma.--Herbs with a white juice; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.)--Three annual species of the Old World are sparingly adventive; viz.:

P. SOMNIFERUM, L. (COMMON POPPY.) _Smooth_, glaucous; leaves clasping, wavy, incised and toothed; _pod globose_; corolla mostly white or purple.--Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

P. DUBIUM, L. (SMOOTH-FRUITED CORN-POPPY.) Pinnatifid leaves and the long stalks _bristly; pods club-shaped, smooth_; corolla light scarlet.--Cult. grounds, Westchester, Penn., and southward; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

P. ARGEMONE, L. (ROUGH-FRUITED C.) Smaller, with finer-cut leaves and paler flowers than the last; _pods club-shaped and bristly_.--Waste grounds, near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. ARGEMONE, L. PRICKLY POPPY.

Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4--6. Style almost none; stigmas 3--6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3--6 valves at the top. Seeds crested.--Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from [Greek: a)/rgema], a disease of the eye, for which the juice of a plant so called by the Greeks was a supposed remedy.)

1. A. platyceras, Link & Otto. Setose-hispid all over; petals white, 11/2--2' long; capsule armed with stout spines.--Central Kan. and Neb., south and westward.

A. MEXICANA, L. (MEXICAN P.) Flowers yellow, rarely white.--Waste places, southward. July--Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) (Addendum)--ARGEMONE MEXICANA. Collected at Merodosia, Ill., with white flowers, by _A. B. Seymour_.

ORDER 9. FUMARIACEAE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

_Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregular flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and 2-merous pods and seeds like those of the_ Poppy Family.--Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed; the 4 petals in two pairs; the outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base; inner pair narrower, and their callous crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogynous; their filaments often united; middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placentae and deciduous valves.--Leaves delicate, usually alternate, without stipules. Slightly bitter, innocent plants.

[*] Corolla bigibbous or 2-spurred, the 2 outer petals alike. Pod several-seeded.

1. Adlumia. Petals united into a spongy persistent subcordate corolla. Seeds crestless.

2. Dicentra. Corolla cordate or 2-spurred at base, less united. Seeds crested.

[*][*] Corolla with but one petal spurred at base, deciduous.

3. Corydalis. Pod with few to many crested or arilled seeds.

4. Fumaria. Fruit a globular 1-seeded nutlet. Seed crestless.

1. ADLUMIA, Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY.

Petals all permanently united in a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming spongy-cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested. Stigma 2-crested. Filaments monadelphous below in a tube which is adherent to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit.--A climbing biennial, with thrice-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white or purplish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to _Major Adlum_.)

1. A. cirrhosa, Raf.--Wet woods; N. Eng. to Mich., E. Kan., and southward. June--Oct.--A handsome vine, with delicate foliage, climbing by the slender young leaf-stalks over high bushes; often cultivated.

2. DICENTRA, Borkh. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.

Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either deciduous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10--20-seeded. Seeds crested.--Low, stemless perennials (as to our wild species) with ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from [Greek: di/s], _twice_, and [Greek: ke/ntron], _a spur_;--accidentally printed DICLYTRA in the first instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed into DIELYTRA.)

[*] _Raceme simple, few-flowered._

1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Scape and slender-petioled leaves from a sort of _granulate bulb_; lobes of leaves linear; _corolla with 2 divergent spurs_ longer than the pedicel; _crest of the inner petals minute_.--Rich woods, especially westward.--A very delicate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and the slender scape, bearing 4--10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color.

2. D. Canadensis, DC. (SQUIRREL CORN.) Subterranean shoots bearing scattered _grain-like tubers_ (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow); leaves as in n. 1; _corolla merely heart-shaped_, the spurs very short and rounded; _crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting_.--Rich woods, especially northward. April, May.--Flowers greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of Hyacinths.

[*][*] _Racemes compound, clustered._

3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base; crest of the inner petals projecting.--Rocks, western N. Y., rare, and Alleghanies of Va. May--Aug.--Coarser-leaved than the others; scapes 6--10' high.

3. CORYDALIS, Vent.

Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persistent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers in racemes. Our species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glaucous. (The ancient Greek name for the crested lark.)

[*] _Stem strict; flowers purplish or rose-color with yellow tips._

1. C. glauca, Pursh. (PALE CORYDALIS.) Racemes panicled; spur of the corolla very short and rounded; pods erect, slender, elongated.--Rocky places; common; 6'--2 deg. high. May--Aug.

