Chapter L: SPURIA, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves

and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes.--Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. SNAPDRAGON.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria.--Corolla commonly showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from [Greek: a)nti/], _like_, and [Greek: r(i/n], _a snout_.) Fl. summer and autumn.

A. ORONTIUM, L. A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; leaves lance-linear; spike loose, leafy; sepals longer than the purplish or white corolla.--About gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. MAJUS, L. (LARGE SNAPDRAGON.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 11/2--2' long, purple or white.--Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla. Capsule many-seeded.--Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for _scrofula_.)

1. S. nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3--5 deg. high), stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base.--Damp grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.)

5. COLLINSIA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly turned backward, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudiment. Capsule 4--many-seeded.--Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late _Zaccheus Collins_, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender (6--20' high), lower leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; _whorls about 6-flowered; flowers long-peduncled; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the calyx_.--Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc., and Ky. May, June.

2. C. parviflora, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; _whorls 2--6-flowered; flowers short-peduncled_; the small (blue) _corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx_.--Shore of L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward.

6. CHELONE, Tourn. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined.--Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from [Greek: chelo/ne], _a tortoise_, the corolla resembling in shape the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glabra, L. A foot or two (or even 6--7 deg.) high; _leaves narrowly to rather broadly lanceolate_ (4--5' long, 4--12'' wide), gradually acuminate, serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole; _bracts not ciliate; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose._--Wet places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. C. obliqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1--2 deg. high; _leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong_ (2--5' long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled; _bracts ciliolate; corolla deep and bright rose-color_.--S. Ill. to Va. and Fla.

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above, and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless.--Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from [Greek: pe/nte], _five_, and [Greek: ste/mon], _stamen_; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

[*] _Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous below; leaves often toothed or denticulate._

[+] _Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla 9--12'' long, the lower lip usually bearded within._

1. P. pubescens, Solander. _Stem 1--2 deg. high, viscid-pubescent_ (at least the inflorescence); _leaves oblong to lanceolate_ (2--4' long), the lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate; _thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or purple_ (or partly whitish), _very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous-bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded_.--Dry or rocky grounds, S. Maine (_Miss Furbish_) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. P. laevigatus, Solander. _Stem 2--4 deg. high, mostly glabrous_ except the inflorescence; leaves _firmer_, somewhat glossy, the _cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate_ with subcordate clasping base (2--5' long); _thyrse broader; corolla white_ (commonly tinged with purple), _abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above_.--Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Fla. and westward, where the common form is

Var. Digitalis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5 deg. high; corolla larger and more abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, _Nutt._)--Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc.

3. P. gracilis, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, 1 deg. high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish.--Minn. to Mo., and westward.

[+][+] _Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western._

4. P. Cobaea, Nutt. _Soft-puberulent_, 1 deg. high; _leaves ovate or oblong_, or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, _mostly sharply toothed_; thyrse short; _corolla 2' long, broadly ventricose_, dull purple or whitish.--Prairies, Kan. to Tex.

5. P. tubiflorus, Nutt. _Wholly glabrous_ excepting the viscid ovate sepals, 2--3 deg. high; _leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed_, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse; _corolla 9'' long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward_, white or whitish.--Low prairies, Kan. and Ark.

6. P. albidus, Nutt. _Viscid-pubescent_, 6--10' high; _leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow_, entire or sparsely toothed; _clusters_ of the strict thryse few-flowered, _approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely pubescent; corolla_ 9'' long, _with shorter tube and more dilated throat_.--Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex.

[*][*] _Glabrous throughout and glaucous; leaves sessile, entire; thryse raceme-like._

7. P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Stem 2--4 deg. high; _leaves_ thickish, the upper and floral _rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate_; pedicels short; _corolla 2' long, oblong-campanulate_, nearly regular, lilac or lavender-blue; sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex.--Prairies, from Ill. and Wisc. to Dak., Neb., and Kan.

8. P. glaber, Pursh. Stems 1--2 deg. high, _leaves_ mostly _oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate_; thryse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very short; _corolla 1--11/2' long_, bright blue to violet-purple, _dilated above_; anthers and apex of sterile filament glabrous or sparsely hirsute.--Plains of E. Neb. to Dak., and westward.

9. P. acuminatus, Dougl. Stems 6--20' high, stout; _leaves_ thick, the lower _obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping_, acute or acuminate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; _corolla 9'' long_, lilac or violet; sterile filament mostly bearded above.--Kan. to Minn., and westward.

8. MIMULUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubular; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous.--Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of _mimus_, a buffoon, from the grinning corolla.)

[*] _Erect from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves feather-veined; corolla violet-purple._

1. M. ringens, L. Stem square (1--2 deg. high); _leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping_ by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal; corolla personate.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July--Sept.--Flower 1--11/2' long, rarely white.

2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; _leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a petiole_; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very short abruptly pointed teeth; otherwise like the last.--Wet places, western N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex.

[*][*] _Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and clasping; calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the lower lip bearded._

3. M. Jamesii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish; stems creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of corolla broad and open.--In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich. and Minn. to Ill., Kan., and westward.