[*][*] _Low, ascending; flowers yellow._

[+] _Outer petals wing-crested on the back._

2. C. flavula, DC. Pedicels slender, conspicuously bracted; corolla pale yellow, 3--4'' long, spur very short; tips of the outer petals pointed, longer than the inner; crest 3--4-toothed; pods torulose, pendulous or spreading; seeds acutely margined, rugose-reticulated; aril loose.--Penn. to Minn., and southward.

3. C. micrantha, Gray. Pedicels short and bracts small; corolla pale yellow, 4'' long, with short spur and entire crest, or flowers often cleistogamous and much smaller, without spur or crest; pods ascending, torulose; seeds obtuse-margined, smooth and shining.--N. Car., Mo., Minn., and southward.

4. C. crystallina, Engelm. Pedicels short, erect; corolla bright yellow, 8'' long, the spur nearly as long as the body; crest very broad, usually toothed; pods terete, erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles, seeds acutely margined, tuberculate.--S. W. Mo. and southward.

[+][+] _Outer petals merely carinate on the back, not crested._

5. C. aurea, Willd. (GOLDEN C.) Corolla golden-yellow, 1/2' long, the slightly decurved spur about half as long, shorter than the pedicel; pods spreading or pendulous, becoming torulose; seeds obtuse-margined.--Rocky banks, Vt. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and westward.

Var. occidentalis, Engelm. Flowers rather larger, the spur nearly as long as the body; pods less torulose, on short pedicels; seeds acutish on the margin.--Neb. and Kan. to W. Tex. and westward.

4. FUMARIA, Tourn. FUMITORY.

Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small, globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless.--Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name from _fumus_, smoke.)

F. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON FUMITORY.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh-color tipped with crimson); fruit slightly notched.--Waste places, about dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 10. CRUCIFERAE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers; fruit a silique or silicle._--Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter (rarely only 4 or 2). Pod usually 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the two marginal placentae, from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad (a _silique_), or short (a _silicle_), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (_nucumentaceous_), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (_lomentaceous_). Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways: i.e. the _cotyledons accumbent_, viz., their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus o==; or else _incumbent_, viz., the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle, thus o||. In these cases the cotyledons are plane; but they may be folded upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, where they are _conduplicate_, thus o>>. In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is straight.--Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs; pedicels rarely bracted.--A large and very natural family, of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (The characters of the genera are taken almost wholly from the pods and seeds; the flowers being nearly alike in all.)

SERIES I. Pod 2-celled, regularly dehiscent by 2 valves.

[*] Pod compressed parallel to the broad partition. Seeds flat or flattish, orbicular or oval; cotyledons accumbent or nearly so.

[+] Pod large, oblong-elliptical, valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows. Flowers yellow.

1. Selenia. Leaves pinnatisect. Raceme leafy-bracteate. Seeds winged.

[+][+] Pod linear; valves nerveless. Seeds in one row. Flowers yellow only in n. 3.

2. Leavenworthia. Seed winged; embryo straight or nearly so. Annual; stem often scapose, 1--few-flowered.

3. Dentaria. Stem naked below, 2--3-leaved. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas, long-styled. Seeds wingless; cotyledons thick, very unequal.

4. Cardamine. Stem leafy. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas. Seeds wingless; cotyledons flattened, equal.

[+][+][+] Pod linear, or oblong, or orbicular; valves 1-nerved or nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows (except in species of n. 4).

5. Arabis. Pod long-linear, the flat or flattish valves more or less 1-nerved. Seeds winged or wingless. Flowers white to purple. Stems leafy, at least below.

6. Draba. Pod oval to narrowly oblong or lanceolate; valves flat or flattish, faintly nerved or veined. Seeds wingless, numerous.

7. Alyssum. Pod orbicular; valves veinless, somewhat convex with flattened margin. Seeds wingless, 2--4.

[*][*] Pod terete or turgid, or 4-angled by the prominent midnerves. Seeds wingless, more or less turgid.

[+] Pods short. (See also n. 10.)

8. Lesquerella. Pod globular-inflated, about 4-seeded; valves nerveless. Cotyledons accumbent. Flowers yellow.

9. Camelina. Pod obovoid, many-seeded; valves 1-nerved; style slender. Cotyledons incumbent. Flowers yellow.

10. Subularia. Pod ovoid or globular, few-seeded, valves 1-nerved; style none. Cotyledons long, folded transversely. Flowers white. Dwarf stemless aquatic.

[+][+] Pod linear (or oblong or even globular in n. 10).

[++] Cotyledons accumbent.

11. Nasturtium. Pod often short; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds small, in 2 rows in each cell. Flowers yellow or white.

12. Barbarea. Pod somewhat 4-sided; valves strongly 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row. Flowers yellow.

[++][++] Cotyledons incumbent or partially so.

13. Hesperis. Pod terete, elongated; stigma-lobes narrow, erect. Flowers large, purple.

14. Erysimum. Pod 4-sided; valves strongly 1-nerved; stigma broadly 2-lobed. Pubescence of appressed 2--3-parted hairs. Flowers yellow.

15. Sisymbrium. Pod angled or teretish; valves 1--3-nerved; stigma small. Flowers yellow or white, small.

16. Thelypodium. Pod teretish; valves 1-nerved; stigma entire. Cotyledons obliquely incumbent. Flowers rose-color. Leaves auricled.

[++][++][++] Cotyledons conduplicate.

17. Brassica. Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves, or tipped with a rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish.

[*][*][*] Pod short; the boat-shaped valves conduplicate or much flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white.

18. Capsella. Pod many-seeded, obcordate-triangular, wingless. Cotyledons incumbent.

19. Thlaspi. Pod several-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbent.

20. Lepidium. Pod 2-seeded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent.

21. Senebiera. Pod 2-seeded, didymous; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from the little partition as 2 closed 1-seeded nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow.

SERIES II. Pods indehiscent, continuous or transversely jointed; joints 1-celled.

22. Cakile. Pod short, 2-jointed; joints 1-seeded. Cotyledons plane, accumbent.

23. Raphanus. Pod elongated, several-seeded, continuous, or constricted between the seeds and moniliform. Cotyledons conduplicate.

1. SELENIA, Nutt.

Pod large, oblong-elliptical, flat; the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, rounded, broadly winged; cotyledons accumbent; radicle short.--A low annual, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves and leafy-bracteate racemes of yellow flowers. (Name from [Greek: sele/ne], _the moon_, with allusion to Lunaria, which it somewhat resembles in its pods.)

1. S. aurea, Nutt. Lobes of the simply pinnatifid leaves entire or toothed; pod 1/2' long, on elongated spreading pedicels, beaked by the long slender style.--Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

2. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr.

Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a thick wing. Embryo straight! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent.--Little winter annuals, glabrous and often stemless, with lyrate leaves and short 1--few-flowered scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of the late _M. C. Leavenworth_.)

1. L. Michauxii, Torr. Scapes 2--6' high; leaf-lobes usually numerous (7--15); petals purplish or nearly white with a yellowish base, obtuse; pods not torulose, oblong to linear (6--15'' long); style short.--S. Ind to Tenn. and Mo.

2. L. torulosa, Gray. Similar, but pods torulose even when young, linear; style 1--2'' long; seeds acutely margined rather than winged; petals emarginate.--Barrens of Ky. and Tenn.

3. DENTARIA, Tourn. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT.

Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine. Style elongated. Seeds in one row, wingless, the stalks broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, thick and very unequal, their margins somewhat infolding each other.--Perennials, of damp woodlands, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste; the simple stems leafless below, bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about or above the middle, and terminated by a single corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flowers. Flowers larger, pods broader, and seeds larger than is usual in Cardamine. (Name from _dens_, a tooth.)

[*] _Rootstock elongated; leaves 3-foliolate._

1. D. diphylla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, often branched, toothed; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together; leaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly petiolate, coarsely crenate, the teeth abruptly acute; petals white.--Rich woods, Maine to Minn. and Ky. May.--Rootstocks 5--10' long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress.

[*][*] _Rootstock tuberous, more or less moniliform; leaves 3-foliolate or 3-parted._

2. D. laciniata, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated, usually not jointed nor prominently tubercled; root-leaves often none; stem-leaves 3-parted, the lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong to linear, more or less gash-toothed; flowers white or rose-color.--N. Eng. to Minn., Kan., and southward. April, May.--Var. MULTIFIDA, a slender form with the narrowly linear segments usually more or less divided into linear lobes. (D. multifida, _Muhl._) Southward, scarcely if at all within our limits.

3. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Tubers near the surface, jointed, narrowly oblong or thick-clavate, prominently tubercled; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets distinctly petiolate, oblong-lanceolate to linear, entire to rather deeply crenate, rarely laciniate or lobed; root-leaves with ovate or lanceolate and usually lobed leaflets.--Penn. to Ky. and southward. Blooming a little later than the last.

4. D. maxima, Nutt. Tubers jointed, strongly tubercled; stem-leaves usually alternate, 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed and somewhat cleft or lobed.--Vt. to western N. Y. and Penn. May.

4. CARDAMINE, Tourn. BITTER CRESS.

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so; placentas and partition thick. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wingless; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent, flattened, equal or nearly so, petiolate.--Mostly glabrous perennials, leafy-stemmed, growing along watercourses and in wet places. Flowers white or purple. (A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some cress, from its cordial or cardiacal qualities.)

[*] _Root perennial; leaves simple._

1. C. rhomboidea, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) _Stems upright from a tuberous base and slender rootstock bearing small tubers, simple_; root-leaves round and often heart-shaped; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, sessile, all often sparingly toothed; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma; _seeds round-oval_.--Wet meadows and springs; common. April--June.--Flowers large, white.

Var. purpurea, Torr. Lower (4--6' high), and usually slightly pubescent; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier.--Along streams in rich soil. Western N. Y. to Md. and Wisc.

2. C. rotundifolia, Michx. (MOUNTAIN WATER-CRESS.) _Stems branching, weak or decumbent, making long runners; root fibrous_; leaves all much alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled; pods small, linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the slender style; stigma minute; _seeds oval-oblong_.--Cool shaded springs, N. J. (Middletown, _Willis_) to Ky., and southward along the mountains. May, June.--Flowers white, smaller than in n. 1.

3. C. bellidifolia, L. _Dwarf_ (2--3' high), alpine, tufted; leaves ovate, entire, or sometimes with a blunt lateral tooth (4'' long), on long petioles; pods 1' long, upright, linear; _style nearly none_, stout.--Summits of the White Mountains and Katahdin, Maine. July.--Flowers 1--5, white. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Root perennial; leaves pinnate; flowers showy._

4. C. pratensis, L. (CUCKOO FLOWER.) Stem ascending from a short rootstock, simple; leaflets 7--13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked, of the upper oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx; pod 9--15'' long, 1'' broad; style short.--Wet places and bogs, Vt. to N. J., Wisc., and northward; rare. May. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Root mostly biennial or annual; leaves pinnate; flowers small, white._

5. C. hirsuta, L. (SMALL BITTER CRESS.) Glabrous or beset with scattered hairs; stems (3'--2 deg. high) erect or ascending from the spreading cluster of root-leaves; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong or linear and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire; pods linear, very narrow, erect or ascending; style variable.--Wet places; common. May--July. The ordinary form corresponds closely to the European var. SYLVATICA, Gaud. The typical imperfectly developed annual form, with only 4 stamens and rather strict pods, occurs very rarely. A form answering to C. parviflora of Europe, with mostly linear leaflets and pods often erect on spreading pedicels, is occasionally found in drier localities. (Eu., Asia.)

5. ARABIS, L. ROCK CRESS.

Pod linear, flattened; placentas not thickened; the valves plane or convex, more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or a little oblique.--Leaves seldom divided. Flowers white or purple. (Name from the country, _Arabia_. See _Linn. Phil. Bot._ Sec. 235.)

Sec. 1. ARABIS proper. _Seeds in one row in each cell, orbicular or nearly so, more or less wing-margined; cotyledons strictly accumbent._

[*] _Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base._

1. A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual; leaves all pinnately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of the lower leaves numerous; pedicels very short; flowers small, white; pods rather broadly linear, spreading, flat; seeds winged.--Open grounds, Va. to Mo., and southward.

[*][*] _Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials, with simple leaves, white or whitish flowers, narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods, and nearly wingless seeds._

2. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1--2 deg. high); stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, partly clasping by the heart-shaped base; petals (bright white, 4'' long) twice the length of the calyx; _pedicels slender, spreading; pods spreading or ascending, tipped with a distinct style_.--Penn. to central Ohio and southward; Minn. April, May.

3. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect (1--2 deg. high); stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasping by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base; petals (greenish-white) small, but longer than the calyx; _pedicels and pods strictly upright; style scarcely any_; immature seeds somewhat 2-rowed.--Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (1--3 deg. high), with small whitish flowers, recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (3--4' long), and broadly winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition; root-leaves rarely lyrate._

4. A. laevigata, Poir. _Smooth_ and glaucous, upright; _stem-leaves partly clasping_ by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or entire; petals scarcely longer than the calyx; _pods long and narrow, recurved-spreading_ on ascending or merely spreading pedicels.--Rocky places, Maine to Minn. and southward. May.

5. A. Canadensis, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Stem upright, smooth above; _stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends_, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; _pods very flat, scythe-shaped, hanging_ on rough-hairy pedicels (2'' wide).--Woods and ravines; not rare, especially westward. June--Aug.

Sec. 2. TURRITIS. _Seeds not so broad as the partition, in two more or less distinct rows in each cell, at least when young; strict and very leafy-stemmed biennials; cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. (Our species very glabrous, except the mostly hirsute base of the stem and the lower leaves.)_

6. A. perfoliata, Lam. (TOWER MUSTARD.) Tall (2--4 deg. high), _glaucous_; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire; _petals yellowish-white, little longer than the calyx; pods very narrow_ (3' long) _and pedicels strictly erect_; seeds marginless; cotyledons often oblique.--Rocks and fields, N. Eng. to Minn. (rare), north and westward. (Eu.)

7. A. confinis, Watson. Scarcely glaucous, 1--3 deg. high; pubescence below finely stellate; _stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear_, entire (1--2' long), with narrow auricles, or the lowest spatulate and toothed; _petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx_; pedicels and flat _pods loosely erect, or ascending, or even spreading_; seeds wing-margined, when mature little narrower than the partition. (A. Drummondii, _Man._)--From the lower St. Lawrence to Minn., south to Conn., N. Y., and Ill.--Pods 21/2--31/2' long, or in a var. (T. brachycarpa, _Torr. & Gray_) only 1--2' long.

Sec. 3. PSEUDARABIS. _Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wingless, in one row; cotyledons often more or less oblique. Biennial or perennial, branching from the base._

8. A. lyrata, L. Mostly glabrous, except the _lyrate-pinnatifid root-leaves_; stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly toothed or entire; _petals white_, much longer than the yellowish calyx; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading.--On rocks or sandy shores, New Eng. to Ky. along the mountains, Minn., and northward. April--July.--Usually biennial, but southward in the mountains decidedly perennial.

9. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish pubescent, slender (1--2 deg. high); _leaves oblong_, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed; those of the stem _numerous, half-clasping and eared_ at the base, of the root broader and tapering into a short petiole; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx; _pods widely spreading, very slender, short-stalked; style scarcely any_.--N. Y. to Mich., Minn., and southward. May, June.

6. DRABA, Dill. WHITLOW-GRASS.

Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex; the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed.--Low herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers; pubescence often stellate. (Name from [Greek: dra/be], applied by Dioscorides to some cress; meaning unknown.)

Sec. 1. DRABAEA. _Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or biennial, leafy-stemmed, flowers white, pods twisted when ripe._

1. D. ramosissima, Desv. _Diffusely much branched_ and forming many radical tufts, perennial (5--8' high), pubescent; _leaves laciniate-toothed_, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate, racemes corymbosely-branched; _pods hairy_, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2--5'' long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped with a _long style_.--Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, etc., Va., to Kentucky River, and southward. April, May.

2. D. incana, L. _Hoary-pubescent_, biennial or somewhat perennial, the radical tuft seldom branching; leaves oblanceolate or the cauline lanceolate to ovate, few-toothed or entire; _pods oblong to lanceolate, usually acute and straight, often pubescent_, on short erect pedicels; style very short or none.--Dry rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; also northward and far westward. (Eu.)

Var. arabisans, Watson. Caudex much branched; pod glabrous, acuminate or acute, twisted, beaked with a longer distinct style. (D. arabisans, _Michx._)--N. Vt. to western N. Y. and the shores of the upper lakes.

Sec. 2. DRABELLA. _Winter annuals; leafy stems short; flowers white (yellow in n. 5); style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.)_

3. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (1--5' high); leaves obovate, entire; peduncles scape-like; petals usually twice the length of the calyx; _raceme short or corymbose in fruit_ (1/2--1' long); _pods broadly linear, smooth_, much longer than the ascending pedicels.--Sandy and waste fields, E. Mass. to Minn., and southward. March--May.--Petals often wanting in the later racemes, especially in the var. MICRANTHA, Gray, with minutely rough-hairy pods, which is found with the other, westward.

4. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed; _raceme somewhat elongated in fruit_ (1--3'), at length equalling the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx; _pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels_.--Grassy places, Ill. to E. Kan., and southward. March, April.

5. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2--4' high), minutely pubescent; _stems leafy_ to the base of the dense at length elongated raceme; leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate (2--4'' long), few toothed or entire; flowers small; _pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish_ (2'' long), _about the length of the ascending or spreading pedicels_.--Dry hills, Ill., Ky., Va. (_A. H. Curtiss_), and southward. April.--Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none.

6. D. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed; _racemes elongated_ (4--8' long in fruit); petals emarginate, small; _pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely-spreading pedicels_, pubescent or smooth.--Fort Gratiot, Mich., N. Minn., and westward. (Eu.)

Sec. 3. EROPHILA. _Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial; flowers white.)_